VOCABULARIO:

AIR TRAVEL:

1. Airport
2. Boarding pass
3. Luggage
4. Check-in
5. Security check
6. Gate
7. Take-off
8. Landing
9. Flight attendant
10. Pilot

FOOD:

1. Breakfast
2. Lunch
3. Dinner
4. Snack
5. Appetizer
6. Dessert
7. Beverage
8. Salad
9. Soup
10. Main course

HOUSEHOLD CHORES:
1. Vacuuming
2. Dusting
3. Mopping
4. Washing dishes
5. Laundry
6. Ironing
7. Sweeping
8. Cleaning windows
9. Taking out the trash
10. Making the bed

LIFE EXPERIENCES:

1. Graduation
2. Marriage
3. First job
4. Traveling abroad
5. Buying a house
6. Having a baby
7. Learning a new language
8. Running a marathon
9. Skydiving
10. Volunteering
MUSIC:

1. Instrument
2. Concert
3. Orchestra
4. Band
5. Symphony
6. Melody
7. Lyrics
8. Album
9. Genre
10. Composer

UNUSUAL JOBS:

1. Pet therapist
2. Ethical hacker
3. Ice sculptor
4. Professional sleeper
5. Voice-over artist
6. Snake milker
7. Dog surfer instructor
8. Chocolate taster
9. Professional mourner
10. Waterslide tester

GRAMMATIC:

PRESENT PERFECT:

CONCEPT:

The present perfect tense is used to express actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the
past but are relevant to the present moment.

STRUCTURAL USE:

Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb.

Examples:

1. I have visited Paris.

2. She has eaten sushi before.

3. They have seen that movie.

4. We have studied English grammar.

5. He has lived in London.

6. They have traveled to Japan.

7. I have completed the assignment.

8. She has bought a new car.

9. We have attended the concert.

10. He has finished his homework.

Exercises:

A) Complete the sentences using the present perfect form of the verb:

1. I (visit) Paris.
2. She (eat) sushi before.
3. They (see) that movie.
4. We (study) English grammar.
5. He (live) in London.
ANSWERS:

1. have visited
2. has eaten
3. have seen
4. have studied
5. has lived

PHRASAL VERBS:

CONCEPT:

Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a main verb and one or two particles (prepositions or
adverbs). Their meaning is different from the original verb.

STRUCTURAL USE:

Verb + preposition/adverb.

EXAMPLES:

1. Turn off

2. Look after

3. Give up

4. Go on

5. Take off

6. Run into

7. Look forward to

8. Break down

9. Get along with

10. Put up with

EXERCISES:

B) Complete the sentences using the appropriate phrasal verb:

6. Please, _______ the light before leaving.
7. She needs to _______ her dog while she's away.
8. I decided to _______ smoking.
9. Let's _______ where we left off.
10. The plane will _______ soon.
Answers:

6. turn off
7. look after
8. give up
9. go on
10. take off

SECOND CONDITIONAL:

CONCEPT:

The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or
future and their possible results.

STRUCTURAL USE:

If + subject + simple past, subject + would/could/might + verb.

EXAMPLES:

1. If I had money, I would travel the world.

2. If she studied harder, she could pass the exam.

3. If it rained tomorrow, we might stay home.

4. If he won the lottery, he would buy a big house.

5. If I were you, I would apply for the job.

6. If I saw a ghost, I would scream.

7. If she were here, she would know what to do.

8. If we went to Paris, we could visit the Eiffel Tower.

9. If they asked me, I would help them.

10. If it snowed, we might build a snowman.

EXERCISES:

C) Complete the sentences using the second conditional:

11. If I (have) money, I would travel the world.

12. If she (study) harder, she could pass the exam.
13. If it (rain) tomorrow, we might stay home.
14. If he (win) the lottery, he would buy a big house.
15. If I (be) you, I would apply for the job.
Answers:

11. had
12. studied
13. rained
14. won
15. were
PASSIVE VOICE:

CONCEPT:

The passive voice is used to focus on the action itself or the receiver of the action rather than
who performs the action.

STRUCTURAL USE:

Object of the active sentence + form of "to be" + past participle of the verb + (by + subject of the
active sentence).

EXAMPLES:

1. The book was written by Mark Twain.

2. The window was broken by the kids.

3. The cake was backed by my mom.

4. The letter was sent by John.

5. The song is sung by a famous singer.

6. The car was repaired by the mechanic.

7. The movie was directed by Spielberg.

8. The email was received by everyone.

9. The problem was solved by the team.

10. The game was played by the children.

EXERCISES:

D) Transform the following sentences into passive voice:

16. Mark Twain wrote the book.
17. The kids broke the window.
18. My mom baked the cake.
19. John sent the letter.
20. A famous singer sings the song.
ANSWERS:

16. The book was written by Mark Twain.

17. The window was broken by the kids.
18. The cake was baked by my mom.
19. The letter was sent by John.
20. The song is sung by a famous singer.
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

CONCEPT:

Defining relative clauses provide essential information about a noun. Non-defining relative
clauses provide extra information that can be omitted without changing the meaning of the
sentence.

STRUCTURAL USE:

Defining: Subject + verb + who/that/which + essential information.

Non-defining: Subject + verb + who/that/which + non-essential information (between commas).

EXAMPLES:

1. Defining: The book that I bought is interesting.

2. Non-defining: My friend, who lives in London, is visiting us.
3. Defining: The car which is parked outside is mine.
4. Non-defining: My sister, who is a doctor, lives in Chicago.
5. Defining: The man who is speaking is my father.
6. Non-defining: The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a famous landmark.
7. Defining: The student who got the highest grade is from Brazil.
8. Non-defining: The movie, which we watched last night, was fantastic.
9. Defining: The house that has a red door is mine.
10. Non-defining: The restaurant, where we had dinner, was excellent.
EXERCISES:

E) Complete the sentences using defining or non-defining relative clauses:

21. The book (that/I/bought) is interesting.
22. My friend (who/lives/London) is visiting us.
23. The car (which/parked/outside) is mine.
24. My sister (who/doctor) lives in Chicago.
25. The man (who/speaking) is my father.
ANSWERS:

21. The book that I bought is interesting.

22. My friend, who lives in London, is visiting us.
23. The car which is parked outside is mine.
24. My sister, who is a doctor, lives in Chicago.
25. The man who is speaking is my father.