1st Topic

Complex Numbers
De Moivre’s Theorem

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics and Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

Abraham de Moivre

Abraham de Moivre
(26 May 1667 to 27 November 1754)

The French-born mathematician Abraham de Moivre, was a pioneer in

PROBABILITY theory and TRIGONOMETRY.
• He discovered the approximation of the BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION known
as the NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.
• He also investigated mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of
annuities.
• He devised DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM, a trigonometric formula for obtaining
powers and roots of complex numbers.
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 2
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
In 1697, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).
In 1718, his book “The Doctrine of Chances” contained major advances in
probability theory.
Life of Abraham de Moivre
Middle years
Abraham de Moivre was a competent mathematician with a good knowledge of
many of the standard texts. In order to obtain a living, de Moivre became a private tutor
of mathematics, visiting his pupils or teaching in the coffee houses of London. De Moivre
continued his studies of mathematics after visiting the Earl of Devonshire and seeing
Newton’s recent book, Principia. After looking through the book he immediately realized
that the book was far deeper than those which he had studied and he was determined to
read and understand it. However, as he was required to take extended walks around
London to travel between his tutees, de Moivre had little time for study so he would tear
pages from the book and carry them around in his pocket to read in the times between
lessons. Eventually de Moivre become so knowledgeable about the material that Newton
would refer questions to him saying, “Go to Mr. de Moivre; he knows these things better
than I do.”
By 1692, de Moivre became friends with Edmond Halley and soon after Isaac
Newton himself. In 1695, Halley communicated de Moivre’s first mathematics paper,
which arose from his study of fluxions in the Principia, to the Royal Society. This paper
was published in the Philosophical Transactions that same year. Shortly after publishing
this paper de Moivre also generalized Newton’s famous Binomial Theorem into the
Multinomial theorem. The Royal Society became apprised of this method in 1697 and
made de Moivre a member two months later. In November 1697, he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society .
After being accepted, Halley encouraged de Moivre to turn his attention to
astronomy. In 1705, Mr. De Moivre discovered, intuitively, that “the centripetal force of
any planet is directly related to its distance from the centre of the forces and reciprocally
related to the product of the diameter of the evolute and the cube of the perpendicular on
the tangent”.
Despite these successes, de Moivre was unable to obtain an appointment to a
Chair of Mathematics at a university which would release him from his dependence on
time-consuming tutoring that burdened his life to a greater extent than it did most other
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 3
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
mathematicians of the time. At least a part of the reason was a bias against his French
origins.
Throughout his life de Moivre remained poor. It is reported that he was a regular
customer of Slaughter's Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane at Cranbourn Street, where he
earned a little money from playing chess.
Later years
De Moivre continued studying the fields of probability and mathematics until his
death in 1754 and several additional papers were published after his death. As he grew
older, he became increasingly lethargic and needed longer sleeping hours. He noted
that he was sleeping an extra 15 minutes each night and correctly calculated the date of
his death on the day when the additional sleep time accumulated to 24 hours, November
27, 1754.
Throughout his life de Moivre remained poor. It is reported that he was a regular
customer of Slaughter's Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane at Cranbourn Street, where he
earned a little money from playing chess.

Despite his scientific eminence, he subsisted mainly by tutoring mathematics and

died in poverty (1754).
************************
In 1707, de Moivre derived:

which he was able to prove for all positive integral values of n.

In 1722, he suggested it in the more well known form of de Moivre's Formula:

n
( cos x + isin x ) = cos ( nx ) + isin ( nx )

This formula states that for any complex number (and, in particular, for any real number)
x and integer n, it holds.
In mathematics, de Moivre's formula, named after Abraham de Moivre.
In 1749, Euler proved this formula for any real n using Euler's formula which makes the
proof quite straightforward.
This formula is very important because it relates complex numbers and trigonometry.
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 4
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
Applications:
• This formula allows the derivation of useful expressions for cos(nx) and sin(nx) in
terms of cos(x) and sin(x).
• This formula can be used to find the nth roots of a complex number.
Since the power is not an integer, so this application does not strictly use de
Moivre's formula. However, considering the right hand side to the power of n will
in each case give the same value left hand side.
• Once z is expressed in polar form, then this is a very useful result as it makes it
simple to find z n .
De Moivre’s Theorem:
Statement: If n be (i) an integer, positive or negative then
n
( cos θ + isin θ) = ( cos nθ + isin nθ) , i.e. (cisθ)n = cisnθ

(ii) a fraction, positive or negative,

n
then one of the values of [ cos θ + isin θ] is cos nθ + i sin nθ

Proof: Case I: when n is a positive integer:

Now cisθ1cisθ2 = (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )

= (cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 ) + i(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )

= cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ) = cis(θ1 + θ2 )
Similarly, cisθ1cisθ2cisθ3 = cis(θ1 + θ2 )cisθ3 = cis(θ1 + θ2 + θ3 ),

Proceeding in the way cisθ1cisθ2 ..........cisθn = cis(θ1 + θ2 .........θn )

Now putting θ1 = θ2 = θ3 = ...........θn = θ,

We obtain (cisθ)n = cisnθ .

Case II: When n is negative integer:
Let n = − m , where m is a positive integer. Then
n −m 1 1 1 cos mθ − i sin mθ
( cisθ ) = ( cisθ ) = = = ×
( ci s θ )
m
cismθ ( cos mθ + i sin mθ ) cos mθ − i sin mθ
cos mθ − i sin mθ
= = cos mθ − i sin mθ
cos 2 mθ + sin 2 mθ
= cos(− mθ) + i sin(− mθ) = cis(− mθ) = cisnθ (∴ −m = n )
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 5
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

⇒ (cisθ)n = cisnθ .
Case III: When n is fraction, positive or negative:
p
Let n = , where q is a positive integer and p is any integer positive or negative.
q
q
 θ  θ
Now  cis  = cis q.  = cisθ.
 q  q
Taking qth root of both sides, we get
q/q
 θ
 cis  is one of the q value of (cisθ)1 / q
 q

 θ
⇒ One of the value of (cisθ)1 / q =  cis 
 q
Raise both sides of power p, we get
p
p/q  θ p 
one of the value of (cisθ) =  cis  = cis θ  = cisnθ .
 q q 
This completes the proof.
Remarks 1:
De Moivre's formula does not in general hold for non-integer powers. Non-integer
powers of a complex number can have many different values. However, there is a
generalization that the right hand side expression is one possible value of the power.
Remarks 2:
The formula is actually true in a more general setting than stated above: if z and
w are complex numbers, then

is a multi-valued function while

is not. Therefore one can state that

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 6
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

Remarks 3:(i) cisθ1.cisθ2 ..........cisθn = cis ( θ1 + θ2 + ............. + θn ) .

n −n
(ii) ( cos θ − isin θ) = cos nθ − isin nθ = ( cos θ + isin θ) .
n m
(iii) ( cismθ) = cismnθ = ( cisnθ) .

