Date:

CXC-CSEC Integrated Science Manual – 2020-2021

Table of Content

Section A – The Organism and its Environment

Dat Lab Lab Title Aim SBA

e # Skills
Assessed
Unit 1 - The Cell

1 Cell structure and To draw and annotate the animal and plant Drawing
function and cell
2 Observing diffusion To demonstrate diffusion using potassium ORR
in a liquid permanganate crystals in water
3 Investigating osmosis To demonstrate osmosis using cane sugar ORR
1 placed in potato cup
Unit II - Food and Nutrition

5 Leaf structure and To draw and annotate a plant leaf from a Drawing
function specimen
6 Photosynthesis To test a leaf for the presence of starch ORR
7 Photosynthesis To determine if chlorophyll is necessary ORR
for photosynthesis
8 Photosynthesis To determine if light is necessary for
photosynthesis
09 Food Tests To test various food samples for reducing MM &
sugar, starch, protein and lipids AI
10 Food additives To identify food additives in processed ORR
foods by observing ten labels
11
12 Human digestion To draw and label a longitudinal section of Drawing
an incisor tooth
13 Human digestion To investigate the activity of the enzyme AI
0
amylase at different temperatures (10 C,
200C, 300C, 400C & 500C)
14 Human digestion To investigate the optimum pH for ORR
salivary amylase
Unit III - Respiration and air pollution
 Date:

15 Respiration in To test for carbon dioxide in exhaled air MM

humans
Unit IV - Transport systems

Unit VII - Reproduction and

Growth
21 Asexual To describe, draw and label specimen of Drawing
reproduction in different storage organs
flowering plants
22 Sexual reproduction To describe, draw and label specimen of a Drawing
in flowering plants flower

Section B – The home and workplace

Unit – I Temperature control and Ventilation
Unit II - The terrestrial environment
29 Types and functions To separate the different components of MM
of soils soil by sedimentation
30 Types and functions To determine whether clay, loam or sandy P & D
of soils soil has a greater water retention property
Unit III - Water and the Aquatic environment
32 Water purification To purify a sample of dirty water by MM &
filtering, boiling and chlorinating AI
Unit IV – Pests and Parasites/Sanitation
34 Microorganisms and To investigate the growth of mold on bread
decay different under certain conditions
Unit V – Safety Hazards

Unit VII - Acids, Bases and Mixtures

37 Indicators To determine the pH of some common
household substances using universal
indicator
38 Hard and Soft water To determine the effect of hard water on MM &
soap AI
 Date:

Section C – Energy

Unit 1 – Electricity and Lighting

Temperature and To investigate the cooling effect of the MM

Ventilation process of evaporation.

Unit II – Fossil Fuels and Alternative sources of energy

41 Transfer of heat by To investigate the cooling effect of the ORR &

convection process of evaporation. MM

Labs and mark scheme for moderation

 Date:

Lab #1

Title: Cells
Aim: To draw, label and annotate model of the plant
and animal cells
Apparatus: Diagram of the plant and animal cell

Drawings: Plant and Animal cell

Title: Internal structure of the plant cell

Title: Internal structure of the animal cell

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED

DRAWING CRITERIA AND MARKING SCHEME

1. Drawing lines clean, continuous and even thickness. 1 mark

2. No shading or unnecessary details 1 mark

3. Faithfulness of reproduction 1 mark

5. Drawing show reasonable proportions 1 mark

5. Labeling lines horizontal and drawn with a ruler 1 mark

6. Labels and annotations correct with labeling lines touching the correct parts 2 marks

6. Label written in script using either upper or lower case letters. 1 mark

7. Titles written appropriately (below in block capital and underlined). 1 mark

9. Magnification placed next to title. 1 mark

Total 10 marks

Lab #2
 Date:

Title: Diffusion

Aim: To demonstrate diffusion using potassium permanganate solution in water

Materials / Apparatus: Glass tubes, beaker, measuring cylinder (50ml), potassium

permanganate, distilled water, stop watch, Bunsen burner.

Procedure:

1. Pour 30ml of water into three beakers.

2. Label the beakers I, 2 and 3 respectively before adding potassium permanganate.

3. Add water at room temperature to beaker 1, add water at 50 0C to beaker 2 and water at
5 0 C to beaker number 3.

4. Place five crystals of potassium permanganate in each beaker respectively.

5. Record the time taken in seconds in which the crystals take to dissolve.

6. Record all results in a table.

7. Plot a graph to show the differences between all three rates of diffusion.

Observation: Table

Discussion: Use a table explain the differences between the three states of matter in terms of
energy and arrangement of particles.

