MEC653

HVAC SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 5
COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION
 HEAT IN A SPACE

 Sensible heat  results in a change in dry-bulb temperature

 Latent heat  results in phase change of substance, associated with the
addition or removal of moisture

Example?
 PEAK LOAD

The space cooling load often peak at different times of the day:

 The heat gain through an east-facing window will be highest in the early
morning
 The heat gain through the roof will be highest in the late afternoon

Other example:
West-facing wall? Internal heat gain?
 TIME LAG

Building structure has the capacity to store heat energy which delays heat
transfer from outdoor (A) into the space (B). The time required for heat to be
transferred through the structure is called time lag

Magnitude of time lag???

BUILDING INFO/SURVEY

* JKR PTM 1/2009

Garis Panduan
Rekabentuk
Penyaman Udara
FLOOR PLAN
 COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

Cooling Load Components: Outdoor Load & Internal Load

The cooling load is made up of many components, including:

(1) Solar gain through glass/window

(2) Solar and transmission gain through wall & roof
(3) Transmission gain through glass
(4) Internal heat gain due to people, lighting system, equipment & appliances
in the space
(5) Infiltration: Heat gain due to hot, humid air infiltrating into the space from
outdoors through door, window (gap) or small crack/opening
(6) Ventilation: Heat gain due to outdoor air deliberately brought into the
system for ventilation purposes
(7) Heat generated by the fan motor in the system and possibly other heat
gain
Cooling Load Components Sensible Latent Space Coil

1. Solar Gain (Glass) √ √ √

2. Solar & Transmission Gain √ √ √

(Wall & Roof)

3. Transmission Gain √ √ √
(Glass)

4. Internal Heat Gain √ √

- Occupant √ √
- Lighting system √
- Equipment/appliances √ ???

5. Infiltration √ √ √ √

6. Ventilation √ √ √

7. System Heat Gain √ √

SIMPLE COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION
(RULE OF THUMB)
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
 EXAMPLE (B3-A11-1/2)

20 ft

30 ft

If we refer to ‘Educational facilities/classroom’

Btu/hr/sq ft Btu/hr hp
Low 45 27,000 3.0
Average 60 36,000 4.0
High 80 48,000 5.3

Actual FCU capacity installed at the room???

 N

Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Room 4 Room 5 Room 6

If we use RoT, all rooms will have the same cooling load

Let say we compare Room 1 & Room 2

Or we compare Room 1 & Room 6

 DETAILED COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

There are several methods used to perform detailed cooling load estimation:

 Transfer Function Method (TFM)

 Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD Method)
 Total Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time-Averaging
(TETD/TA Method)
 Heat Balance (HB Method)
 Hourly Analysis Program/E20 Method
 E20 METHOD
(1) Solar Gain through glass/window

(1-29)
 For normal buildings the
weight of the brick is about
100 Ib/ft^2.

For timber or light weight

buildings the value for 30
Ib/ft^2 are taken.

The value for 150 Ib/ ft^2

and over are used for
heavier brick

(1-30)
(1-31)
(1-34)
(1-52)
 E20 METHOD
(2) Solar and transmission gain through wall & roof

(1-62) + CF 4
 (1-63) + CF 4

For attic ventilated and ceiling insulated roof, reduce equivalent temperature
difference by 25%. For peak roof use projected area on horizontal plane.

The equivalent temperature difference in Table 7 and 8 should be corrected

for light coloured and medium coloured walls and roofs
etc…
(1-73)
(1-74)
 E20 METHOD
(3) Transmission gain through glass, shaded wall & partition
 E20 METHOD
(4) Internal heat gain in the space

Sources of IHG:
(i) Occupant/people
(ii) Lighting system
(iii) Equipment/appliances (such as electric motor, computer, kettle etc…)
 (i) Occupant/people
 Calculate total heat gain from pax

QS = (no of pax) X (sensible heat gain per pax)

QL = (no of pax) X (latent heat gain per pax)
Heat Gain from People (JKR)

(1-100)
Rates of Heat Gain from Occupants of Conditioned Spaces (ASHRAE)
Degree of Activity Typical Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Application (Btu/hr) (Btu/hr)
Seated at theater Theater, matinee 225 100
Seated at theater, night Theater, night 240 120
Seated, very light work Offices, hotels, 240 155
apartments
Moderately active office Offices, hotels, 250 200
work apartments
Standing, light work; Department store; 250 200
walking retail store
Walking, standing Drug store, bank 250 240
Sedentary work Restaurant 275 275
Light bench work Factory 275 475
Moderate dancing Dance hall 325 550
Walking 4.8 km/h; light Factory 375 630
machine work
Bowling Bowling alley 580 870
Heavy work Factory 580 870
Heavy machine work; lifting Factory 630 975
Athletics Gymnasium 710 1,090
 (ii) Lighting system