Now let us solve some problems:

Q.No.1: Simplify
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)4 (cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)5 .
(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)−3 (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)− 4
Sol.: We have (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)4 = cos12θ + i sin 12θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)12 ,

(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)5 = cos 20θ − i sin 20θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)−20 ,
(cos 4θ + i sin 4θ)3 = cos12θ + i sin 12θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)12 ,
(cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)−4 = cos 20θ − i sin 20θ = (cos θ + i sin θ)−20 .
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ )4 (cos 4θ − i sin 4θ5 ) (cos θ + i sin θ )12 (cos θ + i sin θ )−20
∴ = = 1.
(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)3 (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)− 4 (cos θ + i sin θ)12 (cos θ + i sin θ)− 20

Q.No.2.: Simplify
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)5 (cos θ − i sin θ)3 .
(cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)7 (cos 2θ − i sin 2θ)5

Sol.:
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)5 (cos θ − i sin θ)3 =
[(cos θ + i sin θ) ] [(cos θ + i sin θ) ]
3 5 −1 3

(cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)7 (cos 2θ − i sin 2θ)5 [(cos θ + i sin θ) ] [(cos θ + i sin θ) ]
5 7 −2 5

(cos θ + i sin θ )15 (cos θ + i sin θ )−3

= = (cos θ + i sin θ)15−3−35+10
(cos θ + i sin θ)35 (cos θ + i sin θ)−10
= (cos θ + i sin θ)−13 = cos13θ − i sin 13θ .

Q.No.3.: Prove that (i)

(cos 5θ − i sin 5θ)2 (cos 7θ + i sin 7θ)−3 = 1.
(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)9 (cos θ + i sin θ)5

(ii)
(cos α + i sin α )4 = sin (4α + 5β) − i cos(4α + 5β ) .
(sin β + i cos β)5
4
 cos θ + i sin θ 
(iii)   = cos 8θ + i sin 8θ .
 sin θ + i cos θ 
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 7
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

Sol.: (i)

Since
(cos 5θ − i sin 5θ)2 (cos 7θ + i sin 7θ)−3 =
(cos θ + i sin θ)−10 (cos θ + i sin θ)−21
(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)9 (cos θ + i sin θ)5 (cos θ + i sin θ)− 36 (cos θ + i sin θ)5
(cisθ )−10 (cisθ)−21 (cisθ )−31
= = = 1.
(cisθ)−36 (cisθ)5 (cisθ)−31

(ii) Since
(cos α + i sin α )4 =
(cos 4α + i sin 4α )
(sin β + i cos β)5 (sin 5β + i cos 5β)

=
( cos 4α + i sin 4α) × ( sin 5β − i cos5β)
( sin 5β + i cos5β) ( sin 5β − i cos5β)

=
( cos 4α sin 5β + sin 4α cos5β) − i( cos 4α cos5β − sin 4α sin 5β)
sin 2 5β + cos2 5β

= sin( 4α + 5β) − i cos( 4α + 5β) .

4 4
 cos θ + i sin θ   cos θ + i sin θ sin θ − i cos θ 
(iii) Since   = × 
 sin θ + i cos θ   sin θ + i cos θ sin θ − i cos θ 
4
 (cos θ + i sin θ )(sin θ − i cos θ ) 
= 
 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 
(
 (cos θ + i sin θ ) i sin θ − i 2 cos θ 
= 
) 4

 i 

= (cos θ + i sin θ)8 = (cos 8θ + i sin 8θ).

Q.No.4.: Simply [(cos α − cos β) + i(sin α − sin β)]n + [(cos α − cos β) − i(sin α − sin β)]n .
Sol.: Now L.H.S.= [(cos α − cos β) + i(sin α − sin β)]n + [(cos α − cos β) − i(sin α − sin β)]n
n
 α+β α −β α+β α − β
= − 2 sin sin + i.2 cos sin
 2 2 2 2 
n
 α+β α −β α+β α − β
+ − 2 sin sin − i.2 cos sin
 2 2 2 2 
n n
α −β  α +β α + β α −β  α+β α + β
= 2n sin n  − sin + i. cos  + 2n sin n  − sin − i. cos
2  2 2  2  2 2 
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 8
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
n
n α−β π α+β
n  π α + β 
= 2 sin  cos +  + i.sin  + 
2  2 2  2 2 
n
n α−β π α+β
n  π α + β 
+ 2 sin  cos +  − i.sin  + 
2  2 2  2 2 

 π α+β π α+β 
cos n 2 + 2  + i.sin n 2 + 2  
α −β      
= 2n sin n
2  π α+β  π α + β 
+ cos n +  − i.sin n + 
 2 2  2 2 

α −β   π α + β  n +1 n α −β   π + α + β 
= 2n sin n  2 cos n +  = 2 sin  cos n 
2  2 2  2   2 
Q.No.5: Find the general value of θ which satisfies the equation
[cos θ + i sin θ][cos 2θ + i sin 2θ]......[cos nθ + i sin nθ] = 1 .
Sol.: Given [cos θ + i sin θ][cos 2θ + i sin 2θ]......[cos nθ + i sin nθ] = 1 .

⇒ [cos θ + i sin θ]1[cos θ + i sin θ]2 ......[cos θ + i sin θ]n = 1 .

