Calculus 2 (Integral Calculus)

Unit III – Module 3

This unit discusses the integration process of rational quadratic functions

I. Objectives

After studying these topics student should be able to evaluate complicated problems
using rational quadratic functions
II. Subject Matter
A. Decomposition of Rational Function into Partial Fraction
B. Integration of Rational Quadratic Functions

III. Decomposition of Rational Function into Partial Fraction

No. Rational Function Form Partial Fraction Form

1. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
,𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
2. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
2 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
3. 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐
2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑥 − 𝑏
2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
5. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
6. 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
+ 2 + 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
Where 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cannot be factored

Evaluate the following Integrals:

3𝑥+7
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4

Solution:
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Transform the equation into 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 +4 + 7 ∫ 𝑥 2+4

For the 1st integral by algebraic substitution method, we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 4 & 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
so the answer is 2 ln |𝑥 2 + 4|

𝑑𝑥 7 𝑥
For the 2nd integral, we rewrite it as 7 ∫ 𝑥 2 +22 so the answer is 2 arctan 2

3 7 𝑥
The answer to the integral is as ln|𝑥 2 + 4| + arctan 2 + 𝐶
2 2

1
 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −4

Solution:
1
Transform the equation into ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by partial
fraction. Case 1

1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 2)

1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)

1 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝐵 = & 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −2, 𝐴 = −
4 4

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is − 4 ∫ 𝑥+2 + 4 ∫ 𝑥−2

1 1
We let u = x+2 and u=x-2 so the answer is − 4 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 4 ln|𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑥−5
3. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +2𝑥−3

Solution:
𝑥−5
Transform the equation into ∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by partial
fraction. Case 1

𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝐵 = −1 & 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −3, 𝐴 = 2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is 2 ∫ 𝑥+3 − 1 ∫ 𝑥−1

We let u = x+3 and u=x-1 so the answer is 2 ln|𝑥 + 3| − ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶

2
 𝑥+1
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −6𝑥

Solution:
𝑥+1
Transform the equation into ∫ 𝑥(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by
partial fraction. Case 3

𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 3)

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 − 6𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 2𝐶𝑥

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
0=𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
1 = 𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 2𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠:
1 = −6𝐴 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3

3 Equations, 3 Unknowns:
1 3 2
𝐴 = − ,𝐵 = ,𝐶 = −
6 10 15

1 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is − 6 ∫ + 10 ∫ 𝑥−2 − 15 ∫ 𝑥+3
𝑥

1 3 2
We let u = x-2 and u=x+3 so the answer is − 6 ln|𝑥| + 10 ln|𝑥 − 2| − 15 ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶

3
 5𝑥 2 +20𝑥+6
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +𝑥

Solution:
5𝑥 2 +20𝑥+6
Transform the equation into ∫ 𝑑𝑥 then solve the rational function by partial
𝑥(𝑥+1)2
fraction. Case 2

5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2

5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥)

5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥

By equation of constants:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 :
5=𝐴+𝐵 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
20 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠:
6=𝐴 − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3

3 Equations, 3 Unknowns:
𝐴 = 6 , 𝐵 = −1, 𝐶 = 9

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The partial fraction form of the integral is 6 ∫ − ∫ 𝑥+1 + 9 ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑥

9
We let u = x+1 so the answer is 6 ln|𝑥| − ln|𝑥 + 1| − 𝑥+1 + 𝐶

4
5