Calculus 2 (Integral Calculus)

Unit VII

This unit discusses the integration process of Rational Quadratic Functions

I. Objectives

After studying these topics student should be able to evaluate complicated problems
involving rational quadratic functions.
II. Subject Matter
A. Rational Quadratic Functions
B. Quadratic Factors
C. Repeated Quadratic Factors

III. Decomposition of Rational Function into Partial Fraction

No. Rational Function Form Partial Fraction Form

1. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
,𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
2. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐
2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ 2
+
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑥−𝑏
2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
5. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ 2
2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
6. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ 2 + 2
2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
Where 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cannot be factored

Evaluate the following Integrals:

𝑥 2 +1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +3𝑥−4

Solution:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 4, 𝑑𝑢 = (3𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 3(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥 2 +1 1
Transform the equation into 3 ∫ 𝑥 3+3𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 3 ln|𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 4| + 𝐶

2𝑥 3 −4𝑥−8
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 −𝑥)(𝑥 2 +4)

Solution:
2𝑥 3 −4𝑥−8
Transform the equation into ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +4) 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by
partial fraction. Case 5

2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 8 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 + 4
1
 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐷(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)

2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 − 𝑥)

2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 4𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 :
2=𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
0 = −𝐴 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
−4 = 4𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 𝐷 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠:
−8 = −4𝐴 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4

4 Equations, 4 Unknowns:
𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = −2, 𝐶 = 2, 𝐷 = 8

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is 2 ∫ − 2 ∫ 𝑥−1 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 +4 𝑑𝑥 + 8 ∫ 𝑥 2 +4
𝑥

We let u = x-1 and u=x^2 +4 so the answer is 2 ln|𝑥| − 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 2 + 4| +

𝑥
2 arctan 2 + 𝐶

3𝑥 2 −3𝑥+8
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +4𝑥−12

Solution:
3𝑥 2 −3𝑥+8
Transform the equation into ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2+4) 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by partial
fraction. Case 5

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= +
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 2 + 4)

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 3)

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
3=𝐴+𝐵 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
−3 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡:

2
 8 = 4𝐴 − 3𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3

3 Equations, 3 Unknowns:
𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = 0

𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is 2 ∫ 𝑥−3 + ∫ 𝑥 2+4

1
We let u = x-3 and u=x^2 +4 so the answer is 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + 2 ln|𝑥 2 + 4| + 𝐶

8𝑥 3 +13𝑥
4. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 +2)

Solution:
8𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= +
(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 2 + 2)2

8𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷

8𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 :
8=𝐴 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
0=𝐵 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
13 = 2𝐴 + 𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠:
0 = 2𝐵 + 𝐷 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4

4 Equations, 4 Unknowns:
𝐴 = 8 , 𝐵 = 0, 𝐶 = −3, 𝐷 = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is 8 ∫ − 3 ∫ (𝑥 2
𝑥 2 +2 +2)2

3
𝑊𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 4 ln|𝑥 2 + 2| + 2(𝑥 2 +2) + 𝐶

1−𝑥+2𝑥 2 −𝑥 3
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)2

Solution:
1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1)2 + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸)(𝑥)

3
1 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐴𝑥 4 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 4 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑥

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 4 :
0=𝐴+𝐵 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 :
−1 = 𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
2 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
−1 = 𝐶 + 𝐸 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡:
1=𝐴 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5

5 Equations, 5 Unknowns:
𝐴 = 1 , 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = −1, 𝐷 = 1, E=0

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is ∫ − ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 + ∫ (𝑥 2+1)2
𝑥

1 1
𝑊𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 ln|𝑥| − 2 ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 2(𝑥 2 +1) + 𝐶