1 2 n
⇒ [ cisθ] [ cisθ] ......[ cisθ] = 1 .
1+ 2+...+ n
⇒ [ cisθ] = 1.
n (n +1)
⇒ [ cisθ] 2 = 1.

 n(n + 1) 
⇒ cis θ  = 1 = cis2mπ .
 2 
 n (n + 1) 
⇒ θ  = 2 mπ .
 2 
4 mπ
⇒θ= . Ans.
n (n + 1)
Q.No.6.: Find the general value of θ , which satisfies the equation
(cos θ + i sin θ)(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ).........[cos(2r − 1)θ + i sin(2r − 1)θ] = 1 .
Sol.: (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ).........[cos(2r − 1)θ + i sin (2r − 1)θ] = 1

⇒ cos[θ + 3θ + ..... + (2r − 1)θ] + i sin[θ + 3θ + ..... + (2r − 1)θ] = 1

⇒ cos[1 + 3 + ..... + (2r − 1)]θ + i sin[1 + 3 + ..... + (2r − 1)]θ = 1
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 9
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

r
⇒ cos (1 + 2r − 1)θ + i sin r (1 + 2r − 1)θ = 1 .
2 2
[∵1, 3, 5,........2r − 1 from AP with n terms.

 number of terms
Their sum =  (first term + last term)
 2 

( ) ( )
Thus cos r 2 θ + i sin r 2 θ = 1 .
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

( )
cos r 2 θ = 1 2
 ⇒ r θ = 2nπ .
( )
sin r θ = 0
2

2nπ
Hence θ = , where n is any integer.
r2
n n θ nθ
Q.No.7: Prove that (1 + cos θ + isin θ) + (1 + cos θ − isin θ) = 2 n +1 cos n  . cos .
2 2
Sol: Put 1 + cos θ = r cos α, sin θ = r sin α .
θ θ
∴ r 2 = (1 + cos θ )2 + sin 2 θ = 2 + 2 cos θ = 4 cos 2 ⇒ r = 2 cos ,
2 2
θ θ
2 sin cos
sin θ 2 2 = tan θ ⇒ α = θ .
and tan α = =
1 + cos θ θ 2 2
2 cos 2
2

∴ L.H.S. = [r (cos α + i sin α )] + [r (cos α − i sin α )]

n n

= r n ( cos nα + i sin nα ) + ( cos nα − i sin nα )  = r n .2 cos nα

n
 θ  θ θ  nθ 
=  2 cos  .2 cos  n  = 2n +1 cos n cos   .
 2  2 2  2 
Q.No.8.: Prove that

π θ  nπ nθ 
(i) (1 + sin θ + i cos θ)n + (1 + sin θ − i cos θ)n = 2n +1 cos n  − . cos − 
 4 2  4 2 
n
1 + sin α + i cos α   nπ   nπ 
(ii)   = cos  − nα  + i sin  − nα  .
1 + sin α − i cos α   2   2 
Sol.: (i) Let 1 + sin θ = r cos θ and cos θ = r sin θ
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 10
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

π  π θ π θ
sin − θ  2sin  −  cos  − 
r sin α cos θ 2  =  4 2  4 2.
∴ tan α = = =
r cos α 1 + sin θ π  π θ
1 + cos − θ  2cos 2  − 
2   4 2

 π θ π θ
⇒ tan α = tan −  ⇒ α = − .
 4 2 4 2

Also r 2 = (1 + sin θ)2 + cos2 θ = 1 + sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ + cos 2 θ

 π  π θ
= 2[1 + sin θ] = 21 + cos − θ  = 4 cos 2  − 
 2   4 2
 π θ
⇒ r = 2 cos −  .
 4 2

L.H.S. = (1 + sin θ + i cos θ)n + (1 + sin θ − i cos θ)n

= [r (cos α + i sin α )]n + [r (cos α − i sin α )]n = r n [(cos nα + i sin nα ) + (cos nα − i sin nα )]
n
  π θ   π θ  π θ   nπ nθ 
= r 2 cos nα = 2 cos −  2 cos n  −  = 2n +1 cos n  −  cos
n
− 
  4 2   4 2  4 2  4 2 
This completes the proof.
(ii) Let 1 + sin α = r cos θ and cos α = r sin θ

π  π α π α
sin  − α  2 sin  −  cos − 
∴ tan θ =
r sin θ
=
cos α
= 2  = 4 2 4 2
r cos θ 1 + sin α π  π α
1 + cos − α  2 cos2  − 
2  4 2
π α π α
⇒ tan θ = tan −  ⇒ θ = − .
4 2 4 2
n
 r (cos θ + i sin θ)  n −n
Now L.H.S.= 
( θ + θ )  = (cos θ + i sin θ) (cos θ − i sin θ)
 r cos i sin 
= (cos nθ + i sin nθ).(cos nθ + i sin nθ) = cos 2nθ + i sin 2nθ

π α π α  nπ   nπ 
= cos 2n  −  + i sin 2n  −  = cos − nα  + i sin  − nα 
4 2 4 2  2   2 
This completes the proof.

Q.No.9.: If x 2 − 2x cos θ + 1 = 0 , prove that x 2n − 2x n cos nθ + 1 = 0 .

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 11
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

Sol.: The given equation is x 2 − 2x cos θ + 1 = 0 .

∴x = =
(
2 cos θ ± 4 cos 2 θ − 4 2 cos θ ± − 4 1 − cos 2 θ
=
)
2 cos θ ± i 2 sin θ
= cos θ ± i sin θ
2 2 2
Taking positive sign, we get x = cosθ + i sin θ .

∴ x 2 n − 2x n cos nθ + 1 = [cos θ + i sin θ]2 n − 2 cos nθ[cos θ + i sin θ]n + 1

= [ cos 2 nθ + i sin 2 nθ] − 2 cos nθ[ cos nθ + i sin nθ] + 1

= cos 2nθ + i sin 2nθ − 2 cos 2 nθ − 2i cos nθ sin nθ + 1

[ ]
= cos 2nθ − 2 cos2 nθ + i[sin 2nθ − 2 cos nθ sin nθ] + 1

= [(2 cos nθ − 1) − 2 cos nθ] + i[2 cos nθ sin nθ − 2 cos nθ sin nθ] + 1
2 2

= 0.
nπ
Q.No.10.: If α ,β be the roots of x 2 − 2 x + 4 = 0 , prove that α n + β n = 2 n +1 cos .
3

Sol.: The given equation is x 2 − 2 x + 4 = 0 .

2 ± 4 − 16 2 ± −12 2 ± i 2 3
∴x = = = = 1± i 3 .
2 2 2
Let α = 1 + i 3 , and β = 1 − i 3 . Let 1 + i 3 = r( cosθ + i sin θ) .

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get r cosθ = 1 , r sinθ = 3

Squaring and adding, we get r2 = 4 ∴ r = 2

1 3
Thus we have, cosθ = , sin θ = .
2 2
π
Both these equations are satisfied, when θ = 60 0 = .
3

( )n (
L.H.S. = α n + β n = 1 + i 3 + 1 − i 3 )n = [r(cos θ + i sin θ)]n + [r(cos θ − i sin θ)]n
[ ]
= r n (cos θ + i sin θ)n + (cos θ − i sin θ)n = r n [cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ]

 nπ  nπ
= 2 n [2 cos nθ] = 2 n 2 cos  = 2 n +1 cos = R.H.S.
 3 3

Q.No.11.: If z = cisθ and ω = cisφ , show that z m ω n + z − m ω − n = 2 cos(mθ + nφ) .

