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Schlossbergs Clinical Infectious Disease Team Ira True 3Rd Edition Cheston B Cunha Editor Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF
Schlossbergs Clinical Infectious Disease Team Ira True 3Rd Edition Cheston B Cunha Editor Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF
Schlossbergs Clinical Infectious Disease Team Ira True 3Rd Edition Cheston B Cunha Editor Online Ebook Texxtbook Full Chapter PDF
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Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious
Disease
Schlossberg’s
Clinical
Infectious
Disease
Edited by Cheston B. Cunha
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other
professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the
individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect
to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about
medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised
continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always
check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product
information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and
safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express
or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material. Without limiting the foregoing, the
publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug
dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publisher do not accept, and expressly disclaim,
any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use
and/or application of any of the contents of this material.
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190888367.001.0001
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface xix
Contributors xxi
2. Sepsis 14
Stephen J. Gluckman
4. Pharyngotonsillitis 35
Itzhak Brook
5. Infectious thyroiditis 42
6. Otitis 47
Stephen I. Pelton
7. Sinusitis 56
Joanne T. Maffei
Section 3—Clinical syndromes: Eye
21. Cellulitis and erysipelas 149
11. Conjunctivitis 81
Katherine S. Glaser and Kenneth J. Tomecki
Elmer Y. Tu
22. Deep soft-tissue infections: Necrotizing fasciitis
and gas gangrene 154
12. Keratitis 87
Stephen Ash and Louis E. Kennedy
Elmer Y. Tu, Francis S. Mah, and Jules Baum
Phillippa Poole and Mark Hobbs Ravi Karra and Keith S. Kaye
30. Croup, supraglottitis, and laryngitis 200 41. Vascular infection 274
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha 43. Acute viral hepatitis 289
34. Aspiration pneumonia 226 Kalyan Ram Bhamidimarri and Paul Martin
Jean Gibb and Matthew Bidwell Goetz 44. Chronic viral hepatitis 298
Amee Patrawalla and Lisa L. Dever 45. Biliary infection: Cholecystitis, cholangitis 312
36. Empyema and bronchopleural fistula 237 Raghav Chandra and Robert V. Rege
Charlotte E. Bolton and Dennis J. Shale 46. Pyogenic liver abscess 317
51. Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile 350 62. Genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome 409
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha Allan Ronald
56. Splenic abscess 373 67. Focal renal infections and papillary
necrosis 433
Walter Dehority and Thomas R. Howdieshell
Ann F. Fisher and Louise M. Dembry
57. Peritonitis 379
Linda A. Slavoski and Matthew E. Levison
Section 9—Clinical syndromes:
Musculoskeletal system
58. Whipple’s disease and sprue 384
Amirkaveh Mojtahed and Payam Afshar
68. Infection of native and prosthetic joints 441
Shahbaz Hasan and James W. Smith
Section 8— Clinical syndromes:
Genitourinary tract 69. Bursitis 446
Richard H. Parker
59. Urethritis and dysuria 391
70. Acute and chronic osteomyelitis 449
George Pappas, Ioannis A. Bliziotis, and Matthew E. Falagas
Ilona Kronig, Pierre Vaudaux, Domizio Suvà, Daniel Lew,
and Ilker Uçkay
60. Vaginitis and cervicitis 396
Sebastian Faro 71. Polyarthritis 454
Kathryn H. Dao and John J. Cush
Larson Erb and Pamela A. Lipsett Thomas A. Fleisher and Sergio D. Rosenzweig
78. Spinal epidural abscess 506 89. Diabetes and infection 582
Mark J. DiNubile Sylvia J. Shaw and Raza Iqbal
79. Myelitis and peripheral neuropathy 511 90. Infectious complications in the injection and
non-injection drug user 588
Rohini Samudralwar and Rodrigo Hasbun
Carlo Contoreggi
80. Reye syndrome 525
91. Infections in the alcoholic 594
Debra L. Weiner and Amy Kritzer
Laurel C. Preheim and Manasa Velagapudi
81. Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy 530 92. Infection in the elderly 600
Christopher M. Perrone and Joseph R. Berger Kent Crossley
82. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections 536 93. Neonatal infection 604
Elisabeth E. Adderson and Patricia M. Flynn Patrick G. Gallagher and Robert S. Baltimore
94. Pregnancy and the puerperium: Infectious 103. Hospital-acquired fever 699
risks 611
Susan K. Seo and Arthur E. Brown
Raùl E. Istùriz and Jorge Murillo
104. Transfusion-related infection 702
95. Dialysis-related infection 617
William R. Jarvis and Virginia R. Roth
Peter Mariuz
105. Intravascular catheter-related infection 707
