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Chapter 3: Drawing Valid Inferences
II: Construct and Data-Evaluation
Validity
Chapter Descrtion
This chapter discusses how to identify threats to construct and data-evaluation validity. It also
describes the interrelations of the different types of validity.
Discussion Questions
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (2 per module), which
are included for in-class use.
1. Imagine you are tasked with explaining construct validity to a research subject who
has no background in research design. Using an example from your own professional
field, how would you define and explain construct validity, and its importance, to this
subject?
1. Select a construct important in your field of study, and give several examples of
confounds that might make investigating this construct more difficult.
2. Choose a research result that you have read about recently, either in the popular press
or in a research journal. If confounding was addressed in the report, explain how and
whether you think it was covered adequately. If it was not addressed, discuss how
confounding could have affected the reported result, and how the researchers could
have discussed confounding.
1. Select one of the specific threats to construct validity and discuss how it might affect
research results in your chosen professional field. Include some suggestions about
how the threat could be addressed in the design and/or conduct of research.
2. Randomized controlled trials are often considered the gold standard of research, but
they can also be affected by threats to construct validity. Describe a research study in
your area of interest incorporating a randomized controlled trial, and explain how
threats to construct validity might affect the results of the trial.
2. This section describes several methods to manage threats to construct validity, some
of which can be applied before research has begun, some during research, and some
after research has been concluded. Discuss the strengths and weakness of each
approach.
1. Consider a research question of interest to you, and describe a study that could
address it. How is data-evaluation validity relevant to this study and to the
conclusions you might draw from it?
2. Using an example from your field of expertise, explain why the term “data-
evaluation validity” may be more useful that the term “statistical conclusion validity”
in evaluating claims made based on the research results.
1. Choose an example of research in your professional field and discuss how the three
facets of statistical evaluation are relevant to evaluating the conclusions that may be
drawn from this research.
2. Select a research question that interests you, and describe some ways that data-
evaluation validity might be relevant to devising a study intended to allow you to
draw conclusions about this research question.
1. Using an example of research from your field, or a study you would like to design
and conduct, describe the four possible outcomes (as described in Figure 2.1) from
this study, and what you would conclude from each outcome.
2. Define effect size and explain, with reference to a research question in your field,
why you should be aware of effect size when evaluating the results of studies related
to this research question.
3.8: Threats to Data-Evaluation Validity
1. Select one of the major threats to data-evaluation validity, and discuss how it is
relevant in your field, using an example of either a published research result or a
hypothetical study you would like to conduct.
2. Describe a research study you would like to perform. Include a discussion of which
specific threats to data-evaluation validity would be most relevant to your study.
1. Describe a research study in your field that you have read about. Were any of the
threats to data-evaluation validity relevant to this study, and if so, did the researchers
address these threats adequately?
2. Describe a research study that you would like to conduct. What threats to data-
evaluation validity are relevant to this study, and how would you address those
threats?
1. Choose a research study in your field that you have read about, and discuss how the
author(s) addressed the necessity of setting priorities and making trade-offs in order
to conduct the research. Also evaluate whether you think the author(s) addressed
these issues adequately, and, if not, whether the failure to address these issues brings
the author(s) conclusions into doubt.
2. Describe a research study that you would like to conduct to address an issue of
concern in your field. Include a discussion of how you would set your priorities and
determine what trade-off might be necessary, and how those choices could affect the
validity of your results.
Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1,000-1,500 words.
Discussion Questions
This discussion question bank provides a listing of discussion questions (2 per module), which
are included for in-class use.
1. Choose one of the sources of ideas for studies from Table 4.1, and use it to develop
an empirical question related to a topic you would like to study. Explain why the
source is a good match for the topic and for your particular empirical question.
2. Select a published research study in your area of interest, and explain how you could
develop a new study by extending or translating this study; use the guidelines in
Table 4.1.
1. Explain what is meant by a case study and the strong and weak points of this type of
research, including an example of how a case study might serve as a starting point to
develop an empirical research question.
4.3: Investigating How Two (or More) Variables Related to Each Other
2. Explain what is meant by a risk factor and a protective factor, and devise a research
question relevant to your professional field incorporating one or both of these
concepts.
4.4: Moderators, Mediators, and Mechanisms
1. Define and distinguish between moderators and mediators in the context of research,
giving an example of each from your field of study.
1. Distinguish between basic research and applied research, giving examples of each
from your field of study.
2. Explain what is meant by the focus of theory, giving examples from your field of
several different types of focus for theory. How does each focus shape the type of
investigations used to test each theory?
2. Explain the difference between generating and testing hypotheses, illustrated with
several examples from your field. Explain why both play important roles in scientific
research.
1. Develop a research question relevant to your area of study and use the guiding
questions method to defend your questions as interesting, important, or both.
1. Start with a general area of interest and refine your ideas until you are left with a
suitable idea for a research project. Discuss the steps you went through to develop
your project, and why you think it is suitable as a focus for research.
2. Choose an example of a research study in your field and explain how the specific
research project reported related to the general area of interest of the study.
1. Explain what is meant by saying that a research question must be testable, and why
this is important. Illustrate your explanation with both an example of an untestable,
abstract idea that would not be suitable for a research project, and a related testable
idea that would be suitable.
1. Develop an empirical question suitable for a research study. Describe how you could
devise a study to examine this question, including an examination of which threats to
validity are likely to be most relevant and how you might address them.
Research Assignments
The following research assignments pertain to the main topics and/or themes of the chapter.
Please respond by writing a paper consisting of 1,000-1,500 words.
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