Sol.: Here z m ω n + z −m ω −n = (cisθ)m (cisφ)n + (cisθ)−m (cisφ)− n

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 12
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

(Using De Movire’s theorem)

= (cos mθ + i sin mθ)(cos nφ + i sin nφ) + (cos mθ − i sin mθ)(cos nφ − i sin nφ)
= (cos mθ. cos nφ − sin mθ. sin nφ)
= cos(mθ + nφ) .
1 1
Q.No.12: If 2 cos θ = x + , prove that (i) 2 cos rθ = x r + r ,
x x
x 2n + 1 cos nθ
(ii) = .
x 2 n −1 + x cos(n − 1)θ
1
Sol.: Since 2 cos θ = x +
x

⇒ x 2 − 2 x cos θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2 cos θ ± (4 cos 2
θ−4 ) = cos θ ± i sin θ .
2
(i) Taking positive sign, we get x = cos θ + i sin θ , then

x r = (cos θ + i sin θ)r = cos rθ + i sin rθ and x − r = (cos θ + i sin θ)− r = cos rθ − i sin rθ
1
Adding both the results, we get x r + = 2 cos rθ .
xr
This completes the first part.

x 2n + 1 (cos θ + i sin θ )2 n + 1
(ii) L.H.S. = =
x 2 n −1 + x (cos θ + i sin θ )2 n −1 + (cos θ + i sin θ )

=
(cos 2nθ + i sin 2nθ) + 1
cos(2n − 1)θ + i sin (2n − 1)θ + (cos θ + i sin θ )

=
(1 + cos 2nθ) + i sin 2nθ
[cos(2n − 1)θ + cos θ] + i[sin (2n − 1)θ + sin θ]
2 cos 2 nθ + 2i sin nθ cos nθ
=
2 cos nθ cos(n − 1)θ + 2i sin nθ cos(n − 1)θ

cos nθ[2 cos nθ + 2i sin nθ] cos nθ

= = .
cos(n − 1)θ[2 cos nθ + 2i sin nθ] cos(n − 1)θ
This completes the second part.
1 1
Q.No.13.:If 2 cos θ = x + and 2cosφ = y + , show that one of the values of
x y
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 13
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

1
(i) x m y n + is 2cos(mθ + nφ) ,
xmyn

xm yn
(ii) + is 2cos(mθ − nφ) .
yn xm
1
Sol.: Since 2 cos θ = x +
x

⇒ x 2 − 2 x cos θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2 cos θ ± (4 cos 2
θ−4 ) = cos θ ± i sin θ .
2
Taking positive sign, we get x = cos θ + i sin θ .
∴ One of the values of x is cos θ + i sin θ .
Similarly, one of the values of y is cos φ + i sin φ .

(i) One of the values of x m y n = (cos θ + i sin θ)m (cos φ + i sin φ)n
= (cos mθ + i sin mθ)(cos nφ + i sin nφ)
= cos(mθ + nφ ) + i sin (mθ + nφ )
1
One of the values of m n
= x −m y −n = (cos θ + i sin θ)−m (cos φ + i sin φ)−n
x y

= [(cos mθ + i sin mθ)(cos nφ + i sin nφ)]−1

= [cos(mθ + nφ) + i sin (mθ + nφ)]−1
= cos(mθ + nφ) − i sin (mθ + nφ)
Adding both the results, we get
1
One of the values of x m y n + is 2cos(mθ + nφ) .
xmyn

xm (cos θ + i sin θ )m (cos mθ + i sin mθ )

(ii) One of the values of = =
yn (cos φ + i sin φ)n (cos nφ + i sin nφ)
= (cos mθ + i sin mθ)(cos nφ − i sin nφ )
= cos(mθ − nφ) + i sin (mθ − nφ )
−1 −1
yn xm   cos mθ + i sin mθ 
One of the values of = n  = 
xm  y   cos nφ + i sin nφ 
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 14
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

= [cos(mθ − nφ) + i sin (mθ − nφ)]−1

= [cos(mθ − nφ) − i sin (mθ − nφ)]
= cos(mθ − nφ) − i sin (mθ − nφ)
Adding both the results, we get

xm yn
One of the values of + is 2cos(mθ − nφ) .
yn xm
x−y α−β
Q.No.14.: If x = cos α + i sin α , y = cos β + i sin β , prove that = i tan .
x+y 2
x − y (cos α + i sin α ) − (cos β + i sin β) (cos α − cos β) + i(sin α − sin β)
Sol.: LHS = = =
x + y (cos α + i sin α ) + (cos β + i sin β) (cos α + cos β) + i(sin α + sin β)
α +β α−β α+β α−β
− 2 sin sin + i.2 cos sin
= 2 2 2 2
α+β α −β α+β α −β
2 cos cos + i.2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
α +β α −β α+β α −β
i 2 sin sin + i cos sin
= 2 2 2 2
α+β α−β α +β α −β
cos cos + i sin cos
2 2 2 2
α −β  α+β α + β
i sin i sin + cos
2  2 2  α −β
= = i tan = RHS.
α−β  α+β α + β 2
cos cos + i sin
2  2 2 
Q.No.15.: If p = cisθ, q = cisφ , show that

(i)
p−q
= i tan
θ−φ
, (ii)
(p + q )(pq − 1) = sin θ + sin φ .
p+q 2 (p − q )(pq + 1) sin θ − sin φ
p − q cisθ − cisφ (cos θ + i sin θ) − (cos φ − i sin φ)
Sol.: (i) L.H.S. = = =
p + q cisθ + cisφ (cos θ + i sin θ) + (cos φ + i sin φ)

=
(cos θ − cos φ) + i(sin θ − sin φ)
(cos θ + cos φ) + i(sin θ + sin φ)
 θ+φ θ − φ  θ+φ θ − φ
− 2 sin 2 sin 2  + 2i cos 2 sin 2 
=   
 θ+φ θ − φ  θ+φ θ − φ
2 cos 2 cos 2  + 2i sin 2 cos 2 
   
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 15
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