96. Asplenia-associated Infections 623
Johny Fares, Alexandre E. Malek, and Issam I. Raad
Larry I. Lutwick
Lindsay E. Nicolle
97. HIV infection: Initial evaluation and
monitoring 633
Section 14—Infections related to surgery
Aaron E. Glatt, Andréa Sciberras, and Steven M. Weiss and trauma
98. HIV: Antiretroviral therapy 641
107. Postoperative wound infection 721
Amy L. Brotherton and Joseph M. Garland
E. Patchen Dellinger
99. Immune reconstitution inflammatory
syndrome 666 108. Trauma-related infection 726
101. Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV 110. Infection in the burn-injured patient 732
disease 684
Roger W. Yurt and Rafael Gerardo Magaña
Brandi Manning, Robert L. Bettiker,
and Jeffrey M. Jacobson
Section 15—Prevention of infection
Section 13—Nosocomial infection
111. Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis 739
102. Percutaneous injury: Risks and Nadine G. Rouphael and Alexandra Wolcott Dretler
management 693
Barbara W. Stechenberg
141. Meningococcus and miscellaneous
neisseriae 946
153. Shigella 1009
Chuen-Yen Lau and Edmund C. Tramont
Eduardo Rodríguez-Noriega
142. Listeria 953
154. Tularemia 1012
Bennett Lorber
Kari Neeman and Jessica N. Snowden
143. Nocardia 960
155. Tuberculosis 1015
Lisa Haglund
Jay B. Mehta and Asim K. Dutt
144. Pasteurella multocida 964
156. Nontuberculous mycobacteria 1024
Andrew S. Webster, Paulina A. Rebolledo, Naasha J. Talati,
and David S. Stephens Timothy Aksamit and David E. Griffith
159. Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms 1039 169. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis 1103
Iqra Choudary, Steven K. Schmitt, and Roberto Baun Corales Johan S. Bakken and J. Stephen Dumler
Arlene C. Seña and Adaora A. Adimora Stuart M. Levitz and Sanjay Ram
183. Epstein-Barr virus and other causes of the 194. Intestinal roundworms 1257
infectious mononucleosis syndrome 1183
Kathryn N. Suh, Anne E. McCarthy, and Jay S. Keystone
Jeffrey L. Meier
Cheston B. Cunha
I was not expecting Dr. Schlossberg’s call asking me to be co-editor for the next edition of Clinical Infectious
Disease. Previously, in the second edition, I felt most fortunate to have been a contributor. Needless to say,
I was surprised, delighted, and honored to be asked by David to be co-editor of Clinical Infectious Disease,
his clinically oriented infectious disease textbook for practitioners. Clinical Infectious Disease remains the
only single-volume, easy-to-use, handy, clinically based infectious disease desktop reference. Subsequently,
we had many conversations regarding plans for the third edition of Clinical Infectious Disease to be published
by Oxford University Press. David was, as usual, confident, enthusiastic, and happy. His great sense of humor
was always part of our discussions about Clinical Infectious Disease, the practice of infectious diseases, and
about life. David was at the peak of his distinguished career.
All was progressing as planned when the unthinkable happened. I learned that David had passed away at
the end of February. This sweet man of substance, religion, experience, empathy, and kindness had, without
warning, left us. David was an incomparable clinician, teacher, and educator. Prolific and accomplished, he
wrote or edited more books on infectious diseases than anyone, some 28 in total. Early on, he was greatly
influenced by the clinical approach of Dr. Louis Weinstein. Throughout his career, David’s main focus was
always on the clinical aspects of infectious disease, which is evident in his Clinical Infectious Disease. Dr.
Bennett Lorber was a lifelong colleague and friend of David’s and has kindly written the Dedication to
David and provides a personal perspective on David’s life.
Under these circumstances, I assumed the duties as editor of Clinical Infectious Disease (3rd edn.). I was
determined to continue in the tradition of David’s Clinical Infectious Disease emphasis on clinical diagnosis
and management. To honor him, I had the book, in its third edition, renamed Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious
Disease. Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease (3rd edn.) perspective and organization remains the same.
It has been difficult, given the severity and duration of the global covid-19 pandemic, for contributors
with their primary responsibilities to patients during the pandemic to update or complete their chapters. I
am pleased that Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease is completed, and there have been two new, timely
chapters added, one on COVID-19 and the other on antimicrobial stewardship.
David’s memory and professional perspective as an infectious disease clinician and educator par excellence
are reflected in the pages of Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease (3rd edn.). I am humbled and honored
that David entrusted me with his magnum opus, and I hope that he is pleased that his work continues to pro-
vide infectious disease clinicians with a single-volume, easy-to-use desktop reference.
—Cheston B. Cunha
Irmgard Behlau, MD
Instructor Infectious Diseases
Charlotte E. Bolton, MD
Mount Auburn Hospital
Clinical Associate Professor in Respiratory, Medicine, Honorary
Harvard Medical School
Consultant in Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Cambridge, MA
University of Nottingham
Nicholas J. Bennett, MA (Cantab), MBBChir, PhD Nottingham, UK
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Suzanne F. Bradley, MD
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology
Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
Connecticut Children’s Medical Center
University of Michigan Medical School
Hartford, CT
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joseph R. Berger, MD, FACP, FAAN, FANA
Roy D. Brod, MD
Professor of Neurology and Associate Chief of the MS Division
Vitreoretinal Specialist, Associate Clinical Professor of
Perelman School of Medicine
Ophthalmology
University of Pennsylvania
Department of Ophthalmology
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Penn State Medical College
Charlotte Bernigaud, MD, PhD Hershey, PA, USA
Dermatologist
Romina Bromberg, MD, MS
Department of Dermatology
Physician
Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor
Memorial Healthcare System
Créteil, France
Hollywood, FL, USA
Robert L. Bettiker
Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc
Professor of Medicine
Professor
Lewis Katz School of Medicine
Pediatrics Georgetown
Philadelphia, PA, USA
University School of Medicine
Kalyan Ram Bhamidimarri, MD, MPH Washington, DC, USA
Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Chief of Hepatology
Amy L. Brotherton, PharmD, AAHIVP, BCIDP
Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases
Clinical Pharmacist Specialist, Infectious Diseases
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy
Miami, FL, USA
The Miriam Hospital Infectious Disease and Immunology Center
Daniel B. Blatt, MD Providence, RI, USA
Assistant Professor
Arthur E. Brown, MD, MACP, FIDSA, FSHEA
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
Member Emeritus
University of Louisville School of Medicine
Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine
Louisville, KY, USA
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Lori Blauwet, MD New York, NY, USA
Associate Professor of Medicine
John L. Brusch, MD
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Corresponding Member of the Harvard Medical School Faculty
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases
Rochester, MN, USA
Cambridge Health Alliance
Ioannis A. Bliziotis, MD, MSc Cambridge, MA, USA
Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS)
Steven C. Buckingham, MD
Athens, Greece
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr., MD University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics Memphis, TN, USA
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section
Jose Cadena
Department of Pediatrics
Medical Director Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
Director
University of Texas
Clinical Virology Laboratory
San Antonio, TX, USA
Louisiana State University
Shreveport, Louisiana Michael Cappello, MD
Professor of Pediatrics, Microbial Pathogenesis and Public Health
Andrea K. Boggild, BSc, MSc, MD, DTMH, FRCPC
Yale School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Institute of Medical Science
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada
本书版权归Oxford University Press所有
xxiv Contributors
Overview
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) describes prolonged fevers >38°C/101°F lasting for 3 or more weeks that
remain undiagnosed after a focused FUO outpatient/inpatient workup. The causes of FUO include infec-
tious and noninfectious disorders. A variety of infectious, malignant, and rheumatic/inflammatory disorders
may be associated with prolonged fevers, but relatively few persist undiagnosed for sufficient duration to be
classified as FUOs.
Causes of FUO
The distribution of disorders causing FUOs is dependent on age, demographics, family history, zoonotic
exposures, and previous/current conditions (e.g., malignancies, rheumatic/inflammatory disorders, cir-
rhosis). Each category of FUO may also be approached by subgroups (e.g., elderly, immunosuppressed,
transplants, febrile neutropenia, zoonoses, HIV, nosocomial, returning travelers). The differential diagnosis
in each subgroup reflects the relative distribution of disorders within the subgroup and the geographic dis-
tribution of endemic diseases. The relative distribution of causes of FUO has changed over time, but, with
few exceptions, the disorders responsible for FUOs have remained relatively constant over time (Table 1.1).
Adapted from: Cunha BA. Fever of unknown origin (FUO). In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JB, Blacklow NR (eds.) Infectious Diseases in Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed., Philadelphia:
WB Saunders, 2004; pp. 1568–1577 and Cunha BA. Overview. In: Cunha BA (ed.) Fever of Unknown Origin. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007; pp. 1–16.
»Ja jos olet oikeassa, oi, Raoul, jos olet oikeassa — silloin minun
poikani.» Hänen äänensä särkyi vihlovaksi huudahdukseksi: »Voi,
hyvä Jumala, se on hirveätä!» Ja tukahdutetusti nyyhkyttäen hän
painoi päänsä sohvan pieluksiin. Myöskin Saint Hubertin huulet
vapisivat, ja hän sai vain soperretuksi sekavia sanoja jotka eivät
kuuluneet Dianan korviin saakka.
Yksi ainoa nopea silmäys ilmaisi, että ulompi huone oli tyhjä, ja
osoitti samalla, että sen sisustus oli huolellisesti järjestetty, mikä
herätti hänessä omituisen huojennuksen tunteen.
Ja tyttö itse — pelkkä lapsi, kuten hänelle oli kerrottu, hento, sievä,
hauraannäköinen lapsi, liikuttavan turvaton ja kauniimpi kuin Diana
oli osannut kuvitellakaan. Mutta ei yksistään hänen kauneutensa
pannut Dianaa tähyämään hänen hienopiirteisiä kasvojansa melkein
kuumeisen kiihkeästi, vaan vaistomaisen tunteen puuska,
selittämätön, mutta valtaava, äkillinen, pakottava varmuus, ettei
Saint Hubert ollut erehtynyt. Vaisto, voimakkaampi kuin järki, huusi
hänelle, että jos Isabeau de Chailles eli, oli hän juuri se tyttö, joka nyt
istui hänen edessään. Isabeau de Chailles — ja Poju — Hänen
painonsa horjahti verhon varaan, jota hän vielä piteli, ja hän sulki
sekunnin ajaksi silmänsä, kärsien hirveästi.
»Isabeau —»
Vasta sitten hän näytti huomaavan, ettei hän ollut yksin ja hiljaa
ähkäisten kummastuksesta hän peräytyi vielä kauemmaksi, katsellen
ujon ihmettelevästi hentoa olentoa, joka seisoi kädet ojossa ja silmät
säälistä loistaen. Ja taaskin Diana puhutteli häntä, mutta tällä kertaa
äsken niin väkevästi tehonnut nimi ei saanut vastakaikua tytön
mielessä. Hitaasti hän ravisti päätänsä.
»Kuka sinä olet?» ähkyi hän. »Mitä sinä tiedät minun herrastani?»
Kun vastausta ei kuulunut, muuttui hänen murheellisten silmiensä
ilme sitten nopeasti tuskaiseksi, ja hän heittäytyi lattialle, vuodattaen
haikeita kyyneliä ja syleillen Dianan polvia. »Miksi et vastaa
minulle?» nyyhkytti hän. »Mitä pahaa on hänelle tapahtunut, koska
et tahdo puhua minulle? Allah, Allah, senkö tähden näin hänestä
unta viime yönä — hänestä ja siitä toisesta, joka koetti tappaa
häntä? Unissani näin heidän taistelevan; he molemmat olivat
yltäpäätä veressä — ja sitten hän kaatui — herrani — pitkä puukko
rinnassaan.» Vapisten ja valittaen hän vetäytyi kauemmaksi,
katsahtaen pelokkaasti Dianaan, äänensä aletessa kauhuiseksi
kuiskutukseksi. »Oletko sinä haamu — oletko tullut sen tähden, että
hän on kuollut!»
»Ei, ei», jupisi hän hiljaa, »ei hänelle ole tapahtunut mitään pahaa.
Enkä minä ole haamu, vaan nainen kuten sinäkin, ja rakastan häntä,
kuten sinäkin häntä rakastat. Jasmin, Jasmin, etkö arvaa, kuka olen?
Eikö hän koskaan puhunut sinulle mitään minusta, omasta —»
»Raoul — miehet!»
»Älä välitä miehistä», vastasi kreivi jyrkästi. »Sinua — ja tyttöä
minä vain ajattelen. Hyvä Jumala, minkä tähden pitikin Ahmedin
kutsua pois vahdit pohjoiselta rajalta! Kuule, Diane», lisäsi hän
käheästi, huomaamattaan tiukaten käsivartensa otetta, »jos he
ennättävät luoksemme ajoissa — Ramadan ja Mohamed — laittaudu
pois niin nopeasti kuin pääset! Älä odota minua äläkä heitä — vaan
ratsasta vinhemmin kuin koskaan eläissäsi! Jumalan kiitos, hevoset
ovat levänneet!»
Hän oli vetänyt tyttöä likemmäksi itseänsä vasten, kun äkkiä teltan
seinä, jota vastaan hän kyyrötti, tuntui takana antavan perään, ja
samalla kun koko laitos hitaasti luhistui, hän tunsi, että Jasmin
kiskaistiin hänen syleilystään, ja näki kaikkialla ympärillänsä outoja
kasvoja ja polkevia hevostenkavioita. Ja samassa Saint Hubert
horjahti ja hoippui taaksepäin, ja Diana kaatui kasvoillensa kreivin
painon rusentamana.