Questions to guide discussion -

1. What is diffusion?
2. Does time affect the rate of diffusion, if yes how?

Lab # 3 Osmosis Date:

Aim: To demonstrate osmosis in Irish potato
 Date:

Apparatus: Scalpel, 2 Petri dishes

Materials: Irish potato, Salt, Water

Procedure:
1. Two potato cups were made from two halves of a potato by removing the
skin and scooping out the center part. The bottoms were made flat.
2. The two cups were labelled A and B respectively and they were placed in
water in separate Petri dish and some salt was placed into cup B.
3. Observations were made one hour later.
Diagram:

Observations: In cup A, there was no change while in cup B; there was a lot of liquid in
the cup.
Discussion:
Questions
1. With the aid of a diagram, explain the reason for the difference in observation in
cup A and cup B.

2. Define osmosis?

3. In an activity about osmosis, some students first boiled one of the potato cups for
10 minutes. They then put the salt into it and placed it in water. They found that
no water entered the cup. Suggest a reason for this.

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED
 Date:

OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME (Diffusion)

1. Format of report include: Aim, Materials/Apparatus, Method,

Results/Observation, Discussion and Conclusion. 1 mark

2. Correct content under each heading (organization) 1 mark

3. Report written in past-tense 1 mark

4. Report free of spelling and grammatical errors (any present -1) 2 marks

5. Tables neatly drawn with appropriate titles and written in caps for

each column to show state of matter.

2 mark

6. Diagram properly labeled. 2 mark

7. Adequate discussion base on the exercise carried out. 4 marks

8. Appropriate conclusion stated. 2 marks

Total 15 marks

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED
 Date:

OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME Osmosis

2. Format of report include: Aim, Materials/Apparatus, Method,

Results/Observation, Discussion and Conclusion. 1 mark

2. Correct content under each heading (organization) 1 mark

3. Report written in past-tense 1 mark

4. Report free of spelling and grammatical errors (any present -1) 2 marks

6. Diagram properly labeled. 1 mark

7. Adequate discussion base on the exercise carried out. 4 marks

8. Appropriate conclusion stated. 2 marks

Total 12 marks

Lab 4
 Date:

Title: Plant storage organs

Aim: To draw, label and annotate the structure of an onion and a sweet potato.

Apparatus: Scalpel

Materials: Onion, Irish potato

Procedure: 1. Careful observations of the external structure of the onion and potato were
made
2. The scalpel was used to cut the onion and the potato in half longitudinally.
3. Careful observations were made of the internal structure of each storage
organ.
4. Fully labelled diagrams were drawn to show the internal structure of each
plant storage organ.

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED

DRAWING CRITERIA AND MARKING SCHEME

1. Drawing lines clean, continuous and even thickness. 1 mark

2. No shading or unnecessary details 1 mark

3. Faithfulness of reproduction 1 mark

5. Drawing show reasonable proportions 1 mark

5. Labeling lines horizontal and drawn with a ruler 1 mark

6. Labels and annotations correct with labeling lines touching the correct parts 2 marks

6. Label written in script using either upper or lower case letters. 1 mark

7. Titles written appropriately (below in block capital and underlined). 1 mark

9. Magnification placed next to title. 1 mark

Total 10 marks

Lab # 5
 Date:

Title: Photosynthesis

Aim: To carry out a simple controlled investigation to find out if chlorophyll is necessary for
photosynthesis.

Materials/Apparatus: Bunsen burner, ethanol, test-tube, leaves, pencil, ruler, white tile iodine
solution, dropper.

Procedure:

1. Place a partially covered green leaf that has been in sunlight for about forty-eight (48)
hours in boiling water for thirty (30) seconds.

2. Place the leaf in a boiling tube containing ethanol, then place in a water bath.

3. Allow the boiling tube to stay in the water bath until the leaf become colourless.

4. Remove the leaf and wash it in cold water.

5. Spread the leaf flat on a white tile and then cover it with iodine solution.

6. Make a drawing of the result, then label and annotate it.

7. Repeat steps 2-6 above with a completely green leaf from a plant that is kept in the dark
for two days.

Diagram:

Observation:

Discussion: What happens in photosynthesis? Explain showing relevant equation

Questions to direct discussion:
1. Why was the leaf placed in: (a) boiling water and (b) ethanol
2. What food substances is the iodine test done for?
3. Why was no control used in this experiment?
4. Would you expect to find starch in leaves that are neither green nor white?