 Calculate total heat gain from lighting

QS = watts x 3.4 x ballast factor (1-101)

 Where:
• Watts = total lighting power
• 3.4 = conversion factor from W to Btu/hr
• Ballast factor = 1.25 for fluorescent lights, 1.0 for incandescent lights

 If info is unavailable, use RoT lighting energy per sq ft

 (iii) Equipment/appliances

 Calculate total heat gain from equipment/appliances

QS = watts x 3.4
QL = watts x 3.4 (if any)
 E20 METHOD
(5) Infiltration: Heat gain due to hot, humid air infiltrating into
the space from outdoors through door, window (gap) or small
crack/opening

“Infiltration cannot be accurately assessed easily and is

usually not computed but allowed for by taking a factor of
safety of 10% in the load calculation for both sensible and
room latent heat totals”
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
Another method of estimation:

 Estimate infiltration airflow = (ACH) X (space volume)

60
 Calculate infiltration heat gain

- QS = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08)

- QL = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68)

 Where:
• infiltration airflow [cfm]
• ΔT = TDB, OUTDOOR – TDB, indoor [ºF]
• ΔW =WOUTDOOR – Windoor [grv/lba]
• 1.08/0.68 = sensible/latent heat factor
 ΔW

ΔT
 E20 METHOD
(6) Ventilation: Heat gain due to outdoor air deliberately
brought into the system
 Purpose:
- To introduce fresh air (O2) into the space
- To dilute or remove contaminants from the indoor air

 Calculate ventilation airflow = (no of pax) X (ventilation rate per pax)

 Calculate ventilation heat gain

- QS = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08) x (BF)

- QL = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68) x (BF)
 Where:
• ventilation airflow [cfm]
• ΔT = TDB, OUTDOOR – TDB, indoor [ºF]
• BF = Bypass factor of cooling coil
• ΔW =WOUTDOOR – Windoor [grv/lba]
• 1.08/0.68 = sensible/latent heat factor
 VENTILATION RATE

Refer to applicable STANDARD

From ASHRAE
Standard 62
From UBBL
* JKR PTM 1/2009 Garis Panduan Rekabentuk Penyaman Udara
 E20 METHOD
(7) Heat generated by the fan motor in the system and
possibly other heat gain

 Heat gain from fan motor

 Supply air duct heat gain
 Supply air duct leakage loss
 Return air duct heat and leakage
gain
 EXAMPLE
(1) B3-A11-1/2

Dimension 30 ft x 20 ft x 10 ft

Use of space & activity Classroom (seated at rest)

Occupancy 40 pax

IADC / OAC 75°F DB, 60% RH / 92°F DB, 81°F WB

Wall 4.5 inch brick wall with cement plaster on both side

Window 18 unit x 3 ft x 4 ft

Roof/ceiling 4 inch concrete with suspended ceiling board. Roof is exposed to

sun
Floor 4 inch concrete floor with tiles. Lower floor is identical room with
air-cond
Lighting 2 W/sq. ft., fluorescent type

Equipment 0.5 W/sq. ft.

Infiltration 0.3 ACH

Ventilation 15 cfm per pax

Cooling coil bypass factor 0.2

 EXAMPLE - CLC 1

NW

SW NE 20 ft

SE
30 ft

Area
Window (NW) = 18 unit x (3’ x 4’)
= 216 sq. ft.
(1) Qs = 18,371.06 Btu/hr
 EXAMPLE – CLC 2

N
NW

SW NE 20 ft

SE
30 ft

Area
Wall (NW) = (30 x 10) – 216 = 84 sq. ft.
Wall (NW) = 20 x 10 = 200 sq. ft.
Roof = 30 x 20 = 600 sq. ft.
Qs (Wall NW) = 645.12 Btu/hr
Qs (Wall SW) = 3,456 Btu/hr
Qs (Roof) = 5,292 Btu/hr

(2) Qs = 9,393.12 Btu/hr

 EXAMPLE – CLC 3

N
NW

SW NE 20 ft

SE
30 ft
Ambient temperature???
The recommended outdoor air conditions are 33.3ºC (92ºF) DB and 27.2ºC
(81ºF) WB as stated in MS1525:2014
Room temperature???
Let say IADC = 75ºF DB, 60% RH
Area
Glass = 216 sq. ft.
Shaded wall (SE) = 30 x 10
= 300 sq. ft.
Shaded wall (NE) = 20 x 10
= 200 sq. ft.
Floor = 600 sq. ft.

