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Kumar: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition
Chapter 08: Infections

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is the most common form of herpesvirus-induced eye infection?
a. Blepharitis
b. Conjunctivitis
c. Iridocyclitis
d. Keratitis
e. Retinitis

ANS: D, Herpesvirus most often causes keratitis, which can be classified as epithelial or
interstitial.

2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagocytosed by macrophages in granulomas can be killed by

endogenous nitric oxide (NO) after these macrophages become activated by T-helper cells.
Which biologically active substance stimulates the formation of NO in macrophages?
a. Platelet-activating factor
b. Interferon-
c. Interleukin-1
d. Tumor necrosis factor
e. Prostaglandin E2

ANS: B, CD4+ T-helper cells secrete interferon-, which stimulates the macrophages to
produce nitric oxide (NO), NO2, and HNO3. These bactericidal substances kill the tubercle
bacilli in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of the macrophages.

3. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection in AIDS patients typically begins in the

a. nasal cavity
b. lungs
c. esophagus
d. small intestine
e. liver

ANS: D, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections usually begin in the small intestine,
and may disseminate from there to the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

4. During a mini-epidemic of Shigella, a 5-year-old child from India became infected and
died 3 days after the onset of diarrhea. The most prominent changes seen at autopsy were
a. dilatation of the entire small intestine
b. ulceration of the proximal small intestine

Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Test Bank 8-2

c. ulcerations of the distal ileum

d. multiple ulcerations partially covered with pseudomembranes
e. perforation of the rectum

ANS: D, Ulcerations of the colonic mucosa caused by Shigella are usually covered with
pseudomembranes. These findings are not specific but correlate well with the clinical
findings, which invariably include massive bloody, pus-containing diarrhea.

5. Diarrhea caused by cholera toxin results from the action of this toxin on cells of the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. cecum
d. transverse colon
e. rectum

ANS: B, Cholera toxin acts on the epithelial cells of the small intestine, causing massive
secretion of chloride, sodium, and water into the intestinal lumen. The large intestine
cannot absorb all that fluid, which is thus discharged in the form of watery diarrhea.

6. Reiter syndrome, including the triad of conjunctivitis, polyarthritis, and genital lesions,
occurs in men infected with which pathogen?
a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Treponema pallidum
c. Chlamydia trachomatis
d. Trichomonas vaginalis
e. Haemophilus ducreyi

ANS: C, Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is a common cause of sexually acquired

urethritis, which sometimes may be associated with eye and joint lesions. This triad is
known as Reiter syndrome.

7. Suppurative nail infection (paronychia) and abscesses of fingertips ("felons") are most
likely caused by
a. Escherichia coli
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c. Haemophilus influenzae
d. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
e. Staphylococcus aureus

ANS: E, Suppurative infections of fingers are most likely caused by pyogenic

Staphylococci.

8. Infection of the uterus following a “criminal abortion” performed in a "back alley" is

most likely caused by
a. anaerobic non–spore-forming bacteria
b. spore-forming anaerobes

Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Test Bank 8-3

c. pyogenic cocci
d. coliform bacteria
e. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

ANS: A, Anaerobic non–spore-forming bacteria are the most common commensals in the
lower female genital tract, and are thus the most common cause of uterine infection in
septic “criminal abortions.”

9. A 60-year-old man known to have diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital in
ketoacidosis. He had a massive, invasive infection of the nasal sinuses. Biopsy disclosed
fungal infection, which was most likely caused by
a. Candida albicans
b. Aspergillus fumigatus
c. Mucor
d. Histoplasma capsulatum
e. Pneumocystis carinii

ANS: C, Mucormycosis is an opportunistic infection of the upper and lower respiratory

tract and is most often found in immunosuppressed persons and in diabetics.

10. Which of the following is a preventable cause of blindness in Africa?

a. Giardiasis
b. Onchocerciasis
c. Filariasis
d. Cryptosporidiosis
e. Schistosomiasis

ANS: B, Onchocerciases is a preventable cause of blindness in Africa.

11. Which African disease is complicated by elephantiasis of the legs?

a. Giardiasis
b. Onchocerciasis
c. Filariasis
d. Cryptosporidiosis
e. Schistosomiasis

ANS: C, Filariasis, an infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, may obstruct

lymphatics and cause elephantiasis.

