Dilemma
mediums that allow non-verbal communication
 Refers to a situation in which a tough choice
has to be made between two or more
options, especially equally undesirable
ones.
Moral dilemmas (ethical dilemmas)
 Situations in which a difficult choice has to
be made between two sources of action,
either of which entalls transgressing moral
principle Involves conflicts between moral
requirements
Key features of moral dilemma:
A. Agent is required to do each of two (or
more) actions
B. Agent can do each actions; but the agent
cannot do both (or all) of the actions
Three levels of moral dilemma:
1.Personal dilemmas
 Those experienced and resolved on the
personal level.
2.Organizational dilemmas
 Refer to ethical cases encountered and
resolved by social organizations.
 Dilemmas in business, medical field And
public sector.
 Arise in professional work
3. Structural dilemmas
 Refer to cases Involving network of
Institutions and operative theoretical
paradigms.
 Encompass multi sectoral institutions
THE MORAL AGENT
CULTURE
Culture can be defined as all the ways of life
including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population
that are passed down from generation to generation.
Culture has been called "the way of life for an
entire society. " As such, it includes codes of manners,
dress, language, religion, rituals, art.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
SYMBOLS
are visual representations of beliefs, languages,
emotions, and other abstract concepts. Each culture has
its own symbols which members will use to identify
messages. Different cultures express symbols through
drawings, carvings, gestures, signals, and other
NORMS
are aspects of culture that humans live by,
standards set up to tell one right from wrong. Cultural
norms are different from beliefs in that they are specific
guidelines passed down from parents and elders, rather
than views on the world that tend to be more
philosophical. In addition, norms exist even on a small
scale
VALUES
are another important element of culture and
involve judgments of what is good or bad and desirable
or undesirable. A culture’s values shape its norms.
Anything getting importance in our daily life becomes
our values. The origin of values is not biological but it is
social production while living in society the values
develop. Values depend upon the culture. Culture varies
from society to society and thus values are different in
every social situation
BELIEFS
are ideas and concepts that a particular group
believes in. Cultural beliefs can be religious ideas,
spiritual ideas, organizational structures, diets, and
other beliefs that affect a group’s way of life. This
element of culture plays a significant role in establishing
norms, customs, and traditions
HOW DOES CULTURE DEFINE MORAL BEHAVIOR?
Plato implied that if a person’s cultural
surroundings reward conformity to agreeable norms, it
would lead the person to behave much better and quell
undesirable conduct (Gallinero, 2018).
Furthermore, moral rules and the sense of
moral obligation and accountability are products of
social convention and social conditioning. The aspect of
morality is taught, people learn moral and immoral from
cultural transmitters: the parents, teachers, novels,
films, tv shows, etc. (De Guzman, 2018)
THE FILIPINO WAY
The Philippines is a culture in which East meets
West. The Filipino people have a distinct Asian
background, with a strong Western tradition. The
modern Filipino culture developed through influence
from Chinese traders, Spanish conquistadors, and
American rulers.
ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER
The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino have their
roots in many factors such as:
(1) the family and home environment
(2) the social environment
(3) culture and language
(4) History
(5) the educational system
(6) religion
(7) the economic environment

(8) the political environment An example of ethnocentrism in culture is the

Asian cultures across all the countries of Asia.
(9) mass media, and
Throughout Asia, the way of eating is to use chopsticks
(10) leadership and role models with every meal. These people may find it unnecessary
to find that people in other societies, such as the
STRENGTHS OF FILIPINO CHARACTER American society, eat using forks, spoons, knives, etc.
1. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao The strength of cultural relativism is that it promotes
2. Family Orientation greater diversity and understanding of ethical
differences and reduces the likelihood of an imperialist
3. Joy and Humor imposition of values. The weakness of cultural relativism
4. Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity is its propensity towards quietism which may
compromise action to protect human rights.
5. Hard work and Industry

6. Faith and Religiosity

FREEDOM AS FOUNDATION FOR MORAL ACTS
7. Ability to Survive
• the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants
WEAKNESSES OF FILIPINO CHARACTER without hindrance or restraint. "We do have some
1. Extreme Personalism freedom of choice “

2. Extreme Family-Centeredness • Freedom, generally, is having the ability to act or

change without constraint. Something is "free" if it can
3. Lack of Discipline change easily and is not constrained in its present state.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative DIFFERENT TYPES OF FREEDOM
5. Colonial Mentality • Freedom to be alive
6. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome • Freedom of association
7. Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection • Freedom of belief
CULTURAL RELATIVISM • Freedom of speech
Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a • Freedom to express oneself
culture on its own terms and not to make judgments
using the standards of one’s own culture. The goal of • Freedom to press
this is promote understanding of cultural practices that • Freedom to choose one’s state in life
are not typically part of one’s own culture. Using the
perspective of cultural relativism leads to the view that • Freedom to talking each other
no one culture is superior than another culture when • Freedom of religion
compared to systems of morality, law, politics, etc.

There is no right or wrong ethical system. In a

holistic understanding of the term cultural relativism, it DEFINE WHAT IS MORAL?
tries to promote the understanding of cultural practices
Concerned with the principles of right and
that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating
wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human
insects, genocides, or genital cutting.
character.
Cultural Relativism is the view that all beliefs,
customs, and ethics are relative to individual within his
own social context. In other words, “right” and “wrong” WHY FREEDOM BECOME FOUNDATION OF MORAL
are cultured specific; what is considered moral in one ACTS?
society maybe considered immoral in other society, and
Because, we people have its own freedom and
since no universal standard of morality exists, no one
there are no limits onto it, and that is the main reason
has the right to judge another society’s custom.
why freedom is based on the moral act, is to just to give
a limit to the people, limit to know what would be the
right or wrong decision to be mad.
ETHNOCENTRISM
evaluation of other cultures according to
preconceptions originating in the standards and REASON WHY MORAL ACT ESTABLISHED?
customs of one's own culture.
Reason why is it established, is that for the
people to use their freedom in a way that they will not
harm anyone, for to not abuse their freedom and to give
a limitation for it.