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED
OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME
 Date:

1. 1. Report in a logical sequence; aim, apparatus/materials, method 1 mark

2. Report written in past-tense 1 mark
3. Few grammatical errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
4. Few spelling errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
5. Labeled/ annotated drawing of apparatus set-up 1 marks
6. Title present, self-explanatory, below drawing and in capital letters. 1 mark
7. Label lines drawn horizontal, parallel to each other, uncrossed 1 mark
8. Data recorded accurately and appropriately 1 mark
9. Writing concise 1 mark

10. Accurate demonstration of the lab 2 marks

11. Adequate discussion;

- explain the importance of each step in the procedure 4 marks
- Explain showing relevant equation to the process of photosynthesis as it relates to the
experiment. 2marks
12. Limitations to the lab 1 marks
13. Reasonable conclusion 2 mark
20 marks
 Date:
Lab #: 6

Title: Food Tests

Aim: To determine the nutrient composition present in plant storage organs.

Apparatus: Test tubes, test tubes rack, test tube holder, measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner,
tripod stand, wire gauze, beaker, spatula, droppers, scalpel

Materials: orange juice, beet, potato, red peas, coconut

Reagents:

Iodine solution, Benedict’s solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, ethanol, distilled water, sodium
hydroxide solution, copper sulphate solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
Procedure:
The food materials were finely crushed and made into a paste.

Small amounts were used to perform the test in a test tube.

The appropriate reagents and apparatus were used to perform the different food tests.

Skills Assessed: ORR

Criteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme

Observations (6)

a. A blue-black colouration confirms the presence of starch (1)

b. Colour changes - green, yellow, orange, red, confirms the presence of reducing sugar
(1)
c. Colour changes – orange, red, brick-red confirms the presence of non-reducing sugar
(1)
d. A violet purple colouration confirms the presence of protein (1)
e. A milky white/cloudy suspension confirms the presence of fats (1)

Recording (6)

Is title accurate/self-explanatory (1)

Is title written in capitals and underlined? Is it placed above the table? (2)

Do the columns have proper headings (2)

 Date:

Reporting (8)

(a) Aim – States clearly and concisely what is to be done in the practical (1)
Subtract ½ mark if not clearly stated

(b) Apparatus/ Materials/Reagents (1)

Subtract ½ mark for each omission

(c) Method/Procedure (2)

Subtract 1 mark if not logically stated

ORR = Mark obtained x 10

20

Analysis & Interpretation (10)

 Date:

Explain the following;

Blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch (1)

Brick-red indicates the presence of reducing sugar (1)

Blue-green, and finally a brick red precipitate indicates the presence of non-reducing sugar (2)

Purple colour indicates the presence of protein, give one example of a food that is rich in
protein (2)

White cloudy suspension indicates the presence of fat (2)

Which other food item would contain protein? Peanut (2)

AI = Mark obtained

10

Lab # 7

Title: Food Additives

Aim: To identify food additives in processed foods by observing 10 labels

 Date:

Materials: Ten foods labels

Methods:

1. Ten food labels were sourced from different types of processed foods
2. Examples of food additives and their functions were appropriately placed in a
table

Results: (Food labels and table with examples of additives and their function, (Table 2.3 from
text book, (page 21)

Discussion: (1. Define food additives

2, discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of food additives)

Conclusion:

ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION CRITERIA AND MARK SCHEME

1. Background information on food additive. 1 marks

2. Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of food additives 2 mark

3. Explain the need/fun nction of food additives 2 mark

4. At least seven display of labels and nutritional facts 4 mark
5. Conclusion relevant, concise and related to the aim 1 mark

Total 10 marks

Planning and Designing – Lab#1

Lab # 8

Title: Microorganisms and Decay

 Date:

Observation: Judy observed that bread stored for two weeks on the dining table grows fungus
while bread stored in the refrigerator stay fresher for a last longer time. Plan and design an
experiment to test your hypothesis.

Hypothesis:

Aim: To investigate the conditions which promote the growth of microorganisms

Apparatus: Refrigerator, hand lens

Materials: bread, Ziploc bags

Variables:

Method:

Precautions:

Expected results:

Criteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme

Skills Assessed: PD

1. Statement of Hypothesis (2 marks)

- Clearly stated in a form so that it could be tested. (2)
- Not clearly stated but could still be tested. (1)
 Date:

- Cannot be tested (0)