 2 θ+φ θ − φ  θ+φ θ − φ
2i sin 2 sin 2  + 2i cos 2 sin 2 
=   
 θ+φ θ − φ  θ+φ θ − φ
2 cos 2 cos 2  + 2i sin 2 cos 2 
   
θ−φ θ+φ θ + φ
2i 2 sin sin − i cos
2  2 2  θ−φ
= = i tan .
θ−φ θ+φ θ + φ 2
2i cos − i cos + sin
2  2 2 
This completes the proof.
(p + q )(pq − 1)
(ii) L.H.S.=
(p − q )(pq + 1)
=
[(cos θ + cos φ) + i(sin θ + sin φ)][cos(θ + φ) + i sin(θ + φ) − 1]
[(cos θ − cos φ) + i(sin θ − sin φ)][cos(θ + φ) + i sin (θ + φ) + 1]
 θ+φ θ−φ θ+φ θ − φ  2 θ+φ θ+φ θ + φ
2 cos 2 cos 2 + i.2 sin 2 cos 2  − 2 sin 2 + i.2 sin 2 cos 2 
=  
 θ+φ θ−φ θ+φ θ − φ  2 θ+φ θ+φ θ + φ
− 2 sin 2 sin 2 + i.2 cos 2 sin 2  2 cos 2 + i.2 sin 2 cos 2 
  
θ−φ θ+φ θ + φ θ+φ θ+φ θ + φ
2 cos  cos + i.sin  2 sin  − sin + i. cos
2  2 2  2  2 2 
=
θ−φ θ+φ θ + φ θ+φ θ+φ θ + φ
2 sin  − sin + i. cos  2 cos cos + i.sin
2  2 2  2  2 2 
θ−φ θ+φ
cos sin
= 2 2 = sin θ + sin φ .
θ+φ θ − φ sin θ − sin φ
cos sin
2 2
This completes the proof.
Q.No.16: If a = cis 2α , b = cis2β , c = cis2γ and d = cis2δ , prove that

ab c
(i) + = 2 cos(α + β − γ ) .
c ab

ab cd
(ii) + = 2 cos(α + β − γ − δ ) .
cd ab
ab cis2α.cis2β
Sol.: (i) we have = = cis2(α + β − γ )
c cis2γ
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 16
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

ab
⇒ = cis(α + β − γ ) = cos(α + β − γ ) + i sin (α + β − γ )
c
−1
c  ab 
Also =  = cos(α + β − γ ) − i sin (α + β − γ )
ab  c 

ab c
∴ + = [cos(α + β − γ ) + i sin (α + β − γ )] + [cos(α + β − γ ) − i sin (α + β − γ )]
c ab
= 2 cos(α + β − γ )
ab cis2α.cis2β
(ii) We have = = cis2(α + β − γ − δ )
cd cis2γcis2δ

ab
⇒ = cis(α + β − γ − δ ) = cos(α + β − γ − δ ) + i sin (α + β − γ − δ )
cd
−1
cd  ab 
Also =  = cos(α + β − γ − δ ) − i sin (α + β − γ − δ )
ab  cd 

ab cd
∴ + = [cos(α + β − γ − δ ) + i sin (α + β − γ − δ )]
cd ab
+ [cos(α + β − γ − δ ) − i sin (α + β − γ − δ )]
= 2 cos(α + β − γ − δ ).
Q.No.17.: If ‘a’ denotes cos 2α + i sin 2α with similar representation for b, c, d,
1
prove that abcd + = 2 cos(α + β + γ + δ ) .
abcd
Sol.: a = cos 2α + i sin 2α , b = cos 2β + i sin 2β ,
c = cos 2 γ + i sin 2 γ , d = cos 2δ + i sin 2δ .
abcd = (cos 2α + i sin 2α ) (cos 2β + i sin 2β) (cos 2γ + i sin 2γ ) (cos 2δ + i sin 2δ)
= cos(2α + 2β + 2γ + 2δ) + i sin (2α + 2β + 2γ + 2δ) .

abcd = (abcd)1 / 2 = [cos(2α + 2β + 2γ + 2δ ) + i sin (2α + 2β + 2γ + 2δ )]1/ 2

= cos(α + β + γ + δ) + i sin(α + β + γ + δ) .
1
abcd
= ( abcd )−1 = [cos(α + β + γ + δ) + i sin(α + β + γ + δ)]−1 .
= cos(α + β + γ + δ) − i sin(α + β + γ + δ) .
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 17
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

1
abcd + = 2 cos(α + β + γ + δ ) .
abcd
π
Q.No.18: If x r = cis r  , show that Lim x1x 2 x 3......x n = −1 .
2  n →∞

π π π

Sol.: Given x r = cis r  = cos r  + i sin  r  .
2  2  2 
Putting r = 1, 2, 3,.... successively, we get
π π
x1 = cos 1  + i sin  1  ,
2  2 
 π  π
x 2 = cos 2  + i sin 2  ,
2  2 
 π  π
x 3 = cos 3  + i sin  3  ,
2  2 
...... ..... ..... ......
...... ..... ..... ...... and so on . (i)
Multiplying the results obtained in (i), we get
 π π  π π
x1x 2 x 3...upto ∞ = Lim x1x 2 x 3......x n = cos + i sin  cos 2 + i sin 2 ......∞
n →∞  2 2  2 2 
π π π  π π π 
= cos  + 2 + 3 + ...... + i sin  + 2 + 3 + ......
2 2 2  2 2 2 
 π   π 
 2   
= cos   + i sin  2  = −1 . This proves the required result.
1 − 1  1 − 1 
 2  2
m b
(
Q. No.19.: Prove that (i) (a + ib )m / n + (a − ib )m / n = 2 a 2 + b 2 )
m / 2n
cos tan −1  .
n a
n
+1 nπ
n n
(ii) (1 + i ) + (1 − i ) = 2 2 cos .
4
b
Sol.:(i) Put a = r cos θ, b = r sin θ ⇒ r 2 = a 2 + b 2 and tan θ = .
a
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 18
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

[
∴ [a + ib ]m / n + [a − ib ]m / n = (r cos θ + ir sin θ )m / n + (r cos θ − ir sin θ)m / n ]
[
= r m / n (cos θ + i sin θ)m / n + (cos θ − i sin θ)m / n ]
 m m   m m 
= r m / n  cos θ + i sin θ  +  cos θ − i sin θ 
 n n   n n 
 m  m  b 
(
= r m / n 2 cos θ = 2 a 2 + b 2
 n 
)m / 2n
cos   tan −1  .
n  a 

π π
(ii) Put 1 = r cos θ,1 = r sin θ ⇒ r 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 and tan θ = 1 = tan ⇒θ=
4 4
n n
  π π    π π 
∴ [1 + i ] + [1 − i ] =  2  cos + i sin  +  2  cos − i sin 
n n
  4 4    4 4 
n  nπ nπ   nπ nπ 
( )
= 2  cos + i sin  +  cos − i sin 
 4 4   4 4 

= ( 2 )n  2 cos n4π  = (2 )(n / 2)+1cos n4π .