12. Lepromatous leprosy represents a form of disease that develops due to

a. accelerated T-helper lymphocyte response
b. accelerated cytotoxic T-cell response
c. inadequate B-cell response
d. hyperimmunity
e. immunologic anergy

Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Test Bank for Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (Robbins Pathology) 9th Edition

Test Bank 8-4

ANS: E, Leprosy occurs in two forms: tuberculoid leprosy, characterized by a

granulomatous T-lymphocyte response, and lepromatous leprosy, which occurs in
anergic persons who cannot mount a T-cell response.

13. The diagnosis of malaria is best made by examining a

a. biopsy specimen of the liver
b. biopsy specimen of the spleen
c. bone marrow biopsy
d. blood smear
e. serum sample for antibodies to plasmodia

ANS: D, Plasmodia are parasites that infect red blood cells and can be best seen in
peripheral blood smears.

14. Schistosoma mansoni infection causes liver changes that present histologically as
a. granulomas that also contain eosinophils
b. abscesses
c. suppurative cholangitis
d. centrolobular necrosis of liver cells
e. centrolobular fibrosis

ANS: A, Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum lay eggs in the liver and elicit a
granulomatous reaction. In addition to lymphocytes and macrophages, these granulomas
contain scattered eosinophils, which may also occur in other parasitic infections.

Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pausanias'
description of Greece, Volume II
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Pausanias' description of Greece, Volume II

Author: active approximately 150-175 Pausanias

Translator: A. R. Shilleto

Release date: August 4, 2022 [eBook #68680]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: George Bell and Sons,

1886

Credits: Turgut Dincer, SF2001, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book
was produced from images made available by the
HathiTrust Digital Library.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PAUSANIAS'

DESCRIPTION OF GREECE, VOLUME II ***
 BOHN’S CLASSICAL LIBRARY.

PAUSANIAS’ DESCRIPTION OF
GREECE.
 PAUSANIAS’
DESCRIPTION OF GREECE,
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

WITH NOTES AND INDEX

BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A.,

Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge.

VOLUME II.

“Pausanias est un homme qui ne manque ni de bon sens ni de

bonne foi, mais qui croit ou au moins voudrait croire à ses dieux.” —
Champagny.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS,

YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1886.
CHISWICK PRESS:—C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS
COURT, CHANCERY LANE.
CONTENTS.
page
Book VII. Achaia 1
VIII. Arcadia 61
IX. Bœotia 151
X. Phocis 219
index 299
 ERRATA.
Volume Page 8, line 37, for “Atte” read “Attes.” As vii. 17, 20.
I. (Catullus’ Attis.)
Page 150, line 22, for “Auxesias” read “Auxesia.” As ii. 32.
Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for “Philhammon” read
“Philammon.”
Page 191, line 4, for “Tamagra” read “Tanagra.”
Page 215, line 35, for “Ye now enter” read “Enter ye now.”
Page 227, line 5, for “the Little Iliad” read “The Little Iliad.”
Page 289, line 18, for “the Babylonians” read “Babylon.”
Volume
Page 61, last line, for “earth” read “Earth.”
II.
Page 95, line 9, for “Camira” read “Camirus.”
Page 169, line 1, for “and” read “for.”
---- ---- line 2, for “other kinds of flutes” read “other flutes.”
Page 201, line 9, for “Lacenian” read “Laconian.”
Page 264, line 10, for “Chilon” read “Chilo.” As iii. 16.
Page 268, Note, for “I iad” read “Iliad.”
PAUSANIAS.
BOOK VII.—ACHAIA.
 CHAPTER I.