2. Aim - relevant to the hypothesis (1 mark)
Essential ones mentioned e.g., Refrigerator, hand lens,
bread, Ziploc bags
- For each one missing subtract 1 point
3. Material/apparatus, [‘;u88u8Method/Procedure (4 marks)
- Plan written in logical sequence of steps using appropriate language (4)
- All steps written but no order, correct tense (2)
- All steps written, no order, wrong tense (1)
- Essential step(s) missing (0)
 Variables held constant (2 marks)
- All essential ones (2)
- One missing (1)
- More than one (0)
- Manipulated variable
4. Predicted Results (3 marks)
- Correctly linked to the hypothesis (3)
- Not properly linked but correct (2)
- Not linked but correct (I)
- Irrelevant (0)1 55 +

PD = Total mark = 10

AI (Analysis)
Lab# 9
Title: Microorganisms and Decay

Aim:
 Date:

Apparatus:

Materials:

Introduction: A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist

in its single-celled form or a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial
life was suspected from ancient time. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae,
and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes
classified as microorganisms. This experiment seeks to investigate conditions which
promote the growth of microorganisms.
Methods:

Results: Drawings

Discussion:

Limitations:

Reflection:

Conclusion:

Task – Implementation of the Microorganisms and Decay PD Lab

METHOD: (1)
- Linked to Proposal (0.5)
- Change of tense (0.5)
Results (4)
(a) Accuracy of data:
- Accurate (2)
- Acceptable (1)
(b) Presentation of data:
- Appropriate (2)
- Acceptable (1)

Discussion (5)
 Date:

(a) Explanation and Development of points:

- Thorough (2)
- Partial (1)
Interpretation
- Fully supported by data (2)
- Partially supported by data (1)
(b) Trends Stated (1)

Limitations (3)
- Sources of error identified (1)
- Precautions stated (1)
- Limitation stated (1)
Reflections (5)
- Relevance between the experiment and real life (self, society or environment) 1
- Impact of knowledge gain from experiment on self (1)
- Justification for any adjustment made during experiment (1)
Communication of information (2)
Use of appropriate scientific language, grammar and clarity of expression:
- all of the time (2)
- some of the time (1)
Conclusion: (2)
- Stated (1)
- Related to the aim (1)

AI = Mark Obtained
20
Lab # 10

Title: Teeth

Aim: To investigate the external structure of the teeth

 Date:

Material: - Select two different types of teeth.

 Draw and label the tooth selected.

Observation - Drawing.

Discussion: Questions to guide discussion:

 How does the structure of each tooth relate to its function?

 Describe how the structure of the human teeth differs from a named herbivore or
carnivore.
 List three ways one can prevent cavities
 How do bacteria cause tooth decay?

Drawing - Criteria and Marking Scheme

1. Drawing lines clean, continuous and even thickness. 1 mark

 Reasonable size with labels to the right 1 mark

 No shading 1 mark
3. Faithful representation of specimen 1 mark

 All identifying features included 1 mark

4. Labeling lines horizontal and drawn with a ruler 1 mark
5. Label lines do not cross 1 mark
6. Labels and annotations correct with labeling lines touching the correct parts 2 marks
7. Titles written neatly (below drawing and underlined). 1 mark
8. Magnification written to 1 decimal place and next to title. 1 mark
Total 10 marks
Lab # 11

Title: Enzymes

Aim: To investigate the effects of pH on enzyme activity.

 Date:

Apparatus: Test tubes, teat dropper, beakers, measuring cylinder, stop watch

Materials: Starch solution, amylase solution, iodine solution, sodium hydroxide solution

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Procedure:
1. 5 cm3 of starch solution were added to three test tubes labelled A, B and C.
2. 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to test tube A.
3. 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide was added to test tube B.
4. 1 cm3 of distilled water was added to test tube C
5. The pH of each test tube was tested using universal indicator.
6. 2 cm3 of amylase solution were added to each test tube.
7. The test tubes were left to stand for 5 minutes. A teat dropper was used to take out a
little solution from each test tube and test it with iodine solution.

Observation:

Results

Discussion: use the following questions to guide discussion:

 What are the enzymes found in the extract obtained in step 1

 In which of the test tubes do you think pepsin would have worked most quickly
 If salivary amylase had been put in the test tubes A-C what would have happened in
each case? Explain why.