 
Q.No.20.: If (a 1 + ib1 )(a 2 + ib 2 ).......(a n + ib n ) = A + iB , prove that

( )( ) ( )
(i) a 12 + b12 a 22 + b 22 ......... a 2n + b n2 = A 2 + B 2 .

b1 b b B
(ii) tan −1 + tan −1 2 + ........ tan −1 n = tan −1 .
a1 a2 an A

Sol.: Let a 1 + ib1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sinθ1 ) .

Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
r1 cos θ1 = a 1 ; r1 sin θ1 = b1 .

Squaring and adding, we get r12 = a 12 + b12 .

b1 b
Dividing, we get tan θ1 = ⇒ θ1 = tan −1 1 .
a1 a1

b2
Similarly, r22 = a 22 + b 22 , θ 2 = tan −1
a2

b3
r32 = a 32 + b 32 , θ 3 = tan −1
a3
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 19
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

bn
rn2 = a 2n + b 2n , θ n = tan −1
an

Now it is given that (a 1 + ib1 )(a 2 + ib 2 ).......(a n + ib n ) = A + iB

⇒ r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 ).........rn (cos θ n + i sin θ n ) = A + iB

⇒ r1r2 ..........rn [cos(θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n )] = A + iB
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides,
r1r2 .......rn cos(θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n ) = A (i)

r1r2 .......rn sin(θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n ) = B . (ii)

Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get

[ ]
r12 r22 .........rn2 cos 2 (θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n ) + sin 2 (θ1 + θ 2 + ........... + θ n ) = A 2 + B 2

⇒ r12 r22 .........rn2 = A 2 + B 2

( )( ) ( )
⇒ a 12 + b12 a 22 + b 22 ....... a 2n + b n2 = A 2 + B 2 .
Hence, part (i) is proved.
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
B
tan (θ1 + θ 2 + ....... + θ n ) =
A
B
⇒ θ1 + θ 2 + ....... + θ n = tan −1
A
b1 b b B
⇒ tan −1 + tan −1 2 + ........ tan −1 n = tan −1 .
a1 a2 an A
Hence, part (ii) is proved.

Q.No.21.: If (1 + x )n = p 0 + p1 x + p 2 x 2 + p 3 x 3 + ...... , show that

nπ
(i). p 0 − p 2 + p 4 ....... = 2 n / 2 cos
4
nπ
(ii). p1 − p 3 + p 5 ....... = 2 n / 2 sin .
4

Sol.: (1 + x )n = p 0 + p1 x + p 2 x 2 + p 3 x 3 + ......
Put x = i on both sides, we get

(1 + i )n = p 0 + p1i + p 2 i 2 + p 3i 3 + p 4 i 4 + p 5i 5 + ......
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 20
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

= p 0 + ip1 − p 2 − ip 3 + p 4 + ip 5 + ...... 
( )
∵ i 2 = −1, i 3 = i, i 4 = i 2 2
= 1


∴ (1 + i )n = (p 0 − p 2 + p 4 .....) + i(p1 − p 3 + p 5 ........) . (i)

Let 1 + i = r (cos θ + i sin θ) .

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get r cos θ = 1 , r sin θ = 1 . (ii)

Squaring and adding, we get r 2 = 1 + 1 = 2 ∴r = 2

1 1 1 1
From (ii), we have cos θ = = , sin θ = = .
r 2 r 2
π
Both these equations are satisfied when θ = .
4
 π π
∴1 + i = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
n
n π π  nπ nπ 
n
⇒ (1 + i ) = ( )2  cos + i sin  = 2 π / 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4  4 4 

 nπ nπ 
∴ From (i), we have 2 π / 2  cos + i sin  = (p 0 − p 2 + p 4 ......) + i(p1 − p 3 + p 5 ......)
 4 4 
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
nπ
p 0 − p 2 + p 4 ....... = 2 n / 2 cos
4
nπ
p1 − p 3 + p 5 ....... = 2 n / 2 sin .
4
π ψ
Q.No.22.: If sin Ψ = i tan θ , prove that cos θ + i sin θ = tan  +  .
4 2
i sin θ sin ψ cos θ 1
Sol.: Given i tan θ = sin Ψ ⇒ = ⇒ = .
cos θ 1 i sin θ sin ψ
cos θ + i sin θ 1 + sin ψ
By componendo and dividendo, we get =
cos θ − i sin θ 1 − sin ψ
ψ ψ ψ ψ
cos 2
+ sin 2 + 2 cos sin
−1
⇒ (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ − i sin θ) = 2 2 2 2
ψ ψ ψ ψ
cos 2 + sin 2 − 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 21
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
2
 ψ ψ
 cos 2 + sin 2 
⇒ (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ + i sin θ) = 
ψ ψ
 cos − sin 
 2 2
 ψ ψ
 cos + sin
⇒ cos θ + i sin θ =  2 2

 cos ψ − sin ψ 
 2 2 
ψ
Dividing numerator and denominator on RHS by cos .
2
ψ
1 + tan
⇒ cos θ + i sin θ = 2 = tan  π + ψ  = RHS.
ψ 4 2
1 − tan
2

Q.No.23.: Find the modulus and principal value of the argument of

(
1+ i 3)
13
.
( 3 − i)11

Sol.: Let 1 = r cos θ and 3 = r sin θ .

