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Roxana Flammini1
“It is never a waste of time to study the history of a word”
Abstract
In Egyptology, the subordinates of the Hyksos are
  ! - ' vassals;  +  
' -      " ' ' '  ™;
   "‹!  '  '  "'  
'™   >6    "'";  " '
revision of the origin and meaning of the concept
of vassal, the underlying paradigms that sustain it,
and discuss the scarce evidence as to reconstruct
the subordination practices carried out by the
!>   .!"6
Introduction
When describing certain societal practices of dif
 '    ‹  ‹"
through material culture, concepts are the tools
+     '   ' ‹"  '
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        "§  " +
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   ' '    62
During most of the 20th !;  ' +
  '    '   "6 K !
debated on their origin, changes and meanings,
' '   ' '    6
 +;     !    " ' ' 
such matters here, but to point out the relevance of
 "   ' -  
' ' +     '  ' '> 
 6 B      ' '   
ed to the analyses of these matters, historical theo
 Π' J >;   '   ]Qth century
marked a turning point in the notion of history
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because at that time History “achieved conceptual
'  ' ' ''    ' ‹
­[   '   '  +  '
the past and future histories +  ' ' "'6^ It
+'    +    + +  & ' 
  ! . " & '' ' +
paradigm: Modernity (Neuzeitœ; ' "''  '
"  ' + +'!  ' '>
' 6
K  + "'' +'      . 
   '   "  ‹"'  
' '     - > + +' '
+'!  ' '> '  +  
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' ² !   + ' '  ' '
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Modernity changed religious beliefs about the
 '  +'  +  ! ' + ¬" 
unfolded to the degree that the state and its prog
  +  '  '!    '
' +  " +  ' ' + 
‹ "    '   '
' ‹"' 6­6 K ;   + "''
  . " ' 4 to make His
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  " " 6
J > '  '   '  Modernity as
    "! + +'    '  
'  " +   " !    "
of Middle Ages6S The related concept of feudalism
as a concept of universal history enhanced the pre
vious thousand years and “coincided to a large
 +    "    dark %
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6
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revealed an additive ‹"  6
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unique and clear meaning, thus it is important to
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Unlike feudalism, the concept of vassal +'  
     ;     % 
'    '   '6  ' '
 ';  ‹"'   " '  ' 
practices, but its meaning varied through time:
from describing practices performed by people
   ¬ +  ' ''7­   
Sth century AD to depicting those practices per
  ! " "    ¬   ' ''7
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; "' +   ! '! › '
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land (the U œ6
K  + "''  Modernity that settled in
. "    ]Qth ! ' +'!   '
increase in the number of disciplines dedicated to
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is perceived as a mode of production or social formation
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centres in Egyptology located in Europe (mainly
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ancient Egypt as a feudal '6 K '  
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of the most relevant French Egyptologists, Gaston
%'" ;   Histoire ancienne des peoples de
l’Orient +  +' "      
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the possession of land: “The most favoured of the
princes married an heiress rich in U, settled on
her domain, and founded a race of feudal lords.­ 12
   ' ; +      '
bonds, he stated that:
¬.! .!"';   J ‹"; +'
obliged, in order to get on in life, to depend on one
  " +  ' ; +   ' 
'6 The feudal lord was proud to recognize
Pharaoh as his master, and he himself was master
of the soldiers and priests in his own petty state.
From the top to the bottom of the social scale eve
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tion is related to the fact that the Egyptian Weltan-
schauung   '   > +'   +   
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dalism +' '  "  '  !; 
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pervaded all the Egyptian society, from gods to
!; "'!     ]Q˜\6­ ?6 '  '" ! 
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sion on feudalism in Ancient Egypt sustained by K. JANS-
EN-WINKELN ›]QQQœ6      K  '
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HINZE and C. CAHEN (JANSEN-WINKELN ]QQQ; ]_£‰\œ  6
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A summary on the evolution of the concept in PÉCOUT
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men and even “preceded the royal sovereignty on
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› ' œ '   vassals of the king, the
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disputes and tension among nomarchs and their
¬'­ ›>œ + ‹"' '  ² 
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school of Egyptology, the German school consid
ered nomes as U  and nomarchs as inde-
pendent lords or feudal princes616 In this regard,
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the description of Egypt as a feudal state,
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employment of analogies in Egyptological histori
ography, and the fact that although concepts like
capitalist and capitalism are not frequently used,
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considered to delineate the Hyksos subordination
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Building the Hyksos’ vassals
At present, many different and unresolved topics
surrounding the Hyksos have captured the interest
of scholars: their provenance, ethnicity, identity,
  ;   ‹ ' ''  
their political entity, and the absolute and relative
    '     6‰^ At the same
time, other topics lost their centrality, such as the
"        !>   ' '
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As in all those topics, in the analysis of the subor
dination practices held by the Hyksos, many layers
of interpretation converge even though during
     ]Qth and 20th centuries, the subordina
tion practices did not occupy a relevant place in
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interested in other features, many of them men
tioned above, such as determining the ethnic ori
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feature in the source is the portrait of the Hyksos
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SETERS ' œ6
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subordinates be considered (exclusively) vassals?
As stated above, even though the authors of the
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scribal palette by the same king to a man called
4; a picture of mutual loyalty emerges that
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ered their vassals6 !   ‹    ‰\th
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Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Alicia Daneri Rodrigo and Gra
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