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED (The effects of pH on enzyme activity)

OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME

 Date:

1. Format of report include; Aim, materials/apparatus, method, results/observation,

discussion and conclusion 1 mark

2. Correct content under each heading (organization) 1 mark

3. Report contains few grammatical errors 1 mark
4. Background information on enzymes. 2 marks

5. Appropriate drawing representing the experimental result \ 2 marks

6. Explain how each pH solution affects the activity of enzymes. 1 mark

7. Table capturing experimental activity 2 marks

8. Appropriate conclusion- states what would have happened if salivary amylase had been
put in the test tubes A-C. 2 marks
Total 12 marks
SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED

OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME (The effect of

temperature on enzymes activities

9. Format of report include; Aim, materials/apparatus, method, results/observation,

discussion and conclusion 1 mark

10. Correct content under each heading (organization) 1 mark

11. Report contains few grammatical errors 1 mark
12. Background information on enzymes. 2 marks

13. Appropriate drawing representing the experimental result 2 marks

14. Explain how temperature affects the activity of enzymes. 1 mark

15. Table capturing experimental activity 2 marks

16. Appropriate conclusion- states what would have happened if salivary amylase had been
put in the test tubes A-C. 2 marks
Total 12 marks

MM Lab # 12

Title: Respiration
 Date:

Aim: To find out if carbon dioxide is present in inhale and exhale air

Apparatus/material: test tube, rubber tube, 2 straws, scissors, lime water calcium hydroxide
solution

Method:

Results:

Discussion: Use questions to guide discussion:

1. What accounts for the difference in O2 and CO2 composition

in
inhaled and exhaled air?
2. Describe how breathing movements help in gaseous exchange
in human
3. Describe the diffusion gradients in a leave at night and at day
time using a diagram

Manipulation and Measurement Mark Scheme

1. Procedure must be followed for using apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 marks

2. Accurate measurement of content must be made. 2 mark

3. Approximate handling of materials 2 marks

4. Use of clean test-tubes and straws. 1 mark

5. Care taken in carrying out the procedure 2 mark

6. Meniscus read at eye level. 1 mark

Total 10 marks

Lab # 13
Title: The Respiratory System, Structure and Function
 Date:

Aim: To draw, label and annotate the Respiratory System

Apparatus: A diagram of a respiratory System, pencil, plain paper, ruler

Method: 1. The respiratory system was drawn, labeled and annotated from the diagram that was
given.

Drawing:

Lab# 14
Title: Reproduction in flowering plants

Aim: To draw, label and annotate the structure of a flower.

Apparatus: Scalpel

Material: A flower

Procedure: 1. Careful observations of the external structure of the flower were made.
2. The scalpel was used to cut the flower in half longitudinally.
3. Careful observations were made of the internal structure of the flower.
4. A fully labelled diagram was drawn to show the internal structure of the
flower.

Lab #15

Title: Reproduction
 Date:

Aim: To draw, label and annotate the human male and female reproductive system.

Materials/apparatus: paper, pencil, ruler, model of the human male and female reproductive
system.

Method:

1. Collect models of the human male and female reproductive system.

2. Draw, label and annotate the reproductive structure of both male and female
reproductive system

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED

DRAWING CRITERIA AND MARKING SCHEME

1. Drawing lines clean, continuous and even thickness. 1 mark

2. No shading or unnecessary details 1 mark

5. Drawing show reasonable proportion and resemble actual model

1 mark

7. Titles written appropriately (below in block capital and underlined). 1 mark

8. Title showing type and name of model 1 mark

8. Label lines horizontal and drawn with ruler 1 mark

9. Labels and annotations present and correct. 2 marks

10. Labels written in script using either upper or lower case 1 mark

11. Magnification accurately calculated and placed next to title. 1 mark

Total 10 marks

Lab # 16
Title: Movement of substances in plant
 Date:

Aim: To demonstrate how substances move in plants

Apparatus: scalpel, beaker

Materials: Cutting of balsam, red dye, water

Procedure:
1. A balsam cutting was placed into a beaker of water which was coloured with a red dye.
2. The balsam cutting was observed carefully.
3. A razor was used to cut thin sections across the stem at three different sections.
4. A hand lens was used to observed the cut sections

SKILLS TO BE ASSESSED
OBSERVATION, RECORDING AND REPORTING MARK SCHEME
1. Report in a logical sequence; aim, apparatus/materials, method 1 mark

1. Report written in past-tense 1 mark

2. Few grammatical errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark

3. Few spelling errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
4. Large labeled/ annotated drawing of apparatus set-up 1 marks
5. Title present, self-explanatory, below drawing and in capital letters. 1 mark
6. Label lines drawn horizontal, parallel to each other, uncrossed 1 mark
7. Data recorded accurately and appropriately 1 mark
8 . Reasonable conclusion 2 mark

Total 10 marks

Lab. # 17
 Date:

Title: Transfer of heat by convection

Aim: To demonstrate the process of convection

Apparatus: 400 cm3 beaker, 250 cm3 measuring cylinder, thermometers

Materials: Water, tissue paper/cotton wool

Procedure:
1. Using two (2) beakers, place a thermometer in each beaker
2. Into the first beaker, pour 200 cm3 boiling water
3. Into the second beaker, put 200 cm3 ice cold water
4. Read the temperatures of the water immediately upon addition.
5. At two (2) minute intervals, read the water temperatures in each beaker for the next 16
minutes.
6. Record your observations in table format.
Title for table: -
Time Temperature
Minutes Hot water Cold water
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16

7. Plot your results on a graph (use graph paper), temperature on the y-axis and time on the
x-axis, to obtain two (2) curves, one for hot water and the other for cold water.

