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Expt 6 Freport
Expt 6 Freport
Chem 157.1 - DE
Mr. Leonardo Dante P. Yambot
Theoretical Framework
When molecules or particles interact with the surface, they bind through a process called
adsorption. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon that occurs upon accumulation of gas or liquid solute
on the surface of a solid, or sometimes, on a liquid called adsorbent. Adsorption from solution is usually
monomolecular, i.e. adsorption ceases when the surface is completely covered with a layer one molecule
thick.
Adsorption differs from absorption. In absorption, a substance diffuses into a solid or a liquid to
form a solution, and the bind on the surface is usually weak and reversible. In adsorption, fluids that
dissolve or that suspends the material of interest are bound. Coloured compounds and compounds
containing taste or odour also tend to bind strongly, and compounds with chromogenic groups are
strongly adsorbed on activated carbon.
Some common industrial adsorbents that present large surface areas per unit weight include
activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina.
Some common sources of activated carbon that are produced by roasting organic material to
decompose it into carbon granules include coconut shells, wood, and bones. Active carbon is specially
made so as to achieve a very huge internal surface (between 500-1500 m2/g), and such huge surface
makes active carbon ideal for adsorption.
The amount of adsorption varies with the concentration of the solution. Of course, a freshly
prepared activated carbon has a clean surface. Now, if a surface is heavily contaminated by adsorbates,
the activated carbon is less likely able to accommodate additional binding.
What are the two types of adsorption? How is adsorption different from absorption?
What are the significances of the constants k and n?
Freundlich Equation
an adsorption isotherm, which is a curve relating the concentration of a solute on the surface of an
adsorbent, to the concentration of the solute in the liquid with which it is in contact.
relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of
a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature. It is expressed as:
*the greater the a, the greater the affinity of the adsorbent with the adsorbate
*the greater the b, the greater the number of available binding sites
What do the constants a and b mean? (besides that which is written in this report)
• At the maximum adsorption, only a monolayer is formed: molecules of adsorbate do not deposit
on other, already adsorbed, molecules of adsorbate, only on the free surface of the adsorbent.
Methodology
Objectives:
1. Determine the saturation value for monomolecular coverage for the adsorption of acetic acid
by activated charcoal.
2. Determine the values of the constants k and n in the Freundlich equation.
3. Determine the values of the constants a and b in the Langmuir’s equation.
Plot of y versus C1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
y
0.2
0.1
y
0
Log. (y)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.1
y = 0.1948Ln(x) + 0.5079
C1
R2 = 0.8831
Remove the trendline. That equation is wrong. And then, to estimate the saturation of y for
monomolecular coverage, plot and extrapolate. See where it will plateau or level off manually.
Saturation value of y for monomolecular coverage: mg/g
Plot of ln y vs ln C1
0
-3 -2 -1 -0.5 0
-1
-1.5 ln C1
ln y
Plot of C1/y vs C1
2.5
2
1.5
(C1/y)
C1/y
1 Log. (C1/y)
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y = -0.0134Ln(x) + 1.6762
C1 2
R = 0.0033
Sample Calculations:
CNaOHVNaOH = Cacetic acidVacetic acid
Groups 7-8
Initial Final
Conc Conc. wacetic acid mcharcoal
(C1) (C2) (g) (g) y ln y ln C1 C1/y
1.042 1.002 0.12 1 0.12 -2.120263536 0.041141943 8.683333333
0.526 0.51 0.048 1 0.048 -3.036554268 -0.64245407 10.95833333
0.265 0.255 0.03 1 0.03 -3.506557897 -1.32802545 8.833333333
0.127 0.115 0.036 1 0.036 -3.324236341 -2.06356819 3.527777778
0.0642 0.0545 0.0291 1 0.0291 -3.537017105 -2.74575207 2.206185567
0.25 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1
-0.5
0.2
-1
0.15 -1.5
y
ln y
-2
0.1
-2.5
0.05
-3
0 -3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 -4
y = 0.6265x - 1.6729
C1 y = 0.0565Ln(x) + 0.1742 ln C1 R2 = 0.9904
R2 = 0.893
Plot of C1/y vs C1
4
C1/y
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
C1 y = 1.1998Ln(x) + 5.0659
R2 = 0.9667
Remove the trendline. That equation is wrong. And then, to estimate the saturation of y for
monomolecular coverage, plot and extrapolate. See where it will plateau or level off manually.
Only the plot for ln y vs ln c1 and ln y vs ln c2 has a linear trendline.
Group 7-8: Graphs
Plot of y vs C1 Plot of ln y vs ln C1
0.14 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1
0.12 -0.5
0.1 -1
0.08 -1.5
y
ln y
0.06 -2
0.04 -2.5
0.02 -3
0 -3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 -4
C1 y = 0.0275Ln(x) + 0.0897 ln C1 y = 0.4432x - 2.5076
R2 = 0.6278 R2 = 0.7015
Plot of C1/y vs C1
12
10
8
C1/y
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
C1 y = 2.933Ln(x) + 10.795
R2 = 0.7415
In this experiment, it can be observed that the plot for specific adsorption (y) versus the initial
concentration (c1) is nonlinear. It has a plateau or levelling effect. This is due to the limited amount of
activated charcoal. At the point where it levels off, the activated carbon is already saturated, making it
unable to adsorb on its surface. The saturation value of y for monomolecular coverage is ______ .
In the second plot, it can be observed that the plot for the natural logarithm of the specific
adsorption (ln y) versus the natural logarithm of the initial concentration (ln c1) is nearly linear. This
suggests that the system follows the Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm. On the other hand, it can be
observed in the third plot that the plot for the initial concentration divided by the specific adsorption (C1/y)
versus the initial concentration (c1) is nonlinear. This suggests that the system does not follow the
Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. This implies that the assumptions on Langmuir’s equation may have not
been obeyed. Possibly, the surface of the adsorbent is not uniform, meaning the adsorption sites are not
equal. Adsorbed molecules may have also interacted, and all adsorption occurs through the different
mechanisms. Or, at the maximum adsorption, a monolayer was not formed.
Which equation best fits the data? What is the significance of this?
How is Freundlich’s equation different from Langmuir equation?
Theoretical data for the specific adsorption of acetic acid with respect to concentration:
C y ( mg/g)
1 88.48
0.5 191.76
0.25 91.70
0.125 42.62
0.0625 28.24
Hindi sure ung theoretical data; please check
Answers to Questions
1. Does the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal obey the Freundlich equation? Support
your answer.
Yes. The r value is near 1, meaning, it is nearly linear and it obeys the Freundlich equation.
This answer is subject to examination of graphs again
2. Does the adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal obey Langmuir equation? Support your answer.
No. The r value is far from 1, meaning, it is nonlinear and it does not obey the Langmuir’s
equation.
This answer is subject to examination of graphs again
3. Which equation better describes the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal? Explain your
answer.
The Freundlich equation describes the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal better.
The high correlation coefficient suggests that the Freundlich adsorption isotherm is a better
representation than the Freundlich isotherm for the adsorption of acetic acid on activated
charcoal.
References:
Atkins, Peter and de Paula, Julio. Atkins Physical Chemistry, 7th edition.
Laidler. Meisler. Physical Chemistry, 3rd edition
Maron, Samuel H. and Lando, Jerome B. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry.
http://www.lenntech.com/adsorption.htm
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Adsorb/adsorb.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freundlich_equation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_equation