N ow the country between Elis and Sicyonia which borders on the

Corinthian Gulf is called in our day Achaia from its inhabitants,
but in ancient times was called Ægialus and its inhabitants
Ægialians, according to the tradition of the Sicyonians from
Ægialeus, who was king of what is now Sicyonia, others say from the
position of the country which is mostly on the sea-shore.[1] After the
death of Hellen his sons chased their brother Xuthus out of Thessaly,
accusing him of having privately helped himself to their father’s
money. And he fled to Athens, and was thought worthy to marry the
daughter of Erechtheus, and he had by her two sons Achæus and
Ion. After the death of Erechtheus he was chosen to decide which of
his sons should be king, and, because he decided in favour of
Cecrops the eldest, the other sons of Erechtheus drove him out of
the country: and he went to Ægialus and there lived and died. And of
his sons Achæus took an army from Ægialus and Athens and
returned to Thessaly, and took possession of the throne of his
ancestors, and Ion, while gathering together an army against the
Ægialians and their king Selinus, received messengers from Selinus
offering him his only child Helice in marriage, and adopting him as
his son and heir. And Ion was very well contented with this, and after
the death of Selinus reigned over the Ægialians, and built Helice
which he called after the name of his wife, and called the inhabitants
of Ægialus Ionians after him. This was not a change of name but an
addition, for they were called the Ionian Ægialians. And the old name
Ægialus long prevailed as the name of the country. And so Homer in
his catalogue of the forces of Agamemnon was pleased to call the
country by its old name,
“Throughout Ægialus and spacious Helice.”[2]
And at that period of the reign of Ion when the Eleusinians were at
war with the Athenians, and the Athenians invited Ion to be
Commander in Chief, death seized him in Attica, and he was buried
at Potamos, a village in Attica. And his descendants reigned after
him till they and their people were dispossessed by the Achæans,
who in their turn were driven out by the Dorians from Lacedæmon
and Argos. The mutual feuds between the Ionians and Achæans I
shall relate when I have first given the reason why, before the return
of the Dorians, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon and Argos only of all
the Peloponnese were called Achæans. Archander and Architeles,
the sons of Achæus, came to Argos from Phthiotis and became the
sons in law of Danaus, Architeles marrying Automate, and Archander
Scæa. And that they were sojourners in Argos is shewn very clearly
by the name Metanastes (stranger) which Archander gave his son.
And it was when the sons of Achæus got powerful in Argos and
Lacedæmon that the name Achæan got attached to the whole
population. Their general name was Achæans, though the Argives
were privately called Danai. And now when they were expelled from
Argos and Lacedæmon by the Dorians, they and their king
Tisamenus the son of Orestes made the Ionians proposals to
become their colonists without war. But the Ionian Court was afraid
that, if they and the Achæans were one people, Tisamenus would be
chosen as king over both nations for his bravery and the lustre of his
race. So the Ionians did not accept the proposals of the Achæans
but went to blows over it, and Tisamenus fell in the battle, and the
Achæans beat the Ionians, and besieged them in Helice to which
they had fled, but afterwards let them go upon conditions. And the
Achæans buried the body of Tisamenus at Helice, but some time
afterwards the Lacedæmonians, in accordance with an oracle from
Delphi, removed the remains to Sparta, and the tomb of Tisamenus
is now where the Lacedæmonians have their banquetings, at the
place called Phiditia. And when the Ionians migrated to Attica the
Athenians and their king, Melanthus the son of Andropompus,
welcomed them as settlers, in gratitude to Ion and his services to the
Athenians as Commander in Chief. But there is a tradition that the
Athenians suspected the Dorians, and feared that they would not
keep their hands off them, and received the Ionians therefore as
settlers rather from their formidable strength than from goodwill to
them.
[1] Ægialus (αἰγιαλός) is Greek for sea-shore. In this last view
compare the names Pomerania, Glamorganshire.
[2] Iliad, ii. 575.
 CHAPTER II.