Discussion: Explain the process of convection and its applications in everyday life
 Date:

Questions:
1. Explain the shape of the curves drawn on the graph
2. From your plots, can you determine what the room temperature for this experiment is?
3. What can you conclude about the transfer of heat from your experiment?

Conclusion:

ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION CRITERIA AND MARK SCHEME

1.Background information on convection. 2 marks

2. Description of results (expected and observed) 2 marks

4. Explain the relationship between variables/ calculations 2 marks

5. Conclusion relevant, concise and related to the aim 2 marks

6. Table representing result of experiment 1 mark
7. Graph is correctly labeled and represent information in table 1 marks

Total 10 marks
 Date:

Lab#18 Household Chemicals – pH

Title:

Aim: To determine the pH of some common household substances

Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, dropper, Petri dish

Materials: Bleach, Shampoo, Dish washing liquid, Soap powder solution, Vinegar, Alcohol,
dettol,
Hair conditioner, Soft Drink, Coffee, red and blue litmus papers

Procedure:
1. 5 cm3 of each household substance was placed into 10 different labelled test tubes.
2. Different strips of blue and red litmus paper were alternately dipped into each
household substance.
3. Observations of colour changes were noted and recorded in a table.

ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION CRITERIA AND MARK SCHEME

1. Background information on household chemicals 2 marks

2. Explain observation of household chemicals using litmus paper 2 marks
3. Inferences are accurate and specific 3 mark
3. Conclusion relevant, concise and related to the aim 2 marks
Any Limitations to the method
5. 1 mark
Total 10 marks

Lab: # 19
 Date:

Title: Cleaning Capacity of Soap with Hard and Soft Water

Aim: To determine the Cleaning Capacity of Soap with Hard and Soft Water

Apparatus: Beaker, test tubes, glass rods, measuring cylinder, measuring scale, dropper

Materials: Distilled water, well water, 2 g Calcium chloride, three pieces of soap each weighing
1 g, Cloth pieces (5 cm x 5 cm), Ink

Methods:

 Take three beakers and label them as A, B and C.

 In beaker A, put 20ml of distilled water using a measuring cylinder.
 In beaker B, put 20 ml of water obtained from a well using another measuring
cylinder.
 In beaker C, add 20 ml of distilled water. To this, add 2 g of calcium chloride and stir
with a glass rod till it dissolves.
 Take three soap pieces, each weighing 1g.
 Add one soap piece to each beaker A, B and C.
 Stir the contents in the beakers with separate glass rods to ensure that soap has
dissolved.
 Take three test tubes and label them as A, B and C and place them in a test tube rack.
 Pour 10 ml of soap solution from beaker A into test tube A and 10 ml of soap solution
from beaker B into test tube B and 10 ml of soap solution from beaker C into test tube
C, using separate measuring cylinders.
 Close its mouth with the thumb and shake it thoroughly 10 times in upward-
downward direction.
 Repeat the above four steps for test tubes B and C.
 Date:

OBSERVATION RECORDING AND REPORTING CRITERIA AND MARK SCHEME

6.Report in a logical sequence; aim, apparatus/materials, method…. 2 mark

7.Report written in past-tense 1 mark
8.Few grammatical errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
9.Few spelling errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
10. Table capture appropriate data based on experiment 2 mark
11. Appropriate discussion 1 mark
12. Conclusion 2 marks

Total 10 marks
 Date:

Lab. # 20 Date:

Title: Temperature control and ventilation

Aim: To investigate the cooling effect of the process of evaporation.

Apparatus: 500 cm3 beaker, conical flask, thermometers, retort stand, bung with central hole

Materials: Water, methylated spirits, a piece of cotton wool

Procedure:
1. Boil 500 cm3 of water in a large beaker and pour it into a conical flask.
2. Cork the flask using a rubber bung fitted with a thermometer.
3. Ensure that the bulb of the thermometer is in the centre of the flask and immersed
in the water.
4. Record the temperature of the water immediately after fitting the bung.
5. Record the temperature of the water at 1 minute intervals for the next 10 minutes.
6. Wipe the surface of the flask with methylated spirits, for 5 minutes. Apply the
methylated spirits using a piece of cotton wool.
7. Stop wiping the flask with the cotton wool and continue to record the temperature
of the water at 1 minute intervals for the next 10 minutes.
8. Compile the temperatures recorded (steps 2, 3, 5) into a table to show the
comparisons.
9. Use room temperature as 27°C/ 28°C.