π π
Then r = 1 + 3 = 2 and tanθ = 3 = tan ⇒θ= .
3 3
And 3 = r ' cos φ and − 1 = r ' sin φ .
1 π
Then r ' = 3 + 1 = 2 and tanφ = − ⇒φ=− .
3 6
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 22
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil
13
 π π  13π 13π 
213  cos + i sin   cos + i sin 
(1 + i 3 )
13
=
(r cos θ + ir sin θ)13 =  3 3
= 4  3 3 
( 3 − i)11 (r' cos φ + ir' sin φ)11  π π
211 cos − i sin 
11 
 cos
11π
− i sin
11π 

 6 6  6 6 
 13π 13π   11π 11π 
 cos + i sin   cos + i sin 
= 4
3 3   6 6 
×
 11π 11π   11π 11π 
 cos − i sin   cos + i sin 
 6 6   6 6 
 13π 13π  11π 11π 
= 4 cos + i sin  cos + i sin 
 3 3  6 6 
26 11
 π π  π π
= 4 cos + i sin   cos + i sin 
 6 6  6 6
37 36
 π π  π  π  π
= 4 cos + i sin  = 4 cis   cis  = 4 cis 
 6 6  6  6  6
 π π
Now = 4 cos + i sin 
 6 6
Here x + iy = r (cos θ + i sin θ) , where r is modulus of x + iy and θ is argument of x + iy .
The value of θ which lies between − π and π is called the principal value of the
argument or amplitude.

Hence modulus of
(
1+ i 3)
13
 π π
= 4 cos + i sin  is 4. Ans.
( 3 − i)  6
11 6

And principal value of the argument of

(
1+ i 3)
13
π
is . Ans.
( 3 − i) 6
11

Q.No.24: If sin α + sin β + sin γ = cos α + cosβ + cos γ = 0 , prove that

sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin (α + β + γ )

and cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ )

Sol.: Let a = cisα , b = cisβ , c = cisγ .
∴ a + b + c = cisα + cisβ + cisγ = (cos α + cos β + cos γ ) + i(sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0 .

Since a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

⇒ (cisα )3 + (cisβ)3 + (cisγ )3 = 3(cisα )(cisβ)(cisγ )

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 23
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

⇒ (cis3α ) + (cis3β) + (cis3γ ) = 3cis(α + β + γ )

⇒ (cos 3α + i sin 3α ) + (cos 3β + i sin 3β) + (cos 3γ + i sin 3γ )
= 3[cos(α + β + γ ) + i sin (α + β + γ )]

⇒ (cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ ) + i(sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ )

= 3[cos(α + β + γ ) + i sin (α + β + γ )]
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ )

and sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3sin (α + β + γ ) .

This completes the proof.
Q.No.25.: If sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos α + cosβ + cos γ , prove that
sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2 γ = 0 and cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2 γ = 0 .
Sol.: Let a = cisα , b = cisβ , c = cisγ
∴ a + b + c = cisα + cisβ + cisγ = (cos α + cosβ + cos γ ) + i(sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0
Since a + b + c = 0 . (i)
1 1 1
Now + + = [cos α + i sin α ]−1 + [cos β + i sin β]−1 + [cos γ + i sin γ ]−1
a b c
= [ cosα − i sin α ] + [ cosβ − i sin β] + [ cos γ − i sin γ ]

= [ cosα + cosβ + cos γ ] − i[ sin α + sin β + sin γ ] = 0 .

1 1 1
Thus + + = 0 ⇒ bc + ca + ab = 0 .
a b c

Also squaring (i), we get a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(ab + bc + ca ) = 0 .

⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c2 = 0 ⇒ (cisα )2 + (cisβ)2 + (cisγ )2 = 0 .

⇒ ( cis2α ) + ( cis2β) + ( cis2γ ) = 0 .

⇒ [ cos 2α + i sin 2α ] + [ cos 2β + i sin 2β] + [ cos 2 γ + i sin 2 γ ] = 0 .

⇒ [ cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ ] + i[ sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2γ ] = 0 .

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2 γ = 0 and sin 2α + sin 2β + sin 2 γ = 0 .
This completes the proof.
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 24
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

Q.No.26.: If sin α + sin β + sin γ = cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 , prove that

(i). ∑ cos 4α = 2∑ cos 2(β + γ )

(ii). ∑ sin 4α = 2∑ sin 2(β + γ )

Sol.: Let a = cos α + i sin α , b = cos β + i sin β , c = cos γ + i sin γ .

a + b + c = (cos α + cos β + cos γ ) + i(sin α + sin β + sin γ )

= (0) + i(0) ( from given conditions)

∴a + b + c = 0 .
Since a + b = −c

Squaring a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = c 2 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = −2ab

Squaring again a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2a 2 b 2 − 2b 2 c 2 − 2c 2 a 2 = 4a 2 b 2

⇒ ∑ a 4 = 2∑ b 2 c 2

⇒ ∑ (cos α + i sin α )4 = 2∑ (cos β + i sin β )2 (cos γ + i sin γ )2

⇒ ∑ (cos 4α + i sin 4α ) = 2∑ (cos 2β + i sin 2β)(cos 2γ + i sin 2γ )

⇒ ∑ (cos 4α + i sin 4α ) = 2∑ cos(2β + 2 γ ) + i sin (2β + 2γ )

Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get

∑ cos 4α = 2∑ cos 2(β + γ )

.
∑ cos 4α = 2∑ cos 2(β + γ )

Q.No.27.: If sin α + sin β + sin γ = cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 , prove that

(i). cos(β + γ ) + cos(γ + α ) + cos(α + β) = 0 .

(ii). sin(β + γ ) + sin(γ + α ) + sin(α + β) = 0

Sol.: Let a = cos α + i sin α , b = cos β + i sin β , c = cos γ + i sin γ .

a + b + c = (cos α + cos β + cos γ ) + i(sin α + sin β + sin γ )

= (0) + i(0) (from given conditions)
∴a + b + c = 0 .
1 1 1
Now + + = 0 ⇒ bc + ca + ab = 0 ⇒ ∑ bc = 0
a b c

⇒∑ ( cos β + isin β)( cos γ + isin γ ) = 0 ⇒ ∑ cos ( β + γ ) + isin ( β + γ )  = 0

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 25
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get

∑ cos(β + γ ) = 0 ⇒ cos ( β + γ ) + cos ( γ + α ) + cos ( α + β ) = 0


∑ sin (β + γ ) = 0  ⇒ sin ( β + γ ) + sin ( γ + α ) + sin ( α + β ) = 0.

Q.No.28.: If sin α + 2 sin β + 3 sin γ = 0 , cos α + 2 cosβ + 3 cos γ = 0 , prove that

sin 3α + 8 sin 3β + 27 sin 3γ = 18 sin(α + β + γ )

and cos 3α + 8 cos3β + 27 cos 3γ = 18 cos(α + β + γ ) .

Sol.: Let a = cisα , b = 2 cisβ , c = 3cisγ

∴ a + b + c = cisα + 2 cisβ + 3cisγ
= (cos α + 2 cosβ + 3 cos γ ) + i(sin α + 2 sin β + 3sin γ ) = 0.

Since a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

⇒ (cisα )3 + (2cisβ)3 + (3cisγ )3 = 3(cisα )(2cisβ)(3cisγ )

( ) ( )
⇒ (cis3α ) + 23 cis3β + 33 cis3γ = 18cis(α + β + γ )

⇒ (cos 3α + i sin 3α ) + 23 (cos 3β + i sin 3β) + 33 (cos 3γ + i sin 3γ )

= 18[ cos(α + β + γ ) + i sin(α + β + γ )]

⇒ (cos 3α + 8 cos 3β + 27 cos 3γ ) + i(sin 3α + 8 sin 3β + 27 sin 3γ )

= 18[ cos(α + β + γ ) + i sin(α + β + γ )]

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

cos 3α + 8 cos3β + 27 cos 3γ = 18 cos(α + β + γ )

and sin 3α + 8 sin 3β + 27 sin 3γ = 18 sin(α + β + γ ) .

This completes the proof.
Q.No.29.: If x = cos α + i sin α , y = cosβ + i sin β , z = cos γ + i sin γ and x + y + z = 0 ,

then prove that x −1 + y −1 + z −1 = 0 .

Sol.: Given x + y + z = 0 ⇒ (cosα + i sin α ) + (cosβ + i sin β ) + (cos γ + i sin γ ) = 0
⇒ ( cosα + cosβ + cos γ ) + i( sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0

⇒ ( cosα + cosβ + cos γ ) = 0 and ( sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0

∴ x −1 + y −1 + z −1 = (cos α + i sin α )−1 + (cos β + i sin β)−1 + (cos γ + i sin γ )−1

Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 26
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

= ( cosα − i sin α ) + ( cosβ − i sin β) + ( cos γ − i sin γ )

= ( cosα + cosβ + cos γ ) − i( sin α + sin β + sin γ ) = 0.

This completes the proof.

Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Show that

(cos 4θ − i sin 4θ)5 .(cos 4θ + i sin 4θ)−3 × (cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)4 (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)4 = 1
Q.No.2.: Show that

(i).
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ)5 (cos 2θ − i sin 2θ)3 =1
(cos 4θ + i sin 4θ)−9 (cos 5θ + i sin 5θ)9

(ii).
(cos α + i sin α )4 = sin (4α + 5β ) − i cos(4α + 5β) .
(sin β + i cos β)5
Q.No.3.: Show that

(i). [(cos θ + cos φ) + i(sin θ + sin φ)]n + [(cos θ + cos φ) − i(sin θ + sin φ)]n

θ−φ n (θ + φ )
= 2 n +1 cos n   cos
 2  2

(ii). [(cos θ − cos φ) + i(sin θ − sin φ)]n + [(cos θ − cos φ) − i(sin θ − sin φ)]n

θ−φ n (π + θ + φ )
= 2 n +1 sin n   cos
 2  2
n
 1 + cos θ + i sin θ 
(iii).   = cos nθ + i sin nθ .
 1 + cos θ − i sin θ 

Q.No.4.: Prove that ( 3+i )n + ( 3 −i )n = 2 n +1 cos n6π .

Q.No.5.: If a = cisα , b = cisβ , c = cisγ , prove that
ab c
(i). + = 2 cos (α + β − γ )
c ab
1
(ii). a p b q c r + p q r
= 2 cos(pα + bβ + cγ ) .
a b c
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 27
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

p q
Q.No.6.: If p = cis2θ and q = cis2φ , prove that − = 2i sin (θ − φ ) .
q p

 x  x  x
Q.No.7.: If 1 + i 1 + i 1 + i ......... = A + iB , prove that
 a  b  c

 x 2  x 2  x2 
(i). 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 ........ = A 2 + B 2
 a  b  c 

x x x B
(ii). tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 + ....... = tan −1 .
a b c A

Q.No.8.: If α, β be the roots of t 2 − 2t + 2 = 0 , then prove the

(i).
(x + α )n − (x + β)n =
sin nφ
α−β sin n φ

(ii).
(x + α )n + (x + β )n =
cos nφ
, where x + 1 = cot φ .
α+β sin n φ
Q.No.9.: If a = cisα , b = cisβ and c = cisγ ,

prove that
(b + c )(c + a )(a + b) = 8 cos β − λ cos γ − α cos α − β .
abc 2 2 2
Q.No.10.: If x = cos α + i sin α , y = cos β + i sin β , show that
(x + y )(xy − 1) = sin α + sin β .
(x − y )(xy + 1) sin α − sin β
Q.No.11.: If x = cos θ + i sin θ and 1 − c 2 = nc − 1 ,

show that 1 + c cos θ =

c
(1 + nx )1 + n  .
2n  x
Q.No.12.: Find an equation whose roots are the nth powers of the roots of the equation

x 2 − 2x cos θ + 1 = 0 .

Ans. x 2 − 2x cos nθ + 1 = 0 .
π π
Q.No.13.: If x r = cos r
+ i sin , show that
3 3r
π  1  π  1 
x1 x 2 x 3 ........x n = cos  1 − n  + i sin  1 − n  ,
2  3  2  3 
Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s Theorem 28
For video lectures visit: https://youtube.com/c/EngineeringMathematics-Prof-Sunil

hence show that Lim x1 , x 2 , x 3 ........x n = i

n →∞

1 1
Q.No.14.: (a). If 2 cos θ = a + , 2 cos φ = b + , prove that one of the value of
a b
1
(i) ab + is 2 cos(θ + φ)
ab
1
(ii) a p b q + p q
is 2 cos(pθ + qφ) .
a b

(b). If x 2 − 2x cos θ + 1 = 0 , show that x 2 n − 2x n cos nθ + 1 = 0 .

 1
sin  n + θ
Q.No.15.: Prove that (a) 1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + ..... + cos nθ = + 
1 2
,
2 θ
2 sin
2
 1
cos n + θ
1 θ
(b) sin θ + sin 2θ + ..... + sin nθ = cot −  2
.
2 2 θ
2 sin
2
Q.No.16.: If cos α + 2 cos β + 3 cos γ = 0 , sin α + 2 sin β + 3 sin γ = 0 , prove that

cos(2α − β − γ ) + 8 cos(2β − γ − α ) + 27 cos(2γ − α − β) = 18

Q.No.17.:If cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 = sin α + sin β + sin γ , show that
3
sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ = cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = .
2

*** *** *** *** ***

*** *** ***
***