A nd not many years afterwards Medon and Nileus, the eldest

sons of Codrus, quarrelled as to who should be king over the
Athenians, and Nileus said he would not submit to the rule of Medon,
because Medon was lame in one of his feet. But as they decided to
submit the matter to the oracle at Delphi, the Pythian Priestess
assigned the kingdom to Medon. So Nileus and the other sons of
Codrus were sent on a colony, and took with them whatever
Athenians wished, and the Ionians formed the largest part of the
contingent. This was the third expedition that had started from
Greece under different kings and with different peoples. The oldest
expedition was that of Iolaus the Theban, the nephew of Hercules,
who led the Athenians and people of Thespiæ to Sardinia. And, one
generation before the Ionians sailed from Athens, the
Lacedæmonians and Minyæ who had been expelled by the Pelasgi
from Lemnos were led by Theras the Theban, the son of Autesion, to
the island henceforward called Theras after him, but formerly called
Calliste. And now thirdly the sons of Codrus were put at the head of
the Ionians, though they had no connection with them by race, being
as they were Messenians from Pylos as far as Codrus and
Melanthus were concerned, and Athenians only on their mother’s
side. And the following Greeks took part in this expedition of the
Ionians, the Thebans under Philotas, who was a descendant of
Peneleus, and the Minyæ from Orchomenus, who were kinsmen of
the sons of Codrus. All the Phocians also took part in it (except the
people of Delphi), and the Abantes from Eubœa. And to the
Phocians the Athenians Philogenes and Damon, the sons of
Euctemon, gave ships to sail in, and themselves led them to the
colony. And when they had crossed over to Asia Minor, different
detachments went to different maritime towns, but Nileus and his
contingent to Miletus. The Milesians give the following account of
their early history. They say their country was for two generations
called Anactoria, during the reigns of Anax the Autochthon and
Asterius his son, and that, when Miletus put in there with an
expedition of Cretans, then the town and country changed its name
to Miletus from him. And Miletus and the force with him came from
Crete fleeing from Minos the son of Europa. And the Carians, who
had settled earlier in the neighbourhood of Miletus, admitted the
Cretans to a joint share with them. But now when the Ionians
conquered the old inhabitants of Miletus, they slew all the males
except those that ran away from the captured city, and married their
wives and daughters. And the tomb of Nileus is as you approach
Didymi, not far from the gates on the left of the road. And the temple
and oracle of Apollo at Didymi are of earlier date than the migration
of the Ionians: as also is the worship of the Ephesian Artemis. Not
that Pindar in my opinion understood all about the goddess, for he
says that the Amazons who fought against Theseus and Athens built
the temple to her. Those women from Thermodon did indeed
sacrifice to the Ephesian Artemis, as having known her temple of
old, when they fled from Hercules and earlier still from Dionysus, and
sought refuge there: it was not however built by them, but by
Coresus, an Autochthon, and by Ephesus (who was they think the
son of the river Cayster, and gave his name to the city of Ephesus).
And the Leleges (who form part of Caria) and most of the Lydians
inhabited the district. And several people lived near the temple for
the purpose of supplication, and some women of the Amazonian
race. And Androclus the son of Codrus, who was appointed king of
the Ionians that sailed to Ephesus, drove the Leleges and Lydians
who dwelt in the upper part of the city out of the district; but of those
who lived near the temple no apprehensions were entertained, but
they mutually gave and received pledges with the Ionians without
any hostilities. Androclus also took Samos from the Samians, and for
some time the Ephesians were masters of Samos and the adjacent
islands. And after the Samians returned to their own possessions,
Androclus assisted the people of Priene against the Carians and,
though the Greeks were victorious, fell in the battle. And the
Ephesians took up his corpse, and buried it in their own country
where the tomb is shewn to this day, on the way from the temple by
the Olympiæum to the Magnesian gates. The device on the tomb is
a man in full armour.
And the Ionians, when they inhabited Myus and Priene, drove the
Carians out from those cities. Cyaretus the son of Codrus colonized
Myus, and Priene was colonized by Thebans and Ionians mixed
under Philotas, the descendant of Peneleus, and Æpytus the son of
Nileus. So Priene, which had been ravaged by Tabalus the Persian,
and afterwards by Hiero one of its own citizens, at last became an
Ionian city. But the dwellers in Myus left their town in consequence of
the following circumstance. In the neighbourhood of Myus is a small
bay: this was converted into a marsh by the Mæander filling up the
mouth of the bay with mud. And as the water became foul and no
longer sea, mosquitoes in endless quantities bred in the marsh, till
they compelled the poor people of Myus to leave the place. And they
went to Miletus and carried off with them everything they could take
and the statues of the gods: and in my time there was at Myus only a
temple of Dionysus in white marble. A similar disaster fell upon the
Atarnitæ near Pergamum.
 CHAPTER III.

