University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

EE421
Measurement Of Impedance

Name: ‫أنور العجيلي حمودة‬

ID Number:022170367
Professor supervisor: ‫عادل سعد‬.‫د‬
Groupe: 2
Submit date: 5/3/2022
Objectives:
1. Understanding the creation of standing wave along the short-circuit
waveguide.
2. Evaluation the load impedance from the standing-wave with slotted line.
3. Learn how to use the formula and smith chart to find the load impedance.

Introduction:
The simplest method for measurement of impedance at microwave frequencies is
as follows. The unknown impedance is connected at the end of a slotted line.
The Gunn oscillator is fed from the other end of slotted line. Unknown impedance
reflects a part of this power. This reflection coefficient is measured by probing the
standing wave fields in the slotted line by a suitable arrangement. The reflection
coefficient is given by.
Z L−Z 0
|Γ|=
Z L+ Z 0

ZL - Load impedance at any point.

ZO - Characteristics impedance of waveguide at operating frequency.

The phase of ( Γ ) may be found by measuring the distance of first voltage minima
from the load. Thus, the measurement of impedance involves the measurements
of VSWR and the distance of the voltage minima from the load. These
measurements may be carried out by using a slotted line and probe arrangement.
1+ Γ
VSWR=
1−Γ

When a mismatch occurs between the load and the waveguide, part of the
transmitted energy is reflected back toward the source. By combining the incident
and reflected wave vectorially, a standing wave will form along the waveguide.
Now, after determining the place of two minima and measuring the guided
wavelength, you will then connect the unknown load and measure SWR and its
phase, and then by using Smith chart or specific formulas you can calculate the
value of this load.

Equipment Required:
 Gunn Oscillator.
 Gunn Oscillator power supply.
 SWR Meter.
 Variable Attenuator.
 Slotted Line.
 Fixed Attenuator 6dB.
 Cables and Accessories.
 waveguide supports.
  Fixed short circuit

Procedure:
1. All switches must be off. Set up and assemble the components as shown
below.

2. On the slotted line, adjust the depth of the probe to the second uppermost
mark.
3. Move the slotted line probe to the 40.0 mm position.

4. Make the following the adjustment to the Gunn-Oscillator power supply:

(voltage = Min, Mode = 1KHz, Meter Range = 10V)

5. Make the following adjustment to the SWR meter

(Range = 0dB, Scale = Normal, Gain = min, Center Freq = mid position,
BW = 20Hz).

6. Turn on the Gunn Oscillator power supply, then Adjust the supply voltage to
8.5 V.
7. Measure the distance between two minima nearest to the shorted load.

a. On the slotted Line, slowly move the probe until you encounter maxima.
b. On the SWR-Meter, Adjust the Center frequency to maximize the needle
deflection.
c. Move the probe until you encounter the first Null1.
Null1 = 54.4mm.
d. Slowly move the probe towards the source until you encounter Null2 =
74.8mm.

NULL1 NULL2
8. From the data recoded, calculate the guided wavelength λ gas
λ g=2 ( Null 2−Null 1 )=2 ( 72.8−54.4 ) λ g=2∗18.4=36.8 mm
9. Disconnect the Gunn Oscillator’s power supply cable. Assemble the setup
below.
10. Adjust the variable attenuator to 7dB or 1.5mm Blade Position.
11. Reconnect the Gunn Oscillator’s power supply cable.
12. On the slotted line move the probe until you encounter the voltage maximum
closest to the load.
13. On the SWR-meter set the Gain control to obtain a reading of 0dB. If this is
not possible, select the next range of SWR meter and adjust the Gain to obtain
0dB.
14. Move the slotted line until you encounter the minimum located between the
minima previously observed.

SWR reading Min lacated

SWR=1.54 Min=66 mm

15. Calculate the distance d between as:

d= MIN −Null1=66−54.4=11.6 mm
16. Calculate the phase of the reflection coefficient as:

(
φ=180 ° 1−
4d
λg) (
=180 1−
36.8 )
4 × 11.6
=−46.95°

17. Plot the circle corresponding to the measured SWR on the smith Chart
provided, draw a radius corresponding to angle φ and determine normalized
load impedance.
 By using the smith chart with SWR 1.54.

ZL1 at 1.54 SWR = 0.72 + 0.22j

18. Adjust the variable attenuator to 1.3dB which corresponds to 0.5mm blade
position.
19. Repeat steps 11 to 17 for this load, recording your final result as.
 SWR reading Min located

SWR=3.4 dB Min=67 mm

d= MIN −NuLL 1=67−54.4=12.6 mm φ=180 ° 1−( 4d

λg ) (
=180 1−
36.8 )
4 × 12.6
=−66.52

zL2 at 3.4 SWR 0.8 + 0.3j

20. Turn off the Gunn Oscillator’s power supply cable.
21. It is required to verify the unknown load impedance by using specific
formulas as follows

Comments:

 The impedances which we plot on the Smith Chart will be the normalized
with respect to the characteristic impedance.
Z L−Z 0
|Γ|=
Z L+ Z 0
 The incident wave is completely reflected at the load end. The reflected and
incident waves travel through each other, but in opposite directions.

 The Smith chart is the most commonly used of the graphical techniques. It
is basically a graphical indication of the impedance of a transmission line
as one moves along the line

 The distance between two successive minima of the standing wave is

measured with the slotted line and the SWR meter. This distance is
multiplied by 2 to obtain the wavelength of the signal in the waveguide.
This wavelength is then used to calculate the frequency of the signal, The
first and second minima are used to determine this distance since they gave
more accurate result.
REFERENCES

 Microwave Impedance Measurements and Standards by Robert W. Beatty.