Teknologi Pulp dan Kertas

(Pulp and Paper Technology)

Kuliah 12 – Paper Making Process (Part 2)

Semester Genap 2023/2024
Prodi Sarjana Teknik Kimia Universitas Riau
Papermaking Drying
Types of water in web
• Free water
• Water held in pores, in between fibres, and in lumen
• Held in place by capillary forces
• 35-70% consistency is free water
• Imbibed water
• Water held in the swollen cell walls
• Makes up the “fibre saturation point”
• Web consistencies between 70% and 90% are imbibed
• Chemically bound water
• Water bound to cellulose. Zero vapour pressure
Fibre Bonding
• Water removal induces
strong surface tension
forces
• Leads to
• hydrogen bonding
• Fibre straightening
• Lumen collapse
Fibre bonding
• As water is removed
strength increases due
to improved bonding
Drying process
• Heat transfer to web
• Mass transfer of vapour from the web
Drying process
• Stage 1
• Warm up stage
• Stage 2
• Constant drying rate stage
• Heat and mass transfer are not rate
controlling steps
• Stage 3
• Falling rate stage
• Not sufficient water to completely fill the
web
• Water in contact with roll evaporates and
diffuses outward … complex heat and mass
transfer
• Corresponds with removal of free to
imbibed water
Drying process
Dryer configuration
Dryer configuration
• Reverse section to reduce 2-sidedness of paper
Other types of dryers
Yankee dryer:
• 8mm diameter roll
• jets of hot air blow on paper
• used for tissue.
Other types of dryers
Flakt dryer
• Hot air blown as paper passes through a number of tiers
• Unconstrained drying
• Lower temperature drying: inhibits darkening,
embrittlement of paper
Heat transfer
Heat transfer
• Condensate shape inside
cylinder changes
significantly as a function
of amount and cylinder
speed
• Some estimates of the
thickness have been made
Heat transfer
Heat transfer
• Correlations for mass transfer coefficient
Heat transfer calculations
• Tappi TIS 0404-07
• Assumes constant drying
rate
• Gets drying rate from
experimental
measurements
See you next lecture