T he Colophonians also regard the temple and oracle of Apollo at

Claros as most ancient, for, while the Carians were still in
possession of the country, they say that the first Greeks who came
there were Cretans, a large force powerful both by land and sea
under Rhacius, and the Carians remained still in possession of most
of the country. But when the Argives and Thersander the son of
Polynices took Thebes, several captives, and among others Manto
were taken to Apollo at Delphi, but Tiresias died on the road not far
from Haliartus.[3] And when the god sent them to form a colony they
crossed over into Asia Minor, and when they got to Claros the
Cretans attacked them and took them before Rhacius. And he,
understanding from Manto who they were and their errand, married
Manto and made her companions fellow-settlers with him. And
Mopsus, the son of Rhacius and Manto, drove out all the Carians
altogether. And the Ionians on mutual conditions became fellow-
citizens upon equal terms with the Colophonian Greeks. And the
kingdom over the Ionians was usurped by their leaders
Damasichthon and Promethus the sons of Codrus. And Promethus
afterwards slew his brother Damasichthon and fled to Naxos, and
died there, and his body was taken home and buried by the sons of
Damasichthon: his tomb is at a place called Polytichides. And how
Colophon came to be dispeopled I have previously described in my
account about Lysimachus: its inhabitants were the only colonists at
Ephesus that fought against Lysimachus and the Macedonians. And
the tombs of those from Colophon and Smyrna that fell in the battle
are on the left of the road to Claros.
Lebedus also was dispeopled by Lysimachus simply to add to the
population of Ephesus. It was a place in many respects favoured,
and especially for its very numerous and agreeable warm baths near
the sea. Originally it was inhabited by the Carians, till Andræmon,
the son of Codrus, and the Ionians drove them out. Andræmon’s
tomb is on the left of the road from Colophon, after you have crossed
the river Calaon.
And Teos was colonized by the Minyæ from Orchomenus, who came
with Athamas; he is said to have been a descendant of Athamas the
son of Æolus. Here too the Carians were mixed up with the Greeks.
And the Ionians were conducted to Teos by Apœcus, the great-
great-grandson of Melanthus, who did no harm to either the
Orchomenians or Teians. And not many years afterwards came men
from Attica and Bœotia, the former under Damasus and Naoclus the
sons of Codrus, the latter under the Bœotian Geres, and both these
new-comers were hospitably received by Apœcus and the people of
Teos.
The Erythræi also say that they came originally from Crete with
Erythrus (the son of Rhadamanthys) who was the founder of their
city, and when the Lycians Carians and Pamphylians occupied the
city as well as the Cretans, (the Lycians being kinsfolk of the
Cretans, having originally come from Crete when they fled from
Sarpedon, and the Carians having an ancient friendship with Minos,
and the Pamphylians also having Greek blood in their veins, for after
the capture of Ilium they wandered about with Calchas), when all
those that I have mentioned occupied Erythræ, Cleopus the son of
Codrus gathered together from all the towns in Ionia various people,
whom he formed into a colony at Erythræ.
And the people of Clazomenæ and Phocæa had no cities before the
Ionians came to Asia Minor: but when the Ionians arrived a
detachment of them, not knowing their way about the country, sent
for one Parphorus a Colophonian as their guide, and having built a
city under Mount Ida left it not long after, and returned to Ionia and
built Scyppius in Colophonia. And migrating of their own accord from
Colophonia, they occupied the territory which they now hold, and
built on the mainland the town of Clazomenæ. But afterwards from
fear of the Persians they crossed over into the island opposite. But in
process of time Alexander the son of Philip was destined to convert
Clazomenæ into a peninsula, by connecting the island with the
mainland by an embankment. Most of the inhabitants of Clazomenæ
were not Ionians, but were from Cleonæ and Phlius, and had left
those cities when the Dorians returned to the Peloponnese. And the
people of Phocæa were originally from the country under Mount
Parnassus which is still to our day called Phocis, and crossed over
into Asia Minor with the Athenians Philogenes and Damon. And they
took territory not by war but on an understanding with the people of
Cyme. And as the Ionians would not receive them into the Pan-Ionic
confederacy unless they received kings from the descendants of
Codrus, they accepted from Erythræ and Teos Deœtes and Periclus
and Abartus.
[3] See Book ix. ch. 33.