Manipulation and Measurement Mark Scheme

1. Procedure must be followed for using apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 marks
2. Accurate measurement of content must be made. 2 mark
3. Approximate handling of materials 2 marks
4. Use of clean test-tubes and straws. 1 mark
5. Care taken in carrying out the procedure 2 mark

6. Meniscus read at eye level. 1 mark

Total 10 marks
 Date:

OBSERVATION RECORDING AND REPORTING CRITERIA AND MARK SCHEME

1. Report in a logical sequence; aim, apparatus/materials, method…. 1 mark

2. Report written in past-tense 1 mark
3. Few grammatical errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
4. Few spelling errors (more than four minus half) 1 mark
5. Labeled/ annotated drawing of apparatus set-up 2 marks

6.Title present, self-explanatory, below or above drawing and in capital letters. 2 mark

7. Accurate and appropriate graph 2 mark

8. Data recorded accurately and appropriately 2 mark

Total 12 marks
 Date:

Lab # 21

Title: Water Purification methods

Aim: To purify water by filtration

Apparatus: beaker, measuring cylinder, plastic bottle, nail

Materials: sand, gravel, muddy water,

Procedure:
1. Cut the top off a 2-litre plastic bottle. With the aid of a hot nail, randomly place tiny holes
in the bottom of the bottle.
2. Stack the inside of the container with sand and gravel.
3. Clamp the bottle above an empty container, then pour the muddy water on top of the sand
and gravel bed.
4. Make sure you record all your observations.
5. Make an accurate drawing of your observations.

Manipulation and Measurement Mark Scheme

1. Procedure must be followed for using apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 marks
2. Accurate measurement of content must be made. 2 mark
3. Approximate handling of materials 2 marks
4. Use of clean beakers and measuring cylinder. 1 mark
5. Care taken in carrying out the procedure 2 mark
6. Meniscus read at eye level. 1 mark
Total 10 marks
 Date:

Lab # 22
Title: Digestion

Aim: To draw, label and annotate a diagram of the human digestive system.

Material: Chart showing the human digestive system.

Method: A chart showing the human digestive system was obtained.

The human digestive system was drawn and labelled.

Drawing: The Human Digestive System

Discussion:
1. What is digestion?
2. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
3. Explain the role of enzymes in digestion

DRAWING CRITERIA AND MARKING SCHEME

1. Drawing lines clean, continuous and even thickness. 1 mark

2. No shading or unnecessary details 1 mark

5. Drawing show reasonable proportion and resemble actual model

10. (four or more – 1 mark) 2 marks

7. Titles written appropriately (below in block capital and underlined). 1 mark

8. Title showing type and name of model 1 mark

8. Label lines horizontal and drawn with ruler 1 mark

9. Labels and annotations present and correct. 1 marks

10. Labels written in script using either upper or lower case 1 mark
 Date:

11. Magnification accurately calculated and placed next to title. 1 mark

Total 10 marks

PD
Lab # 23 Date: October 28, 2021

Topic: The Terrestrial Environment

Syllabus Reference: Section B, Unit XI, Objective 3

PD #2 – Water retention and soil capacity

Task:
___
Statement of the Problem – It has been said that clay soil has a higher water holding capacity
than loam and sandy soil. Plan and design an experiment to determine whether or not this
assertion is true.

Criteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme

Statement of Hypothesis (2 marks)
- Clearly stated in a form so that it could be tested. (2)
- Not clearly stated but could still be tested. (1)
- Cannot be tested (0)

Aim - relevant to the hypothesis (1 mark)

Apparatus and materials (6 marks)
- Essential ones mentioned e.g., funnel, measuring cylinder, stopwatch
- Cotton wool, tap water, soils
 For each one missing subtract 1 point

Method/Procedure (6 marks)
- Plan written in logical sequence of steps using appropriate language (4)
- All steps written but no order, correct tense (2)
- All steps written, no order, wrong tense (1)
 Date:

- Essential step(s) missing (0)

Variables held constant (2 marks)
- All essential ones (2)
- One missing (1)
- More than one (0)
- Manipulated variable

Predicted Results (3 marks)