Qs (Glass) = 4,149.36 Btu/hr

Qs (Shaded wall SE) = 1,728 Btu/hr
Qs (Shaded wall NE) = 408 Btu/hr
Qs (Floor) = 1,800 Btu/hr

(3) Qs = 8,085.36 Btu/hr

 EXAMPLE - CLC 4i

QS = (no of pax) X (sensible heat gain per pax)

QL = (no of pax) X (latent heat gain per pax)

No of pax???
- Building owner
- Estimate

sq ft/pax No of pax
Low 30 20
Average 25 24
High 20 30  Assume 40 pax
(4) (i) Qs = 9,200 Btu/hr
QL = 4,800 Btu/hr
 EXAMPLE – CLC 4ii

QS = watts x 3.4 x ballast factor

W/sq ft Total W
Low 2 1200  Assume 2 W/sq. ft &
Average 4 2400 using fluorescent lights
High 6 3600

(4) (ii) Qs = 5,100 Btu/hr

Actual lighting power???  16 x 36 W = 576 W (0.96 W/sq ft)

EXAMPLE – CLC 4iii

QS = watts x 3.4
QL = watts x 3.4 (if any)

Computer???
Projector???
TV???
Wall fan???

Estimate 0.5 W/sq ft???

(4) (iii) Qs = 1,020 Btu/hr

 EXAMPLE – CLC 5

Qs (1) – (4) = 49,369.54 Btu/hr

QL (1) – (4) = 4,800 Btu/hr

FoS 10%
(5) Qs = 4,936.95 Btu/hr
QL = 480 Btu/hr
 EXAMPLE – CLC 5

Infiltration airflow = (ACH) X (space volume)

60
Infiltration heat gain

QS = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08)

QL = (infiltration airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68)

ACH  0.3
Volume  20 x 30 x 10 cu. ft.
(5) Qs = 550.8 Btu/hr
ΔT  92 - 75 ºF
QL = 1,313.76 Btu/hr
ΔW  142.8 – 78.4 grv/lba
 EXAMPLE – CLC 6

Ventilation airflow = (no of pax) X (ventilation rate per pax)

Ventilation heat gain:

QS = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔT) x (1.08) x (BF)

QL = (ventilation airflow) x (ΔW) x (0.68) x (BF)

No of pax  40 pax (same as IHG)

ΔT  17ºF
ΔW  64.4 grv/lba
(6) Qs = 2,203.20 Btu/hr
QL = 5,255.04 Btu/hr
 EXAMPLE – CLC 7

 Heat gain from fan motor???

 Supply air duct heat gain???
 Supply air duct leakage loss???
 Return air duct heat and leakage gain???

Neglect or take 10% FoS???

 EXAMPLE – RESULT SUMMARY
Cooling Load Estimation Re-check
Components
Qs QL Qs QL

(1) 18,371.06 - 18,371.06 -

(2) 9,393.12 - 9,393.12 -

(3) 8,085.36 - 8,085.36 -

(4) 15,320.00 4,800 10,470.00 3,600

(5) 5,116.96 480 1,313.76 550.8

(6) 2,203.20 5,255.04 1,652.40 3,941.28

(7) - - - -

Sub-Total 58,489.70 10,535.04 49,285.70 8,092.08

TOTAL 69,024.74 57,377.78

SHR 0.85 0.86

Floor Area 600 600

Btu/hr / sq. ft. 115 95.63

Check Figure 45 / 60 / 80 45 / 60 / 80
 RoT/CHECK FIGURE vs DETAILED CALCULATION

Cost estimation for air-conditioning system:

 Information on total floor area from drawing
 Estimation/approximation of total cooling load using
Cost
RoT/check figure Estimation
 Cost estimation for different options/type of system
(refer to ‘Garis Panduan Anggaran Harga Sistem Detailed
Mekanikal Dalam Bangunan’) Design

 Proposed the most optimum air-conditioning system

Tender
 Green light – produce detailed cooling load Document
calculation
 Produce tender document
Example:
Total floor area: 40,000 sq. ft.
Check figure: 60 Btu/hr per sq. ft.
 Estimated total cooling load = 2,400,000 Btu/hr (200 RT)

Options and costs:

 Split unit: RM ??? per RT (Cost: RM ???)
 Air-cooled chiller: RM ??? per RT (Cost: RM ???)
 VRF: RM ??? per RT (Cost: RM ???)
 EXERCISE
N

(3)

(1)

(2) (1) B3-A6-6/7

(2) B3-A6-8/9
(3) EXAM HALL LEVEL 6
 EXERCISE NO 1
(1) B3-A6-6/7

Dimension 30 ft x 30 ft x 10 ft

Use of space & activity Classroom (seated at rest)

Occupancy 30 pax

IADC / OAC 75°F DB, 55% RH / 92°F DB, 81°F WB

Wall 4.5 inch brick wall with cement plaster on both side. All 4 walls
are shaded walls
Window None

Roof/ceiling 4 inch concrete with suspended ceiling board. Above floor is

identical room with air-cond
Floor 4 inch concrete floor with tiles. Lower floor is identical room with
air-cond
Lighting 2 W/sq ft, fluorescent type

Equipment 0.5 W/sq ft

Infiltration 0.3 ACH

Ventilation 15 cfm per pax

Cooling coil bypass factor 0.2

 EXERCISE NO 1 – CLC 1
N
 EXERCISE NO 1 – CLC 2
N
 EXERCISE NO 1 – CLC 3
N
Shaded
wall
 EXERCISE NO 1 – CLC 4, 5 & 6

(1) B3-A6-6/7

Use of space & activity Classroom (seated at rest)

Occupancy 30 pax

IADC / OAC 75°F DB, 55% RH / 92°F DB, 81°F WB

Lighting 2 W/sq ft, fluorescent type

Equipment 0.5 W/sq ft

Infiltration 0.3 ACH

Ventilation 15 cfm per pax

Cooling coil bypass factor 0.2

 EXERCISE NO 1 – RESULT SUMMARY
Cooling Load Estimation Re-check
Components
Qs QL Qs QL

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Sub-Total

TOTAL

SHR

Floor Area

Btu/hr / sq. ft.

Check Figure
 EXERCISE NO 2
(2) B3-A6-8/9

Dimension 30 ft x 25 ft x 10 ft

Use of space & activity Classroom (seated, very light work)

Occupancy 30 pax

IADC / OAC 75°F DB, 55% RH / 92°F DB, 81°F WB

Wall 4.5 inch brick wall with cement plaster on both side

Window 12 unit x 3 ft x 4 ft, no shade/bare glass

Roof/ceiling 5 inch concrete with suspended ceiling board. Above floor is

identical room with air-cond (weight 60 lb/sq ft)
Floor 5 inch concrete floor with tiles. Lower floor is identical room with
air-cond (weight 60 lb/sq ft)
Lighting 2 W/sq ft, flourescent type

Equipment None

Infiltration 0.6 ACH

Ventilation 20 cfm per pax

Cooling coil bypass factor 0.2

 EXERCISE NO 2

Facing similar room

Facing outdoor Facing corridor

Facing outdoor
 EXERCISE NO 2 – CLC 1
N
 EXERCISE NO 2 – CLC 2
N
 EXERCISE NO 2 – CLC 3
N
Shaded
wall
 EXERCISE NO 2 – CLC 4, 5 & 6
(2) B3-A6-8/9

Use of space & activity Classroom (seated, very light work)

Occupancy 30 pax

IADC / OAC 75°F DB, 55% RH / 92°F DB, 81°F WB

Lighting 2 W/sq ft, flourescent type

Equipment None

Infiltration 0.6 ACH

Ventilation 20 cfm per pax

Cooling coil bypass factor 0.2

 EXERCISE NO 2 – RESULT SUMMARY
Cooling Load Estimation Re-check
Components
Qs QL Qs QL

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Sub-Total

TOTAL

SHR

Floor Area

Btu/hr / sq. ft.

Check Figure
 EXERCISE NO 3
(3) B3-A6-EXAM HALL

Dimension 114 ft x 30 ft x 10 ft (AHU Room 10 ft x 10 ft)

Use of space & activity ???

Occupancy ???

IADC / OAC ??? / ???

Wall ???

Window 48 unit x 3 ft x 4 ft

Roof/ceiling ???

Floor ???

Lighting ???

Equipment ???

Infiltration ???

Ventilation ???

Cooling coil bypass factor ???

 EXERCISE NO 3 – RESULT SUMMARY
Cooling Load Estimation Re-check
Components
Qs QL Qs QL

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Sub-Total

TOTAL

SHR

Floor Area

Btu/hr / sq. ft.

Check Figure