- Correctly linked to the hypothesis (3)
- Not properly linked but correct (2)
- Not linked but correct (I)
- Irrelevant (0)

Limitations, sources of error (2 marks)

PD = Mark obtained x 10
20
 Date:

THE IMPLEMENTATION (Analysis and Interpretation)

Method –
1. Use three filter funnels with equal amounts of clay, loam and sandy soils
2. Add 100 cm3 of water each soil sample and use the stop watch to record the time taken
for the first drop of water to flow through
3. Calculate the volume of the water retained in each soil sample after all the water has
flown through the filter funnel
4. Record your data in a suitable format

Discussion: questions to guide discussion:

1. Describe three ways in which soil can lose its fertility.
2. Describe two methods which can be used to conserve and renew soil
3. Explain how plants can be grown in water culture
4. Which soil is most suitable for planting based on the water holding capacity

Limitations: volume of water was inaccurate; stopwatch recording was inaccurate

Reflections: This investigation has given me an appreciation for …

Conclusion: (address aim)
Topic: The Terrestrial Environment
Syllabus Reference: Section B, Unit XI, Objective 3
Skills Assessed: AI

Task – Implementation of Soil water retention capacity PD Lab

METHOD: (1)
- Linked to Proposal (0.5)
- Change of tense (0.5)
Results (4)
(c) Accuracy of data:
- Accurate (2)
- Acceptable (1)
 Date:

(d) Presentation of data:

- Appropriate (2)
- Acceptable (1)

Discussion (5)
(c) Explanation and Development of points:
- Thorough (2)
- Partial (1)
Interpretation
- Fully supported by data (2)
- Partially supported by data (1)
(d) Trends Stated (1)

Limitations (3)
- Sources of error identified (1)
- Precautions stated (1)
- Limitation stated (1)

Reflections (5)
- Relevance between the experiment and real life (self, society or environment) 1
- Impact of knowledge gain from experiment on self (1)
- Justification for any adjustment made during experiment (1)
Communication of information (2)
Use of appropriate scientific language, grammar and clarity of expression:
- all of the time (2)
- some of the time (1)

Conclusion: (2)
- Stated (1)
- Related to the aim (1)
 Date:

AI = Mark Obtained
20
Lab # 24
Title: Soil
Aim: To examine and identify the different components of a soil sample
Materials: gravel, sand, clay, silt, tap water,
Apparatus: measuring cylinder
Method:

Skill Assessed: MM
Manipulation and Measurement Mark Scheme
1. Procedure must be followed for using apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2
marks
2. Accurate measurement of content must be made. 2
mark
3. Approximate handling of materials 2
marks
4. Soil samples must be labeled in individual container 2
marks
5. Use of clean beakers and measuring cylinder. 1
mark
6. Care taken in carrying out the procedure 2
mark
7. Meniscus read at eye level. 1
mark

Total 12 marks
 Date:

Lab # 25
Title: The Heart
Aim: To draw, label and annotate a diagram of the human heart

Material: A diagram of the human heart

Method:
1. Diagrams of the human heart was ascertained.
2. The structure of the system was drawn, labeled and
annotated

Drawing:

Discussion:
4. What is the function of the human heart?
5. The importance of the heart to the circulatory system?

Conclusion: (address the aim)

 Date:

Lab # 26

Title: Reproduction

Aim: To draw, label and annotate the human male and female reproductive system.

Materials/apparatus: paper, pencil, ruler, model of the human male and female reproductive
system.

Method:

11. Diagrams of the human male and female reproductive system was ascertained.
12. The structure of both male and female reproductive system were drawn, labeled
and annotated

Drawing: Diagram of the male and female System

Observation: Use a table to outline the structure and function of the

male and female system

Discussion:
1. Describe the male and female
reproductive system
2. State the importance of the male and
female reproductive system
 Date:

Conclusion: (Address the aim)

Criteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme

Drawing
Points

Clarity (4 marks)

- Are the lines clean, continuous and of even thickness? 1

- Is it of a reasonable size with enough space left for right side labelling? 1
- Is it a 2 dimensional representation? 1
- Is it clear and without unnecessary and untidy details? 1

Accuracy (1 mark)

- Is it a faithful representation of the specimen? 1

Labelling (4 marks)

- Are lines pointing to the correct path? 1

- Are lines horizontal, not crossing and without arrowheads or dots? 1
- Are the labels accurate/un-joined, horizontal and spelt correctly 1

Title (3 marks)

- Is the title accurate, self-explanatory? 1

- Is it all written in capitals, underlined and placed below the drawing? 1

Drawing = Total 10 marks

Date: