ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVH$mda AmYm[aV

g_mOemñÌ
ZdZrV
B¶ËVm ~mamdr

l R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço …
1. à˶oH$ àH$aUmMr Aܶ¶Z-KQ>H${Zhm¶ aMZm.
2. à˶oH$ àH$aUmÀ¶m gwédmVrbm gd©g_mdoeH$ "_hËËdmMo _wX²Xo '.
3.  g§nyU© Aä¶mgH«$_mMm àíZmoËVaê$nmV g_mdoe.
4.  dñVw{ZîR>, bKyËVar d XrKm}ËVar Aem gd© àH$maÀ¶m àíZm§Mr gw~moY ^mfoV AMyH$, _wX²XogyX d
AmXe© CËVao.
5. g§nyU©, à_mU^yV Am{U AXç¶mdV _m{hVr.
6. à˶oH$ nmR>mVrb Cn¶moOZmË_H$ àíZm§Mm CËVam§gh g_mdoe.

ZdZrV ‘mJ©Xe©H$ åhUOo gw{Z¶mo{OV Aä¶mg, CÁÁdb ¶e h‘Img

: boIH$ :
lr. ZdZrV
ZdrZ Amd¥ËVr : 2020

E0358
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ìÊÇîÍö : 63, ùúÊáË üÊô”ü ÄÊÙ�ÎáüòÊÎö, ÄÊõÇÛÎüìÇö, ìÊÇîÍö } 440 012. (ïÊÎì .. 242 1522)
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prosecution without further notice.

2001
Published by : Navneet Education Limited, Dantali, Gujarat. CTP
Printed by : Navneet Education Limited, Dantali, Gujarat. (29-6-2020)

2
 ‘ZmoJV
~moS>m©Zo {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobm ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$_ Am{U ˶mda AmYm[aV ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVH$mMm gImob Aä¶mg H$ê$Z " g_mOemñÌ
ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr ' àH$m{eV H$aVmZm Amåhm§bm AmZ§X hmoV Amho.
B¶ËVm ~mamdrMm Aä¶mgH«$_ ^maVr¶ g_mOemñÌmda AmYm[aV Amho. ˶mV ^maVr¶ g_mOmMr OS>UKS>U, ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo
dJuH$aU, ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb {d{dYVm Am[U EH$Vm, ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$¶m, ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ Midir Am{U
^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ¶m ¶m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aʶmV Ambm Amho. ˶mVyZ AmnU ^maVr¶ AgʶmMm AW©, ^maVr¶ g_mOmda
à^md Q>mH$Umao KQ>H$, ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar g_wXm¶m§Mo ñdê$n d ˶m§À¶m g_ñ¶m ¶m§Mo Aܶ¶Z H$aUo
Ano{jV Amho. ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z, gm_m{OH$ Midir, amîQ—>r¶ EH$mË_Vog_moa Agbobr AmìhmZo Am{U ^maVr¶ g_mOmbm
^oS>gmdUmè¶m g_ñ¶m§Mo Aܶ¶Z AmnU H$aUma AmhmV. AܶmnZ  Aܶ¶ZmMr hr à{H«$¶m AW©nyU© ìhmdr ¶m CX²XoemZo ¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mMr
aMZm H$aʶmV Ambr Amho.
¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mVrb à˶oH$ àH$aUmV gwédmVrbm _hËËdmÀ¶m _wX²Xçm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoʶmV Ambo Amho. ˶mdê$Z ˶m ˶m
àH$aUmV g_m{dîQ> Agboë¶m nmR>çdñVyÀ¶m Ame¶mMo {dXçm϶mªZm ghO AmH$bZ hmoB©b. Aä¶mgmMr COiUr H$aʶmgmR>r
gmam§eê$nmZo XoʶmV Ambobo _hËËdmMo _wX²Xo {dXçm϶mªZm IynM Cn¶moJr R>aVrb.
àñVwV _mJ©Xe©H$mV dñVw{ZîR>, bKyËVar d XrKm}ËVar Aem gd© àH$maÀ¶m àíZm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm AgyZ, ˶m§Mr gw~moY
^mfoV _wX²XogyX, g_n©H$ d AmXe© CËVao XoʶmV Ambr AmhoV. Aä¶mgH«$_mV Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$mV Zì¶mZo g_m{dîQ> Ho$boë¶m
Cn¶moOZmË_H$ àíZ d ˶m àíZm§Mr g_n©H$ CËVao ¶m§Mm à˶oH$ àH$aUmV g_mdoe H$aʶmV Ambm Amho.
¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZo {dXçm϶mªMr "g_mOemñÌ' ¶m {df¶mMr n[anyU© V¶mar hmoB©b Am{U ˶m§Zm ~mamdrÀ¶m
~moS>m©À¶m narjoV CÁÁdb ¶e {_iob, Agm ÑT> {dídmg Amåhm§bm dmQ>Vmo.
¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mMr Cn¶wŠVVm dmT>dʶmÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo ¶oUmè¶m gd© gyMZm ñdmJVmh© AmhoV.
 àH$meH$

3
 AZwH«$‘{UH$m
{d^mJ  1  n¥îR> H«$.
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶ ...   5
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU ...  25
3. ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb {d{dYVm Am{U EH$Vm ...  46
4. ^maVmVrb g_mO n[adV©ZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶m ...  65
5. ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ Midir ...  79
6. ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ¶m ...  96

{d^mJ  2
CVmao ...  114

4
 {d^mJ  1
1 ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶

Aܶ¶ZKQ>H$ :
1.1 àmMrZ Am{U _ܶ¶wJrZ ^maV
1.2 dgmhVH$mbrZ ^maV
1.3 ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mimVrb ^maV.

‘hËËdmMo _wX²Xo
OO   àmñVm{dH$ : àmMrZ Am{U _ܶ¶wJrZ g_mOmMo Aܶ¶Z nwT>rb ~m~tÀ¶m
(1) g_mOemñÌmMm CX¶ 19 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m _ܶmdYrg ¶wamonmV AmYmao H$aʶmV Ambo Amho …
Pmbm, Va ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrMm CJ_ gw_mao 4000 dfmªnydu (A) Ym{_©H$ lX²YmàUmbr Am{U AmMma {Z¶_ (àmMrZ H$mbI§S>)
Pmbm. àmMrZ H$mimVrb g_mOOrdZ g_OyZ KoʶmMo ( ~  ) ^maVr¶ {ñ̶m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ
à_wI òmoV åhUOo nwamVËËdk Am{U B{Vhmg g§emoYH$m§Zr ( H$) {ejUnX²YVr
emoYyZ H$mT>boë¶m " nwamVZdñVy ', KQ>ZoÀ¶m à˶jXeuZr (  S>  ) H$bm
Ho$boë¶m Zm|Xr, M[aÌJ«§W, gm{h˶, H$moaboë¶m qH$dm {b{IV (    B©   ) g_mOOrdZ
amOmkm, Xa~mar XßVao B˶mXr {b{IV nwamdo. ( \$) ZmJarH$aU.
(2) nwamVZdñVy åhUOo h˶mao Am{U AdOmao, ^m§S>r, Xm{JZo, (A) Ym{_©H$ lX²YmàUmbr Am{U AmMma-{Z¶_ (àmMrZ
H$bmdñVy, {eëno, CËI{ZV dñVy, {MÌo, X\$ZñWio H$mbI§S>) …
Am{U g_mYrñWio, ZmUr, eñÌmñÌo B˶mXr _mZd{Z{_©V
(1) àmMrZ Ym{_©H$ lX²YmàUmbr Am{U AmMma-{Z¶_m§{df¶r
dñVy.
CnbãY gm{h˶ Jw§VmJw§VrMo Amho. H$maU ˶m{df¶r {Z{íMV
(3) 
_mZdr AñWr, àmʶm§Mr hmSo> Am{U Ordmí_ àmMrZ
nwamdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
g§ñH¥$Vrda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.
(4) AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m AmYmao àmMrZ Adeofm§Mo d¶ Am{U (2) hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m CËIZZmV {_imboë¶m ñÌr Am{U
Aݶ JwUY_mªMo {díbofU H$aVm ¶oVo Am{U àmMrZ g§ñH¥$VrMo nwéfm§À¶m _mVrÀ¶m _y˶m© Xodr-XodVm§À¶m Agmì¶mV Ago
AmH$bZ H$aVm ¶oVo. g_Obo OmVo. _mÌ Ë¶m H$mimV _y{V©nyOm ApñVËdmV
1.1 àmMrZ Am{U _ܶ¶wJrZ ^maV … Agë¶mMo {Z{íMV nwamdo CnbãY ZmhrV.
OO    
àmMrZ Am{U _ܶ¶wJrZ ^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmMo à_wI (3) d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥$VrV Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm XodVmñdê$n _mZyZ ˶m§Zm
H$mbI§S> nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV … B§Ð, A½Zr, dm¶y B˶mXr XodVm g_OyZ ˶m§Zm _hËËd àmßV Pmbo.
àmMrZ Am{U _ܶ¶wJrZ ^maVmMr H$mbaofm OmUyZ ¿¶m …
hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr doXH$mbrZ ^maV Xþgao ZmJarH$aU _mZdemñÌ … ¶wamonr¶ Zgboë¶m {dXoer g_mO Am{U
B.g.ny. B.g.ny. B.g.ny. g§ñH¥$VtÀ¶m Aä¶mgmMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmë¶m_wio dgmhVH$mim-
2600  1500 1500  500 500  200 _ܶo _mZdemñÌmMm CX¶ Pmbm. _mZdemñÌ ho ^m¡{VH$/
emar[aH$ _mZdemñÌ d gm_m{OH$/gm§ñH¥${VH$ _mZdemñÌ Aem
A{^OmV H$mi _ܶ¶wJrZ ^maV XmoZ {dñV¥V emIm§_ܶo {d^mJbo Jobo Amho.
B.g.ny. 200  B.g. 650 B.g.650  1500
dgmh{VH$ Aä¶mgmMm ^mJ åhUyZ _mZdemñÌmMo Q>rH$mH$ma
ES>dS©> g¡X ¶m§Zr " àmÀ¶{dXçmemIo 'Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm.

1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶ 5

 (4) d¡{XH$  qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb lX²YmàUmbr Am{U AmMma{df¶H$
{Z¶_m§Mr _m{hVr doXg§{hVm, CndoX, doXm§Jo, ~«mh²_UJ«§W,
AmaʶHo$, nwamUo, Y_©emñÌ Am{U am_m¶U d
_hm^maVm§gma»¶m _hmH$mì¶m§V àmá hmoVo.
(5) d¡{XH$ Y_m©Vrb AmMma{df¶H$ {Z¶_ H$_©{gX²Ym§Vmda
AmYm[aV AmhoV. ˶mV Mma nwéfmW© (CX²{XîQ>mM§ m) g_mdoe Amho.
Mma nwéfmW© …
Y_© AW©
OO   \$bmMr Amem Z YaVm OO   {d{hV _mJm©Zo g§nËVr
 _hËËd XoʶmV Ambo. " Xod ' ¶m g§H$ënZoEdo Or _hmdram§Zr
{Zanoj d¥ËVrZo {d{hV {_idUo.
H$_o© H$arV amhUo.
H$m_ _moj
OO   {d{hV _mJm©Zo emar[aH$
 OO   OÝ__¥Ë¶yÀ¶m \o$è¶mVyZ
gwIm§Mr Am{U AmZ§XmMr gwQ>H$m {_idʶmMo
àmßVr H$ê$Z KoUo. Am¶wî¶mVrb na_moÀM ܶo¶.
(6) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV g_mOmV ì¶dgm¶m{Y{îR>V Mma
dU©  ~«mh²_U, j{̶, d¡í¶ Am[U eyÐ ApñVËdmV Agbo,
Var dU©ì¶dñWm bdMrH$ hmoVr.
(7) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV dU©nX²YVr VmR>a hmoD$Z OÝ_mda
AmYm[aV Om{Vì¶dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr. ¶m ì¶dñWoda nwamo{hV-
dJm©Mo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmë¶mZo " n{dÌ-An{dÌ ' ¶m
H$ënZm§da AmYm[aV OmVtMr CVa§S> àñWm{nV Pmbr.
Om{VA§VJ©V {ddmhmMr gŠVr, Ym{_©H$ AmMma{dYtZm
à_mUm~mhoa _hËËd Am{U Om{V-OmVtVrb gr_m A˶§V VmR>a
hmoV Joë¶m.
OmUyZ ¿¶m …
^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmVrb fS²>Xe©Zm§n¡H$s O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y Xe©Zo
¶m§Zm " Zm{ñVH$ ' (åhUOo B©ídamMo A{ñVËd A_mݶ H$aUmar)
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Caboë¶m Xe©Zm§_Yrb " Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z ' VgoM
" AmOr{dH$m ' ¶m n§Wm§Mm AndmX dJiVm ^maVr¶ Xe©Zo Am{U
n§W " Am{ñVH$ ' (åhUOo B©ídamMo A{ñVËd _mݶ H$aUmar)
AmhoV.
Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z Am{U AmOr{dH$m n§W hohr ^maVr¶
VËËdkmZmÀ¶m na§naoMm ^mJ AmhoV. Mmdm©H$mMo VËËdkmZ ho
{ZarídadmXr Am{U Eo{hH$ {dMmagaUrÀ¶m nm¶mda AmYmabobo
Amho. AmOrdH$ n§WmMm CJ_ X¡ddmX Am{U Vmngr OrdZnX²YVr
¶m§VyZ Pmbobm Amho.
6 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
(8) dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y ¶m§Zr doXàm_mʶmbm
Am{U nwamo{hVm§À¶m dM©ñdmbm {damoY H$aUmè¶m
VËËdkmZmMr {eH$dU bmoH$m§Zm {Xbr. ¶k{dYr, new~ir
Am{U Om{V{ZîR> gm_m{OH$ CVa§S ¶m JmoîQ>r§Zm {damoY
Ho$bm. åhUyZ ˶m§Zr nwañH¥$V Ho$bobo O¡Z d ~m¡X²Y ho Y_©
" ~§S>Imoa Y_© ' g_Obo Jobo.
(9) O¡Z Y_m©À¶m na§naoVrb 24 VrWªH$am§n¡H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra
ho 24 do VrWªH$a hmoV. O¡Z VËËdàUmbrV H$_©{gX²Ym§Vmbm
ñdrH¥$Vr hmoVr. " Aqhgm ' Am{U " Vng ' ¶m VËËdm§Zm gdm©{YH$
" {Zdm©U ' ¶m VËËdmda ^a {Xbm. ˶m§Zr Amnbm CnXoe
AY©_mJYr ¶m bmoH$^mfoV Ho$bm. H$mbm§VamZo ídoVm§~a
Am{U {XJ§~a ho O¡Z Y_m©Mo XmoZ n§W A{ñVËdmV Ambo.
(10) ~m¡X²Y Y_© hm Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Zr à{Vnm{XV Ho$boë¶m " Mma
Am¶©g˶o ' Am{U " AîQ>m§J _mJm©da ' AmYm[aV " _ܶ_
_mJ© ' ¶m§da AmYm[aV Amho. ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mo ho {Z¶_, O¡Z
Y_m©À¶m VwbZoV, gm¡å¶ Agë¶mZo Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Zr
Amnbm CnXoe nmbr ¶m bmoH$^mfoV Ho$ë¶mZo gd©gm_mݶ
bmoH$ ˶mH$So> AmH¥$îQ> Pmbo. Y_©àgmamgmR>r " {^ŠIy
g§Km 'Mr ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr. _m¡¶© g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ¶m
Aml¶m_wio ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma ^maVm~mhoa lrb§H$m,
å¶mZ_ma, MrZ, {V~oQ>, _§Jmo{b¶m, Omdm, gw_mÌm B˶mXr
Xoem§_ܶo Pmbm.
(~) Ym{_©H$ àUmbr (_ܶ¶wJ) …
(1) nmaer Y_m©Mm CJ_ _ܶ-nyd© Am{e¶mV Pmbm hmoVm.
Ym{_©H$ N>imbm H§$Q>miyZ ˶m§Zr ^maVmV ñWbm§Va Ho$bo.
JwOamV_ܶo ¶m Y_m©Mo AZw¶m¶r {ñWamdbo.
nmaer Y_© … hm OJmVrb àmMrZ Y_mªn¡H$s EH$ Am{U
AmOVmJm¶V {Q>Hy$Z am{hbobm Y_© Amho. Mm§Jbo Am{U
dmB©Q> Aem Y«wdr¶ g§H$ënZm ¶m Y_m©À¶m _ܶdVu AmhoV.
(CXmhaUmW©, ñdJ© Am{U ZaH$). "AdoñVm ' hm ¶m Y_m©Mm
n{dÌ J«§W Amho. ˶m_ܶo " Ahþa _ÁX ' hm {dídmMm {Z_m©Vm
AgyZ " Amem ' åhUOo d¡{ídH$ g˶mMm CJ_ ˶mÀ¶mnmgyZ
hmoVmo, Ago åhQ>bobo Amho. A½Zr Am{U Ob hr XmoZ VËËdo
" ewX²YVo 'Mr _mܶ_o AmhoV. " A½¶mar ' åhUOo A{½Z_§{Xa
ho nmaer Y_m©Mo nyOmñWmZ AgVo. BamUhÿZ JwOamV_Yrb
Zdgmar ¶oWo ¶oVmZm nmaer nwamo{hVm§Zr ñdV…~amo~a n{dÌ
A½Zr AmUbm (B.g. 9 do eVH$).
ñdV…Mr _yi gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmoiI hady Z XoVm,
g§»¶m~i CËVamoËVa H$_r hmoV AgVmZmhr, nmaer
g_mOmZo ^maVr¶ OZOrdZmÀ¶m gd© joÌm§_ܶo
 _hËËdmMr H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr Amho. XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr,
{H$anmZ H$No>am Ho$e
{\$amoOemh _ohVm, {\$ëS> _me©b g°_ _mUoH$em°, (Kirpan) (Kachera) (Kesh)
_mEñQ—>mo Pw~rZ _ohVm hr nmaer g_mOmVrb H$mhr à{gX²Y
ì¶{ŠV_ËËdo AmhoV. VgoM ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$ CXçmoJm§Mr
C^maUr H$aʶmV Q>mQ>m, JmoXaoO Am{U dm{S>¶m ¶m nmaer
Hw$Qw§>~m§Mr H$m_{Jar \$ma _mobmMr Amho. ^maVmbm Am{ÊdH$
gËVm åhUyZ AmoiI {_idyZ XoʶmV S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m ¶m§Mm
H$S>m H§$Jm
gh^mJ _hËËdmMm hmoVm. ZmZr nmbIrdmbm, gmobr gmoam~Or (Kara) (Kanga)
Am{U \$br Z[a_Z ¶m§À¶mgma»¶m gwà{gX²Y H$m¶Xon§{S>Vm§Zr
^maVr¶ g_mOmbm H$m¶XçmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr.
(2) Á¶y Y_m©Mo AZw¶m¶r amOm gm°bmo_Z ¶mÀ¶m~amo~a
ì¶mnmamgmR>r ^maVmV Ambo. H$moMr_Yrb Á¶m bmoH$m§Zr
Á¶y Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm, ˶m§Zm " H$moMr Á¶y '; Va erI Y_m©Vrb n§MH$ma
_w§~B©V ñWm{¶H$ Pmboë¶m AZw¶m¶m§Zm " ~oZo BómB©b Á¶y ' (7) ^{ŠVVËËdmbm àmYmݶ XoUmè¶m ^ŠVr MidirMm CX¶
Ago åhUVmV. Á¶yY_u¶ " Vmoam ' ¶m Y_©J«§WmVrb {Z¶_m§Mo ^maVmV 15 ì¶m eVH$mV Pmbm. ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb gd©
nmbZ H$aVmV. {gZoJm°J ˶m§Mo àmW©ZmñWi Amho. hm OmVt_Yrb Am{U ñVam§_Yrb bmoH$m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoUmao
EHo$ídadmXr Y_© Amho. ^{ŠVn§W ^maVmVrb {d{dY àXoem§_ܶo CX¶mbm Ambo. H$sV©Z
(3) {¼ñVr Y_m©Mo g§ñWmnH$ ¶oey {¼ñV AmhoV. Bgdr gZmÀ¶m Am{U AI§S> Zm_ñ_aU ¶m§Zm ^p³Vn§Wm§_ܶo AZݶgmYmaU
n{hë¶m eVH$mV ¶oey {¼ñV ¶m§Mo {eî¶ g|Q> Wm°_g _hËËd Amho. ^{ŠVVËËdmda ^a XoUmam Bñbm__Yrb
_b~maÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mda {¼ñVr Y_© KoD$Z Ambo. g|Q> gw\$sn§Whr ¶mM H$mimV CX¶mbm Ambm. g§V H$~ra Am{U
Wm°_gÀ¶m _b~ma_Yrb ñWm{ZH$ AZw¶m¶m§Zm " {g[a¶Z ahr_ ¶m§Zr {dYr, A§YlX²Yoda AmYmaboë¶m àWm, _y{V©nyOm
{¼íMZ ' Ago åhUVmV. {¼ñVr Y_© EHo$ídadmXr AgyZ, Am{U VrW©¶mÌm ¶m§gma»¶m Ym{_©H$ ~mhçmonMmam§Mm {ZfoY
OrdZ{df¶H$ ˶mMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ EH$aofr¶ Amho. Ho$bm. Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr Om{Vì¶dñWm, Ym{_©H$ {dYr Am{U
(4) ^maVm_ܶo Bñbm_Mo AmJ_Z Bgdr gZmÀ¶m 6 ì¶m _y{V©nyOm B˶mXtZm _ZmB© Ho$br.
eVH$mV Pmbo Agbo Var ˶mMm à^md R>iH$nUo Ñí¶_mZ
hmoʶmg ~amM AdYr Omdm bmJbm. Bñbm_ hm Y_©h>r _hmamîQ—>mVrb ^³Vr Midi … _hmamîQ—>m_ܶo ^³Vr-
EHo$ídadmXr Amho Am{U " n{dÌ Hw$amU ' hm J«§W Bñbm_À¶m MidirMm CJ_ Bgdr gZmÀ¶m 13ì¶m eVH$mV g§V kmZoídam§À¶m
lX²YmàUmbrMm òmoV Amho. H$mimV Pmbm. n§T>anyaMm
(5) AH$~a ~mXehmZo Bgdr gZ 1579 _ܶo Z¡{VH$ {dR>mo~m ho X¡dV ¶m
VH©$dmXmÀ¶m AmYmamda " {XZ-B©-Bbmhr ' ¶m ZdrZ MidirMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ
Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. VgoM gd© Y_mªÀ¶m VËËdkmZmMo _§WZ hmoVo. g§V Zm_Xod
H$ê$Z ˶mVyZ nwTo> Amboë¶m " d¡{ídH$ g{hîUwVm ' ¶m (B.g. 1270  1350)
VËËdmÀ¶m AmYmamda AH$~a ~mXehmZo ¶m Y_m©Mr ho g§V kmZoídam§Mo
C^maUr Ho$bobr hmoVr. ¶m Y_©nX²YVr_ܶo nwamo{hV- g_H$mbrZ hmoVo. ˶m§Zr
Y_©Jwê$, Ym{_©H$ {dYr, lX²YmàUmbr Am{U Y_©J«§W ¶m§n¡H$s Cndmg VrW©¶mÌm Am{U BVa gd© àH$maMm Ym{_©H$ ~mhçmonMmam§da
H$mhr ZìhVo. {d{dY n{dÌ J«§Wm§Vrb {eH$dUrMo gma ¶m Q>rH$m Ho$br.
Y_m©_ܶo hmoVo.
(6) Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr 15ì¶m eVH$mV erI Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm (H$) ^maVr¶ {ñ̶m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ …
Ho$br. g_VoÀ¶m VËËdmda AmYm[aV ¶m Y_m©V CÀMZrMVobm nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimV {ñ̶m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ VwbZoZo A{YH$
ñWmZ Zmhr. erIm§À¶m Xhm Jwê§$Zr Ho$bobm CnXoe hm erI CÀM XOm©Mo hmoVo. CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimV g_mOmda Om{Vì¶dñWm
Y‘u¶m§À¶m lX²YmàUmbrMm nm¶m Amho. " lrJwéJ«§Wgm{h~ ' Am{U nwamo{hVdJm©Mo dM©ñd Imobda éOë¶mZo {ñ̶m§Mm XOm©
hm ˶m§Mm n{dÌ J«§W Amho. ImbmdV Jobm. _ܶ¶wJmV {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ A{YH$ KgaUrg bmJbo.

1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶ 7

 (S>) {ejUnX²YVr … (vi) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm Midir …
d¡{XH$ H$mimV JwéHw$bmV amhÿZ g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb d¡{XH$ gm{h˶ g_mOgwYmaUoÀ¶m Midir g§ñWmnH$
_m¡{IH$ nR>U nX²YVrZo AmH$bZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. ~«mh²_U, j{̶
~«mh²_mo g_mO amOm am__mohZ am°¶
Am{U d¡í¶ dUmªVrb Aܶ¶Zm϶mªZm ˶m§À¶m dUm©À¶m ì¶dgm¶mg
Am¶© g_mO ñdm_r X¶mZ§X gañdVr
AZwê$n Ago {ejU {Xbo OmV Ago. O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y ho Y_© g_
VoÀ¶m VËËdmda AmYm[aV Agë¶mZo gmYy§À¶m ~amo~aM gmÜdtZm, àmW©Zm g_mO AmË_mam_ nm§Sw>a§J VI©S>H$a
XoIrb Ym{_©H$ {ejU {Xbo OmV Ago. g˶emoYH$ g_mO _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo
_ܶ¶wJmV Bñbm_À¶m {ejUnX²YVrbm _hËËd àmßV Pmbo. h[aOZ godH$ g§K _hmË_m Jm§Yr
Bñbm{_H$ {ejU _ŠVm~, _Xagm Am{U ImZŠdm_ܶo {Xbo {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm¶Q>r A°Zr ~oP§Q>
OmV Ago. godm gXZ ~oham_Or _b~mar
(B©>) H$bm … Y_© g^m amYmH$m§V Xo~
JwßV gm_«mÁ¶mÀ¶m H$mbI§S> hm ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©¶wJ dhm~r Midi g¡X dbrCëbmh
hmoVm. Bñbm_r amÁ¶H$V} Am{U Y{ZH$m§À¶m Aml¶mZo _ܶ¶wJmV
goë\$ [añnoŠQ> _yìh_|Q> BamoXo ìhr am_ñdm_r no[a¶ma
H$bm§Mr OmonmgZm Pmbr.
(vii) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo …
(\$) g_mOOrdZ …
hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$VrV H$m¡eë¶mda AmYm[aV dJ© g_mOmV hmoVo. df© H$m¶XçmMo Zmd
nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV ì¶dgm¶m{Y{îR>V dU©ì¶dñWm hmoVr. 1829 gVr à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm
CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV dU©ì¶dñWoMo Om{Vì¶dñWoV n[adV©Z 1843 B§{S>¶Z ñboìhar H$m¶Xm
Pmbo. CÀM-ZrM ^oX^md Vrd« Pmbm. gwbVmZemhr amOdQ>rVhr 1850 H$mñQ> {S>g°{~{bQ>r [a_yìhb H$m¶Xm
A{YH$mam§Mr CVa§S> hmoVr. 1856 {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m¶Xm
(¶) ZmJarH$aU … 1870 ñÌr-^«yUh˶m à{V~§Y H$m¶Xm
AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmMm _mJ_yg ZgVmZmhr hS>ßnm
1872 ñnoeb _°aoO H$m¶Xm
g§ñH¥$VrV nyd©{Z¶mo{OV ZJao A{ñVËdmV hmoVr. B.g.ny. 500 Vo
B.g.ny. 200 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV Xþgao ZmJarH$aU KSy>Z Ambo. 1829 ~mb{ddmh{damoYr H$m¶Xm
(viii) amîQ—>r¶ ñdmV§Í¶ Midi.
1.2 dgmhVH$mbrZ ^maV …
(1) gd©gmYmaU ^maVmVrb dgmhV H$mbI§S> ¶m ^mJmV 1.3 ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mimVrb ^maV …
¶wamo{n¶Z Xoem§Zr gËVm àñWm{nV H$aʶmMm H$mbI§S>
OO   ñ dmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr¶ g_mOmV KSy>Z Ambobo
g_Obm OmVmo. CëboIZr¶ ~Xb nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(i) ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr.
(2) 16ì¶m eVH$mV ì¶mnmamÀ¶m CX²XoemZo nmoVw©JrO ^maVmV
Ambo. gVamì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m nydm©Ym©V S>M Am{U Vwåhm§bm ho _mhrV Amho H$m?
{~«{Q>ehr ^maVmÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mda CVabo. \«|$MgwX²Ym ^maVmV
^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmMm _gwXm
nmohmoMbo. {~«{Q>em§Zr {dgmì¶m eVH$mn¶ªV ^maVmda
amÁ¶ Ho$bo. V¶ma H$aVmZm _gwXm g{_VrZo
(3) {~«{Q>e gËVoMm ^maVr¶ g_mOmdarb n[aUm_ nwT>rbà_mUo … AZoH$ g§X^© {dMmamV KoVbo. ˶m_
(i) nmíMmË˶ {ejUnX²YVr ܶo " JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>¶m
(ii) nm{íM_m˶rH$aU A°ŠQ>  1935 ' VgoM A_o[aH$m,
(iii) àemgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUoMr {Z{_©Vr Am°ñQ—o>{b¶m, J«oQ> {~«Q>Z, H°$ZS>m,
(iv) Am¡Xçmo{JH$ dmT> Am{U eharH$aU Am¶bªS>, X{jU Am{\«$H$m,
(v) XiUdiU Am{U g§nH©$ gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg gmopìhEV a{e¶m Am{U O_©Zr ¶m
Xoem§À¶m g§{dYmZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.

8 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 (ii) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$aUmao nwT>rb H$m¶Xo nm[aV H$aʶmV 2005 àmoQo>ŠeZ Am°\$ dy_oZ \«$m°_ S>mo_o{ñQ>H$ ìhm°¶bÝg
Ambo … H$m¶Xm
df© H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ VaVwXr 2012 àmoQo>ŠeZ Am°\$ {MëS—>Z \«$m°_ goŠñ¶wAb
1954 ñnoeb _°aoO H$m¶Xm Am°\o$Ýgog (POCSO) H$m¶Xm. ¶m H$m¶Xçm_ܶo
1955 qhXÿ H$moS> {~b 2019 _ܶo gwYmaUm H$aʶmV Ambr.
1955 AZ²Q>Mo{~{bQ>r (Am\o$Ýgog) H$m¶Xm. (1976 2013 àmo{h{~eZ Am°\$ Eåßbm°¶_|Q> A°O _°Ý¶wAb
_ܶo ¶m H$m¶XçmMo Zmd ~XbyZ " àmoQo>ŠeZ Am°\$ ñH°$ìhoÝOg© A°ÝS> Xo¶a [ah°{~{bQo>eZ H$m¶Xm
{gpìhb amBQ²>g ' (PCR Act) Ago H$aʶmV Ambo.) 2015 Á¶wdoZmBb O{ñQ>g (Ho$Aa A°ÝS> àmoQo>ŠeZ Am°\$
1956 X gàoeZ Am°\$ Bå_m°ab Q—°>{\$H$ BZ dy_oZ A°ÝS> {MëS—>Z) H$m¶Xm
Jëg© H$m¶Xm (SITA) 2019 Q—>mÝgOoÝS>a ng©Ýg (àmoQ>o ŠeZ Am°\$ amBQ>g)² H$m¶Xm
1961 hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm (iii) 1951 Vo 2017 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm§X²dmam
1971 _o{S>H$b Q>{_©ZoeZ Am°\$ ào½ZÝgr (MTP) Am{W©H$ {dH$mg  1991 gmbr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r
1985 ZmH$m}{Q>H$ S—>½O A°ÝS> gm¶H$moQ—>m°{nH$ g~²ñQ>Ýgog OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ñdrH$ma.
(iv) gmjaVoMm àgma  {ZajaVoMo {Z_y©bZ.
H$m¶Xm
(v) g§KamÁ¶mË_H$ emgZ àUmbr  ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶
1986 MmB©ëS> bo~a (àmo{h{~eZ A°ÝS> ao½¶wboeZ) H$m¶Xm
g§ñWm  ~hþnj nX²YVr.
1995 ng©Ýg dwB©W {S>g°{~{b{Q>O (BŠdb Anm°À¶w©{Z{Q>O,
àmoQo>ŠeZ Am°\$ amBQ²>g A°ÝS> \w$b nm{Q©>{gnoeZ)
H$m¶Xm

àíZmoËVao
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ CËVao :
(1) Xrjm KoD$Z ~m¡X²Y {dhmam§_ܶo amhUmè¶m nwéfm§Zm {^ŠIy
à. 1 H §$gmVrb n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdSy>Z nwT>rb {dYmZo åhUV AgV.
nyU© H$am : (à˶oH$s 1 JwU) (2) "ñnoeb _°aO o A°ŠQ> ' 1954 ¶m dfu nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm.
[1] (3) _mZdemñÌmMo Q>rH$mH$ma ES>dS©> g¡X ¶m§Zr àmÀ¶
* (1) Xrjm KoD$Z ~m¡X²Y {dhmam§_ܶo amhUmè¶m nwéfm§Zm
{dXçmemIoMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm.
åhUV AgV. ({^ŠIy, {^ŠIwUr, F$fr) (4) B.g.ny. 1500 Vo 1000 hm nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S> Amho.
* (2) " ñnoeb _°aoO A°ŠQ> ' ¶m dfu nm[aV H$aʶmV (5) " H$m¶©H$maU na§nao 'À¶m {gX²Ym§Vmbm H$_© {gX²Ym§V Agohr åhUVmV.
Ambm. (1950, 1952, 1954)
(3) _mZdemñÌmMo Q>rH$mH$ma ¶m§Zr àmÀ¶ {dXçmemIoMm [2]
Aä¶mg Ho$bm. (1)  ho (qhXÿ Y_m©À¶m AZw¶m¶m§Mo) Am¶wî¶mMo
(ES>dS©> g¡X, _m°[ag {JÝg~J©, am°~Q©> bmoZr) na_moÀM ܶo¶ AgVo. (Y_©, AW©, _moj)
(4) B.g.ny. 1500 Vo 1000 hm H$mbI§S> Amho. (2) 
^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmVrb fS²>Xe©Zm§n¡H$s O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y
(hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr, nyd© d¡{XH$, CËVa d¡{XH$) Xe©Zo ¶m§Zm (B©ídamMo ApñVËd A_mݶ H$aUmar)
(5) " H$m¶©H$maU na§nao 'À¶m {gX²Ym§Vmbm {gX²Ym§V åhQ>bo OmVo. (ZmpñVH$, X¡ddmX, gwYmaH$)
Agohr åhUVmV. (H$_©, Y_©, VH©$) (3)  na§naoV EHy$U 24 VrWªH$a hmoD$Z Jobo.
(O¡Z, ~m¡X²Y, d¡{XH$)

(gyMZm … nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb àíZ * ¶m {MÝhmX²dmao Xe©dʶmV Ambo AmhoV.)

1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶ 9
 (4) dY©_mZ (_hmdra) ho VrWªH$a hmoVo. (2) hþ§S>mà{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm gZ _ܶo nm[aV H$aʶmV
(n{hbo, Xþgao, Mmo{dgmdo) Ambm. (1955, 1956, 1961)
(5) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mo n{dÌ J«§W ¶m bmoH$^mfoV {b{hbobo (3) H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ qhgmMma à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm gZ _ܶo
AmhoV. (AY©_mJYr, nmbr, àmH¥$V) nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm. (1995, 2005, 2015)
CËVao : (4) g˶emoYH$ g_mO ¶m g_mOgwYmaUm MidirMo g§ñWmnH$
(1) _moj ho (qhXÿ Y_m©À¶m AZw¶m¶m§Mo) Am¶wî¶mMo ho hmoVo. (ñdm_r X¶mZ§X gañdVr, _hmË_m
na_moÀM ܶo¶ AgVo. OmoVramd \w$bo, _hmË_m Jm§Yr.)
(2) ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmVrb fS²>Xe©Zm§n¡H$s O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y (5) B§{S>¶Z ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>rO A°ŠQ> AÝd¶o H$bH$ËVm
Xe©Zo ¶m§Zm ZmpñVH$ (B©ídamMo ApñVËd A_mݶ H$aUmar) (H$mobH$mVm), ~m°å~o (_w§~B©) Am{U _Ðmg (MoÝZB©) ¶oWo
åhQ>bo OmVo. ^maVmVrb n{hë¶m {dXçmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
(3) O¡Z na§naoV EHy$U 24 VrWªH$a hmoD$Z Jobo. (1835, 1856, 1861)
(4) dY©_mZ (_hmdra) ho Mmo{dgmdo VrWªH$a hmoVo. CËVao :
(5) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mo n{dÌ J«§W nmbr ¶m bmoH$^mfoV {b{hbobo (1) qhXÿ H$moS> {~b hm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§{df¶H$ H$m¶Xm
AmhoV. gZ 1955 _ܶo nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm.
[3] (2) hþ§S>mà{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm gZ 1961 _ܶo nm[aV H$aʶmV
(1)  H$mbI§S> hm X{jU ^maVmVrb àmMrZ B{VhmgmMm Ambm.
H$mi Amho. (g§K_, ¶mXd, MmbwŠ¶) (3) H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ qhgmMma à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm gZ 2005 _ܶo
(2)  Y_m©Mm CJ_ d¡{XH$ H$mimÀ¶mhr nyduMm Amho. nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm.
(O¡Z, nmaer, ~m¡X²Y) (4) g˶emoYH$ g_mO ¶m g_mOgwYmaUm MidirMo g§ñWmnH$
(3) Á¶yY_u¶ bmoH$ " ' ¶m J«§WmVrb {Z¶_m§Mo nmbZ _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo ho hmoVo.
H$aVmV. (~m¶~b, Vmoam°, Hw$amU-E-ear\$) (5) B§{S>¶Z ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>rO A°ŠQ> 1856 AÝd¶o H$bH$ËVm
(4) Jwê$ ¶m§Zr erI Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. (H$mobH$mVm), ~m°å~o (_w§~B©) Am{U _Ðmg (MoÝZB©) ¶oWo
(ZmZH$, AOw©Z, Jmoq~XqgJ) ^maVmVrb n{hë¶m {dXçmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
(5)  ho XmZ Am{U g_mZVm ¶m VËËdmMo EH$_odmX²{dVr¶
[5]
Ago àVrH$ Amho. (b§Ja, e~mX, OH$mV)
(1)  g§ñH¥$Vr hr ^maVmVrb gdmªV àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr
CËVao : Amho. (d¡{XH$, qgYy, {~«{Q>e)
(1) g§K_ H$mbI§S> hm X{jU ^maVmVrb àmMrZ B{VhmgmMm (2) {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ^maVmV gd©àW_ àgma g|Q> ¶m§Zr
H$mi Amho. Ho$bm. (Wm°_g, \«$mpÝgg, nrQ>a)
(2) nmaer Y_m©Mm CJ_ d¡{XH$ H$mimÀ¶mhr nyduMm Amho. (3) "  ' hm ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm n{dÌ J«§W Amho.
(3) Á¶yY_u¶ bmoH$ " Vmoam° ' ¶m J«W§ mVrb {Z¶_m§Mo nmbZ H$aVmV. ({Ì{nQ>H$, AmJ_, OmVH$ H$Wm)
(4) Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr erI Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. (4)  ¶m amÁ¶H$˶m©Zo ^maVmV Y_©{Zanoj emgZ-
(5) b§Ja ho XmZ Am{U g_mZVm ¶m VËËdmMo EH$_odmX²{dVr¶ ì¶dñWm àñWm{nV H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm.
(~m~a, AH$~a, emhOhmZ)
Ago àVrH$ Amho.
(5)  ho naH$s¶ (¶wamonr¶) ^maVmV gd©àW_ Ambo.
[4] (\«|$M, nmoVw©JrO, {~«{Q>e)
(1) qhXÿ H$moS> {~b hm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§{df¶H$ H$m¶Xm CËVao :
gZ _ܶo nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm. (1) qgYy g§ñH¥$Vr hr ^maVmVrb gdmªV àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr Amho.
(1954, 1955, 1956) (2) {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ^maVmV gd©àW_ àgma g|Q> Wm°_g ¶m§Zr
Ho$bm.
10 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (3) " {Ì{nQ>H$ ' hm ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm n{dÌ J«§W Amho.
(4) AH$~a ¶m amÁ¶H$˶m©Zo ^maVmV Y_©{Zanoj emgZì¶dñWm
àñWm{nV H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm.
(5) nmoVw©JrO ho naH$s¶ (¶wamonr¶) ^maVmV gd©àW_ Ambo.
à. 2  nwT>rb à˶oH$ JQ>mVrb MwH$sMr OmoS>r AmoiIm d XþéñV
H$ê$Z {bhm : (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
[1]
* (1)  (A) amO_mJ©  qhXÿ Y_©
( ~  ) VrWªH$a  O¡Z Y_©
( H$) g|Q> Wm°_g  erI Y_©
(  S>  ) AîQ>m§J _mJ©  ~m¡X²Y Y_©.
(2)  (A) Y_©  {Zanoj d¥ËVrZo {d{hV H$m¶} H$aUo
( ~  ) AW©  {d{hV _mJm©Zo g§nËVr {_idUo
( H$) H$m_  {d{hV _mJm©Zo emar[aH$ gwI àmßV H$aUo
(  S>  ) _moj  {d{hV _mJm©Zo ñdJm©amohU H$aUo.
(3)  (A) Aqhgm  O¡Z Y_©
( ~  ) AmpñVH$  {¼ñVr VËËdkmZ
( H$) Mma Am¶©gËVo  ~m¡X²Y Y_©
(  S>  ) ZmpñVH$  Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z.
(4)  (A) H$_© {gX²Ym§V  O¡Z Y_m©g _mݶ
( ~  ) ¶k{dYr  d¡{XH$ na§nam
( H$) {Ì{nQ>H$  ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm n{dÌ J«§W
(  S>  ) AmOr{dH$m  AmpñVH$ VËËdkmZ.
(5) (A) _mZH$ H$Wm  ~m¡X²Y{df¶H$ H$Wm§Mm g§J«h
( ~  ) Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z  qhXÿ Y_m©Mo g_W©Z
(H$) ~§S>Imoa Y_©  O¡Z Y_©
(  S>  ) X¡ddmX Am{U Vmngr OrdZnX²YVr  AmOrdH$ n§W.
CËVao … XþéñV OmoS>çm …
(1) ( H$) g|Q> Wm°_g  {¼ñVr Y_©.
(2) (  S>  ) _moj  OÝ__¥Ë¶yÀ¶m \o$è¶mVyZ gwQ>H$m {_idʶmMo
ܶo¶.
(3) ( ~  ) AmpñVH$  ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZ.
(4) (  S>  ) AmOr{dH$m  ZmpñVH$ VËËdkmZ.
(5) ( ~  ) Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z  B©ídamMo ApñVËd ZmH$maUmao
VËËdkmZ.
[2]
(1)  (A) nmaer Y_m©Mm CJ_  _ܶ-nyd© Am{e¶m
( ~  ) Á¶yY_m©Mo AZw¶m¶r  ^maVmV gd©àW_ Ambobo
naH$s¶
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
( H$) {dñWm{nV Á¶y bmoH$m§Zr Xþgè¶m _hm¶wX²YmZ§Va ñWbm§Va
Ho$bobm Xoe  A_o[aH$m
(  
S>  
) Bgdr gZmÀ¶m n{hë¶m eVH$mV X{jU ^maVmV
Ambobo {¼ñVr g§V  g|Q> Wm°_g.
(2)  (A) g|Q> Wm°_g ¶m§Mo AZw¶m¶r  {g[a¶Z {¼íMZ
( ~  ) ^maVmV Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo AmJ_Z  11 ì¶m eVH$mV
( H$) AH$~a ~mXehmZo ñWmnZ Ho$bobm ZdrZ Y_©  XrZ-
B©-Bbmhr
(  S>  ) erI Y_m©Mm CX¶  15 ì¶m eVH$mV.
(3)  (A) EHo$ídadmXr Y_©  {¼íMZ Y_©
( ~  ) Bñbm_Mm n{dÌ J«§W  Hw$amU
( H$) nmaer Y_m©Mo n{dÌ ñWmZ  {gZoJm°J
(  S>  ) Á¶y Y_m©À¶m bmoH$m§À¶m AZpÝdV N>imMo
dU©Z  hmobrH$m°ñQ>.
(4)  (A) n§MH$ma  Bñbm_
( ~  ) g§V kmZoída  _hmamîQ—>mVrb ^ŠVr Midi
( H$) lrJwéJ«§Wgm{h~  erI Y_©
(  S>  ) doX{dXçoV nma§JV {ñ̶m  ~«h²_dm{XZr.
(5)  (A) gVr à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm  1829
( ~  ) {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m¶Xm  1835
( H$) ñÌr-^«yUh˶m à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm  1870
(  S>  ) ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm  1929.
CËVao … XþéñV OmoS>çm …
(1) ( H$) {dñWm{nV Á¶y bmoH$m§Zr Xþgè¶m _hm¶wX²YmZ§Va ñWbm§Va
Ho$bobm Xoe  BòmB©b.
(2) ( ~  ) ^maVmV Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo AmJ_Z  6 ì¶m eVH$mV.
(3) ( H$) nmaer Y_m©Mo n{dÌ ñWmZ  A½¶mar.
(4) (A) n§MH$ma  erI Y_©.
(5) ( ~  ) {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m¶Xm  1856.
[3]
(1)  (A) B§{S>¶Z ñboìhar A°ŠQ>  1835
( ~  ) H$mñQ> {S>g°{~{bQ>r [a_yìhb A°ŠQ>  1850
( H$) ñnoeb _°aoO A°ŠQ>  1954
(  S>  ) B§{S>¶Z ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>rO A°ŠQ>  1856.
(2)  (A) Am¶© g_mO  ñdm_r X¶mZ§X gañdVr
( ~  ) àmW©Zm g_mO  amOm am__mohZ am°¶
( H$) g˶emoYH$ g_mO  _hmË_m \w$bo
(  S>  ) h[aOZ godH$ g§K  _hmË_m Jm§Yr.
11
 (3)  (A) {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm¶Q>r  S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q>
( ~  ) godm gXZ  ~oham_Or _b~mar
( H$) Y_©g^m  ñdm_r X¶mZ§X gañdVr
(  S>  ) dhm~r Midi  g¡¶X dbrCëbmh.
(4) (A) goë\$ [añnoŠQ> ‘yìh_|Q> >B©. ìhr. Ama. no[a¶ma
( ~  ) ŠdrQ> B§{S>¶m _yìh_|Q>  _hmË_m Jm§Yr
( H$)  ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMm _gwXm  S>m°. ~r. Ama.
Am§~oS>H$a
(  S>  ) ^maVmVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr gwédmV  Za|Ð _moXr.
(5) (A) JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>¶m A°ŠQ>  1935
( ~  ) gwEP H$mbdm gwê$ H$aʶmV Ambm  1869
( H$) ~§Jmb Am{U Amo{S>gm ¶oWrb XþîH$mi  1856
(  S>  ) B§{S>¶Z {gpìhb gpìh©g A°ŠQ>  1835.
CËVao … XþéñV OmoS>çm …
(1) (A) B§{S>¶Z ñboìhar A°ŠQ>  1843.
(2) ( ~  ) àmW©Zm g_mO  AmË_mam_ nm§Sw>a§J VI©S>H$a.
(3) ( H$) Y_©g^m  amYmH$m§V Xo~.
(4) (  S>  ) ^maVmVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr gwédmV
 S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgJ.
(5) (  S>  ) B§{S>¶Z {gpìhb gpìh©g A°ŠQ>  1861.
[4]
(1)  (A) Aqhgm Am{U Vng  O¡Z Y_m©Mr VËËdo
( ~  ) ¶k{dYr Am{U new~ir  d¡{XH$ na§nam
( H$) Mma Am¶©g˶o Am{U AîQ>m§J _mJ©  ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mr
VËËdo
(  S>  ) X¡ddmX Am{U Vmngr OrdZnX²YVr  Mmdm©H$Mo
VËËdkmZ.
(2)  (A) O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y Y_©  ~§S>Imoa Y_©
( ~  ) A½Zr Am{U Ob hr XmoZ VËËdo ewX²YVoMo _mܶ_
 nmaer Y_©
( H$) XrZ-B©-Bbmhr  Bñbm_ Y_©
(  S>  ) OrdZm~X²XbMm EH$aofr¶ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ  {¼ñVr Y_©.
(3)  (A) H$sV©Z Am{U AI§S> Zm_ñ_aU  ^ŠVr g§àXm¶
( ~  ) AmOrdZ doXm§Mo Aܶ¶Z Am{U AܶmnZ  ~«h²‘dm{XZr
( H$) {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh {Z{fX²Y  d¡{XH$ H$mi
(  S>  ) JwénXr nmohmoMboë¶m kmZr {^ŠIwUr  Woar.
12 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
(4)  (A) H$m¡eë¶mYm[aV dJ©  hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr
( ~  ) ì¶dgm¶m{Y{îR>V dU©ì¶dñWm  nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>
( H$) Om{Vì¶dñWoMr CVa§S>  CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>
(  S>  ) ga§Om_r nX²YVrVrb A{YH$mam§Mr CVa§S>  Jwá
amOdQ> H$mbI§S>.
(5)  (A) ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMm _gwXm  2019
( ~  ) _VXmZ A{YH$mamMr d¶mo_¶m©Xm  21 df}
( H$) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>rMo CnH«$_  n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm
(  S>  ) g_mO gwYmaUoÀ¶m Midir  dgmhVr amOdQ>rMm
H$mbI§S>.
CËVao … XþéñV OmoS>çm …
(1) (  S>  ) X¡ddmX Am{U Vmngr OrdZnX²YVr  AmOrdH$ n§W
(2) ( H$) XrZ-B©-Bbmhr  AH$~a ~mXehmZo ñWmnZ Ho$bobm
ZdrZ Y_©.
(3) ( H$) {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh {Z{fX²Y  _ܶ¶wJ
(4) (  S>  ) ga§Om_r nX²YVrVrb A{YH$mam§Mr CVa§S>  
gwbVmZemhr H$mbI§S>.
(5) ( ~  ) _VXmZ A{YH$mamMr d¶mo_¶m©Xm  18 df}.
[5]
(1)  (A) qhXÿ Y_©  nwéfmWm©Mr g§H$ënZm
( ~  ) O¡Z Y_©  Mma Am¶©g˶o
( H$) Bñbm_  EH$m Xodmda lX²Ym
(  S>  ) ~m¡X²Y Y_©  {Ì{nQ>Ho$.
(2)  (A) erI Y_©  n§MH$ma
( ~  ) O¡Z Y_©  AîQ>m§J _mJ©
( H$) ~m¡X²Y Y_©  n§Merb
(  S>  ) Bñbm_ Y_©  nmM Y_m©km.
(3)  (A) O¡Z na§nam  16 nyOZr¶ " gVr '
( ~  ) ~m¡X²Y Y_©  na§nam{ZîR> Y_©
( H$) nmaer Y_©  " AdoñVm ' hm n{dÌ J«§W
(  S>  ) erI Y_©  lrJwéJ«§Wgm{h~.
(4)  (A) g§V H$~ra  ^ŠVr Midi
( ~  ) g§V Zm_Xod  g§V kmZoídam§Mo g_H$mbrZ
( H$) _¡Ì¶r  ~«h²_dm{XZr
(  S>  ) AZwbmo_ {ddmh  CÀM dUm©À¶m dYyMm H${ZîQ>
dUm©Vrb damer {ddmh.
(5)  (A) à{Vbmo_ {ddmh  CÀM dUm©À¶m dYyMm H${ZîR>
dUm©À¶m dam~amo~a {ddmh
( ~  ) {dZ¶ {nQ>H$  ^{dî¶mV ñÌr-~wX²Y hmoʶmMr eŠ¶Vm
춊V Ho$br
 ( H$) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mi  {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmbm _mݶVm CËVao …
(  S>  ) ImZŠdm {¼ñVr _R>m§er gmY_©. (1) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©À¶m _yi {Z¶_m§Mo H$mQo>H$moa nmbZ  hrZ¶mZ
CËVao … XþéñV OmoS>çm … (2) ídoV dñÌ n[aYmZ H$aUmao _wZr  ídoVm§~a.
(1) ( ~  ) O¡Z Y_©  {ÌaËZ. [5] g§K_, dO«¶mZ, _hm¶mZ
(2) ( ~  ) O¡Z Y_©  nmM _hmd«Vo.
(1) V{_i H$dr Am{U gm{hp˶H$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm
(3) ( ~  ) ~m¡X²Y Y_©  ~§S>Imoa Y_©.
(2) AmR>ì¶m eVH$mV CX¶mg Ambobm ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm n§W.
(4) (  S>  ) AZwbmo_ {ddmh  CÀM dUm©À¶m damMm H${ZîR> CËVao …
dUm©Vrb dYyer {ddmh. (1) V{_i H$dr Am{U gm{hp˶H$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm  g§K_
(5) ( ~  ) {dZ¶ {nQ>H$  ^{dî¶mV ñÌr-~wX²Y hmoʶmMr eŠ¶Vm (2) AmR>ì¶m eVH$mV CX¶mg Ambobm ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm n§W
ZmH$mabr.  dO«¶mZ.
à. 3  à˶oH$ {dYmZ dmMm Am{U Mm¡H$Q>rV {Xboë¶m ¶mo½¶ g§km [6] _¡Ì¶r, Yå_{XÝZm, Ðm¡nXr
AmoiIyZ {bhm … (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
(1) doX{dXçoV nma§JV ñÌr
*[ 1] ~«mh²_mo g_mO, S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a, h[aOZ (2) ZmdmObobr ~m¡X²Y {^ŠIwUr.
godH$ g§K CËVao …
(1) amOm am__mohZ am°¶ ¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§KQ>Zm (1) doX{dXçoV nma§JV ñÌr  _¡Ì¶r
(2) ZmdmObobr ~m¡X²Y {^ŠIwUr  Yå_{XÝZm.
(2) ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m _gwXm g{_VrMo Aܶj.
CËVao … [7] g§ñH¥$V, nmbr, {OZ
(1) amOm am__mohZ am°¶ ¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§KQ>Zm  ~«mh²_mo (1) d¡{XH$ J«§WmMo Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZ
g_mO (2) ^JdmZ _hmdram§Mo AZw¶m¶r.
(2) ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m _gwXm g{_VrMo Aܶj  S>m°. ~r. CËVao …
Ama. Am§~oS>H$a. (1) d¡{XH$ J«§WmMo Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZ  g§ñH¥$V
(2) ^JdmZ _hmdram§Mo AZw¶m¶r  {OZ.
[2] h[aOZ godH$ g§K, _ܶ_ _mJ©, new~irMm _mJ©
[8] {dhma, M¡Ë¶, _ŠVm~
(1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§KQ>Zm
(2) Jm¡V_ ~wX²YmZo Ho$bobm CnXoe. (1) {^ŠIy§À¶m dmñVì¶mgmR>r ~m§Ybobo ñWmZ
CËVao … (2) _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar àmW{_H$ {ejUg§ñWm.
(1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr g§KQ>Zm  h[aOZ godH$ CËVao …
g§K (1) {^ŠIy§À¶m dmñVì¶mgmR>r ~m§Ybobo ñWmZ  {dhma
(2) Jm¡V_ ~wX²YmZo Ho$bobm CnXoe  _ܶ_ _mJ©. (2) _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar àmW{_H$ {ejUg§ñWm  _ŠVm~.
[3] ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma, {XJ§~a, ídoVm§~a [9] _Xagm, ImZìhm, A~wb \$Pb
(1) _m¡¶© g_«mQ> AemoH$ (1) _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar CÀM {ejUg§ñWm
(2) {Xem hoM dñÌ AgUmao _wZr. (2) AH$~a ~mXemhMm {dX²dmZ dOra.
CËVao … CËVao …
(1) _m¡¶© g_«mQ> AemoH$  ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma (1) _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar CÀM {ejUg§ñWm  _Xagm
(2) {Xem hoM dñÌ AgUmao _wZr  {XJ§~a. (2) AH$~a ~mXemhMm {dX²dmZ dOra  A~wb \$Pb.
[4] hrZ¶mZ, _hm¶mZ, ídoVm§~a [ 10 ] JwßV H$mbI§S>, hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr, gwbVmZr amOdQ>
(1) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©À¶m _yi {Z¶_m§Mo H$mQo>H$moa nmbZ (1) ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©¶wJ
(2) ídoV dñÌ n[aYmZ H$aUmao _wZr. (2) gw{Z¶mo{OV ZJao.

1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶ 13

 CËVao …
(1) ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©¶wJ  JwßV H$mbI§S
(2) gw{Z¶mo{OV ZJao  hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr.
à. 4  AYmoao{IV eãXm§À¶m OmJr AMyH$ eãX {bhÿZ {dYmZo
nyU© H$am … (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
[1]
* (1) _ܶ¶wJrZ H$mimV ImZŠdm ¶m Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmÀ¶m
g§ñWm§_ܶo àmW{_H$ {ejU {Xbo OmB©.
* (2) {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm¶Q>r ñWmnZ H$aʶmV _hmË_m Jm§YtMm
nwT>mH$ma hmoVm.
(3) hrZ¶mZ n§WmMo {Z¶_ A{YH$ ì¶dhm¶© Am{U ghO
AmMaVm ¶oʶmOmoJo hmoVo.
(4) O¡Z Y_m©Mm àgma ^maVmÀ¶m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z Xÿada Pmbm.
(5) dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y ¶m§Mm OÝ_ ~«mh²_U
Hw$im_ܶo Pmbm.
CËVao :
(1) _ܶ¶wJrZ H$mimV ImZŠdm ¶m Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmÀ¶m
g§ñWm§_ܶo Aëbmh {df¶mÀ¶m na_moÀM VËËdm§Mo {ejU
{Xbo OmB©.
(2) {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm¶Q>r ñWmnZ H$aʶmV lr_Vr A°Zr
~oP§Q>m§Mm nwT>mH$ma hmoVm.
(3) _hm¶mZ n§WmMo {Z¶_ A{YH$ ì¶dhm¶© Am{U ghO
AmMaVm ¶oʶmOmoJo hmoVo.
(4) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma ^maVmÀ¶m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z Xÿada
Pmbm.
(5) dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y ¶m§Mm OÝ_ j{̶
Hw$im_ܶo Pmbm.
[2]
(1) _Xaem_ܶo CXÿ© Am{U n{e©¶Z ^mfm {eH$dë¶m OmV AgV.
(2) B.g.ny. 500 Vo 200 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmV n{hbo
ZmJarH$aU Pmbo.
(3) 16ì¶m eVH$mV ì¶mnmamÀ¶m CX²XoemZo gd©àW_ {~«{Q>e
^maVmV Ambo.
(4) S>m°. E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg ¶m§Zr {~«{Q>em§Mo AZwH$aU
H$aʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶og AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
(5) gZ 2019 _ܶo Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra amÁ¶mbm {deof XOm©
XoUmao H$b_ 371 aX²X Ho$bo Jobo.
CËVao :
(1) _Xaem_ܶo Aao{~H$ Am{U n{e©¶Z ^mfm {eH$dë¶m OmV
AgV.
14 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
(2) B.g.ny. 500 Vo 200 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmV Xþgao
ZmJarH$aU Pmbo.
(3) 16ì¶m eVH$mV ì¶mnmamÀ¶m CX²XoemZo gd©àW_ nmoVw©JrO
^maVmV Ambo.
(4) S>m°. E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg ¶m§Zr {~«{Q>em§Mo AZwH$aU
H$aʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶og nmíMmË˶rH$aU Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
(5) gZ 2019 _ܶo Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra amÁ¶mbm {deof XOm©
XoUmao H$b_ 370 aX²X Ho$bo Jobo.
bKyËVar àíZ
à. 5 {Q>nm {bhm … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
(1) qhXÿ OrdZnX²YVrÀ¶m lX²Ym Am{U AmMmanX²YVr.
CËVa … (1) d¡{XH$  qhXÿ OrdZnX²YVrVrb lX²Ym Am{U
AmMmanX²YVr {df¶rMr _m{hVr doXg§{hVm, CndoX, doXm§J,o
~«mh²_UJ«W§ , AmaʶHo$ Am{U _hmH$mì¶o ¶m {b{IV ñdê$nmÀ¶m Am{U
_m¡{IH$ na§naoZo Omonmgboë¶m gmYZm§V {_iVo.
(2) AmMmanX²YVr Am{U gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMo ho {Z¶_
H$_©{gX²Ym§Vm§da AmYm[aV AmhoV. OÝ__¥Ë¶yÀ¶m MH«$mda qhXÿM
§ m {dídmg
hmoVm. ˶mZwgma 춊VrÀ¶m EH$m OÝ_mVrb H$_©g{§ MV nwT>rb OÝ_mMm
AmboI {Z{íMV H$aVo. OrdmË_m hm _mojàmßVr hmoBn© ¶ªV " nwÝhm nwÝhm
OÝ_ Am{U nwÝhm nwÝhm _¥Ë¶y ' ¶m MH«$m_ܶo AS>H$bobm AgVmo.
(3) qhXÿ 춊VrÀ¶m Am¶wî¶mV Mma nwéfmW© (CX²{XîQo>) _hËËdmMr
_mZbobr AmhoV. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo …
(A) Y_© … \$bmMr Amem Z YaVm {Zanoj d¥ËVrZo {d{hV H$_}
H$arV amhUo.
(~) AW© … {d{hV _mJm©Zo g§nËVr {_idUo.
(H$) H$m_ … {d{hV _mJm©Zo emar[aH$ gwIm§Mr Am{U AmZ§XmMr
àmßVr H$ê$Z KoUo.
(S>) _moj … _moj ho A§{V_ ܶo¶ Amho. OÝ__¥Ë¶yÀ¶m \o$è¶mVyZ
gwQ>H$m {_idʶmMo, åhUOo _mojàmßVr Am¶wî¶mVrb na_moÀM ܶo¶.
(4) d¡{XH$ na§naoV ¶k{dYr Am{U new~ir ¶m§Zm AgmYmaU
_hËËd hmoVo. ¶k{dYrMo nm¡amo{h˶ H$aUmè¶m ~«mh²_U dUm©Mo ñWmZ
gd©loîR> g_Obo OmV hmoVo.
* (2) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejUì¶dñWm.
CËVa … (1) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimV JwéHw$bmV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb
d¡{XH$ J«W§ mMo Aܶ¶Z -AܶmnZ _m¡{IH$ nR>U nX²YVrZo Ho$bo OmV Ago.
(2) d¡{XH$ {ejUmgmR>r JwéHw$bmV àdoe H$aʶmnydu ~«mh²_U,
j{̶ Am{U d¡í¶ ¶m dUmªVrb {dXçm϶mªda CnZ¶Z g§ñH$ma hmoUo
Amdí¶H$ hmoVo.
 (3) JwéHw$bmV dmñVì¶ AgoVmon¶ªV ~«h²_Y_m©Mo nmbZ H$amdo
bmJV Ago. {ejUmMr CX²{XîQo> VëbI ~wX²Yr d ì¶{ŠV_ËËdmMm
{dH$mg hr hmoVr. g˶mda AmYm[aV AmMaU, {d{hV H$V©ì¶m§Mo
nmbZ, Jwê$ Am{U _mVm-{nVm ¶m§À¶màVr {ZîR>m Am{U Am¡Xm¶© ¶m
JwUm§Zm _hËËd hmoVo.
(4) j{̶ dUm©Mo {dXçmWu àemgZ Am{U ¶wX²YZrVrMo, d¡í¶
CXçmoJ-ì¶dgm¶mg Cn¶wŠV ~m~tMo Am{U ~«mh²_U Mmahr doXm§da
à^wËd àmá H$aʶmMo {ejU KoV AgV.
(5) F$fr, _wZr Am{U ÐîQ>çm 춊VtZr kmZ{Z{_©Vr, kmZg§dY©Z
Am{U nwT>rb {nT>rg kmZmMo hñVm§VaU H$aʶmMo H$m_ Ho$bo.
(6) {ñ̶m§Zm doXm§Mo {ejU KoʶmMr _w^m hmoVr. doX{dXçm
àmßV Ho$boë¶m {ñ̶m§Zm g_mOmV _mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo.
* (3) _ܶ¶wJrZ H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ñ̶m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ.
CËVa … (1) {ñ̶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmÀ¶m CVaUrMr gwédmV
CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimV Pmbr hmoVr.
(2) nwamo{hV dJm©À¶m dM©ñdmImbrb g_mOì¶dñWm, H$mQo>H$moanUo
{Z¶_m§Mo nmbZ H$aʶmMm AmJ«h Am{U _ܶ Am{e¶mVyZ Amboë¶m
Q>moiçm§Mr AmH«$_Uo ¶m ~m~r {ñ̶m§À¶m KgaUmè¶m gm_m{OH$
ñWmZmg O~m~Xma hmo˶m.
(3) {ñ̶m§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶mda AZoH$ {Z~ªY bmXbo Jobo. ˶m§Zm
{ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maʶmV Ambm Am{U Am¶wî¶^a nwéfm§da
Adb§~yZ amhʶmg ^mJ nmS>ʶmV Ambo. {dYdm{ddmh nyU©V…
{Z{fX²Y _mZbm Jobm. H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ g§nËVrMm dmQ>m {ñ̶m§Zm ZmH$maʶmMr
na§nam ê$T> Pmbr. {ñ̶m§À¶m ì¶p³V{dH$mgmÀ¶m dmQ>m ~§X Pmë¶m.
(4) {nV¥àYmZnX²YVrda AmYmaboë¶m EH$Ì Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVrV
{ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ Xþæ¶_ hmoVo. ~mb{ddmh, gVr, nS>Xm nX²YV,
~hþn{ËZH$Ëd, XodXmgr na§nam B˶mXr A{ZîQ> gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVr
Aݶm¶_ybH$ Am{U {ñ̶m§À¶m emofUmg H$maUr^yV R>aë¶m.
(4) dUm©l_ì¶dñWm.
CËVa … (1) dUm©l_ì¶dñWm hm Am¶©H$mbrZ, åhUOoM d¡{XH$
g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ _hËËdnyU© KQ>H$ hmoVm. ˶mA§VJ©V g_mOmMo nwT>rb
Mma ñVa _mZʶmV Ambo hmoVo …
(2) dUm©l_ì¶dñWm hr _ybV… l_{d^mOZmÀ¶m VËËdmda
AmYm[aV hmoVr. ˶mA§VJ©V 
(i) ~«mh²_U ¶m dUm©Mo H$m¶© Y_©-Aܶ¶Z Am{U Y_©-AܶmnZ
hmoVo.
(ii) j{̶ ¶m dUm©Zo g_mOmÀ¶m g§ajUmMr Am{U amÁ¶H$ma^mamMr
O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo.
(iii) d¡í¶ ¶m dUm©Zo ì¶mnma-CXçmoJ, eoVr d newnmbZmX²dmam
g_mOmÀ¶m {d{dY JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo Ano{jV hmoVo.
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
(iv) eyÐ ¶m dUm©Zo g_mOmVrb Aݶ VrZ dUmªVrb bmoH$m§Mr
godm H$aUo Ano{jV hmoVo.
(3) H$mbm§VamZo dU©ì¶dñWoMo Om{Vì¶dñWoV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. OmV
hr d§ena§namJV ~Zbr. åhUOoM Á¶m OmVrV 춊VrMm OÝ_ Pmbm
Agob, ˶m OmVrMr H$m¶} ˶mZo H$aUo {ZYm©[aV Pmbo.
(4) {d{eîQ> OmVrMm {d{eîQ> ì¶dgm¶ {ZYm©[aV Pmë¶mZo
Om{Vì¶dñWoMo ~§{XñV dJ©ì¶dñWoV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. ˶mVyZ d[aîR>
OmVr d H${ZîR> OmVr Ago ^oX^md A{ñVËdmV Ambo.
(5) Aml_ì¶dñWm.
CËVa … (1) Aml_ åhUOo qhXÿ g_mOì¶dñWoVrb Am¶wî¶mVrb
EH$ AdñWm/Q>ßnm Amho. à˶oH$ nwéf e§^a df} OJUma Amho, Ago
J¥hrV Yê$Z ˶mÀ¶m Am¶wî¶mMr Mma ^mJm§V Ho$bobr {d^mJUr
åhUOo Aml_ hmo¶.
(2) ~«h²_M¶m©l_ hm n{hbm Q>ßnm nwéfmÀ¶m OÝ_mnmgyZ
Vméʶmn¶ªVMm, åhUOoM d¶mÀ¶m 25 dfmªn¶ªVMm H$mi Amho.
(3) J¥hñWml_ hm Xþgam Q>ßnm VméʶmnmgyZ ˶mÀ¶m àm¡T>
d¶mn¶ªVMm, åhUOoM d¶mÀ¶m 50 dfm©n¶ªVMm H$mi Amho.
(4) dmZàñWml_ hm {Vgam Q>ßnm àm¡T>mdñWonmgyZ
d¥X²YmdñWon¶ªVMm, åhUOoM d¶mÀ¶m 75 dfmªn¶ªVMm H$mi Amho.
(5) g§Ý¶mgml_ hm A§{V_ Q>ßnm nwéfmÀ¶m d¥X²YmdñWonmgyZ
˶mÀ¶m _¥Ë¶yn¶ªVMm Amho.
(6) O¡Z Y_©.
CËVa … (1) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimV doXàm_mʶ, nwamo{hVm§Mo
dM©ñd, ¶k{dYr, new~ir Am{U Om{V^oX ¶m§Zm {damoY H$aUmao,
åhUOoM àñWm{nV d¡{XH$ Y_m©bm {damoY H$aUmao VËËdkmZ dY©_mZ
_hmdra ¶m§Zr à{Vnm{Xbo. ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZ na§naoV ˶mg O¡Z Y_©
Ago åhUVmV.
(2) àmMrZ na§nam Agboë¶m O¡Z Y_m©V 24 VrWªH$a hmodyZ
Jobo. dY©_mZ _hmdra ˶m§Vrb 24do VrWªH$a hmoVo.
(3) H$_©{gX²Ym§Vmbm O¡Z Y_m©V _mݶVm Amho. "Aqhgm ' Am{U
" Vng ' ¶m XmoZ VËËdm§Zm A{YH$ _hËËd {Xbo OmVo. ¶m Y_m©V
" {Zdm©U ' ¶m VËËdmda A{YH$ ^a {Xbm OmVmo.
(4) O¡Z Y_m©Zo g_mOmVrb gd© Wam§Vrb pñ̶m d nwéfm§Zm
àdoe {Xbm. åhUOoM _mojmMm A{YH$ma {d{eîQ> dJm©nwaVm _¶m©{XV
am{hbm Zmhr. _hmdram§Zr CnXoe H$aVmZm AY©_mJYr ¶m bmoH$^mfoMm
Cn¶moJ Ho$bm.
(5) H$mbm§VamZo O¡Z Y_m©Mo ídoVm§~a Am{U {XJ§~a Ago XmoZ
n§W {Z_m©U Pmbo. O¡Z Y_m©Mm àgma ^maVmnwaVmM gr{_V am{hbm.
(7) ~m¡X²Y Y_©.
CËVa … (1) dY©_mZ _hmdra ¶m§Mo g_H$mbrZ Agboë¶m Jm¡V_
~wX²Ym§Zr doXàm_mʶ, nwamo{hVm§Mo dM©ñd, ¶k{dYr, new~ir Am{U
15
gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rbm {damoY H$aUmao VËËdkmZ à{Vnm{Xbo. ^maVr¶
VËËdkmZ na§naoV ˶mg ~m¡X²Y Y_© Ago åhUVmV.
(2) O¡Z Y_m©À¶m VwbZoV ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mo {Z¶_ A{YH$ bdMrH$
d gm¡å¶ Agë¶mZo Am{U ˶mMr {eH$dU nmbr ¶m bmoH$^mfoV
H$aʶmV Amë¶mZo bmoH$ _moR>çm g§»¶oV ¶m Y_m©H$So> AmH¥$îQ> Pmbo.
_m¡¶© g_«mQ> AemoH$ ¶m§Mm amOml¶ bm^ë¶mZo ¶m Y_m©Mm àgma
^maVmÀ¶m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z lrb§H$m, MrZ, å¶mZ_ma, _§Jmo{b¶m,
{V~oQ>, Omdm, gw_mÌm B˶mXr Xoem§V Pmbm.
(3) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma H$aʶmgmR>r {^ŠIy Am{U {^ŠIwUtMo
g§K ñWmnZ H$aʶmV Ambo. Vo AmOXoIrb ^maV Am{U ^maVm~mhoa
Y_©àgmamMo H$m¶© H$aVmV.
(4) 춊VrÀ¶m Z¡{VH$ CÝZVrbm Am{U ˶mda AmYm[aV
OrdZnX²YVrbm ~m¡X²Y Y_m©V _hËËdmMo ñWmZ XoʶmV Ambo. {dMma
Am{U H¥$VrVrb Aqhgm, g§¶_, ñdmW©Ë¶mJ, XmZd¥ËVr, g_Vm
B˶mXtda ^a XoʶmV Ambm.
(5) H$mbm§VamZo ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mo " hrZ¶mZ ' Am{U " _hm¶mZ ' ho
n§W {Z_m©U Pmbo. 8ì¶m eVH$mV dO«¶mZ hm {Vgam n§W CX¶mg
Ambm.
(8) OmVH$ H$Wm.
CËVa … (1) OmVH$ H$Wm§Mo {bImU B.g.ny. 300 Vo B.g.
400 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV ~m¡X²Y gm{hp˶H$m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.
(2) OmVH$ H$Wmgm{h˶mMm {dñVma _moR>m Amho. ˶m_ܶo Jm¡V_
~wX²Ym§À¶m _mZdrê$nmVrb Am{U àmUrê$nmVrb nyd©OÝ_m§À¶m H$Wm§Mm
g_mdoe Amho.
(3) ^{dî¶mVrb ~wX²Ym§Mm OÝ_ amOm, OmVr~mhoarb 춊Vr
qH$dm hËVr Aem H$moU˶mhr ê$nmV Agy eHo$b. H$moU˶mhr ñdê$nmV
~wX²Ym§Zr OÝ_ KoVbm Var ˶m§À¶mVrb H$mhr bjUo Am{U ˶m§Mr
Z¡{VH$Vm ¶m§dê$Z ~wX²Ym§Mr AmoiI OmVH$ H$Wm§_YyZ nQ>Vo.
(4) ¶m H$Wm§_ܶo {d{dY àH$maMr AZoH$ nmÌo EH$_oH$m§er
g§~§{YV AgVmV. Vr nmÌo doJdoJiçm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>VmV Am{U
~wX²Y ñdV… ˶m§À¶m g_ñ¶m Xÿa H$aVmV. Ordg¥îQ>rVrb Z¡g{J©H$VoMm
g§X^© hm ¶m H$Wm§Mm A{Zdm¶© ^mJ Amho.
(9) g§K_ H$mbI§S>.
CËVa … (1) B.g.ny. 6 do eVH$ Vo B.g.Mo 3 ao eVH$ ¶m
H$mbI§S>mVrb X{jU ^maVmÀ¶m àmMrZ B{VhmgmMm H$mbI§S> g§K_
H$mbI§S> åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. _XþamB© ¶oWrb àmMrZ H$dr Am{U
gm{hp˶H$m§Mm H$mb hm " g§K_ 'er {ZJ{S>V Agë¶mZo ˶mg g§K_
H$mbI§S> Ago åhUVmV.
(2) ¶m gm{h˶mdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s bmoH$m§Mo Ym{_©H$ AmMaU
ho Ym{_©H$ {dYr Am{U XodVm§À¶m CnmgZoer {ZJ{S>V hmoVo.
16 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
(3) d¥j, nmfmU, Ob, àmUr, J«h d Vmao ¶m§Zm XodVmñdê$n
_mZyZ ˶m§Mr nyOm Ho$br OmV Ago. ˶m§Mm Agm g_O hmoVm H$s
M¡Vݶê$nr AmËå¶mMo ñdV§Ì A{ñVËd AgVo, na§Vw AmËå¶m{edm¶
earambm ñdV§Ì A{ñVËd ZgVo.
(4) g§K_ gm{h˶ ho nyd©OnyOm, nwZO©Ý_, _¥Ë¶y Am{U _¥Ë¶yZ§VaMo
OrdZ ¶mg§~§YrÀ¶m {dMmam§da AmYm[aV hmoVo.
(10) nmaer Y_©.
CËVa … (1) _ܶ-nyd© Am{e¶mVrb BamU XoemV nmaer
Y_m©Mm CJ_ Pmbm.
(2) ¶m Y_m©À¶m AZw¶m¶m§Mm Ym{_©H$ N>i hmoV Agë¶mZo
˶m§Zr ^maVmÀ¶m n{íM_ {H$Zmè¶mda JwOamV_ܶo Agboë¶m
ZdgmarV ñWbm§Va Ho$bo Am{U VoWrb ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§er Vo
EH$ê$n Pmbo.
(3) Mm§Jbo Am{U dmB©Q> CXm., ñdJ© Am{U ZaH$ ¶m Y«wdr¶
g§H$ënZm§da AmYm[aV ˶m§Mo Y_©VËËdkmZ Amho. ˶m§À¶m _Vo,
" Ahþa _ÁX ' hm {dídmMm {Z_m©Vm Amho. ˶m§Mm Y_© EHo$ídadmXr
Amho.
(4) " AdoñVm ' hm ˶m§Mm n{dÌ J«§W AgyZ, A½¶mar  A{½Z_§{Xa
ho ˶m§Mo nyOmñWmZ Amho. nmaer Y_m©~mhoaÀ¶m 춊Vrbm Amnë¶m
Y_m©V Koʶmg Vo nadmZJr XoV ZmhrV. ˶m§À¶m A½¶marV nmaer
춊VrIoarO BVam§Zm àdoe H$aʶmg ~§Xr AgVo.
(11) ^maVmVrb {¼ñVr Y_©.
CËVa … (1) ¶oey {¼ñVmMo {eî¶ g|Q> Wm°_g Bgdr gZmÀ¶m
n{hë¶m eVH$mV X{jU ^maVmÀ¶m _b~maÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mda {¼ñVr
Y_© KoD$Z Ambo. ˶m§À¶m ñWm{ZH$ AZw¶m¶m§Zm " {g[a¶Z {¼íMZ '
Ago åhUVmV.
(2) {¼ñVr Y_© EHo$ídadmXr Amho. ˶m§Mm OrdZ{df¶H$
Ñ{îQ>H$moZ EH$aofr¶ Amho. à˶oH$ 춊Vrbm ˶mÀ¶m dV©UwH$sÀ¶m
AmYmao ñdJm©V àdoe {_iVmo qH$dm ZmH$mabm OmVmo.
(3) ¶m Y_m©Mo nm¶m^yV VËËd ào_ ho Amho. ào{fV ¶oey {¼ñVmMm
_¥Ë¶y Am{U nwZéËWmZ ¶m§da ˶m§Mr lX²Ym Amho.
(4) dgmhVr H$mbI§S>mV {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ^maVmV àgma Pmbm.
{ejU, Amamo½¶ Am{U g_mOgodoÀ¶m joÌmV {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr
CëboIZr¶ H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho.
(12) erI Y_©.
CËVa … (1) B.g.À¶m 15 ì¶m eVH$mV Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr
n§Om~_ܶo erI Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ˶mZ§Va Xhm Y_©Jwê§$Zr ¶m
n§WmMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. ¶m Xhm Jwê§$Zr Ho$bobm CnXoe ¶m Y_m©À¶m
lX²YmàUmbrMm nm¶m Amho. " lrJwéJ«§Wgm{h~ ' ¶m Y_m©Mm n{dÌ
JǤW Amho.
 (2) OmVrda AmYmaboë¶m CÀMZr¶Vobm ¶m Y_m©V ñWmZ Zmhr.
hm Y_© gm_m{OH$ g_VoMm nwañH$ma H$aVmo. à˶oH$ JwéX²dmamV
Agboë¶m " b§Ja ' _ܶo H$moUVmhr ^oX^md Z H$aVm " godoXma '
à˶oH$ 춊Vrbm emH$mhmar ^moOZ nwadVmV.
(3) {H$anmZ, H$ÀN, Ho$e, H$S>m Am{U H§$Jm ho n§MH$ma ¶m
Y_m©À¶m AZw¶m¶m§Mr AmoiI Amho.
(4) qhXÿ Y_© Am{U Bñbm_ _Yrb VËËdkmZmMm g_Ýd¶ erI
Y_m©V {XgyZ ¶oVmo. Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr Om{Vì¶dñWm, Ym{_©H$ {dYr
Am{U _y{V©nyOm> B˶mXtZm _ZmB© Ho$br. ^maVmVrb ^ŠVr g§àXm¶mV
Jwê$ ZmZH$ ¶m§Mo ñWmZ AmXaUr¶ Amho.
(13) àmMrZ ^maVmVrb amÁ¶g§ñWm.
CËVa … (1) d¡{XH$ bmoH$m§À¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m " OZnX ' ¶m ZmdmZo
CëboI Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m N>moQ>çm amÁ¶m§Zr {dñVma H$aʶmg àma§^
Ho$bm.
(2) {d{dY OZnXm§À¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ " _hmOZnXo ' {Z_m©U
Pmbr.
(3) H$mhr _hmOZnXm§_ܶo amOoemhr gËVm hmoVr Va H$mht_ܶo
JUamÁ¶ nX²YVrMr amÁ¶ì¶dñWm hmoVr. ¶m _hmOZnXm§Zr
A\$Jm{UñVmZnmgyZ Vo ~§Jmbn¶ªV Am{U _hmamîQ—>mMm H$mhr àXoe
ì¶mnbobm hmoVm.
(4) _JY _hmOZnXmÀ¶m amOm§Zr ¶m àXoemV à^wËd àñWm{nV
Ho$bo. ˶mVyZM _m¡¶© gm_«mÁ¶mMm CX¶ Pmbm.
(5) amÁ¶H$ma^mam_ܶo amOmbm gmhmæ¶ H$aʶmgmR>r _§Ìr Am{U
àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mè¶m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmV Ago.
(14) Bñbm{_H$ {ejUnX²YVr.
CËVa … (1) ào{fV _whå_X n¡J§~a ¶m§Mm Agm AmXoe hmoVm H$s,
Bñbm_À¶m gd© AZw¶m¶m§Zm Hw$amU, h{X¶ Am{U Aݶ g§~§{YV
~m~tMo kmZ àmßV Pmbo nm{hOo.
(2) Bñbm_r {ejU gd© AZw¶m¶m§gmR>r VrZ Q>ß߶m§V {Xbo OmV
Ago.
(3) Ym{_©H$ {ejUmMm n{hbm Q>ßnm AgUmè¶m _ŠVm~_ܶo
d¶mÀ¶m Mm¡Ï¶m dfu Ym{_©H$ {dYrZ§Va àdoe {Xbm OmB©. dmMZ,
nR>U, boIZ Am{U A§H$J{UV ¶m {df¶m§À¶m Aܶ¶Zmda ^a {Xbm
OmB©.
(4) d¶mÀ¶m gmYmaU gmVì¶m dfu _Xaem§_ܶo Hw$amUÀ¶m
Aܶ¶Zmg gwédmV hmoV Ago. Hw$amU Am{U ˶mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU
H$aUmè¶m J«§Wm§Mm gImob AW© g_OmdyZ KoUo ¶m§da ^a Ago.
˶mIoarO eoVr, {heo~, Á¶mo{Vf, IJmobemñÌ, B{Vhmg, ^yJmob,
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
J{UV, Bñbm__Yrb H$m¶XoH$mZyZ Am{U ݶm¶ì¶dñWm VgoM
àemgZ ¶m§gmaIo ì¶dhma{df¶H$ {df¶hr {eH$dbo OmV. ˶mM~amo~a
Aao{~H$ Am{U n{e©¶Z ^mfmhr {eH$dë¶m OmV AgV. _Xaem§_ܶo
{ejH$ Am{U {dXçmWu ¶m§À¶m {Zdmg d ^moOZmMr gw{dYm CnbãY
Ho$br OmV Ago. ˶mgmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr amÁ¶H$V} Am{U A‘ra-
C_amdm§H$Sy>Z CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm OmV Ago.
(5) _Xaem§Vrb {ejU g§në¶mZ§Va à{V^md§V {dXçmWu
ImZŠdm ¶m {Vgè¶m Q>ß߶mV àdoe KoV AgV. {dX²dmZ {ejH$m§À¶m
hmVmImbr Ym{_©H$ CÀM {ejU KoV AgV. ImZŠdm§Mr VwbZm
_ܶ¶wJrZ ¶wamonmVrb _moZ°ñQ>arer H$aVm ¶oB©b.
(15) _ܶ¶wJrZ {ejUì¶dñWm.
CËVa … (1) _ܶ¶wJm_ܶo ~Xbboë¶m amOH$s¶ n[apñWVr_wio
{ejUnX²YVrda {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmbm hmoVm. {Xëbr Am{U AmJ«m
¶m amOYmݶm§À¶m eham§Vrb _wñbr_ emgH$m§Zr {ejUmgmR>r {deof
à¶ËZ Ho$bo ZmhrV.
(2) ehao Am{U IoS>r ¶oWrb {dX²dmZ 춊Vr ì¶{ŠVJV
nmVirda AܶmnZmMo H$m¶© H$arV AgV. ho AܶmnZ g§ñH¥$V,
Aao{~H$ Am{U n{e©¶Z ^mfm§_YyZ Ho$bo OmB©.
(3) Aem àH$mao {ejU KoUmè¶m§_ܶo \$ŠV g§nÝZ dJm©Vrb
bmoH$ Am{U _wñbr_ Cbo_m VgoM ~«mh²_U Am{U CÀMdUu¶
OmVt_Yrb bmoH$ ¶m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.
(4) _wñbr_ Hw$Qw§>~mVrb {ñ̶m§Zm KaÀ¶m Kar amhÿZ ImgJr
{ejH$m§H$Sy>Z {eH$ʶmMr nadmZJr {Xbr OmV Ago. AWm©VM
g_mOmÀ¶m ¶m daÀ¶m WamVrb bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m A˶§V H$_r
Agë¶mZo ñÌr-{ejU Xþb©{jV am{hbo.
(16) hS>ßnm ¶oWrb n{hbr ZmJar g§ñH¥$Vr.
CËVa … (1) hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr_ܶo {XgUmao ZmJarH$aU ho
Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ Amho, ¶m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmbm No>X XoUmao Amho.
(2) Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmMm _mJ_yg ZgVmZmhr hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr-
_ܶo nyd©{Z¶mo{OV ZJao ApñVËdmV hmoVr. VoWrb OrdZàUmbrbm
" n{hbr ZmJar g§ñH¥$Vr ' Ago åhUVmV.
(3) nwamVËËdr¶ nwamì¶m§dê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m
bmoH$m§Mo ZmJar OrdZ {dH${gV ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. H$mhr Kam§_YyZ
{d{har Am{U ñZmZJ¥ho hmoVr. ZJam§_ܶo ~§X Am{U ^y{_JV JQ>mao hmoVr.
(4) _ogmonmoQo>{_¶m Am[U B{OßV ¶oWrb g_H$mbrZ àJV ZmJar
g§ñH¥$VtgmaIrM hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vr àJV hmoVr.
(5) gw_o[a¶Z B{îQ>H$mboIm§_ܶo hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m àJV
ì¶mnmamMo CëboI Ho$bobo Amho.
17
à. 6 \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am :  (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m§Mr gm_m{OH$ {ñWVr Am{U CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m§Mr gm_m{OH$ {ñWVr.
CËVa … nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m§Mr gm_m{OH$ {ñWVr CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m§Mr gm_m{OH$ {ñWVr
(1) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimÀ¶m VwbZoV nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m§Mo (1) 
CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimV {ñ̶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMr KgaU
gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ CÀM XOm©Mo hmoVo. hmoD$Z, Vo Xþæ¶_ Pmbo.
(2) nwéfàYmZ g_mOì¶dñWoV {ñ̶m§Mm XOm© nwéfm§À¶m ~amo~arMm (2) nwéfàYmZ g_mOì¶dñWoV {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ ho nwéfm§À¶m VwbZoV
Zgbm Var à{V{îR>V hmoVm. Xþæ¶_ Pmbo hmoVo.
(3) 
{ñ̶m§Zm CnZ¶Z g§ñH$mamMm A{YH$ma Am{U d¡{XH$ (3) 
{ñ̶m§Zm CnZ¶Z g§ñH$mamMm A{YH$ma Am{U {ejU g§nmXZ
{ejU KoʶmMr _w^m hmoVr. doX{dXçm àmßV Ho$boë¶m H$aʶmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maʶmV Ambm. amOKamʶmVrb d CÀM
bmonm_wÐm Am{U JmJugma»¶m {ñ̶m§Zm g_mOmV dUu¶ {ñ̶m§Zm ImOJrar˶m {ejU àmßV H$aʶmMr _w^m hmoVr.
_mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. _mÌ ~hþg§»¶ {ñ̶m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ Jm¡U hmoVo.
(4) 
{ñ̶m§Mr ^y{_H$m g_mOmon¶moJr Am{U AWm}ËnmXH$ g_Obr (4) {ñ̶m§Mr ^y{_H$m KaJwVr H$V©ì¶m§er ~m§Ybr Jobr. _wbrMm OÝ_
Om¶Mr. ˶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mMm OmoS>rXma ñdV… {ZdS>ʶmMr Adm§{ÀN>V _mZbm OmD$ bmJbm. ˶m§À¶m{df¶rMo gd© {ZU©¶
_w^m hmoVr. {dYdm{ddmhmbm g_mOmMr ñdrH¥$Vr hmoVr. Hw$Qw§>~mVrb nwéf KoV AgV. {ñ̶m§Zr OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë¶yn¶ªV
EH$npËZËdmbm àmYmݶ hmoVo. Hw$Qw§>~mÀ¶m ñWmda g§nËVrda ˶m§Mm Hw$Qw§>~mVrb nwéfm§À¶m AmkoV amhmdo Agm X§S>H$ KmVbm Jobm.
A{YH$ma _mݶ H$aʶmV Ambm hmoVm. {dYdm§Zm nwZ{d©dmhmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maʶmV Ambm.
* (2) àmMrZ H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejUnX²YVr Am{U dgmhVrÀ¶m H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejUnX²YVr.
CËVa … àmMrZ H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejUnX²YVr dgmhVrÀ¶m H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejUnX²YVr
(1) àmMrZ d¡{XH$ H$mimV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb d¡{XH$ J«§Wm§Mo Aܶ¶Z- (1) dgmhVr amOdQ>rÀ¶m H$mbI§S>mV CÀM embo¶ nmVirdarb
AܶmnZ _m¡{IH$ nR>U nX²YVrZo Ho$bo OmV Ago. {ejU B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ {Xbo OmV Ago.
(2) {ñ̶m§gh gd© dUmªVrb 춊Vrbm {ejU KoʶmMm A{YH$ma (2) gd© d§e, OmVr, Y_© Am{U dJmªÀ¶m _wbm-_wbtZm emim d
Amho, Ago à{VnmXZ H$aʶmV Ambo Agbo Var {ejU gmd©{ÌH$ _hm{dXçmb¶m§V àdoe KoʶmMr _w^m hmoVr. {ejU Am¡nMm[aH$
ZìhVo. AWm©Zo gmd©{ÌH$ hmoVo.
(3) CnZ¶Z g§ñH$mamZ§Va d¡{XH$ {ejUmgmR>r {dXçmWr© JwéHw$bmV OmV (3) {ejUmgmR>r _wbo d _wbr emim d _hm{dXçmb¶m§V àdoe KoV
AgV Am{U {ejU nyU© hmoB©n¶ªV ˶m§Mo dmñVì¶ JwéHw$bmV Ago. AgV. ~hþg§»¶ {dXçmWu ñdJ¥hr amhÿZM emioV/_hm{dXçmb¶mV
OmV AgV. naJmdÀ¶m {dXçm϶mªMo dmñVì¶ dg{VJ¥hmV Ago.
(4) d¡{XH$ H$mimV boIZH$bm AdJV Zgë¶mZo {dXçmWu doXm§_Yrb (4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb {ejUmMo {df¶ d Aä¶mgH«$_ Ym{_©H$
kmZ _wImoX²JV H$arV Ago. j{̶ dUm©À¶m 춊Vrbm àemgZ Zìho, Va bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmer g§~§{YV AgV. ¶mV J{UV, {dkmZ,
d ¶wX²YZrVrMo, Va CXçmoJ-ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r Cn¶wŠV {ejU d¡í¶ VËËdkmZ, g_mOemñÌ, B{Vhmg B˶mXr {df¶m§Mm g_mdoe Ago.
dUm©Vrb 춊VtZm {Xbo OmV Ago. Vm§{ÌH$ d d¡XçH$s¶ {ejU XoUmè¶m CÀM e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ
H$aʶmV Amë¶m.
à. 7 nwTo> {Xboë¶m g§H$ënZm CXmhaUmgh ñnîQ> H$am … d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mÀ¶m CËVamYm©V _mÌ ¶mV ~Xb hmoV Jobo Am{U
A{YH$ H$S>H$ {Z~ªY Agbobr " nm{dͶ d {dQ>mi ' ¶m H$pënV
(à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
JmoîQ>tda C^mabobr Om{Vì¶dñWoMr CVa§S> àñWm{nV hmoV Jobr.
* (1) dU©. AÝZ, nmUr ¶m§Mo àmeZ H$aUo, nmoemI, ì¶dgm¶, nyOmnX²YVr,
CËVa … d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mVrb dU©ì¶dñWm g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ ì¶dhma, àdmg B˶mXr gd© JmoîQ>tda ¶m H$ënZm§Mm
ì¶dgm¶m{Y{îR>V dJ©dmarda AmYmabobr hmoVr. g_mOmMr ~«mh²_U, nJS>m hmoVm.
j{̶, d¡í¶ Am{U eyÐ Aem Mma dUm©V {d^mJUr H$aʶmV Ambr CXmhaU … nwamo{hV d ~wX²{YOrdr dJmª©Mm g_mdoe ~«mh²_U
hmoVr. ˶m_ܶo ì¶dgm¶mZwgma dU© ~XbʶmBVH$s bd{MH$Vm hmoVr. dUmªV; amÁ¶H$V} d àemgH$ dJm©Mm g_mdoe j{̶ dUm©V;
18 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
ì¶mnmar, eoVH$ar d ì¶mdgm{¶H$m§Mm g_mdoe d¡í¶ dUm©V; hrZ
Am{U hbŠ¶m XOm©Mr H$m_o H$aUmè¶m§Mm g_mdoe jyÐ dUm©V
H$aʶmV Ambm hmoVm.
* (2) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo.
CËVa … gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xçm§Mm g§~§Y hm gm_m{OH$ ݶm¶,
g_mOH$ë¶mU, Ano{jV gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm VgoM ^maVr¶
g_mOmVrb Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Zm g§ajU XoUo ¶m JmoîQ>ter Amho.
g_mOgwYmaUm§Mm à¶ËZ H$aUmao JQ> Am{U g§K ¶m§Mr g§»¶m
dmT>ë¶m_wio àM{bV XþîQ> àWm§da ~§Xr AmUUmao H$m¶Xo A_bmV
AmUʶmgmR>r {~«{Q>e gaH$mada XS>nU AmUUo ˶m§Zm eŠ¶ Pmbo.
ho bjmV ¿¶m¶bm hdo H$s, Ho$di H$m¶Xo H$ê$Z g_mOn[adV©Z
gmYVm ¶oV Zmhr. _mÌ Aݶm¶, XS>nemhr Am{U emofU ¶m§gma»¶m
JmoîQ>tZm ~ir nS>boë¶m§gmR>r ˶mVyZ Amem {Z_m©U hmoVo.
CXmhaU … {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV AZoH$ A{ZîQ> àWm d ê$T>tMo
{Z_y©bZ H$aUmao H$m¶Xo H$aʶmV Ambo. gZ 1829 _ܶo gVr
à{V~§Y H$m¶Xm, Va gZ 1856 _ܶo {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m¶Xm
nm[aV H$aʶmV Ambm. ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV gZ 1961 _ܶo
hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm, Va gZ 2005 _ܶo H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ qhgmMma
à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm H$aʶmV Ambm.
(3) ZmpñVH$.
CËVa … (1) ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmVrb fS²>Xe©Zm§n¡H$s O¡Z Am{U
~m¡XY Xe©Zo ¶m§Zm " ZmpñVH$ ', åhUOo B©ídamMo A{ñVËd A_mݶ
H$aUmar, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
(2) Mmdm©H$ Xe©Z Am{U AmOr{dH$m n§W hohr ^maVr¶
VËËdkmZmÀ¶m ZmpñVH$ na§naoMo ^mJ AmhoV.
(3) Mmdm©H$mMo VËËdkmZ ho {Zarída Am{U Eo{hH$ {dMmagaUrÀ¶m
nm¶mda AmYmabobo Amho.
(4) AmOrdH$ n§WmMm CJ_ X¡ddmX Am{U Vmngr OrdZnX²YVr
¶m§VyZ Pmbobm Amho.
(4) XrZ-B©-Bbmhr.
CËVa … (1) B.g. 1579 _ܶo VËH$mbrZ _wKb ~mXehm
AH$~a ¶mZo Z¡{VH$ VËËddmXmÀ¶m AmYmamda " XrZ-B©-Bbmhr ' ¶m
ZdrZ Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
(2) A{ñVËdmV Agboë¶m gd© Y_mªMo _§WZ H$ê$Z ˶mMo
gmaê$n Agboë¶m " d¡{ídH$ g{hîUwVo 'À¶m VËËdmda ¶m Y_m©Mr
ñWmnZm Ho$br.
(3) ¶m Y_m©V nwamo{hV  Y_©Jwê$, Ym{_©H$ {dYr, lX²YmàUmbr
Am{U Y_©J«§Wmg ñWmZ ZìhVo.
(4) {d{dY Y_mªVrb n{dÌ J§«Wm§Mo gma ¶m Y_m©V hmoVo.
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
(5) d§e{dÀNo>XmMr ^Q²>Q>r.
CËVa … (1) Xþgè¶m OmJ{VH$ _hm¶wX²YmÀ¶m H$mimV O_©ZrVrb
ZmPr amOdQ>rZo ¶wamon_ܶo àñWm{nV Ho$ë¶m Joboë¶m N>iN>mdʶm
d§e{dÀNo>XmMr ^Q²>Q>r åhUyZ AmoiIë¶m OmVmV. B§J«Or ^mfoV ˶mg
Holocost Ago åhUVmV.
(2) " hmobmoH$m°ñQ> ' ¶m eãXmbm ^¶mdh n[a_mU àmßV Pmbo
Amho. ¶wamon_Yrb bmImo Á¶y VgoM {Oßgr, g_b¢{JH$, g_mOdmXr,
gmå¶dmXr Am{U BVa bmoH$m§Zm {Od§V OmiʶmV Ambo ˶m KQ>Zm§Mm
{ZX}e H$aʶmgmR>r hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo.
(3) Xþgè¶m OmJ{VH$ _hm¶wX²YmV ZmPr amOdQ>rZo A_mZwfnUo
^Q²>Q>rV {Od§V OmiʶmV Amboë¶m§Mr g§»¶m gw_mao 11 Xebjm§À¶m
OdinmgMr Agë¶mMm A§XmO Amho.
(4) ñdg§ñH¥$Vr loîR>VmdmXmÀ¶m ^«m_H$ g§H$ënZoVyZ " AewX²Y
d§emÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m h˶o ' Mo (Cleansing) ho ^¶mdh CXmhaU Amho.
(6) O¡Z.
CËVa … (1) O¡Z åhUOo dY©_mZ _hmdram§Mo AZw¶m¶r.
(2) Kmoa VníM¶m© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va dY©_mZ _hmdra ¶m§Zm " Ho$dbkmZ '
àmßV Pmbo. Ho$dbkmZmMr àmßVr H$aUmao dY©_mZ _hmdra " Ho$d{bZ ',
åhUOoM " gd©k ' åhUyZ _mݶVm nmdbo.
(3) " Ho$d{bZ ' (gd©k) nXmMr àmßVr Pmë¶mZ§Va dY©_mZ ho
" _hmdra ' Am{U " {OZ ' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. Vo " {ZJ«ªW '
¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIë¶m OmUmè¶m g§àXm¶mMm ^mJ Pmbo. H$mbm§VamZo
¶mM g§àXm¶mbm " O¡Z ' ¶m ZmdmZo g§~moYʶmV ¶oD$ bmJbo.
(7) M¡Ë¶.
CËVa … (1) M¡Ë¶ hr ~m¡X²YY_v¶m§Mr àmW©ZmñWio ho ñnîQ>
H$aVmV H$s Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Mr VËËdàUmbr hr ñWm{ZH$ lX²YmàUmbter
gwg§JV hmoVr.
(2) VËH$mbrZ M¡Ë¶ ho n¥ÏdrVËËd Am{U ^yV_mÌm§Mr ñWmZHo$
Agë¶mMo _mZbo OmB©.
(3) gm_mݶOZm§gmR>r Vr {dZmgm¶mg Am{U {dZm_yë¶ àdoe
AgUmar nyOmñWmZo hmoVr. gZmVZr g_mOm~mhoarb gmYy ¶m
M¡Ë¶m§^modVrÀ¶m àXoemV C^maʶmV Amboë¶m {dhmam§V dmñVì¶
H$arV AgV.
(4) M¡Ë¶m§V nyOogmR>r ¶oUmè¶m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {^ŠIy§Zm {^jm
{_iV Ago. Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Zrhr àM{bV àWobm _mZ XoD$Z Amnë¶m
OZgm_mݶm§_Yrb AZw¶m¶m§Zmhr Vgo H$aʶmg àd¥ËV Ho$bo.
(8) Bñbm_r {ejU.
CËVa … (1) ào{fV _whå_X n¡J§~a ¶m§À¶m AmXoemZwgma
Bñbm_ Y_m©À¶m gd© AZw¶m¶m§Zr kmZàmßVr H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$
hmoVo.
19
 (2) _mÌ Bñbm_r amOdQ> Agboë¶m ^maVr¶ g_mOmV {ZajaVm à. 8 nwT>rb g§H$ënZm{MÌ nyU© H$am … (4 JwU)
gmd©{ÌH$ Agë¶mZo Hw$amU d h{XWMo kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo H$R>r>U * (1) ñdmV§Í¶moËVa ^maVmVrb amÁ¶g§ñWm.
hmoVo.
(3) gd© AZw¶m¶m§Zm Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo kmZ àmßV ìhmdo ¶mgmR>r
^maVmVrb Bñbm_Y_u¶ amÁ¶H$˶mª©Zr Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo {ejU XoUmar
nwT>rb {ÌñVar¶ ¶§ÌUm C^mabr.
ñdmV§Í¶moËVa
(A) _ŠVm~ … _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar àmW{_H$ {ejU
^maVmVrb
XoUmar g§ñWm. amÁ¶g§ñWm
(~) _Xaem … _{eXrer g§b½Z AgUmar CÀM {ejU XoUmar
g§ñWm.
(H$) ImZŠdm … " Aëbmh '{df¶rÀ¶m na_moÀM VËËdm§Mo {ejU
XoUmar H|$Ðo.
(9) nmíMmË˶ {ejUnX²YVr. CËVa …
CËVa … (1) {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmV àñWm{nV Ho$bobr {ejUnX²YVr
g§K/H|$Ð
nmíMmË˶ {ejUnX²YVr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. gaH$ma
(2) emim Am{U _hm{dXçmb¶o ¶m g§ñWmË_H$ AmH¥${V~§YmX²dmam
AmYw{ZH$, CXma_VdmXr Am{U Y_©{Zanoj {ejU ho B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ
ñWm{ZH$ ñdmV§Í¶moËVa
{Xbo OmVo. ñdamÁ¶ ^maVmVrb H|$Ðem{gV
(3) bm°S©> _oH$m°bo ¶mÀ¶m {e\$maerZwgma JìhZ©a-OZab bm°S©> g§ñWm amÁ¶g§ñWm àXoe
~|{Q>H$$ ¶m§Zr 1835 gmbr ^maVmV nmíMmË˶ {ejU XoʶmMm
CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm. gZ 1856 _ܶo _w§~B©, H$mobH$mVm Am{U MoÝZB© amÁ¶
¶m ehamV {dXçmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. gaH$ma
(4) J{UV, {dkmZ, VËËdkmZ, g_mOemñÌ, B{Vhmg B˶mXr
(2) dU©ì¶dñWm.
{df¶m§Mm Aä¶mgH«$_mV g_mdoe AgVmo. ¶m {ejUmÀ¶m _werVyZ
^maVmVrb ZdrZ ~wX²{YdmXr dJ© OÝ_mbm Ambm.
(5) ì¶{ŠVdmX, ñdmV§Í¶, g_Vm, ݶm¶, bmoH$emhr B˶mXr
gm_m{OH$ _yë¶o nmíMmË˶ {ejUmZo ^maVmV éOdbr.
(10) nmíMmË˶rH$aU.
CËVa … (1) 19ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m CËVamYm©V gw{e{jV A{^OZ
dJm©Zo {~«{Q>e OrdZgaUrMo AZwH$aU H$aʶmMr gwédmV Ho$br.
(2) ¶m à{H«$¶obm g_mOemñÌk S>m°. E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg ¶m§Zr
CËVa …
westernisation nmíMmË˶rH$aU Ago Zmd {Xbo.
(3) ˶m§Zr {~«{Q>em§À¶m à^mdmMo 춶_ybH$, d¥X²{Y_ybH$, ~«mh²_U
nw{îQ>_ybH$ Am{U g§{_lVm_ybH$ ~Xb Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo
j{̶
Amho.
(4) ImXç g§ñH¥$Vr, nohamd, gm_m{OH$ [aVr^mVr, ^mfm B˶mXr d¡í¶
~m~VtV A{^OZ dJm©V KSy>Z ¶oUmao ~Xbhr nm{íM_m˶rH$aUmMr
eyÐ
CXmhaUo AmhoV.

20 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 (3) Aml_ ì¶dñWm. * (2) ~m¡X²Y Y_© hm ^maV d ^maVm~mhoarb AZoH$ ^mJm§_ܶo
ngabm Jobm.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Zr d¡{XH$ Y_m©Vrb A{ZîQ> àWm,
CËVa … dU©^oX, nwamo{hV dJm©Mo dM©ñd, ¶k{dYr d new~ir ¶m§Zm {damoY
Ho$bm. g_mOmVrb gd© ñVam§Vrb 춊Vr ¶m Y_m©H$So> AmH¥$îQ>
~«h²_M¶m©l_ J¥hñWml_ dmZàñWml_ g§Ý¶mgml_ Pmë¶mZo ˶mMm ^maVmV doJmZo àgma Pmbm.
(2) g_«mQ> AemoH$mgma»¶m amÁ¶H$˶mªZr ~m¡X² Y_m©bm Aml¶
{Xë¶mZo ˶mMm àgma ^maVmV Am{U ^maVm~mhoa Xÿada Pmbm.
(4) Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo nmM X§S>H$.
(3) {V~oQ>, MrZ, _§Jmo{b¶m, å¶mZ_ma, Omdm, gw_mÌm, lrb§H$m
B˶mXr ~mhoarb Xoem§V ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Mm àgma Pmbm.
_bmV

(4) Jm¡V_ ~wX²Ym§Zr Amnbm CnXoe nmbr ¶m bmoH$^mfoV Ho$ë¶mZo

˶m§Mo {dMma g_mOmVrb gd©gm_mݶ bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohmoMbo.
(3) O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y Y_© ~§S>Imoa Y_© hmoVo.
CËVa … CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) doXàm_mʶ Am{U nwamo{hVmÀ¶m dM©ñdmbm O¡Z d
ehmX (H$b_m)

gm°_ (amoOm)

~m¡X²Y Y_mªZr {damoY Ho$bm.

OH$mV
gbmV

hO

(2) ¶k{dYr Am{U new~ir ¶m nX²YVtZm ˶m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm.

à. 9 n wT>rb {dYmZ MyH$ H$s ~amo~a ho gm§JyZ gH$maU ñnîQ>
H$am … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) dgmhVdmXçm§À¶m H$m¶Xçm§Mm ^maVr¶ g_mOmda
bjUr¶ à^md nS>bm.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) gZ 1861 À¶m B§{S>¶Z H$m¡pÝgëg A°ŠQ>X²dmam
^maVmVrb {d{Y_§S>imMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. gZ 1892, 1909
Am{U 1919 _ܶo ˶m§Mr ì¶mßVr {dñV¥V H$aʶmV Ambr.
gZ 1935 Mm JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>¶m A°ŠQ> hm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMm
_ybmYma Amho.
(2) gZ 1856 À¶m B§{S>¶Z ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>rO A°ŠQ>X²dmam ^maVmVrb
AmYw{ZH$ CÀM {ejUmMr _whÿV©_oT> amodʶmV Ambr. ˶mVyZ ZdrZ
~wX²{YdmXr dJ© OÝ_mbm Ambm Am{U ˶mZo gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ¶m
Midir hmVr KoVë¶m.
(3) gZ 1861 À¶m B§{S>¶Z {gpìhb gpìh©g A°ŠQ>X²dmam
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb àemgH$s¶ ì¶dñWm {Z_m©U H$aʶmV Ambr. Va
1861 À¶m B§{S>¶Z hm¶H$moQ©> A°ŠQ>X²dmam ݶm¶ì¶dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
(4) {~«{Q>e amÁ¶H$˶mªZr A{ZîQ> gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r d àWm§Mo
{Z_y©bZ H$aUmao H$m¶Xo Ho$bo. ˶m§VyZ gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Zm MmbZm
{_imbr.
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
(3) dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y ¶m§À¶m CnXoemV Xod-
_y{V©nyOm ¶m g§H$ënZm§Mm g_mdoe ZìhVm.
(4) ˶m§Zr g_mOmÀ¶m gd© Wam§Vrb 춊VtZm àdoe {Xbm.
˶m_wio _mojàmßVrMm _mJ© {d{eîQ> dJm©nwaVm _¶m©{XV am{hbm Zmhr.
(4) ^ŠVr Midi gwYmaUmdmXr hmoVr.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) ^ŠVr MidirZo g_mOmVrb ñVa Am{U
OmVt_Yrb bmoH$m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVbo.
(2) ˶m§Zr Ym{_©H$ {dYtÀ¶m A{VaoH$mda Q>rH$m Ho$br. ˶mEodOr
˶m§Zr H$sV©Z Am{U AI§S> Zm_ñ_aUmMm _mJ© gwMdbm.
(3) g§V H$~ra, g§V ahr_ Am{U g§V ZmZH$ ¶m§Zr A§YlX²Ym,
_y{V©nyOm Am{U Om{Vì¶dñWoMm {ZfoY Ho$bm.
(4) ˶m§Zr g_mZVm Am{U _mZdVoMr {eH$dU {Xbr.
(5) JwßV gËVoMm H$mi hm ^maVmVrb A{^OmV g§ñH¥$VrMm
H$mi g_Obm OmVmo.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) JwßV gËVoÀ¶m H$mimV ^maVr¶ g_mOmZo OrdZmÀ¶m
gd© joÌm§Vrb g_¥X²Yr AZw^dbr.
(2) Á¶m JmoîQ>t_wio ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrMr ñdV…Mr Img AmoiI
{Z_m©U Pmbr, ˶m H$bm, {dkmZ, amOZrVr, Y_©, VËËdkmZ,
AW©emñÌ Aem gd©M joÌm§Vrb {dH$mgmMm _yb^yV nm¶m ¶m H$mimV
KmVbm Jobm.
21
 (3) ˶m§Zr g§nyU© ^maV EH$N>Ìr A_bmImbr AmUbm Am{U
^maV CnI§S>mV gm_«mÁ¶mMm {dñVma Ho$bm. XÿadaÀ¶m Xoem§er
ì¶mnmag§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ g_¥X²Yr AmUbr.
(4) JwßV amOm§Mo Xa~ma ho H$bm{Z{_©Vr Am{U ~m¡X²{YH$ _§WZmMm
H|$Ðq~Xÿ ~Zbo hmoVo. Am¶©^Q²>Q>mZo ^y{_Vr, {ÌH$moU{_Vr,
{dídmoËnËVremñÌ ¶m {df¶m§da boIZ Ho$bo. n¥Ïdr Jmob Agë¶mMm
{gX²Ym§Vhr ˶mZo _m§S>bm.
(5) damh{_{hamZo IJmobemñÌ Am{U Á¶mo{VfemñÌ ¶m§{df¶r
boIZ Ho$bo. YÝd§VarZo Am¡fYmonMmam§{df¶r boIZ Ho$bo.
(6) JwáH$mbrZ g_mOmV {ejU Am{U boIZ-dmMZmbm {deof
_hËËd hmoVo.
(6) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mÀ¶m AIoaÀ¶m Q>ß߶mV gmoim
_hmOZ nXm§Mm CX¶ Pmbm.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) gáqgYy§À¶m àXoemVyZ ñWbm§Va Ho$bobo d¡{XH$
OZ J§Jm-¶_wZoÀ¶m XþAm~mV {ñWamdbo.
(2) H$mbm§VamZo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m§Zr ~m§Ybobr Am{U ñdV…Mr
àemgZ¶§ÌUm Agbobr OZnXo A{ñVËdmV Ambr.
(3) ¶m OZnXm§V nwTo> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dñVmamMr _hËËdmH$m§jm
{Z_m©U hmoD$Z ˶m§À¶mV g§Kf© Pmbo.
(4) ¶m gËVmg§Kfm©V à~i R>aboë¶m OZnXm§Zr qOHy$Z KoVboë¶m
OZnXm§Mm ^yàXoe Amnë¶m OZnXmV gm_mdÿZ KoD$Z Amnë¶m gr_m
{dñVmaë¶m.
˶mVyZM Bgdr gZ nyd© 600 À¶m Xaå¶mZ ^maVr¶ CnI§S>mV
gmoim _hmOZnXm§Mm CX¶ Pmbm.
(7) ^maVmV Xþgè¶m ZmJarH$aUmMr gwédmV Pmbr.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) ^maVmV ñdV…Mr ñdV§Ì àemgZ¶§ÌUm AgUmar
OZnXo {Z_m©U Pmbr.
(2) H$mbm§VamZo ˶m§À¶mV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m§Mm {dñVma H$aʶmMr
_hËËdmH$m§jm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z gËVmg§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. ¶m g§Kfm©VyZ
^maVr¶ CnI§S>mV gmoim _hmOZnXo A{ñVËdmV Ambr.
(3) ¶m _hmOZnXm§À¶m amOYmݶm AmH$mamV Amë¶m. AZoH$ ZJao
{dH${gV Pmbr. ¶m OZnXm§À¶m H$mimVrb _mVrMr ^m§S>r, AdOmao,
ZmUr gmnS>br AmhoV.
(4) ¶m _hmOZnXm§Mm ì¶mnma dmT>bm. ZJam§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y
dmT>bo. ˶mVyZM àmMrZ ZmJar hS>ßnm g§ñH¥$Vrà_mUo ^maVmV Xþgè¶m
ZmJarH$aUmMr gwédmV Pmbr.
22 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
à. 10 Amnbo _V Zm|Xdm … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) O¡Z Am{U ~m¡X²Y Y_mª_wio bmoH$m§_ܶo Amem {Z_m©U
Pmbr.
CËVa … (1) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimV dU©nX²YVr A{YH$m{YH$ VmR>a
hmoV Jobr Am{U {VMo ê$nm§Va CÀMZrMVoÀ¶m ñVam§_ܶo Pmbo. nwamo{hV
dJm©À¶m dM©ñdm_wio " n{dÌ Am{U An{dÌ ' ¶m {dMmam§À¶m AmYmao
g_mOmV ~hþg§»¶ Agboë¶m eyÐ Am{U A{VeyÐm§Zm gm_m{OH$
AdhobZm d emofUmbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo.
(2) nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr_wio {ñ̶m§Zm Jm¡UËd àmßV Pmbo.
(3) ¶m à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y
¶m§Zr àñWm{nV ê$T>r d na§nam§Zm {damoY Ho$bm. _mojmMm hŠH$hr
g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm Agë¶mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.
(4) ñÌr-nwéf g_VoMm {dMma bmoH$^mfoV _m§S>bm. ˶m_wio
gd©gm_mݶ bmoH$m§Mm AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm Am{U OrdZm{df¶r
Amem {Z_m©U Pmbr.
* (2) g_mOgwYmaUoÀ¶m Midir 21ì¶m eVH$mVhr gwê$
AmhoV.
CËVa … (1) gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo emofU Am{U
˶m§À¶mda hmoUmao Aݶm¶ ho àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOVmJm¶V H$m¶_ Amho.
(2) dY©_mZ _hmdra Am{U Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y ¶m§À¶m ~§S>Imoar_wio
g_mOmÀ¶m gd© ñVam§Vrb 춊Vr AmídñV Pmë¶m.
(3) ^{ŠVg§àXm¶mVrb g§Vm§À¶m à¶ËZm§_wio g_VoMm Am{U
_mZdVoMm g§Xoe gd©Xÿa nmohmoMbm.
(4) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV H$mhr A{ZîQ> ê$T>r d àWm§Mo {Z_y©bZ
H$aUmao H$m¶Xo Pmbo.
(5) ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV g_Vm Am{U ñdmV§Í¶ ¶m {dMmam§Zm
à{VîR>m àmßV Pmbr.
(6) Ago AgyZhr n¶m©daUmMm Zme, {ñ̶m§darb A˶mMma,
X{bV Am{U Am{XdmgtMo emofU MmbyM Amho. ˶m_wioM ˶m
{déX²Y g§Kf© H$aUmè¶m 21ì¶m eVH$mV g_mOgwYmaUm Midir
gwê$M AmhoV.
(3) OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$¶m Amho.
CËVa … ¶m {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) OmJ{VH$sH$aU ho _ybV… XoemMr AW©ì¶dñWm hr OmJ{VH$
AW©ì¶dñWoer g§b½Z H$aʶmMr à{H«$¶m Amho.
(2) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio na§nam{ZîR> ^maVr¶ g_mOì¶dñWm
à^m{dV Pmbr Amho. AmYw{ZH$VoH$So> dmQ>Mmb H$aUmè¶m ¶m nma§n[aH$
g_mOmV g§H«$_UmdñWoVrb _yë¶-g§Kf© CX²^dV Amho.
(3) {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVrnbrH$S>Mo AdñWm åhUOoM, naXoemV
ñWm{¶H$ Pmbobr _wbo-_wbr, gwZm-ZmVd§So> Am{U _m¶Xoer EH$mH$s
OrdZ OJUmao d¥X²Y nmbH$ hr n[apñWVr Ag§»¶ _ܶ_dJu¶
Hw$Qw§>~m§V {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.
(4) Om{Vì¶dñWoMr OmJm hr dJ©ì¶dñWm KoV Amho. à˶oH$
춊VrMm XOm© ˶mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ àmßVr Am{U g§nËVrÀ¶m AmYmao
{ZYm©[aV hmoV Amho. ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm hr ~m~ gmd©{ÌH$ar˶m
ñdrH$mabr OmV Amho.
åhUOoM ì¶mnH$ AWm©Zo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$¶m
Amho.
(4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ^maVmV Vrd« Ag§Vmof CX²^dbm Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Zì¶m àH$maMr l_{d^mJUr CX¶mg
Ambr Amho. ˶mA§VJ©V {dH$gZerb Xoem§Vrb gmYZg§nËVr d l_
eŠVrMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z ~hþamîQ—>r¶ H§$nݶm àM§S> Z\$m H$_mdV AmhoV.
(2) {dH$gZerb Am{U {dH${gV Xoem§Vrb Am{W©H$ Xar A{YH$
{dñV¥V Pmbr Amho. ¶m n[apñWVrg OmJ{VH$sH$aU O~m~Xma Amho.
(3) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo \$m¶Xo ho {dH${gV Xoem§Zr bmQ>ë¶mZo
{dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm Am{W©H$ g_ñ¶m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo.
(4) OmJ{VH$sH$aU hm Zd-gm_«mÁ¶dmX Amho, Aer {dH$gZerb
Xoem§Vrb bmoH$m§Mr YmaUm Amho.
(5) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr¶ g_mOmMr AYmoJVr
Pmbr.
CËVa … darb {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimV {ñ̶m§Zm AgUmar à{VîR>m hr CËVa
d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV ZîQ> Pmbr.
(2) dU©ì¶dñWoMo VmR>a Om{Vì¶dñWoV n[adV©Z Pmbo.
(3) {ñ̶m d H${ZîR> OmVtÀ¶m emofUmbm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ AmYma
{_imbm.
(4) ¶k{dYr Am{U new~ir ¶m Ym{_©H$ {dYtMo _hËËd dmT>V
OmD$Z nm¡amo{h˶ H$aUmè¶m ~«mh²_U dJm©Mo loîR>Ëd àñWm{nV Pmbo.
XrKmo©ËVar àíZ
à. 11 n wT>rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm …
(H$_rV-H$_r 150 eãX) (à˶oH$s 10 JwU)
* àíZ 1. nwT>rb _wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao AmOMm ^maVr¶ g_mO
H$gm ~XbV Jobm Amho, ¶mMr CXmhaUmg{hV MMm© H$am …
[ _wXX² o … (A) B§JO
« r ^mfm ho {ejUmMo _mܶ_ (~) _VXmZmgmR>r
Agbobr d¶mo_¶m©Xm H$_r hmoUo (H$) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo (S>) dmhVyH$
Am{U g§nH©$ (XiUdiU)]
CËVa … (A) B§J«Or ^mfm ho {ejUmMo _mܶ_ … {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rV {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU Am{U B§J«Or ^mfm ho {ejUmMo
1. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMm n[aM¶
_mܶ_ ho {dMma ^maVmV éObo. Amnë¶m CÝZVrgmR>r g_mOmVrb
Xþ~©b KQ>H$ ho B§J«Or _mܶ_mVrb CÀM {ejUmH$So> dibo.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Hw$eb Am{U AHw$eb H$m_Jmam§Zm OJ^a
amoOJmamÀ¶m g§Yr CnbãY Pmë¶m. åhUOoM B§J«Or _mܶ_mVrb
{ejU ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb ~XbmMo nm{¶H$ (Catalyst) ~Zbm Amho.
(~) _VXmZmgmR>r Agbobr d¶mo_¶m©Xm H$_r hmoUo … gZ
1947 À¶m AmYr bmoH$emhr {dMmaàUmbr{df¶r gd©gm_mݶ
^maVr¶ AZ{^k hmoVo. ^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmZo gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T>
_Vm{YH$ma ho VËËd ñdrH$mabo Am{U d¶mMr 21 df} nyU© H$aUmè¶m
gd© ñÌr-nwéf ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _Vm{YH$ma {Xbm. ˶mMo nwT>Mo nmD$b
åhUOo _Vm{YH$mamMr d¶mo_¶m©Xm 18 df} BVH$s H$_r Pmë¶mZo
18 Vo 21 ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb VéUm§Zm _Vm{YH$ma àmßV Pmbm.
˶mX²dmao amOH$s¶ à{H«$¶oV gh^mJr hmoʶmMr g§Yr VéUdJm©bm àmßV
hmoUo hm EH$ CëboIZr¶ gm_m{OH$ ~Xb Amho.
(H$) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo … na§nam{ZîR> Am{U nwéfgËVmH$ ^maVr¶
g_mOmV Am{Xdmgr, eyÐ d A{VeyÐ Am{U {ñ̶m§da Aݶm¶ hmoV
Ago. ˶m§Mo A§eV… n[a_mO©Z {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm
H$m¶Xçm§_wio Pmbo. ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xçm§_wio
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmbm JVr àmßV Pmbr. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ ~Xb
à{H«$¶obm gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xçm§Zr hmV^ma bmdbm.
(S>) dmhVyH$ Am{U g§nH©$ (XiUdiU) … pñW{Verb
^maVr¶ g_mOmV 19ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m CËVamYm©V dmhVyH$ Am{U g§nH©$
gmYZm§Vrb àJVr_wio ~XbmMo dmao dmhÿ bmJbo. 20ì¶m eVH$mV
dmhVyH$ d g§nH©$ gmYZm§V CËVamoËVa àJVr hmoV Jobr Am{U
gm_m{OH$ ~Xbmg JVr àmßV Pmbr. 20ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m CËVamYm©V
g§JUH$, Am§VaOmb Am{U ñ_mQ©> \$moZ ho gd©gm_mݶm§À¶m AmdmŠ¶mV
Ambo. g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$, {ZXmZ g§nH©$ _mܶ_m§À¶m joÌmV,
g_mZ nmVirda Ambo.
àíZ 2. nwT>rb _wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao dgmhVr amOdQ> ^maVmg
H$er CnH$maH$ R>abr ˶mMo {ddaU H$am.
[ _wXX² o … (A) àemgZ ì¶dñWm (~) AW©ì¶dñWm (H$) XiUdiU
Am{U g§nH©$ (S>) g_mOgwYmaUm Midir (B©) amîQ—>dmXr Midi ]
CËVa … (A) àemgZ ì¶dñWm … g§nyU© ^maVr¶ CnI§S>
{~«{Q>em§Zr Amnë¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr AmUyZ, Xoe ^m¡Jmo{bH$ar˶m
EH$g§Y Ho$bm. ^maVmgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr ZdrZ àemgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUm
C^mê$Z, H$m¶©j_ A{YH$mè¶m§H$So> amÁ¶H$ma^mamMr O~m~Xmar
gmondbr. àmXo{eH$ d _ܶdVu {d{Y_§S>io ñWmnZ H$ê$Z bmoH$emhr
nX²YVrMm àma§^ Ho$bm. ñdV§Ì d {Zînj ݶm¶¶§ÌUm C^mabr.
H$m¶Xçmg_moa g_mZVm, H$m¶XçmMo amÁ¶ hr VËËdo éOdbr.
(~) AW©ì¶dñWm … ^maVmV Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oMm
àma§^ {~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$bm. ˶mVyZ Am¡Xçmo{JH$ ehao {dH${gV Pmbr.
23
ZdrZ CXçmoJY§Xo d H$maImZXmar ¶m_wio ^maVr¶ AW©ì¶dñWoV
Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. {Zdm©h AW©ì¶dñWoMr OmJm
{Z¶m©VàYmZ AW©ì¶dñWoZo KoVbr. ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mVrb
Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmMr Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr nm¶m^aUr {~«Q>re
amOdQ>rÀ¶m H$mbI§S>mV Pmbr.
(H$) XiUdiU Am{U g§nH©$ … {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maV^a aoëdo_mJ©
d añ˶m§Mo Omio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XiUdiUmÀ¶m àJVrbm MmbZm
{Xbr. Vma d Q>nmb ¶m godm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m. ¶m gwYmaUm§_i w o
^maVr¶ H$ÀÀ¶m _mbmg OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Pmbr.
(S>) g_mOgwYmaUm Midir … Zd{e{jV ^maVr¶m§Zm
CXma_VdmXr _yë¶mMm n[aM¶ Pmbm. A{ZîQ> gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVr-
{déX²Y ˶m§Zr Am§XmobZo C^mabr. ˶m§À¶m X~mdmImbr {~«{Q>e
gaH$maZo gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$aUmao gVr~§Xr gmaIo H$m¶Xo Ho$bo.
H${ZîR> OmVrVrb 춊VtZm d {ñ̶m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY
Pmbr.
(B©) amîQ—>dmXr Midi … gw{e{jV ^maVr¶m§V amîQ—>r¶
ñdmV§Í¶mMr AmH$m§jm {Z_m©U H$aʶmMo H$m¶© CXma_VdmXr {ejUmZo
Ho$bo. {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo XiUdiU d g§nH$m©Mr gmYZo
amîQ—>dmXr MidirMm àgma hmoʶmg Cn¶wŠV R>abr. B§{S>¶Z Z°eZb
H$m±J«ogÀ¶m ñWmnZoZ§Va ñdmV§Í¶mMm bT>m CËVamoËVa Vrd« hmoV Jobm.
_hmË_m Jm§Yr ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb 1942 À¶m " Mbo Omd '
Am§XmobZmZ§Va 1947 gmbr ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ {_imbo.
àíZ 3. ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mVrb ^maVr¶ g_mOmÀ¶m
OS>UKS>UrMo {ddaU H$am.
[ _wX²Xo … (A) ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ (~) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo
(H$) AW©ì¶dñWm (S>) {ejU (B©) amOH$s¶/ emgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUm ]
CËVa … (A) ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ … 6 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr
g§{dYmZ n[afXoZo ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$¶m gwê$ Pmbr.
S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m AܶjVoImbr _gwXm g{_VrZo
^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMm _gwXm V¶ma Ho$bm. ñdmV§Í¶, g_Vm, ݶm¶
Am{U ~§Yw^md ¶m VËËdm§Mm CX²Kmof g§{dYmZmÀ¶m gaZmå¶mV
H$aʶmV Ambm. bmoH$emhr emgZàUmbr {Z_m©U H$aʶmV Ambr.
gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamÀ¶m VËËdmÀ¶m AmYmao gd© àm¡T> ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoʶmV Ambm. _VXmZ A{YH$mamMr d¶mo_¶m©Xm
1989 gmbr 21 dfm©dê$Z 18 df} H$aʶmV Ambr.
(~) gm_m{OH$ H$m¶Xo … gm_m{OH$ Aݶm¶mMo {ZdmaU H$aUmao
AZoH$ H$m¶Xo ^maVr¶ g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bo. {ñ̶m§À¶m A{YH$mam§Mr
OmonmgZm H$aUmao ñnoeb _°aoO H$m¶Xm, qhXÿ H$moS> {~b, hþ§S>m
24 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm, H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ A˶mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xm B˶mXr
g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bo. AZwgy{MV OmVtdarb Aݶm¶mMo n[a_mO©Z
H$aUmao, ~mbH$m§À¶m hŠH$m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUmao Am{U Aݶ Xþ~©b
KQ>H$m§À¶m A{YH$mam§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUmao H$m¶Xo H$aʶmV Ambo.
(H$) AW©ì¶dñWm … ^maVmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm MmbZm
XoʶmgmR>r 1950 gmbr {Z¶moOZ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr.
1951 Vo 2015 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV Voam n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm am~dʶmV
Amë¶m. H¥${fjoÌmV ñd¶§nyU©Vm JmR>ʶmV Ambr. Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmbm
doJ {_imbm. 1991 gmbr ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§X²dmam ^maVmZo
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. ^maV AmO OJmVbr EH$ AJ«Jʶ
AW©ì¶dñWm Amho.
(S>) {ejU … {ejUàgma Am{U {ZajaVm {Z_y©bZ ¶m joÌm§V
^maVmZo CëboIZr¶ àJVr Ho$br Amho. CÀM Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMm
Xoeì¶mnr àgma Pmbm Amho. {d{dY ñVam§da {ejU XoUmè¶m
A§JUdmS>r, emim, _hm{dXçmb¶o, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU XoUmè¶m
g§ñWm d {dXçmnrR>m§Mr g§»¶m àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>br Amho. CÀM
{ejU n«mßVr Am{U BÀNw>H$ 춊VtÀ¶m g§»¶oV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr
Amho. gZ 2019 _ܶo ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMm _gwXm V¶ma H$aʶmV
Ambm Amho.
(B©) amOH$s¶ ¶§ÌUm … ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmZo g§KamÁ¶mË_H$
emgZnX²YVrX²dmam H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ¶ gaH$mao d H|$Ðem{gV àXoe
àñWm{nV Ho$bo AmhoV. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm§H$So> gËVm d
A{YH$mam§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aʶmV Ambo Amho. H$m¶Xo_§S>i,
H$m¶©H$mar_§S>i d ݶm¶_§S>i ¶m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mr {_iyZ emgH$s¶
¶§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aʶmV Ambr Amho. bmoH$emhr nX²YVrMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$ë¶mZo amîQ—>r¶ Am{U àmXo{eH$ ñVam§darb amOH$s¶ nj {ZdS>UwH$m§V
gh^mJr hmoVmV.
H¥$Vr
(1) ~m¡X²Y Y_m©Vrb "AîQ>m§J _mJm©'Mr _m{hVr Jmoim H$am.
(2) CËVa d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ñ̶m Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶
{ñ̶m ¶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMr MMm© H$am.
(3) H$mhr Aݶm¶_ybH$ àmMrZ àWm-na§nam AmOhr àM{bV
AmhoV H$m? ˶m§Mm emoY ¿¶m.
(4) _ܶ¶wJrZ _wñbr_ amOdQ>tMm {MÌH$bm, ñWmn˶ Am{U
g§JrV ¶mdarb n[aUm_mMm emoY ¿¶m.
(5) g_mO gwYmaUoÀ¶m Midir dV©_mZ H$mimVhr gwê$
Agë¶mÀ¶m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$am.
 2 ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU

Aܶ¶ZKQ>H$ :
2.1 ^maVmVrb Am{X_ g_wXm¶
2.2 ^maVmVrb J«m_rU g_wXm¶
2.3 ^maVmVrb ehar g_wXm¶.

‘hËËdmMo _wX²Xo
OO   àmñVm{dH$ : (2) A m{X_ g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m … Am§Ðo ~oVo  Á¶m
^m¡Jmo{bH$ \$aH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$  gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§À¶m g_mOmÀ¶m {d{eîQ> ^m{fH$ _¶m©Xm Am{U gw{Z{íMV amOH$s¶
AmYmao ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo Am{X‘ (Am{Xdmgr), J«m_rU Am{U _¶m©Xm AmhoV Aem g_mOmbm Am{X_ g_mO Ago åhUVm
ehar Ago VrZ {d^mJm§V dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr ¶oB©b. amOH$s¶ _¶m©Xm åhUOo g_mOmVrb gXñ¶m§gmR>r
g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm, AW©ì¶dñWm Am{U Y_© d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr "" dV©ZmÀ¶m gw{Z{íMV nX²YVr ~§YZH$maH$ H$aUo Agm AW©
O_mVr ¶m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg g_Oë¶m A{^àoV Amho. Am{X_ O_mVtMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[ajoÌXoIrb
OmVmV. J«m_rU Am{U ehar g_mOm§_ܶo ^m¡{VH$ n¶m©daU, R>abobo AgVo. gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[ajoÌmVrb Zo_H$s ì¶m»¶m
Zgbr Var, ˶m_ܶo T>mo~i_mZmZo, MmbrarVr, ê$T>r Am{U
OrdZnX²YVr, Om{Vì¶dñWm, dJ©ì¶dñWm, H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ aMZm Am{U
gXñ¶m§À¶m Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ Am§Va{H«$¶m
Ym{_©H$ lX²Ym ¶m ~m~VtV ^oX AmT>iVmV. ehar g_mOm_ܶo
g_m{dîQ> AgVmV.''
CXçmoJjoÌ Am{U godmjoÌ ¶m§gma»¶m {~JaH¥$fr joÌm§Mm g_mdoe
Vwåhm§bm ho _mhrV Amho H$m?
hmoVmo; Va J«m_rU g_mO H¥$fràYmZ Amho.
2.1 ^maVmVrb Am{X_ g_wXm¶ : ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 342 Zwgma AZwg{y MV Ho$bobo
g_wXm¶ åhUOo AZwg{y MV O_mVr hmoV.
(1) ^m¡{_H$ Xoe_wI ¶m§À¶m _Vo, " Am{Xdmgr ' hr EH$
¶mZwgma, ^maVmÀ¶m amîQ—>nVtZr Omhra Ho$ë¶mZwgma AZwgy{MV
ì¶mnH$ g§km Amho. ì¶mnH$ AWm©Zo, ¶m_ܶo ~hþ{OZgr
O_mVtMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
dm§{eH$ Am{U Am{X_ JQ>m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vo
Am{X_ JwUd¡{eîQ>ço
OO  

^maVmMo _yiMo a{hdmgr _mZbo OmVmV. hm ^maVmVrb ∙ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr

_hËËdnyU© Aëng§»¶mH$ bmoH$g_yh Amho.
^m¡Jmo{bH$ A{báVm
OO  

hmS>u_Z ¶m§À¶m _Vo, Am{Xdmgr åhUOo " dmgmh{VH$ ì¶mnH$ g_wXm¶mer g§nH©$ gmYVmZm ¶oUmè¶m _¶m©Xm
OO  

H$mimV " g_mZ H$_© ' Agboë¶m bmoH$m§Mm JQ> hmo¶.' Am{W©H$ _mJmgbonUm
OO  

(3) ^
 maVr¶ Am{XdmgtMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJUr … Eb. nr. {dXçmWu (1977) ¶m§Zr ^maVmVrb Am{XdmgtMr nmM àH$mam§V {d^mJUr
Ho$br Amho. ¶mgmR>r nm[apñW{VH$s¶, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, àemgH$s¶, dm§{eH$ ì¶dñWoer g§~§{YV {ZH$fm§Mm AmYma KoʶmV Ambm.
àXoe ñWmZ Am{X_ O_mVrMr Zmdo
(1) {h_mb¶ ¶mMo VrZ CnàXoe AmhoV … Jmamo, Imgr, O¡ÝVm,
( A ) B©emݶoH$S>rb {h_mb¶ àXoe ZmJm, {_Pmo, Imgm,
(Am) {h_mb¶mMm _ܶ àXoe bonMm, JmS>r.
(  B  ) dm¶ì¶oH$S>rb {h_mb¶ àXoe.

2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU 25

 àXoe ñWmZ Am{X_ O_mVrMr Zmdo
(2) _ܶ ^maV {~hma, PmaI§S>, n{íM_ ~§Jmb, Amo{Xgm, _ܶ àXoe Am{U N>ËVrgJT>. Jm|S>, g§Wb, _w§S>m, hmo,
^maVmVrb 55% nojm A{YH$ Am{X_ bmoH$ ¶mM ^mJm§V amhVmV. AmoaAmoZ, {~ahmoa.
(3) n{íM_ ^maV amOñWmZ, JwOamV, _hmamîQ—>, Jmodm, XmXam Am{U ZJa-hdobr. ¶m àXoem§V {^ëb, H$mVH$ar, dmabr,
Odinmg EH$ H$moQ>r BVH$s Am{X_ bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m Amho. ~¡Zm.
(4) X{jU ^maV Am§Y« àXoe, Vob§JUm, V{_iZmSy>, H$Zm©Q>H$ Am{U Ho$ai. ^maVmVrb EH$-fîR>m§e VmoS>m, H$moQ>m, Bébm,
Am{X_ bmoH$g§»¶m X{jU ^mJmV AmT>iVo. ~XmJm, M|My, Hw$é§~m.
(5) ~oQo> ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamVrb A§X_mZ Am{U {ZH$mo~ma ~oQo>, Aa~r g_wÐmVrb A§X_mZr, {ZH$mo~mar,
bjX²drn ~oQo>. Am|Jo, Oamdm, g|Q>rZbrO.
(4) ^
 maVmVrb Am{X_ g_wXm¶m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço … Am{X_ O_mVtMm Y_© g§koMo àUoVo
(1) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A{báVm … Am{X_ O_mVr XÿadaÀ¶m
OrdmË_mdmX ES>dS>© Qo>ba
O§Jbm§V qH$dm S>m|Jami ^mJm§V nmS>¶m§_ܶo amhVmV.
(2) Am{W©H$ OrdZ … ˶m§Mo Am{W©H$ OrdZ nma§n[aH$ MoVZmdmX am°~Q>© _°aoQ>
V§Ìm§da AmYm[aV AgVo. ˶m§À¶m CnOr{dHo$Mr gmYZo Hw$bàVrH$dmX Ooåg \«o$Pa
ñWbm§V{aV eoVr, dZmonO Jmoim H$aUo, _mgo_mar Am{U _mZmdmX am°~Q>© _°aoQ>
{eH$ma hr AmhoV. Vo dñVw{d{Z_¶ nX²YVrMm dmna
{ZgJ©dmX _°Šgå¶wba
H$aVmV. Am{WªH$ÑîQ>çm Vo _mJmg Am{U Xm[aÐçmV
OrdZ OJUmao AmhoV. (8) g_wXm¶mMo àemgZ … à˶oH$ Am{X_ O_mVtMr
(3) Apñ_VoMr Om{Ud … Am{X_ bmoH$ ñdV…Mr àemgZ ì¶dñWm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AgVo. O_mVà_wI
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmoiI OnVmV. ¶m Apñ_Vo_wio Am{X_ Am{U Á¶oîR>m§Mo _§S>i àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar
g_wXm¶mVrb bmoH$ nañnam§er OmoS>bo OmVmV. {d{eîQ> nma nmS>VmV. O_mVrA§VJ©V àíZ gmoS>dʶmgmR>r
^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m ho Am{X_ g_wXm¶mÀ¶m Apñ_VoMo _yi " O_mV n§Mm¶V ' AgVo. H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ àíZ ZmVodmBH$m§À¶m
hmo¶. Apñ_VoÀ¶m Om{Udo_wioM Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMo _ܶñWrZo gmoS>dbo OmVmV.
A{ñVËd {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. à˶oH$ Am{X_ g_wXm¶mMo EH$ (9) Hw$b g§KQ>Z … Hw$b åhUOo aŠVg§~§YmZo ~m§Ybr
{d{eîQ> Zmd AgVo. CXm., dmabr. Jobobr Hw§$Qw>~o. ˶m d§emMr gwédmV dmñV{dH$
(4) A§V{d©dmhr g_yh … hm EH$ A§V{d©dmhr g_yh Amho. dm H$mën{ZH$ 춊VrnmgyZ Pmbobr AgVo. Hw$b
{ddmh hm EH$ H$ama _mZbm OmVmo Am{U KQ>ñ\$moQ> g§KQ>Zo_wio ÑT> ZmVog§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
qH$dm nwZ{d©dmh {Z{fX²Y _mZbm OmV Zmhr. (10) g_VmdmXr _yë¶o … Am{X_ O_mVrMr gm_m{OH$
(5) d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ~mobr^mfm … Am{X_
g§aMZm hr g_VmdmXr VËËdm§da AmYm[aV AgVo.
g_mOmÀ¶m gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r, bmoH$gm{h˶ hr Am{U
gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr H$moUVrhr loUr~X²Y aMZm ZgVo.
lX²Ym ¶m~m~V d¡{eîQ>çnyU© na§nam AmhoV. à˶oH$
˶m_wio Am{X_ g_mOmV Om{Vì¶dñWm qH$dm qbJ-
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrMr ñdV…Mr ~mobr^mfm AgVo.
AmYm[aV {df_Vm AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr.
(6) gmYm g_mO … Am{X_ O_mVtMo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y
àmW{_H$nUo H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ Am{U ZmVog§~§Ym§da AmYm[aV (5) Am{X_ g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m …
Agë¶mZo ¶m g_mOmMo ñdê$n gmYo AgVo. (1) O§Jb d Am{Xdmgr O{_ZtnmgyZ AbJVm … ~mhç
(7) gmYm Y_© … " OrdmË_mdmX ', " MoVZmdmX ', àXoemVrb bmoH$ Am{X_ g_mOmMr O_rZ Am{U
" Hw$bàVrH$dmX ', " {ZgJ©dmX ' Am{U " _mZddmX ' ho VoWrb g§gmYZm§Mo emofU H$aVmV; Voìhm Am{X_
Am{X_ O_mVtÀ¶m Y_m©Mo àH$ma hmoV. n{dÌ dZo hm g_mOmMo {ZgJ©MH«$ Am{U ˶mda AmYm[aV ˶m§Mo
Am{X_ g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ Amho. H$mir Am{U Am¶wî¶ {dñH$irV hmoVo. Am{X_ g_mO O{_ZtnmgyZ
nm§T>ar OmXy ¶m§da ˶m§Mm {dídmg Amho. AbJ hmoʶmMr gwédmV {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ Pmbr.
26 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 ¶mIoarO gmdH$ma, O_rZXma Am{U ì¶mnmè¶m§Zrhr
Am{X_ g_mOm˦m O{_Ztda Vm~m KoVbm hmoVm.
Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU Am{U YaU ~m§YH$m_m§_wio emgZmZohr
Am{X_ g_mOmÀ¶m O{_ZtMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo. Am{X_
g_mOmMr ^y_r {~Ja-Am{X_ g_mOmH$So> hñVm§V[aV
H$aUo qH$dm {dH$Uo ¶m{damoYmV AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$mam§Zr
{d{dY H$m¶Xo nm[aV Ho$bo AmhoV. Ago Agbo Var,
Am{X_ g_mOmMr O§Jb, O{_ZtnmgyZ AbJVoMr
g_ñ¶m nyU©V… gwQ>bobr Zmhr.
(2) Xm[aÐç Am{U H$O©~mOmarnUm … ~hþVm§e Am{X_
O_mVr Xm[aÐçaofoImbr AmhoV. ˶m§Mo XaS>moB© CËnÝZ
A˶ën Amho. ˶m_wio Vo H$O©~mOmar AmhoV. ¶m
n[apñWVrMm \$m¶Xm KoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ gmdH$ma/O_rZXma
Am{XdmgtMo emofU H$aVmV.
(3) AZmamo½¶ Am{U Hw$nmofU … Am{X_ O_mVr
nmʶmnmgyZ hmoUmè¶m g§gJ©Oݶ amoJm§Zr ~m{YV AmhoV.
bhmZ _wbo OÝ_V…M Hw$nmo{fV AgVmV. ~mb_¥Ë¶yMo
à_mU A{YH$ Amho. d¡XçH$ Am{U Amamo½¶ajUmW©
gw{dYm§Mr H$_VaVm Agë¶mZo AZmamo½¶mV ^a nS>Vo.
(4) {ZajaVm … ^maVmV gdm©{YH$ {ZajaVm Am{Xdmgr
g_wXm¶mV Amho. Xm[aÐçm_wio Am{Xdmgr _wbo
{ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV; H$maU nmbH$m§À¶m
AWm©O©ZmV Vo _XV H$aVmV. emimhr Am{XdmgtÀ¶m
dñVrnmgyZ Xÿa AgVmV. emioVrb Aä¶mgH«$_
Am{XdmgtÀ¶m ^mfoV {eH$dbm OmV Zmhr. _wbm§Zm
{ejUmMr éMr {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr.
(5) doR>{~Jmar … ^maVr¶ H$m¶Xmì¶dñWoV doR>{~Jmar ~§Xr
Agbr Var H$mhr Am{X_ àXoem§V ¶m àH$maMo doR>{~Jma
AmT>iVmV. Am{XdmgtMr J§^ra Xm[aÐçmdñWm,
H$O©~mOmarnUm, doR>{~Jmar Am{U Xm[aÐç ¶m g_ñ¶m
nañnam§er g§~§{YV AmhoV.
(6) ñWbm§V[aV eoVr … Am{X_ g_mOmÀ¶m ñWbm§V[aV
eoVr_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV O§JbVmoS> d _mVrMr Yyn
hmoV Agë¶m_wio hr EH$ g_ñ¶m _mZbr OmVo.
(6) ñ dmV§Í¶àmßVrZ§VaMo Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmMo à¶ËZ …
ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo n{hbo n§VàYmZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb
Zohê$ ¶m§Zm Am{XdmgtMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUmd¶mMm
hmoVm. ˶m§Zr ¶m g§X^m©V XrK©H$mbrZ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËËdo
XoD$ Ho$br. Vr n§Merb ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVmV.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
n§MerbmMr VËËdo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(1) bmoH$m§À¶m JwUm§Zwgma ˶m§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm. ˶m§À¶mda
H$moUVrhr ~mhç ~m~ bmXUo AmnU Q>miy¶m.
(2) dZàXoemV Am{XdmgtÀ¶m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo.
(3) àemgZ Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{XdmgtZm à{ejU
XoD$Z ˶m§Mr JQ>~m§YUr H$amdr.
(4) Am{XdmgtÀ¶m àXoemV JaOonwaVoM àemgZ H$amdo.
˶m§À¶mda {d{dY ¶moOZm§Mm ^{S>_maXoIrb H$ê$ Z¶o.
˶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWm§À¶m {damoYmV
Zìho Va ˶m§À¶m AmYmamZoM H$m_ H$amdo.
(5) Am{X_ g_mOmda {H$Vr n¡gm Jw§Vdbm ˶mÀ¶m gm§p»¶H$s
_m§S>Urdê$Z n[aUm_m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$ê$ Z¶o; Va
_mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m JwUdËVodê$Z hr narjm ìhmdr.
emgZmMo Am{X_ {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_ 
Am{Xdmgr {dXçm϶mªgmR>r dg{VJ¥ho ~m§YUo, Am{Xdmgr
àXoemVrb {Zaja {d^mJmV Am{Xdmgr _{hbm§gmR>r e¡j{UH$
g§Hw$b ~m§YUo. ¶m ¶moOZm§A§VJ©V AemgH$s¶ g§ñWm/emgZ
ñWm{nV ñdm¶ËV g§ñWm/e¡j{UH$ Am{U ghH$ma g§ñWm§gma»¶m
BVa g§ñWm§Zm {ZdS>H$ àXoem§_ܶo e¡j{UH$ g§Hw$b ~m§YʶmgmR>r
g§nyU© {dËV gmhmæ¶ Ho$bo OmVo. amÁ¶ Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg ghH$mar
_§S>i Am{U BVa _§S>im§Zm, J«m_rU Ymݶ ~±H$m§Zm _XV{ZYrMm
nwadR>m H$aUo. ñd¶§godr g§ñWm, Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmgmR>r g§emoYZ
Am{U à{ejUmgmR>r AW©gmhmæ¶ {Xbo OmVo.
Xhmdr CËVrU© Am{Xdmgr {dXçm϶mªZm {eî¶d¥ËVr, naXoer
OmʶmgmR>r {eî¶d¥ËVr Am{U J«§WnoT>çm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo,
JwUdËVm Am{U à{ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaUo, Am{Xdmgr gëbmJma
g{_Vr, 20 _wX²Xçm§À¶m H$m¶©H«$_mVrb 11 (~r) _wX²Xm, Am{Xdmgr
{dH$mg ZrVrMo Zdo ñdê$n B˶mXr. Aem {d{dY H$m¶©H«$_m§À¶m
_mܶ_mVyZ emgZmZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§À¶m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r
à¶ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. _mÌ, ¶mVrb gd© H$m¶©H«$_ ¶eñdr Pmbo Ago
åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. ˶m_wio AmOhr Am{Xdmgr§À¶m g_ñ¶m Am{U
_mJmgbonU H$m¶_ Amho.
2.2 ^maVmVrb J«m_rU g_wXm¶ :
(1) 
J«m_rU g_wXm¶ åhUOo IoS>çm§_ܶo amhUmao bmoH$ hmoV.
hm g_mO Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. J«m_rU
AW©ì¶dñWm àm_w»¶mZo eoVr, newnmbZ Am{U eoVrnyaH$
ì¶dgm¶m§da AmYm[aV AgVo. hm H¥${fàYmZ g_mO hmo¶.
J«m_rU àXoemV bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm H$_r AgVo. J«m_rU
OrdZm_ܶo nma§n[aH$ _yë¶ì¶dñWobm _hËËd Amho. ^maV hm
àm_w»¶mZo IoS>çm§Mm Xoe Amho.
27
 (2) J «m_rU g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m … E. S>ãë¶y. J«rZ  "" IoSo>
g_wXm¶ AWdm J«m_rU g_wXm¶ _¶m©{XV ^yàXoemV
{Zdmg H$aUmam bmoH$g_yh hmo¶. ¶m àXoemVrb
gdmªMr OrdZnX²YVr g_mZ AgVo.''
gZ 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma J«m_rU g_wXm¶
åhUOo Odinmg 5000 bmoH$m§Mm g_wXm¶ hmo¶. hm
g_wXm¶ H¥$fr Am{U nyaH$ ì¶dgm¶m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
¶m g_wXm¶mMo {d{eîQ> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV H$m¶‘-
ñdê$nr dmñVì¶ AgVo. g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H$mhr gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$T>r g_mZ AgVmV.
2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m
68.84% bmoH$ J«m_rU ^mJmV 6.4 bj IoS>çm§_ܶo amhVmV.
(3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
(1) J«m_ g_wXm¶ … J«m_rU ^mJm_ܶo a{hdmem§À¶m
JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm Ho$br OmVo. J«m_rU g_wXm¶m_ܶo
EoŠ¶^mdZm A{ñVËdmV AgVo.
(2) AmH$mamZo bhmZ ^yàXoe … J«m_rU àXoemMm AmH$ma
bhmZ Am{U VoWrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm H$_r
AgVo.
(3) H¥$fr joÌmMo dM©ñd … J«m_rU àXoemV H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶
à_wI Amho.
(4) AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm … ^maVr¶ IoS>çm§_ܶo àmW{_H$ g§~§Ym§Mm
nJS>m Amho. J«m_rU g§~§Ym§_ܶo AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm,
ì¶{ŠVJVVm Am{U g_mdoeH$Vm AgVo.
(5) gm_m{OH$ EH${OZgrnUm … J«m_rU àXoemV {dMma,
dV©Z, nmoemI, H¥$Vr Am{U OJʶm_ܶo EH${OZgrnUm
AgVmo. na§nam Am{U ê$T>tZm AZwgê$Z dV©Z H$aʶmMr
d¥Îmr J«m_rU ^mJmV AmT>iVo.
(6) Hw$Qw§>~mbm _hËËd … Hw$Qw§>~ ì¶dñWm J«m_rU
g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. EH$Ì Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr hm
EHo$H$mir J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMm AmYmañV§^ hmoVm.
(7) {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ … J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ñ̶m AmOhr
nwéfàYmZ {Z¶§ÌUmImbr amhVmV. ¶oWrb ñÌr Am{U
nwéfm§À¶m _ZmV " nm{Vd«Ë¶ ' ({ñ̶m§Mr d¡dm{hH$
{ZîR>m) hr AmXe© ^mdZm H$moabr Jobr Amho. {ñ̶m§Mo
ñWmZ Xþæ¶_ AgVo.
(8) Y_©lX²Ym … Y_©, Xod Am{U Ym{_©H$ na§nam§da J«m_rU
g_wXm¶mMm àJmT> {dídmg Amho. à˶oH$ JmdmMr EH$
" J«m_XodVm ' AgVo.
(9) Om{Vì¶dñWoMm nJS>m … J«m_rU g_mOmÀ¶m
OrdZmnmgyZ Om{Vì¶dñWm doJir H$aVm ¶oUma
28 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
Zmhr. Om{Vì¶dñWm loUraMZoda AmYm[aV Amho.
~bwVmnX²YVr {d{dY OmVtMo nañnamdb§~Ëd Xe©dVo.
(4) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m …
(1) Xm[aÐç … J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~hþVm§e bmoH$
Xm[aÐçaofoImbr AgVmV. J«m_rU Jar~ bmoH$m§_ܶo
gr_m§V Am{U Aën ^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar, ^y{_hrZ
eoV_Oya Am{U J«m_rU H$mamJra ¶m§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
(2) {ZajaVm … ehar bmoH$g§»¶oer VwbZm H$aVm, J«m_rU
^mJmV {ZajaVoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. ¶mì¶{V[aŠV
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejUmMr JwUdËVm hr qMVmOZH$
~m~ Amho.
(3) nma§n[aH$Vm, nwamU_VdmX Am{U A§YlX²Ym … ^maV
AmOhr nwamU_VdmXr g_mO Amho. ¶oWrb bmoH$m§Mo
{dMma Am{U lX²Ym nma§n[aH$ AmhoV.
(4) Om{Vì¶dñWoMm à^md … Om{Vì¶dñWm bmoH$m§À¶m
{dMmam§V BVH$s {^Zbr Amho H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y ¶m
ì¶dñWo_wio AmH$ma KoVmV. Ago Agbo Var, X¡Z§{XZ
ì¶dhmam§_ܶo bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§Zm ghH$m¶© H$aVmV.
(5) eoVH$è¶m§À¶m AmË_h˶m … eoVH$ar AmË_h˶m
hr J§^ra ñdê$nmMr g_ñ¶m Amho; H$maU ~hþVm§e
bmoH$ CnOr{dHo$gmR>r H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶mda Adb§~yZ
AmhoV.
(6) {ñ̶m§Mo Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ … Hw$Qw§>~, Y_©, ê$T>r Am{U
na§nam§À¶m {Z¶§ÌUm_wio g_mOmV {ñ̶m§Zm Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ
Amho. g_mOmÀ¶m à˶oH$ ñVamda {nV¥gËVmH$ _yë¶o
Am{U nX²YVtMm nJS>m Amho.
(7) H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ dmX … O{_ZtÀ¶m _mbH$sdê$Z J«m_rU
^mJm§_ܶo H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ dmX hmoUo hr ~m~ ZdrZ Zmhr.
Aem V§Q>çm§_wio AZoH$ g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~o CX²ÜdñV Pmbr
AmhoV. Hw$Qw§>~mVrb AZoH$ gXñ¶m§_ܶo O{_ZtMr
dmQ>Ur Pmë¶mZo O{_ZtÀ¶m VwH$S>çm§da nrH$ KoUo eŠ¶
hmoV Zmhr.
(5) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo à¶ËZ … ñdmV§Í¶àmßVrZ§Va gZ 1952
_ܶo " g_wXm¶ {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_ ' am~dʶmV Ambo.
IoS>çm§À¶m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r hm CnH«$_ hmVr KoʶmV
Ambm. J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r J«m_ñWm§Zr
{dH$mg à{H«$¶oV gh^mJr ìhmdo hm g_wXm¶ {dH$mg
H$m¶©H«$_m§Mm CX²Xoe hmoVm. gZ 1959 _ܶo n§Mm¶V-amO
ì¶dñWm ñWmnZ H$aʶmV Ambr.
 Vwåhm§bm ho _mhrV Amho H$m?
^maV gaH$maZo J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r AbrH$So> hmVr
KoVboë¶m H$mhr ¶moOZm …
(1) àYmZ_§Ìr J«m_ gS>H$ ¶moOZm.
(2) XrZX¶mi Cnmܶm¶ J«m_rU H$m¡eë¶ ¶moOZm.
(3) ñdU©O¶§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma ¶moOZm (SGSY)
(4) àYmZ_§Ìr J«m_rU {dH$mg {eî¶d¥ËVr ¶moOZm.
(5) _hmË_m Jm§Yr amîQ—>r¶ J«m_rU amoOJma h_r ¶moOZm
(MGNREGS)
(6) gd© {ejm A{^¶mZ (SSA)
(7) g§gX AmXe© J«m_ ¶moOZm (SGSY)
(8) amîQ—>r¶ gm_m{OH$ gmhmæ¶ H$m¶©H«$_
(9) àYmZ_§Ìr Amdmg ¶moOZm/B§{Xam Amdmg ¶moOZm.
(10) A§Ë¶moX¶ AÝZ ¶moOZm. (AAY)
2.3 ^maVmVrb ehar g_wXm¶ :
(1) ehar ^mJ qH$dm ehar ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hr
EH$ _mZdr dgmhV hmo¶; bmoH$g§»¶oMr A{YH$ KZVm
Am{U nm¶m^yV gmo¶rgw{dYm§Mr CnbãYVm hr ¶m ehar
_mZdr dgmhVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV. ehao, ZJao Am{U CnZJao
Ago ehar ^mJmMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
(2) ehar g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m …
(A) _°Šg do~a … nwT>rb nmM bjUm§dê$Z ehar
g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m ñnîQ> hmoVo … (1) R>amdrH$ ^yàXoe
(2) ~mOmanoR> (3) H$m¶Xo g§{hVm Am{U ݶm¶ì¶dñWm
(4) ehar ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m g§KQ>ZoVyZ ZmJar ghH$m¶m©Mr OmUrd
Am{U (5) ehamVrb A{YH$mar Zo_ʶmgmR>r ehamVrb
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwaoer amOH$s¶ ñdm¶ËVVm.
(~) _o[a¶_  doãñQ>a eãXH$moe … "" Á¶m g_mOm_ܶo
AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Xçmo{JH$ ñdê$nmMo ZmJarH$aU Pmbo Amho Am{U
OoWrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam d¡{dܶnyU© Amho Vmo g_mO ehar
g_mO hmo¶. Aem g_mOmV Y_©{Zanoj _yë¶m§da ^a Amho.
_mÌ, hr _yë¶o g_mOH|$Ðr ZgyZ ì¶{ŠVH|$Ðr AmhoV.''
(3) ehar g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
(1) ~hþ{OZgrnUm … ehar g_wXm¶mV gm_m{OH$ Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~hþ{OZgrnUm hm {d{dY dJ© Am{U
ì¶dgm¶ ¶m§_ܶo nmhmd¶mg {_iVmo. OmVr, ^mfm
Am{U Y_© ¶m ~m~t_ܶo ehar ^mJm§_ܶo g§{_lVm
Am{U {d{dYVm AgVo.
(2) bmoH$g§»¶oMr A{YH$ KZVm … eham§_ܶo Am{U
ZJam§_ܶo bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm A{YH$ AgVo.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
Vwåhm§bm ho _mhrV Amho H$m?
_w§~B© ehamÀ¶m EHy$U ^yàXoemdarb EH$-fîR>m§e ^mJ EH$
hOma _mUgm§Zr ì¶mnbobm Amho. à˶jmV ~¥h²Z_w§~B©À¶m
AmamIS>çmZwgma, hOma _mUgm§Zr Mma EH$a ^mJ ì¶mnbobm
Agmdm Ago gwMdʶmV Ambo Amho. ^maVmVrb _hmZJam§_ܶo
" {Zanoj ' Am{U " gmnoj ' Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMr XmQ>rdmQ>r
AmT>iVo. eham§_ܶo bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm àM§S> Am{U åhUyZ
{Zanoj Am{U KZVm A{YH$ Zgbr Var ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zm
gmo¶r-gw{dYm nwadʶmMr g_ñ¶m Agë¶mZo ˶mMo ñdê$n gmnoj
Amho. ¶m_wio {Zdmg, drOnwadR>m, nmUrnwadR>m, XiUdiU,
amoOJma ¶m§gma»¶m nm¶m^yV gmo¶r-gw{dYm§da àM§S> VmU ¶oV
Amho. {Xëbr ehamVrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm H$_r H$aʶmgmR>r
{XëbrÀ¶m n[aKm_ܶo Jmdo {dH${gV H$aʶmMm à¶moJ \$magm
¶eñdr R>abobm Zmhr.
(3) {d{^ÝZ ì¶dgm¶ … ehamVrb ì¶dgm¶m§Mo
{deofrH$aU Pmbobo Amho. ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$
l_{d^mOZ Am{U {deof g§YtMr CnbãYVm Amho.
CËnmXZ, ì¶mnma Am{U dm{UÁ¶, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Am{U
emgH$s¶ godm ho ehar ^mJmVrb à_wI ì¶dgm¶
AmhoV.
(4) gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm … ehar ^mJmVrb bmoH$ Ooìhm
gm_m{OH$ dJ©ì¶dñWm AmË_gmV H$aVmV; Voìhm
Om{Vì¶dñWm jrU hmoD$Z ˶m§Mr gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm
dmT>Vo.
(5) Xþæ¶_ ZmVog§~§Y … ehar g_mOmV 춊VtVrb
ZmVog§~§Y Xþæ¶_ d Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMo AmhoV.
(6) ~mOmanoR>-AmYm[aV AW©ì¶dñWm … eham§Vrb
Am{W©H$ g§KQ>Z ho ~mOmanoR> Am{U MbZ AW©ì¶dñWoda
AmYm[aV Amho. ~mOmanoR> {dH$gZ ho AmO˦m ehar
H|$Ðm§Mo à_wI d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.
(7) gwYm[aV nm¶m^yV gmo¶r-gw{dYm … J°g, Qo>{b\$moZ,
{nʶmMo nmUr, B§Q>aZoQ>, añVo Omio, {d_mZVi, _oQ—>mo
aoëdo, IaoXr _m°b, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ H|$Ðo B˶mXr ZmJar
gmo¶r-gw{dYm eham§_ܶo CnbãY AgVmV.
(8) {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr … ehar ^mJmV ì¶p³V-
H|${ÐVVo_iw o ¶oWrb {d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§ ~m§Mr g§»¶m dmT>Vo Amho.
(9) nwamoJm_r … gw{e{jV 춊VtV hŠH$m§Mr OmUrd AgyZ
Vo nwamoJm_r AmhoV. {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m joÌmVrb
AmYw{ZH$ KS>m_moS>ter ¶oWrb bmoH$ g§nH$m©V ¶oVmV.
29
 (10) A  m¡nMm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU … H$m¶Xo, {d{Y{dYmZ, (4) ~oamoOJmar … ^maVmVrb ehar ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU
nmobrg ¶§ÌUm Am{U ݶm¶mb¶o hr Am¡nMm[aH$ ¶§ÌUm l{_H$m§À¶m à_mUmÀ¶m 15  25 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ Amho.
bmoH$m§À¶m dV©Zmda {Z¶§ÌU Ro>dVo. {e{jV bmoH$m§_ܶo hr Q>ŠHo$dmar AOyZ OmñV Amho.
(11) Jw§VmJw§VrMo l_{d^mOZ … ehar ^mJmV ñnîQ> (5) {^jmd¥ËVr … {ejU Am{U H$m¡eë¶m§Mr H$_VaVm
Am{U {deofrH¥$V l_{d^mOZ AmT>iVo. g§ñWoÀ¶m Agë¶m_wio ehamVrb Jar~ bmoH$ ho {^jmd¥ËVrH$So>
_mJʶm§Zwgma bmoH$m§Zm ˶m§À¶m H$m_mMo à{ejU {Xbo diVmZm {XgVmV. _moR>çm eham§_ܶo {^joH$è¶m§À¶m
OmVo. {d{dY ì¶dgm¶m§Mo EH$_oH$m§darb Adb§{~Ëd g§K{Q>V Q>moiçm g{H«$¶ Agë¶mMo AmT>iVo.
{XgyZ ¶oVo.
(6) XiUdiU … dmhVwH$sMo à_mU Am{U dmhVyH$
(4) ehar g_wXm¶mÀ¶m à_wI g_ñ¶m …
H$m|S>r_wio ^maVmVrb OdiOdi à˶oH$ eha Am{U
(1) AñVmì¶ñV ehao … bmoH$g§»¶m Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$
Jmdm_ܶo gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMr g_ñ¶m J§^ra Amho.
g§X^m©Zo eham§Mm dmT>Vm ngmam ho ehar g_ñ¶m§Mo
_yi Amho. eham§À¶m AdmT>ì¶ AmH$mam_wio g_ñ¶m§da (7) nmʶmMm VwQ>dS>m … eham§Mo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U VoWrb
VmoS>Jm H$mT>ʶmgmR>r ¶oWrb AW©ì¶dñWm Anwar bmoH$g§»¶m dmTy> bmJbr Vgm nmUrnwadR>m H$_r nSy>
nS>Vo. bmJbm. AmO ì¶mdhm[aH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hbo
(2) XmQ>rdmQ>r … H$_rV H$_r OmJoV ^anya bmoH$ amhVmV AgVm, ^maVmVrb H$moU˶mhr eham_ܶo ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m
Aer XmQ>rdmQ>rMr n[apñWVr eham§_ܶo AmT>iVo. ehar JaOm ^mJdʶmgmR>r nwaogm nmUrnwadR>m hmoV Zmhr.
^mJm§Vrb bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>ë¶mZo ˶mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo (8) gm§S>nmʶmÀ¶m {dëhodmQ>rMr g_ñ¶m … Anwè¶m qH$dm
{Zdmg ì¶dñWoMr H$_VaVm. An[aUm_H$maH$ gm§S>nmʶmÀ¶m ì¶dñWm hr ^maVmVrb
(3) PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm … PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Mr g_ñ¶m J§^ra Amho. ~hþVm§e ehar ^mJm§Mr g_ñ¶m Amho. ^maVmVrb EH$mhr
_w§~B© eham_ܶo Odinmg 50 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$g§»¶m ehamV gm§S>nmʶmMr gw¶mo½¶ ì¶dñWm Zmhr.
PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§_ܶo amhVo. _hmZJanm{bHo$Zo ¶m bmoH$m§Mo (9) H$Mè¶mMr {dëhodmQ> … ^maVmVrb eham§Mr g§»¶m
nwZd©gZ H$aʶmMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo Agbo Var hr g_ñ¶m Am{U AmH$ma_mZ dmT>ë¶m_wio H$Mam {d{Z¶moJmMr
AOyZ gwQ>bobr Zmhr. M§XrJT>gma»¶m {Z¶mo{OV eham_ g_ñ¶m J§^ra ~Zbr Amho. eham§_ܶo {Z_m©U hmoUmam
ܶohr PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Mr g_ñ¶m Amho. àM§S> H$Mam Amamo½¶mg hm{ZH$maH$ Amho.
Vwåhm§bm ho _mhrV Amho H$m? (10) ehar JwÝhoJmar … g§K{Q>V Q>moiçm§X²dmam n¡gm d
^maVmVrb {d{dY eham§_ܶo PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§gmR>r ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm doR>rg Yabo OmV Amho.
doJdoJiçm g§km dmnaë¶m OmVmV. A{^OZ dJm©À¶m Amerdm©XmZo JwÝhoJmar \$mo\$mdV
Amho. PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§à_mUoM nm§T>anoem dJm©V JwÝhoJmar
eha PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§gmR>r g§km
H$aʶmMr àd¥ËVr dmT>V Amho.
_w§~B© PmonS>nQ²>Q>r
(5) ehar {dH$mgmMo à¶ËZ … AW©ì¶dñWoMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Agboë¶m
{Xëbr Pw½Jr  Pm|nS>r ehar ^mJmMm {dH$mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. ˶mgmR>rMo {dH$mg
H$mobH$mVm ~ñVr H$m¶©H«$_ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
MoÝZB© Moar (1) J[a~m§gmR>r ehar_yb^yV godm H$m¶©H«$_
~|Jiwê$ Ho$ar (2) ehar PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Vrb n¶m©daUr¶ gwYmaUm H$m¶©H«$_
H$mZnya AmhmVm (3) bhmZ Am{U _ܶ_ Jmdm§Mm EH${ÌV {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_
O¶nya H$ÀMr ~ñVr (4)  {Zdmg Am{U ehar {dH$mg _§S>imÀ¶m (hþS>H$mo)
^monmi, B§Xÿa J§Xr ~ñVr {d{dY {Zdmg Am{U nm¶m^yV gmo¶r-gw{dYm§Zm
nVnwadR>m H$aUmè¶m ¶moOZm
Mhm _içm§À¶m ^mJmV ~amH$
(5) _oJm eha àH$ën Am{U
ImUt˦m ^mJmV Kmo~mam
(6) EH${ÌH¥$V ehar Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ H$m¶©H«$_.

30 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 ^maVmVrb AbrH$S>Mo eha {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_ (4) ho[aQo>O {gQ>r So>ìhbn_oÝQ> A±S> Am°J_|Qo>eZ ¶moOZm (öX¶)
(1) ñ_mQ©> {gQ>r {_eZ (5) Odmhabmb Zohê$ Z°eZb A~©Z [aZrìhb {_eZ
(2) AQ>b {_eZ \$m°a aoÁ¶ypìhZoeZ A±S> A~©Z Q—>mÝg\$m°_}eZ (6) A~©Z Q—>mÝñnmoQ}>eZ
(A_¥V) àmoOoŠQ>. (7) ñdÀN> ^maV {_eZ
(3) àYmZ_§Ìr Amdmg ¶moOZm qH$dm hmD$qgJ \$m°a Am°b ~m¶
2022 {_eZ

àíZmoËVao
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ (3) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zog Am{X_ bmoH$m§gmR>r hr g§km
dmnabr Amho.
à. 1 H §$gmVrb n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdSy>Z nwT>rb {dYmZo (AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, {J[aOZ)
nyU© H$am : (à˶oH$s 1 JwU) (4) Am{X_ bmoH$ ^maVmMo _yi a{hdmgr AmhoV Ago _mZbo
[1] OmVo. ˶m_wio ˶m§Zm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
* (1)  g_wXm¶m_ܶo Xþæ¶_ àH$maMo ZmVog§~§Y _hËËdmMo (^y{_nwÌ, Am{Xdmgr, _yi O_mVr)
AgVmV. (J«m_rU, Am{Xdmgr, ehar) (5) ZmJar g_wXm¶mda ñdê$nmMo {Z¶§ÌU AgVo.
* (2) 55% nojm OmñV Am{Xdmgr bmoH$g§»¶m ^maVmÀ¶m (Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, Am¡nMm[aH$)
^mJmV AmT>iVo. (n{íM_, _ܶ, X{jU) CËVao :
(3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV bmoH$m§Mo g§~§Y ñdê$nmMo (1) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMo ñdê$n EH${OZgr Amho.
AgVmV. (Am¡nMm[aH$, àmW{_H$, Xþæ¶_) (2) J«m_ n§Mm¶V J«m_ nmVirda ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo.
(4)  g_wXm¶mV EopÀN>H$ g§ñWm {dnwb à_mUmV (3) ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>Zog Am{X_ bmoH$m§gmR>r AZwgy{MV O_mVr
hr g§km dmnabr Amho.
AmT>iVmV. (Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU, ZmJar)
(4) Am{X_ bmoH$ ^maVmMo _yi a{hdmgr AmhoV Ago _mZbo
(5)  g_wXm¶mV l_{d^mJUr Am{U {deofrH$aUmbm
OmVo. ˶m_wio ˶m§Zm Am{Xdmgr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
A{YH$ dmd AgVmo. (Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU, ZmJa)
(5) ZmJar g_wXm¶mda Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMo {Z¶§ÌU AgVo.
CËVao :
(1) ehar g_wXm¶m_ܶo Xþæ¶_ àH$maMo ZmVog§~§Y _hËËdmMo [3]
AgVmV. (1)  V§ÌkmZ ho Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMo bjU Amho.
(2) 55% nojm OmñV Am{Xdmgr bmoH$g§»¶m ^maVmÀ¶m _ܶ (A{dH${gV, {dH${gV, na§namJV)
^mJmV AmT>iVo. (2)  g_wXm¶mV ñWbm§V[aV eoVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm
OmVmo. (J«m_rU, Am{X_, ZmJar)
(3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV bmoH$m§Mo g§~§Y àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo
(3) Am{Xdmgr O_mVrMr ñdV…Mr AgVo.
AgVmV.
(^mfm, ~mobr^mfm, {bnr)
(4) ZmJar g_wXm¶mV EopÀN>H$ g§ñWm {dnwb à_mUmV AmT>iVmV.
(4) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV g§~§Ymbm OmñV _hËËd
(5) ZmJa g_wXm¶mV l_{d^mJUr Am{U {deofrH$aUmbm A{YH$
AgVo. (ñWm{ZH$, aŠV, d¡dm{hH$)
dmd AgVmo.
(5) gm_m{OH$ gOmVr¶Vm ho g_wXm¶mMo d¡{eîQ>ç
[2] Amho. (Am¡Xçmo{JH$, J«m_rU, ZmJa)
(1) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMo ñdê$n Amho. CËVao :
(Am¡nMm[aH$, Jw§VmJw§VrMo, EH${OZgr) (1) A{dH${gV V§ÌkmZ ho Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMo bjU Amho.
(2) J«m_ n§Mm¶V nmVirda ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. (2) Am{X_ g_wXm¶mV ñWbm§V[aV eoVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.
(JQ>, {Oëhm, J«m_) (3) Am{Xdmgr O_mVrMr ñdV…Mr ~mobr^mfm AgVo.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU 31
 (4) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV aŠV g§~§Ymbm OmñV _hËËd AgVo. CËVao :
(5) gm_m{OH$ gOmVr¶Vm ho J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. (1) gZ 2011À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m
68.84% bmoH$ J«m_rU ^mJmV amhVmV.
[4]
(2) n§Mm¶Vr amO hr {ÌñVar¶ ì¶dñWm Amho.
(1) X{bVm§gh g_wXm¶ ^maVmVrb gr_m§V g_wXm¶
(3) Hw$Qw§>~ g§ñWm J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho.
Amho. (Am{Xdmgr, ñÌr, Aëng§»¶)
(4) EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_ gZ 1979 nmgyZ
(2) OrdmË_dmX, MoVZmdmX Am{U Hw$bàVrH$dmX hr
am~dʶmV Ambm.
g_wXm¶mMr lX²YmñWmZo AmhoV. (Am{X_, J«m_rU, ZmJa)
(5) ~mOmanoR>-AmYm[aV AW©ì¶dñWm ehar g_wXm¶m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç
(3) ì¶mK«XodVm hr gdm}ÀM XodVm Amho, Aer Vrb
Amho.
AZoH$ Am{X_ O_mVr§Mr lX²Ym Amho.
(ZmJmb±S>, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamîQ—>) à. 2  nwT>rb à˶oH$ JQ>mVrb MwH$sMr OmoS>r AmoiIm d XþéñV
(4) Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r àYmZ_§Ìr H$ê$Z {bhm : (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
¶m§Zr " n§Merb ' VËËdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. [1]

(Za|Ð _moXr, nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd, Odmhabmb Zohê$) * (1)  (A) O_rZ _mbH$  O_rZXma

(5) ~bd§Vam¶ _ohVm g{_VrÀ¶m {e\$maetZwgma ( ~  ) J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r KoVbobm nwT>mH$ma  g_wXm¶

ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr. {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_
(J«m_ n§Mm¶VrMr, n§Mm¶VramOMr, ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mr) ( H$)  emgZmMr {ÌñVar¶ ì¶dñWm  EH$m{Ë_H$ J«m_rU
{dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_
CËVao :
(  S>  ) àmW{_H$ ì¶dgm¶  nma§n[aH$ g_mO.
(1) X{bVm§gh Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ ^maVmVrb gr_m§V g_wXm¶
Amho. (2)  (A) ehar g_wXm¶  ì¶{ŠVdmXmMm à^md
(2) OrdmË_dmX, MoVZmdmX Am{U Hw$bàVrH$dmX hr Am{X_ ( ~  ) J«m_rU g_wXm¶  Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU
( H$) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶  ~mobr^mfm
g_wXm¶mMr lX²YmñWmZo AmhoV.
(  S>  ) J«m_rU g_wXm¶  H¥$fr CXçmoJ.
(3) ì¶mK«XodVm hr gdm}ÀM XodVm Amho, Aer _hmamîQ—>mVrb
AZoH$ Am{X_ O_mVr§Mr lX²Ym Amho. (3)  (A) Jmamo O_mV  B©emݶ ^maV
( ~  ) {_Pmo g_mO  A§X_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma
(4) Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUʶmgmR>r àYmZ_§Ìr
( H$) Jm¢S> O_mV  _ܶ ^maV
Odmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m§Zr " n§Merb ' VËËdkmZmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.
(  S>  ) dmabr O_mV  n{íM_ ^maV.
(5) ~bd§Vam¶ _ohVm g{_VrÀ¶m {e\$maetZwgma n§Mm¶Vr amOMr
(4)  (A) VmoS>m  X{jU ^maV
ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr.
( ~  ) H$mVH$ar O_mV  n{íM_ ^maV
[5] ( H$) g§Wmb O_mV  _ܶ ^maV
(1) gZ 2011À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m (  S>  ) ZmJm O_mV  X{jU ^maV.
% bmoH$ J«m_rU ^mJmV amhVmV. (5)  (A) Am{X_ O_mVr  ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A{bßVVm
(64.20, 68.84, 86.84) ( ~  ) Am{X_ O_mVr  {ñWa eoVr
(2) n§Mm¶VramO hr ì¶dñWm Amho. ( H$) Am{X_ O_mVr  A§V{d©dmhr g_yh
(EH$ñVar¶, X²drñVar¶, {ÌñVar¶) (  S>  ) Am{X_ g_mO  {ZgJ©dmX.
(3)  g§ñWm J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. CËVao … XþéñV OmoSçm …
(Hw$Qw§>~, OmVr, Y_©) (1) ( H$) J«m_rU emgZmMr {ÌñVar¶ ì¶dñWm  n§Mm¶Vr amO.
(4) EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_ gZ nmgyZ (2) (A) ehar g_wXm¶  Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU.
am~dʶmV Ambm. (1952, 1979, 2014) (3) ( ~  ) {_Pmo g_mO  B©emݶ ^maV.
(5) ~mOmanoR>-AmYm[aV AW©ì¶dñWm g_wXm¶m§Mo (4) (  S>  ) ZmJm O_mV  B©emݶ ^maV.
d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. (ehar, Am§VaamîQ—>r¶, J«m_rU) (5) ( ~  ) Am{X_ O_mVr  ñWbm§V[aV eoVr.

32 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 [2] J«m_XodVm, MoVZmdmX, PmonS>nQ²>Q>r
[2]
(1)  (A) bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm A{YH$  ehar g_wXm¶ (1) à˶oH$ JmdmMo X¡dV
( ~  ) d¡{dܶnyU© Am{U g§{_l g_wXm¶  ehar g_wXm¶ (2) ehar ^mJmMr g_ñ¶m.
( H$) ì¶dgm¶mMo {deofrH$aU  ehar g_wXm¶ CËVao …
(  S>  ) H¥${f_mbmda AmYm[aV CXçmoJ  ehar g_wXm¶. (1) à˶oH$ JmdmMo X¡dV  J«m_XodVm
(2)  (A) A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm  ehar g_wXm¶ (2) ehar ^mJmMr g_ñ¶m  PmonS>nQ²>Q>r.
( ~  ) ê$T>r-na§nam§Mm nJS>m  J«m_rU g_wXm¶
[3] MoVZmdmX, OrdmË_dmX, {ZgJ©dmX
( H$) Hw$nmofU Am{U A{YH$ à_mUmV ~mb_¥Ë¶y  ehar
(1) nyd©Om§À¶m AmËå¶mMo nyOZ
g_wXm¶
(2) {ZOud dñVy§darb lX²Ym.
(  S>  ) {Zdmgr OmJoMr Q§>MmB©  ehar g_wXm¶.
CËVao …
(3)  (A) {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~  ehar g_wXm¶ (1) nyd©Om§À¶m AmËå¶mMo nyOZ  OrdmË_dmX
( ~  ) g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~mMo KQ>Vo à_mU  J«m_rU g_wXm¶ (2) {ZOud dñVy§darb lX²Ym  MoVZmdmX.
( H$) aŠV Zm˶mZo ~m§Ybm Jobobm g_wXm¶  J«m_rU g_wXm¶
[4] {ZgJ©dmX, _mZddmX, MoVZmdmX
(  S>  ) dZmonO {Zdm©hmMo à_wI gmYZ  Am{X_ g_wXm¶.
(4)  (A) gdm©{YH$ {ZajaVm  Am{X_ g_wXm¶ (1) ZXr, O§Jbo B˶mXtMr nyOm
(2) A_yV©, Abm¡{H$H$ doJdmZ eŠVr.
( ~  ) gdm©{YH$ gmjaVm  ehar g_wXm¶
CËVao …
( H$) gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐç  J«m_rU g_wXm¶
(1) ZXr, O§Jbo B˶mXtMr nyOm  {ZgJ©dmX
(  S>  ) gdm©{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m  J«m_rU g_wXm¶.
(2) A_yV©, Abm¡{H$H$ doJdmZ eŠVr  _mZddmX.
(5)  (A) gdm©{YH$ Xþb©{jV g_wXm¶  Am{X_ g_wXm¶
( ~  ) gdm©{YH$ bmoH$ eoVr ì¶dgm¶mV  J«m_rU g_wXm¶ [5] A§V{d©dmh, J«m_, eha
( H$) gdm©{YH$ amoOJmamMr CnbãYVm  ehar g_wXm¶ (1) O_mVrA§VJ©V {ddmh H$aʶmMr gŠVr
(  S>  ) gdm©{YH$ {dH${gV g_wXm¶  J«m_rU g_wXm¶. (2) 5000 n¶ªV bmoH$g§»¶m Agbobm g_wXm¶.
CËVao … XþéñV OmoSçm … CËVao …
(1) (  S>  ) H¥${f_mbmda AmYm[aV CXçmoJ  J«m_rU g_wXm¶. (1) O_mVrA§VJ©V {ddmh H$aʶmMr gŠVr  A§V{d©dmh
(2) ( H$) Hw$nmofU Am{U A{YH$ à_mUmV ~mb_¥Ë¶y  Am{X_ (2) 5000 n¶ªV bmoH$g§»¶m Agbobm g_wXm¶  J«m_.
g_wXm¶. à. 4  AYmoao{IV eãXm§À¶m OmJr AMyH$ eãX {bhÿZ {dYmZo
(3) ( H$)  aŠV Zm˶mZo ~m§Ybm Jobobm g_wXm¶  Am{X_ nyU© H$am … (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
g_wXm¶. [1]
(4) ( H$) gdm©{YH$ Xm[aÐç  Am{X_ g_wXm¶. * (1) ehar g_wXm¶mVrb 춊VrMo ñWmZ ~hwVm§e doim A{n©V
(5) (  S>  ) gdm©{YH$ {dH${gV g_wXm¶  ehar g_wXm¶. ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
* (2) {ZOud dñVy§Mo nyOZ H$aʶmÀ¶m nX²YVrbm OrdmË_dmX
à. 3  à˶oH$ {dYmZ dmMm Am{U Mm¡H$Q>rV {Xboë¶m ¶mo½¶ g§km
Ago åhUVmV.
AmoiIyZ {bhm … (à˶oH$s 1 JwU)
(3) Am{X_ g_wXm¶mda Om{Vì¶dñWoMm nJS>m Amho.
*[ 1] ehar g_wXm¶, XodamB©, J«m_XodVm. (4) ehar g_wXm¶ g_ñ¶m{d{hV Amho.
(1) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mVrb n{dÌ dZo (5) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr ñdV…Mr {bnr AgVo.
(2) nm§T>anoer JwÝhoJmarMr CXmhaUo. CËVao :
(1) ehar g_wXm¶mVrb 춊VrMo ñWmZ ~hwVm§e doim A{O©V
CËVao …
ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
(1) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mVrb n{dÌ dZo  XodamB©
(2) nm§T>anoer JwÝhoJmar  ehar g_wXm¶. (2) {ZOud dñVy§Mo nyOZ H$aʶmÀ¶m nX²YVrbm MoVZmdmX Ago
åhUVmV.
2 / g‘mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr E0358
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU 33
 (3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mda Om{Vì¶dñWoMm nJS>m Amho.
(4) ehar g_wXm¶ g_ñ¶mJ«ñV Amho.
(5) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr ñdV…Mr ~mobr^mfm AgVo.
[2]
(1) amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$b_ 370 Zwgma AZwgy{MV Ho$bobm g_wXm¶
åhUOo AZwgy{MV O_mVr hmo¶.
(2) VmoS>m, H$moQ>m, Bébm, ~XmJm, M|My d Hw$é§~m ¶m n{íM_
^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVr AmhoV.
(3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV AZmamo½¶mMo à_mU gdm©{YH$ AgVo.
(4) amîQ—>r¶ CËnÝZmVrb Odinmg 40 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m hm H¥$fr
joÌmMm Amho.
(5) ewX²YVm d AewX²YVm ¶m H$ënZoMm ehar g_wXm¶mda nJS>m
Amho.
CËVao :
(1) amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$b_ 342 Zwgma AZwgy{MV Ho$bobm g_wXm¶
åhUOo AZwgy{MV O_mVr hmo¶.
(2) VmoS>m, H$moQ>m, Bébm, ~XmJm, M|My d Hw$é§~m X{jU
^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVr AmhoV.
(3) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV AZmamo½¶mMo à_mU gdm©{YH$ AgVo.
(4) * amîQ—>r¶ CËnÝZmVrb Odinmg 20 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m hm H¥$fr
joÌmMm Amho.
(5) ewX²YVm d AewX²YVm ¶m H$ënZoMm J«m_rU g_wXm¶mda
nJS>m Amho.
[ * nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb gXmof _OHw$amMr XþéñVr ]
bKyËVar àíZ
à. 5 {Q>nm {bhm … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) Am{X_ g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m.
CËVa … Am{X_ g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(1) O§Jb d Am{Xdmgr O{_ZtnmgyZ AbJVm … dZàXoe
Am{U VoWrb g§gmYZo hr Am{X_ g_mOmÀ¶m CnOr{dHo$Mr à_wI
gmYZo hmoV. Am{X_ g_mO O{_ZtnmgyZ AbJ hmoʶmMr gwédmV
{~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ Pmbr. ¶mIoarO gmdH$ma, O_rZXma Am{U
ì¶mnmè¶m§Zrhr Am{X_ g_mOmÀ¶m O{_Ztda Vm~m KoVbm hmoVm.
Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU Am{U YaU ~m§YH$m_m§_wio emgZmZohr Am{X_
g_mOmÀ¶m O{_ZtMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo.
(2) Xm[aÐç Am{U H$O©~mOmarnUm … Am{X_ O_mVrMo
ì¶dgm¶ gmܶm V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV AmhoV. ~hþVm§e Am{X_
O_mVr Xm[aÐçaofoImbr OrdZ OJV AmhoV. ñWm{ZH$ gmdH$ma
34 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
Am{U O_rZXma ¶m n[apñWVrMm \$m¶Xm KoD$Z Am{X_ O_mVtMo
emofU H$aVmV. H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aʶmgmR>r Am{X_ 춊Vrbm
O_rZ VmaU Ro>dmdr bmJVo qH$dm {dH$mdr bmJVo.
(3) AZmamo½¶ Am{U Hw$nmofU … ^maVmVrb ~hþVm§e Am{X_
O_mVr nmʶmnmgyZ hmoUmè¶m g§gJ©Oݶ amoJm§Zr ~m{YV AmhoV.
bhmZ _wbo OÝ_V…M Hw$nmo{fV AgVmV. Hw$nmofUm_wio ~mb_¥Ë¶§yMo
à_mU A{YH$ Amho.
(4) {ZajaVm … ^maVmV gdm©{YH$ {ZajaVm Am{Xdmgr
g_wXm¶mV Amho. Xm[aÐçm_wio _wbm§Zr AWm©OZ© H$amdo Aer nmbH$m§Mr
Anojm AgVo. Am{Xdmgr dñVrnmgyZ Xÿa A§Vamda emim AgVmV.
Aä¶mgH«$_ Á¶m ^mfoV Am{Xdmgr AZ{^k AmhoV ˶mV {eH$dbm
OmVmo. emgH$s¶ à¶ËZmZ§Vahr Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV {ejUm{df¶r
ñdmañ¶ {Z_m©U Pmbobo Zmhr.
* (2) ehar g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço.
CËVa … ¶mgmR>r àíZ 11 _Yrb àíZ 4 (~) nmhm.
(Zm|X … " {Q>nm {bhm ' hm 4 JwUm§Mm àíZ Amho. g§X^m©XmIb
{Xbobm àíZ 10 JwUm§Mm Amho. {dXçm϶mªZr hr ~m~ bjmV
¿¶mdr.)
(3) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ g_ñ¶m.
CËVa … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ^maVmVrb gdmªV
H$_Hw$dV g_mOKQ>H$ Amho. ˶mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ g_ñ¶m nwT>rbà_mUo
AmhoV …
(1) Xm[aÐç … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMo eoVr, dZmonO g§H$bZ,
{eH$ma B˶mXr Am{W©H$ CnH«$_ _mJmgbobo d H$mb~mhç ñdê$nmMo
Agë¶mZo Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mVrb ~hþg§»¶ bmoH$g§»¶m Xm[aÐç-
aofoImbr OrdZ OJVo. {Z_ñVar¶ OrdZ_mZ, Cnmg_ma Am{U
Hw$nmofU ¶m Xm[aÐçmVyZ CX²^dUmè¶m g_ñ¶m§_wio Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶
hbmIrMo OrdZ OJVmo.
(2) H$O©~mOmarnUm … Xm[aÐçm_wio Amnë¶m JaOm
^mJdʶmgmR>r Am{Xdmgr gmdH$mam§H$Sy>Z AdmOdr ì¶mOXamZo H$O}
KoVmV. ˶mgmR>r Amnë¶m O{_Zr gmdH$mam§H$So> JhmU Ro>dVmV.
H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aVm ¶oV Zgë¶mZo gmdH$ma ˶m§À¶m O{_Zr OßV
H$aVmV qH$dm gmdH$mamH$So> {dZm_mo~Xbm H$m_ H$aʶmMr gŠVr
˶m§À¶mda H$aʶmV ¶oVo. åhUOoM Vo ^y{_hrZ hmoVmV qH$dm doR>{~Jma
åhUyZ OrdZ OJVmV.
(3) emofU … Ag§»¶ ^y{_hrZ Am{Xdmgr AmO ImUH$m_,
~m§YH$m_ B˶mXr {~Ja-eoVr ì¶dgm¶m§V H$m_o H$aVmV. ˶m§À¶m
{ZajaVoMm d Agmhmæ¶VoMm \$m¶Xm KoD$Z, _mbH$dJ© ˶m§Mo
An[a{_V emofU H$aVmV. doR>{~Jmam§Mr AdñWm ˶mhÿZhr dmB©Q>
Agë¶mMo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
 (4) {dñWmnZ … Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU, ObqgMZ, drO{Z{_©Vr,
añVo~m§YUr B˶mXr {dH$mg àH$ënm§gmR>r emgZ Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$m§À¶m O{_Zr Vmã¶mV KoVo. Ag§»¶ Am{Xdmgr IoS>çm§Mo
ñWbm§Va H$aʶmV ¶oVo. ¶m {dñWm{nVm§Zm {Xbr OmUmar ZwH$gmZ^anmB©
nwaoer ZgVo.
(4) Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmMo " n§Merb '.
CËVa … ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo n{hbo n§VàYmZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$
¶m§Zm Am{XdmgtÀ¶m {dH$mgm{df¶r {deof AmñWm hmoVr. Am{Xdmgr
{dH$mg{df¶H$ YmoaUmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ Aem " n§Merb ' gyMZm§Mr
_m§S>Ur ˶m§Zr Ho$br. n§. Zohê$àUrV n§Merb nwT>rbà_mUo …
(1) Am{Xdmgr 춊VtÀ¶m JwUm§Zwgma ˶m§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm.
˶m§À¶mda H$moUVrhr ~mhç ~m~ bmXUo AmnU Q>miy¶m.
(2) dZàXoemV Am{XdmgtÀ¶m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo.
(3) àemgZ Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{XdmgtZm à{ejU XoD$Z
˶m§Mr JQ>~m§YUr H$amdr.
(4) Am{XdmgtÀ¶m àXoem§V JaOonwaVoM àemgZ H$amdo. ˶m§À¶mda
{d{dY ¶moOZm§Mm ^{S>_maXoIrb H$ê$ Z¶o. ˶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWm§À¶m {damoYmV Zìho Va ˶mÀ¶m AmYmamZoM H$m_
H$amdo.
(5) Am{X_ g_mOmda {H$Vr n¡gm Jw§Vdbm ˶mÀ¶m gm§p»¶H$s
_m§S>Urdê$Z n[aUm_m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$ê$ Z¶o; Va _mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m
JwUdËVodê$Z hr narjm ìhmdr.
amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb hr T>mo~i _mJ©Xe©H$ VËËdo Am{U VaVwXr ܶmZmV
KoD$Z Am{X_ g_mOmgmR>r AZoH$ {deof ¶moOZm Am{U H$m¶©H«$_
am~dʶmV Ambo AmhoV.
(5) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m.
CËVa … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(1) Xm[aÐç … Xm[aÐç hr gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ ~m~ Amho.
g_mOmVrb H$mhr bmoH$ ˶m§À¶m _yb^yV JaOmhr nyU© H$ê$ eH$V
ZmhrV Voìhm Vo Xm[aÐçmdñWoV AgVmV. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~hþVm§e
bmoH$ X[aÐr AdñWoV AgVmV.
(2) {ZajaVm … ehar bmoH$g§»¶oer VwbZm H$aVm, J«m_rU
^mJmV {ZajaVoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. àm¡T>m§_ܶo {ZajaVoMo _moRo>
à_mU AmOhr H$m¶_ Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejUmMr JwUdËVm
hr qMVmOZH$ ~m~ Amho.
(3) nma§n[aH$Vm, nwamU_VdmX Am{U A§YlX²Ym … ^maV
AmOhr nwamU_VdmXr g_mO Amho. ¶oWrb bmoH$m§Mo {dMma Am{U
lX²Ym nma§n[aH$ AmhoV. ê$T>r d Y_© ¶m§Zm AmOhr _hËËd Amho.
Aer OrdZnX²YVr Am{U Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ~Xbʶmg J«m_rU A{^OZ
{damoY H$aVmV.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
(4) Om{Vì¶dñWoMm à^md … Om{Vì¶dñWoZwgma nma§n[aH$
hŠH$, A{YH$ma Am{U X§S> ¶m ~m~r AmO \$maem ZOaog nS>V
ZmhrV. na§Vw, Om{Vì¶dñWm bmoH$m§À¶m {dMmam§V BVH$s {^Zbr Amho
H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y ¶m ì¶dñWo_wio AmH$ma KoVmV. Om{V^oX Am{U
Añn¥í¶Vm nmbZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo dmñVì¶ Amho.
(5) {ñ̶m§Mo Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ … Hw$Qw§>~, Y_©, ê$T>r Am{U na§nam§À¶m
{Z¶§ÌUm§_wio g_mOmV {ñ̶m§Zm Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ Amho. g_mOmÀ¶m
à˶oH$ ñVamda {nV¥gËVmH$ _yë¶o Am{U nX²YVtMm nJS>m Amho.
˶m_wio g_mOmV XþOm^md {Z_m©U hmoVmo Am{U qbJ^mdm~m~V R>m_
_Vo V¶ma hmoVmV.
(6) ehar g_wXm¶mÀ¶m g_ñ¶m.
CËVa … ehar g_wXm¶mÀ¶m à_wI g_ñ¶m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(1) bmoH$g§»¶oMm dmT>Vm X~md … Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUm§_wio Am{U
ñWbm§Vam_wio eham§Vrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr PnmQ>çmZo dmT> Pmbr. ¶m_wio
{Zdmg, Amamo½¶ajUmW© gw{dYm, XiUdiU, nmUrnwadR>m,
drOnwadR>m, Amamo½¶, {ejU B˶mXr ZmJar gw{dYm§da àM§S> VmU
Ambm. ˶m§VyZ Xm[aÐç, ~oamoOJmar Am{U Aën amoOJma, ^rH$
_mJUo, Mmoar, Ka\$moS>r ¶m§gma»¶m BVa gm_m{OH$ g_ñ¶m§Mo à_mU
{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>Vo Amho.
(2) AñVmì¶ñV ehao … AñVmì¶ñV ehao qH$dm bmoH$g§»¶m
Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§X^m©Zo eham§Mm dmT>Vm ngmam ho ehar g_ñ¶m§Mo
_yi Amho. eham§À¶m AdmT>ì¶ AmH$mam_wio g_ñ¶m§da VmoS>Jm
H$mT>ʶmgmR>r ¶oWrb AW©ì¶dñWm Anwar nS>Vo.
(3) {Zdmg Am{U PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm … bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m XmQ>rdmQ>r-
_wio ehar ^mJmV {Zdmg ì¶dñWoMr H$_VaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. J«m_rU
^mJmVyZ eham§_ܶo ñWbm§Va Ho$boë¶m§Zm eham_ܶo amhʶmMr gmo¶
CnbãY Zmhr. ˶mVyZ PmonS>nQ²>Q>rMr g_ñ¶m CX²^dVo.
(4) ~oamoOJmar … ^maVmVrb ehar ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU
l{_H$m§À¶m à_mUmÀ¶m 15  25 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ Amho. {e{jV
bmoH$m§_ܶo hr Q>ŠHo$dmar AOyZ OmñV Amho. gd© {e{jV ehar
~oamoOJm[aVm§n¡H$s {Zå_o bmoH$ Mma _hmZJam§_ܶo ({Xëbr, _w§~B©,
H$mobH$mVm Am{U MoÝZB©) AmhoV.
(5) {^jmd¥ËVr … {ejU Am{U H$m¡eë¶m§Mr H$_VaVm
Agë¶m_wio ehamVrb ~hþVm§e Jar~ bmoH$ ho {^jmd¥ËVrH$So>
diVmZm {XgVmV Am{U Vr ˶m§Mr OrdZe¡br ~ZyZ OmVo.
_hmZJam§_ܶo {^joH$è¶m§À¶m g§K{Q>V Q>moiçm g{H«$¶ hmoVmZm
AmT>iVmV. ~è¶mMXm nmbH$m§H$Sy>ZM _wbm§Zm ^rH$ _mJʶmgmR>r
{dH$bo OmVo qH$dm H$mhr àH$aUm§_ܶo _wbm§Mo AnhaU
H$ê$Z d ˶m§Zm An§J H$ê$Z ¶m ì¶dgm¶mV ˶m§Mm J¡admna Ho$bm
OmVmo.
35
à. 6 \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am :  (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWm Am{U ehar AW©ì¶dñWm.
CËVa … J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWm ehar AW©ì¶dñWm
(1) J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWm H¥${fàYmZ Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb 20% (1) ehar AW©ì¶dñWm ~mOmanoR->AmYm[aV Amho. H$maImZXmar d
bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m CnOr{dHo$Mo EH$_od gmYZ eoVr d eoVrer godm joÌmV bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY hmoVmV.
{ZJ{S>V ì¶dgm¶ Amho.
(2) ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWobm C{O©VmdñWm (2) ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mbI§S>mV 19ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m _mܶ_mVyZ Am¡Xçmo{JH$
àmßV ìhmdr ¶mgmR>r H¥${f_mbmda à{H«$¶m H$aUmao CXçmoJ ehao {dH${gV Pmbr. ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUmg
ghH$mar VËËdmda gwê$ H$aʶmV Ambo. àmoËgmhZ XoʶmV Ambo.
(3) J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWoda ~S>çm O_rZXma dJm©Mo dM©ñd Amho. (3) ehar AW©ì¶dñWoda H$maImZXma  ^m§S>dbXma dJm©Mo dM©ñd
Amho.
(4) J«m_rU AW©ì¶dñWoV N>moQo> d gr_m§V eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya Xþ~©b (4) ehar AW©ì¶dñWoV Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m_Jma ho Xþ~©b KQ>H$
KQ>H$ AmhoV. AmhoV.
* (2) Am{X_ (Am{Xdmgr) g_wXm¶ Am{U ehar (ZmJar) g_wXm¶.
CËVa … Am{X_ (Am{Xdmgr) g_wXm¶ ehar (ZmJar) g_wXm¶
(1) Am{Xdmgr g_yh {dIwabobo AgyZ EH$ O_mV Xþgè¶m O_mVrnmgyZ (1) ehar g_wXm¶ AZoH$ OmVr, Y_© d n§W ¶m§Zr ~Zbobm AgyZ ho
AbJ AgVo. bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§Odi EH$mM dñVrV amhVmV.
(2) XiUdiUmÀ¶m Anwè¶m gmYZm§_wio ¶m g_yhm§Mm ~mhoaÀ¶m OJmer (2) XiUdiUmÀ¶m gmYZm§_wio {d{dY ehao d IoS>r EH$_oH$m§er
\$magm g§nH$© ZgVmo. ˶m§Mo OrdZ ˶m§À¶mM ^yàXoemV gm_mdbobo OmoS>bobr AgyZ hdmB© _mJm©Zo naXoem§erhr OmoS>br Jobr AmhoV.
AgVo. ZmoH$ar, Y§Xm, ì¶dgm¶ ¶m§H$[aVm ehar bmoH$m§Zm KamnmgyZ Xÿa
Omdo bmJVo d BVam§Mr _XV ¿¶mdr bmJVo.
(3) ¶m g_wXm¶mMo OrdZ gd©ñdr {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. ˶m_wio (3) ¶m g_wXm¶mda H¥${Ì_ d _mZd{Z{_©V n¶m©daUmMm à^md A{YH$
˶m§À¶m OrdZmda {ZgJm©Mm à^md AgVmo. AgVmo. nmUrnwadR>m, drOnwadR>m, AÝZYmݶnwadR>m B˶mXr
gw{dYm _mZd{Z{_©V AmhoV.
(4) ¶m g_wXm¶mV e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ _mJmgbonU AmT>iVo. {ejU (4)  ¶m g_wXm¶mVrb bmoH$ gw{e{jV AgVmV. {d{dY àH$maMo
Am{U amoOJmamÀ¶m gmo¶r A˶ën AmgVmV. {ejU XoUmè¶m AZoH$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm eham§V CnbãY AgVmV.
eham§V CXçmoJ-ì¶dgm¶ Am{U godmjoÌmV Mm§Jbr Am{W©H$
àmßVr hmoV AgVo.
(3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶ Am{U ZmJar (ehar) g_wXm¶.
CËVa … J«m_rU g_wXm¶ ZmJar (ehar) g_wXm¶
(1) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMm AmH$ma bhmZ AgyZ, bmoH$g§»¶m 5000 nojm (1) ehar (ZmJar) g_wXm¶mMm AmH$ma Am{U bmoH$g§»¶m J«m_rU
H$_r AgVo. ^mJm˦m VwbZoV A{YH$ AgVo.
(2) eoVr hm J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMm à_wI ì¶dgm¶ AgVmo. (2) ehar ^mJmVrb bmoH$ àm_w»¶mZo {~JaeoVr ì¶dgm¶ H$aVmV.
(3) àmXo{eH$ ^mJm§VyZ ì¶dhma MmbVmV. VgoM Om{VY_m©MmM (3) AZoH$ Xoer-{dXoer ^mfm§VyZ ì¶dhma MmbVmV. CnOr{dHo$H$[aVm
ì¶dgm¶ {ZdS>bm OmVmo. H$moUVmhr ì¶dgm¶ Ho$bm OmVmo.
(4) _moR>çm à_mUmV g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr AgVo. VgoM nañnag§~§Y (4) {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~mMo à_mU dmT>Vo AgyZ nañnag§~§Y Xþæ¶_ ñdê$nmMo
{OìhmiçmMo AgVmV. Hw$Qw§>~g§ñWm d Y_©g§ñWm gm_m{OH$ AgVmV. ˶m§V {Oìhmim ZgVmo. gm_m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌUmMo H$m¶©
{Z¶§ÌUmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV. àm_w»¶mZo nmobrg ¶§ÌUm H$aVo.

36 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 (4) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ d J«m_rU g_wXm¶.
CËVa … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶
(1) ^maVr¶ Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ {dIwabobo AgyZ EH$ O_mV Xþgè¶m (1) 
O_mVrnmgyZ AbJ Amho.
(2) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ S>m|JaXè¶m d nmʶmZo doT>boë¶m ^mJm§V amhV (2) AbrH$S>À¶m H$mimV XiUdiUmÀ¶m gmYZm§Zr J«m_rU g_wXm¶
Agë¶m_wio ˶mMm ~mhoaÀ¶m OJmer \$magm g§nH©$ ZgVmo.
(3) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV Q>moir¶wŠV qH$dm {dñV¥V àH$maMr g§¶wŠV (3) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV VrZ {nT>çm§n¶ªVMr g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr
Hw$Qw§>~ì¶dñWm AmT>iVo.
(4) à˶oH$ O_mV Amnmnë¶m g§ñH¥$VrMr, ~mobr^mfoMr, Y§XçmMr d (4) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV AZoH$ ì¶dgm¶ AgVmV; na§Vw à˶oH$ OmVrMm
OrdZnX²YVrMr AmoiI ^mdr {nT>rbm H$ê$Z XoV AgVo.
à. 7 nwTo> {Xboë¶m g§H$ënZm CXmhaUmgh ñnîQ> H$am …
 (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) ehar JwÝhoJmar.
CËVa … ehar JwÝhoJmar dmT>˶m eharH$aUmMm n[anmH$ Amho.
Agm àM{bV g_O Amho H$s, PmonS>nQ²>Q>rV amhUmao X[aÐr Am{U
Cno{jV JwÝhoJmarH$So> diVmV. _mÌ hm g_O MwH$sMm Amho H$maU
PQ>nQ> n¡gm àmßV H$ê$Z EoeAmam_r OrdZ OJʶmgmR>r d[aîR>
dJm©Vrb bmoH$hr JwÝhoJmarH$So> diVmV. Am¶wî¶mV EH$m Q>ß߶mda
A¶eñdr Pmbobo gw{e{jV VéUhr JwÝhoJmarH$So> diVmV. amOH$maUr
Am{U A{^OZ dJm©À¶m Amerdm©XmZo Jw§S>m§À¶m Q>moiçm nmogë¶m
OmVmV. H$mbm§VamZo hoM Jw§S> n¡gm Am{U nmedr ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z
amOH$maUmV àdoe H$aVmV Am{U CÀMnXñW ~ZVmV. {ñ̶m§Mo
AnhaU d A{Vàg§J, gm¶~a d Am{W©H$ JwÝho eham§V _moR>çm
à_mUmV dmT>bo Amho. JwÝhoJmar_wio ehar OrdZ A˶§V Agwa{jV
~Zbr Amho.
CXmhaU … XmD$X B~«mhr_ Am{U N>moQ>m amOZ ho Jw§S>m§À¶m
Q>moiçm§Mo åhmoaHo$, Va hf©X _ohVmgmaIo nm§T>anoem JwÝhoJma.
* (2) Am{Xdmgr Hw$b.
CËVa … Hw$b hm Am{X_ g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ Amho. Hw$b
åhUOo aŠVmÀ¶m Zm˶m§Zr ~m§Ybr Jobobr Hw$Qw§>~o hmoV. ˶m§À¶m
d§emMr gwédmV dmñV{dH$ qH$dm H$mën{ZH$ 춊VrnmgyZ qH$dm
dñVynmgyZ Pmbobr AgVo. ^maVmVrb ~hþVm§e O_mVr ~{h{d©dmh,
Hw$b Am{U d§ena§nam ¶m§_ܶo {d^mJboë¶m AmhoV. Hw$b g§KQ>Z
Agë¶m_wio ÑT> ZmVog§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
CXmhaU … _hmamîQ—>mVrb dmabr d H$mVH$ar O_mVtMo Hw$b
g§KQ>Z.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
J«m_rU g_wXm¶
^maVr¶ IoS>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ AmhoV.
˶m_wio J«m_rU g_wXm¶ {dIwabobm Amho.
EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>bm Jobm Amho. VgoM drO, XÿaÜdZr, XÿaXe©Z ¶m
g§nH©$-gmYZm§_wio Vmo eham§erhr OmoS>bm Jobm Amho.
AmT>iVo.
ì¶dgm¶ R>abobm AgVmo. à˶oH$ OmV Amnbm ì¶dgm¶ Zì¶m
{nT>rbm {eH$dV AgVo.
(3) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶.
CËVa … S>m°. Am§Ðo ~oVo ¶m§À¶m _Vo, "" Á¶m g_mOmÀ¶m {d{eîQ>
^m{fH$ _¶m©Xm Am{U gw{Z{íMV amOH$s¶ _¶m©Xm AmhoV Aem
g_mOmbm Am{X_ g_mO Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b. amOH$s¶ _¶m©Xm
åhUOo g_mOmVrb gXñ¶m§gmR>r " dV©ZmÀ¶m gw{Z{íMV nX²YVr '
~§YZH$maH$ H$aUo Agm AW© A{^àoV Amho. Am{X_ O_mVtMo
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[ajoÌXoIrb R>abobo AgVo. gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[ajoÌmMr
Zo_H$s ì¶m»¶m Zgbr Var, ˶m_ܶo T>mo~i_mZmZo, MmbrarVr, ê$T>r
Am{U gXñ¶m§À¶m Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ Am§Va{H«$¶m
g_m{dîQ> AgVmV.''
CXmhaU … _hmamîQ—>mVrb {^ëb, H$mVH$ar d dmabr g_wXm¶.
(4) XodamB©.
CËVa … XodamB© hr EH$ ñdV§Ì g§ñWm Amho Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b.
BWo {d{dY ZmVog§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ˶m§VyZ {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr
{Z_m©U hmoVo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À¶m _ZmV ˶m§Mr eoVr, dZo Am{U
EH$_oH$m§àVr AmñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. n{dÌ dZm§~m~VMm nyOZr¶ ^md
Am{X_ O_mVr Am{U J«m_rU bmoH$m§À¶m OJʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$
Agboë¶m eoVr Am{U dZm§er g§~§{YV Amho. ¶mgmR>r dZm§Mm
{dñV¥V àXoe gwa{jV Ro>dʶmV Ambm Amho. ˶m_wio AmnmoAmnM
O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§ajUhr Pmbo Amho. n{dÌ dZm§Mo g§ajU H$aUmam
H$moUVmhr H$m¶Xm Zgë¶mZo AmVm _mÌ AZoH$ n{dÌ dZm§Mm èhmg
hmoV Amho hr XþX£dr ~m~ Amho.
CXmhaU … R>mUo {OëhçmV _wa~mS> VmbwŠ¶mVrb " eoS>m~o mMo dZ '.
(5) J«m_rU g_wXm¶.
CËVa … ^maVmÀ¶m gZ 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVr¶
J«m_rU g_wXm¶ åhUOo Odinmg 5000 bmoH$m§Mm g_wXm¶ hmo¶.
hm g_wXm¶ H¥$fr Am{U nyaH$ ì¶dgm¶m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ¶m
g_wXm¶mMo {d{eîQ> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemV H$m¶_ñdê$nr dmñVì¶ AgVo.
37
g_wXm¶mÀ¶m H$mhr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$T>r {H$_Vr Agboë¶m {Zdmgr OmJm ˶m§À¶m Am{W©H$ j_VonbrH$S>À¶m
g_mZ AgVmV. AgVmV. _w§~B©gma»¶m ehamV PmonS>nQ²>Q>r nwZd©gZmMo H$m¶©H«$_ hmVr
CXmhaU … gZ 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmV 68.20% KoVbo Var Vo Anwao R>aVmV H$maU PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Mm {dñVma gmV˶mZo
bmoH$ J«m_rU ^mJmV  IoS>çmV amhVmV. ˶m Jmdm§Mr g§»¶m hmoV AgVmo.
6.4 bj BVH$s Amho.
à. 8 nwT>rb g§H$ënZm{MÌ nyU© H$am … (4 JwU)
(6) n§Mm¶Vr amO.
* (1) Am{X_ g_wXm¶mer gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nH©$ ¶oʶmMr H$maUo.
CËVa … ^maV gaH$maZo 1957 gmbr gm_y{hH$ {dH$mg H$m¶©H$« _m§Mo
_yë¶_mnZ H$aʶmgmR>r ~bd§Vam¶ _ohVm g{_VrMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br
hmoVr. ¶m g{_VrZo bmoH$emhr {dH|$ÐrH$aU åhUOoM n§Mm¶Vr amOMr
{e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. J«m_rU emgZ bmoH$emhr nX²YVrZo Mmbmdo ¶m
CX²XoemZo {ÌñVar¶ n§Mm¶Vr amO ì¶dñWm {Z_m©U H$aʶmV Ambr.
˶mA§VJ©V Jmd nmVirda J«m_ n§Mm¶V, {dH$mg JQ> qH$dm VmbwH$m Am{X_
g_wXm¶mer
ñVamda n§Mm¶V g{_Vr Am{U {Oëhm ñVamda {Oëhm n[afXoMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nH©$
ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr. ˶mgmR>r amÁ¶ {d{Y_§S>im§Zr H$m¶Xo ¶oʶmMr
nm[aV Ho$bo. H$maUo
CXmhaU … _w§~B© J«m_ n§Mm¶V H$m¶Xm 1958 Am{U _hmamîQ—>
n§Mm¶V g{_Vr d {Oëhm n[afX H$m¶Xm, 1961.
(7) ZmJar/ehar g_wXm¶.
CËVa … Am¡Xçmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m {ZH$fm§da {~JaeoVr
ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mm g_wXm¶ " ZJa ' qH$dm " eha ' åhUyZ CËVa …
AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. " ZJa ' ¶m eãXmnmgyZ " ZmJar g_wXm¶ ' {¼ñVr
(Urban Community), " ZmJa g§ñH¥$Vr ' (Urban Culture)
Y_m}nXoeH$m§Mo
à¶ËZ
B˶mXr g§H$ënZm g_mOemñÌkm§Zr _m§S>ë¶m AmhoV. ZmJa g_wXm¶mMo
dmñVì¶ eha, ZJa Am{U _hmZJamV Agë¶mZo ˶mg " ehar
Am{X_
g_wXm¶ ' Agohr åhUVmV. bwB©gdW© ¶m§À¶m _Vo, bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m
g_wXm¶mer
KZVoÀ¶m {ZH$fmda XmQ> bmoH$dñVrMm ^y^mJ åhUOo eha. _°Šg ñWbm§Va gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nH©$ emgH$s¶
do~a ¶m g_mOemñÌkmZo ehar g_wXm¶mMr nwT>rb nmM bjUo ¶oʶmMr CnH«$_
gm§{JVbr AmhoV … H$maUo
(1) R>amdrH$ ^yàXoe (2) ~mOmanoR> (3) H$m¶Xo g§{hVm Am{U
ݶm¶ì¶dñWm (4) ehar ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m g§KQ>ZoVyZ ZmJar ghH$m¶m©Mr
OmUrd Am{U (5) ehamVrb A{YH$mar Zo_ʶmgmR>r ehamVrb {ejUmMm
àgma
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwaoer amOH$s¶ ñdm¶ËVVm.
(8) PmonS>nQ²>Q>r. (2) Am{XdmgtMo Y_©  lX²YmàUmbr.
CËVa … ehar g_wXm¶mbm ^oS>gmdUmar gdmªV _hËËdmMr g_ñ¶m
{Zdmg ì¶dñWoMr H$_VaVm Am{U ˶mVyZ {dñVma nmdUmè¶m
PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm hr Amho. PmonS>nQ²>Q>rbm J{bÀN> dñVr Agohr åhUVmV.
H$maU Aem dñ˶m§_ܶo ZmJar gw{dYm§Mr H$_VaVm Agë¶mZo Am{XdmgtMo Y_© 
gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½¶ Am{U ì¶{ŠVJV ñdÀN>Vm nyU©nUo Xþb©{jV lX²YmàUmbr
AgVo. Aem dñ˶m§_ܶo J«m_rU ^mJm§VyZ d XoemÀ¶m Aݶ ^mJm§VyZ
ñWbm§V[aV Xm[aÐçaofoImbr OJUmao ~oamoOJma AgVmV. AdmñVd

38 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

CËVa … OrdmË_dmX CËVa … _hmË_m Jm§Yr
amîQ—>r¶ J«m_rU
amoOJma h_r ¶moOZm
MoVZmdmX Am{XdmgtMo Y_©  Hw$bàVrH$dmX
lX²YmàUmbr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo ñdU©O¶§Vr
gd© {ejm
emgH$s¶ CnH«$_ J«m_ ñdamoOJma
A{^¶mZ
(H$m¶©H«$_) ¶moOZm
_mZddmX

g§gX
(3) n{íM_ ^maVmVrb (_hmamîQ—>mVrb) Am{Xdmgr O_mVr.
AmXe© J«m_ ¶moOZm

(5) eha {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_.

n{íM_ ^maVmVrb
(_hmamîQ—>mVrb)
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr
eha {dH$mg
H$m¶©H«$_

CËVa …
H$mVH$ar
CËVa …
ñ_mQ©> {gQ>r
n{íM_ ^maVmVrb {_eZ
{^ëb (_hmamîQ—>mVrb) dmabr
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr
àYmZ_§Ìr eha {dH$mg Odmhabmb Zohê$
ZoeZb A~©Z
Amdmg ¶moOZm H$m¶©H«$_ [aÁ¶wìhooeZ {_eZ
~¡Zm

ñdÀN>
(4) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo emgH$s¶ CnH«$_ (H$m¶©H«$_). ^maV {_eZ

à. 9 n wT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a ho gm§JyZ gH$maU ñnîQ>

H$am … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo
* (1) ehar g_wXm¶m_ܶo Jw§VmJw§VrMo l_{d^mOZ {XgyZ ¶oVo.
emgH$s¶ CnH«$_
(H$m¶©H«$_) CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) eham§V ì¶dgm¶m§Mo {deofrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo.
(2) ì¶mdgm{¶H$ H$maUmñVd Amdí¶H$ Vo l_{d^mOZ H$aʶmV
Ambobo AgVo.
(3) {deof nmÌVm AgUmè¶m 춊VtZm {deof ì¶mdgm{¶H$
g§Yr CnbãY AgVo. CXm., d¡XçH$s¶ joÌmVrb S>m°ŠQ>a.
(4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va {d{eîQ> nmÌVm AgUmè¶m 춊VtZm
XoemV Am{U Xoem~mhoa ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g§Yr CnbãY AgVmV.

2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU 39

 * (2) AbrH$S>rb H$mim_ܶo Om{Vì¶dñWoMm nma§n[aH$ à^md
hm H$_r hmoV Mmbbm Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) 19ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m CËVamYm©nmgyZ Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU
Am{U ZmJarH$aUmMm _moR>çm à_mUmV àgma Pmë¶mZo nma§n[aH$
g_mOì¶dñWm Am{U ˶mVrb Om{Vì¶dñWoV n[adV©Z KSy>Z ¶oD$
bmJbo Amho.
(2) Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio nma§n[aH$ Om{V{Zhm¶ ì¶dgm¶ hm
{dMma _mJo nS>bm Amho. {ejUmMm àgma Pmë¶mZo H${ZîR> OmVrVrb
H$V©~Jma 춊Vr _moR>çm A{YH$manXmda OmD$Z nmohmoMë¶m AmhoV
qH$dm ñdV…Mo CXçmoJ-ì¶dgm¶ H$arV AmhoV.
(3) 19ì¶m eVH$mVrb g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr Om{Vì¶dñWm Am{U
˶mVrb Aݶm¶_ybH$ ~m~tda àIa Q>rH$m Ho$br. ˶m§Zr ~hþOZ
g_mOmbm d X{bVm§Zm g§K{Q>V Ho$bo. ¶m H${ZîR> OmVtZr OmVrMo
{Z~ªY PwJmê$Z {Xbo AmhoV.
(4) ^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmZo g_VoMo VËËd ñdrH$mabo Amho.
OmVtÀ¶m AmYmao ^oX^md H$aʶmg _ZmB© Ho$br Amho. Añn¥í¶VoMo
{Z_y©bZ Ho$bo Amho Am{U Añn¥í¶VoMo nmbZ hm XIbnmÌ JwÝhm
Kmo{fV Ho$bm Amho.
(3) eha ho gm_m{OH$ g_ñ¶m§Mo H|$Ð Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) ehar ^mJmV bmoH$g§»¶oV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr
Agë¶mZo {ZdmgmÀ¶m OmJoMr Vrd« Q§>MmB© ^mgVo.
(2) OmJoÀ¶m Q§>MmB©_wio J{bÀN> dñ˶m§Mr g_ñ¶m {Z_m©U Pmbr
Amho.
(3) bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m X~mdm_wio ZmJar godm§da àM§S> VmU nS>Vmo.
dmhVwH$sMr H$m|S>r, A{Z¶{_V d H$_r à_mUmV nmUrnwadR>m B˶mXr
g_ñ¶m CX²^dVmV.
(4) ehamV ~oamoOJma 춊VtMr g§»¶mhr _moR>r Agë¶mZo
˶m§À¶mVrb Ag§VmofmMm dma§dma CÐoH$ hmoV AgVmo. AbrH$So> Ago
ehar ~oamoOJma VéU JwÝhoJmarH$So> dië¶mZo ehamV dmT>Vr JwÝhoJmar
hr g_ñ¶m {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.
(4) ZmJar g_wXm¶mV J{VerbVobm ^anya dmd AgVmo.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) ZmJar g_wXm¶mV dmhVwH$sMr àJV gmYZo CnbãY
Agë¶mZo EH$m ehamVyZ Xþgè¶m ehamV ñWbm§Va H$aUo/àdmg H$aUo
ghO eŠ¶ AgVo.
(2) ZmJar g_wXm¶mV ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g§Yr _moR>çm à_mUmV
CnbãY AgVmV. ˶m_wio ì¶mdgm{¶H$/nJmaXma Amnë¶m
_Ouà_mUo ì¶dgm¶/amoOJma ~Xby eH$VmV.
40 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
(3) ZmJar g_wXm¶mV 춊VrMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ˶mÀ¶m OmVrÀ¶m
AmYmao R>aV Zmhr. 춊VrMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ˶mMr JwUdËVm,
~m¡X²{YH$ j_Vm Am{U g§nmXZ Ho$boë¶m H$m¡eë¶m§À¶m AmYmao R>aVmo
ñdà¶ËZmZo H${ZîR> OmVr/dJm©Vrb 춊Vrg Amnbm gm_m{OH$ XOm©
C§MmdʶmMr g§Yr AgVo.
(4) ZmJar g_wXm¶ g§{_l ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. ˶mV {d{dY
OmVr, Y_©, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr B˶mXtMr ga{_gi Pmbobr AgVo.
ì¶mnH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Agboë¶m 춊Vrbm Amnbr àJVr gmܶ H$aUo,
H$moU˶mhr OmVr d Y_m©À¶m 춊Vr~amo~a {ddmh H$aUo ghO eŠ¶
hmoVo.
(5) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr AW©ì¶dñWm gmYr Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ hm XþJ©_ ^mJmV dmñVì¶
H$aUmam Agë¶mZo _w»¶ g_mOàdmh Am{U ˶mVrb àJV
V§ÌkmZmnmgyZ Vmo AZ{^k AgVmo.
(2) eoVr, newg§dY©Z, {eH$ma Am{U dZmonO g§H$bZ ho A˶§V
àmW{_H$ AW©ì¶dñWoV AmT>iUmao Am{W©H$ CnH«$_ Am{Xdmgr
g_wXm¶mV AmOhr A{ñVËdmV AmhoV.
(3) Am{XdmgtMo eoVrMo V§Ì ho àmW{_H$ AdñWoVrb Am{U
H$mb~mhç ñdê$nmMo Amho. ˶mV AmYw{ZH$ eoVr V§Ìm§Mm dmna Ho$bm
OmV Zmhr.
(4) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mV AmOhr dñVw{d{Z_¶ nX²YV àM{bV
Amho. n¡em§Mm dmna H$_r Amho. Zâ¶mMr àoaUm ˶m§À¶mV AmT>iyZ
¶oV Zmhr.
(6) ^maVmV eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm H$_r Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV AmOhr eoVr àm_w»¶mZo
H$mb~mhç nma§n[aH$ nX²YVrZo Ho$br OmVo. nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZ nX²YVr
H$_r CËnmXH$ Amho.
(2) ~hþg§»¶ eoVH$ar Aën^yYmaH$ AmhoV. ^yYmaUm A˶§V
H$_r Am{U I§{S>V ñdê$nmMr Amho. ˶mV AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ V§Ìm§Mm
Adb§~ H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.
(3) Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$è¶m§Mr Am{W©H$ Hw$dVhr _¶m©{XV AgVo.
eoVrMr AmYw{ZH$ AmXmZo IaoXr H$aʶmMr Am{W©H$ j_Vm ˶m§À¶mH$So>
Zmhr.
(4) ^maVmVrb eoVr ~hþVm§er H$moaS>dmhÿ nX²YVrMr, åhUOoM
nmdgmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ObqgMZmÀ¶m gmYZm§Mm A^md
Agë¶mZo eoVrMm h§Jm_ EH$M AgVmo. A{Vd¥îQ>r qH$dm Adf©U
¶m§_wio eoVrMo CËnmXZ dma§dma KQ>V AgVo.
 (7) ñdmVͶàmßVrZ§Va emgZmZo O_rZ gwYmaUm (Land
reforms) H$m¶Xo nm[aV Ho$bo.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mimV ApñVËdmV Agboë¶m
^yYmaUm nX²YVr {df_Vm Am{U emofU_ybH$ hmo˶m. O_rZXmar
^yYmaUm nX²YVr Á¶m ^mJmV ApñVËdmV hmoVr, ˶m ^mJmV O_rZXma
ñdV… eoVr H$arV ZgV, Va Amnë¶m Hw$im§H$Sy>Z eoVr H$adyZ KoV
AgV. Vo Hw$im§H$Sy>Z OmñVrV OmñV I§S> CH$iyZ ˶m§Mo emofU
H$arV AgV.
(2) à˶j eoVr H$aUmè¶m Hw$im§Mo emofU hmoV Agë¶mZo,
˶m§À¶mV CËnmXZ dmT>dʶmMr àoaUm bmon nmdbr hmoVr.
(3) Hw$im§Mo emofU Wm§~dʶmMr Am{U CËnmXZmVrb ݶmæ¶
dmQ>m ˶m§Zm {_imdm ¶mgmR>r H$m¶Xo H$ê$Z, Hw$im§Zm g§ajU XoʶmMr
JaO hmoVr. åhUyZ ñdmV§Í¶àmárZ§Va emgZmZo O_rZ gwYmaUm
(Land reforms) H$m¶Xo nm[aV Ho$bo.
(4) Aën^yYmaH$m§Mr ^yYmaUm A˶§V H$_r d I§{S>V hmoVr.
CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r gm_y{hH$ eoVrX²dmam ¶m Ag§»¶ ^yYmaUm joÌm§Mo
g§H$bZ/EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.
(8) emgZmZo 1957 gmbr ~bd§Vam¶ _ohVm g{_Vr {Z¶wŠV
Ho$br.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) 1952 gmbr ^maV gaH$maZo gm_y{hH$ {dH$mg
H$m¶©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm. nmM dfm©Z§Va ˶m H$m¶©H«$_mMo _yë¶_mnZ
H$aʶmMr VaVyX H$aʶmV Ambr hmoVr.
(2) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$_m§À¶m H$m¶©dmhrV
gh^mJ Amdí¶H$ hmoVm. ˶mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ñWm{ZH$
emgZg§ñWm§V ~Xb H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.
(3) ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mbI§S>mV XoemVrb àm§Vm§V J«m_rU ñWm{ZH$
emgZg§ñWm A{ñVËdmV Agë¶m Var ˶mV _moR>çm à_mUmV V\$mdV
hmoVr. g§nyU© XoemV g_mZ J«m_rU ñWm{ZH$ emgZg§ñWm ñWmnZ
H$aʶmMr JaO hmoVr.
(4) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ñWm{ZH$ ZoV¥Ëdmbm {dH$mgà{H«$¶oV
gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoʶmgmR>r bmoH$emhr {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr JaO hmoVr.
åhUyZ ^maV gaH$maZo (emgZmZo) 1957 gmbr ~bd§Vam¶ _ohVm
g{_Vr/{Z¶wŠV Ho$br.
(9) Am{XdmgtMo An[a{_V emofU Pmbo.
CËVa … darb {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho.
H$maUo … (1) Am{X_ g_mOmÀ¶m I{ZO Am{U Z¡g{J©H$
g§gmYZm§da {~«{Q>em§Zm Vm~m hdm hmoVm.
(2) H$mhr {_eZè¶m§Zm Am{X_ g_mOmMo Y_mªVa H$amd¶mMo
hmoVo. ¶m_wio Apñ_VoMo g§H$Q> {Z_m©U Pmbo.
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
(3) Am{X_ O_mVtÀ¶m àXoemV d¡XçH$ joÌmVrb ì¶mdgm{¶H$,
AS>Vo Am{U {dH«o$˶m§Mm àdoe Pmë¶m_wio Am{X_ O_mVr ˶m§À¶m
nma§n[aH$ d¡XçH$ emñÌmbm Xþamdë¶m.
(4) Am{X_ àXoemV ì¶mnma Am{U XiUdiUmÀ¶m {dH$mgm_wio
¶m àXoemV ~mhç àXoemVrb {~Ja-Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Mm àdoe Pmbm.
(5) Am¡Xçmo{JH$ C^maUr Am{U YaU ~m§YUr_wio Am{X_
O_mVtMo ˶m§À¶m nma§n[aH$ ‘ybñWmZmnmgyZ {dñWmnZ Pmbo.
à. 10 Amnbo _V Zm|Xdm … (à˶oH$s 4 JwU)
* (1) eham§_ܶo g_wXm¶ EoŠ¶ ^mdZoMm A^md H$m Amho?
CËVa … eham§_ܶo g_wXm¶ EoŠ¶ ^mdZoMm A^md Amho; H$maU 
(1) eham§_ܶo {d{dY àm§Vm§VyZ Amboë¶m, {d{dY OmVr d
Y‘m©§Mo bmoH$ EH$Ì amhVmV d Amnbo doJionU OmonmgVmV.
(2) eham§_Yrb gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y Xþæ¶_-Am¡nMm[aH$ AmhoV.
˶m_wio g_wXm¶ EoŠ¶ ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJV ZmhrV.
(3) _hmZJao ^m¡Jmo{bH$ÑîQ>çm ngabobr AmhoV. {ZdmgmMo
ñWmZ H$m_mÀ¶m ñWmZmnmgyZ bm§~ A§Vamda AgVo. {Zdmgr joÌmV
춊VrMo dmñVì¶ {XdgmVrb AënH$mi Agë¶mZo BVam§À¶m g§nH$m©V
Vo ¶oV ZmhrV.
(4) " âb°Q> g§ñH¥$Vr 'À¶m àgmam_wio Amnë¶m eoOmar H$moU
amhVmV Vohr AZoH$m§Zm _mhrV ZgVo. à˶oH$ Hw$Qw§>~ ñdH|${ÐV AgVo.
Vo g_wXm¶ EoŠ¶ ^mdZobm nmofH$ ZgVo.
* (2) ehar {dH$mgmMr JaO ñnîQ> H$am.
CËVa … ehar {dH$mgmMr JaO nwT>rbà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oB©b …
(1) ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV
bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbo Amho. gZ 2030 AIoa
^maVmVrb ~hþg§»¶ bmoH$m§Mo dmñVì¶ ehamV Agob.
(2) Am¡Xçmo{JH$ CËnmXZmMr MH«o$ ehar ^mJmVM {\$aVmV.
˶mVyZ amoOJmam§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVr.
(3) amîQ—>r¶ CËnÝZmV ehar ^mJmMm dmQ>m 70% nojm A{YH$
Amho.
(4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ¶m H$mbI§S>mV {Q>Hy$Z amhm¶Mo Agob
Va eham§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
(3) Am{X_ g_mOmV gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xb hmoV AmhoV.
CËVa … ¶m {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) XþJ©_ ^mJmV amhUmè¶m Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMm AbrH$S>À¶m
H$mimV ~mhoarb OJmer g§nH©$ àñWm{nV Pmë¶mZo, ¶m g_mOmV
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$¶m gwê$ Pmbr. ˶m_wio Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrV Y_©H$ënZm, doe^yfm, Ho$e^yfm, ^mfmCÀMma, {ddmhnX²YVr,
Imʶm{nʶmÀ¶m nX²YVr B˶mXt~m~V ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV.
41
 (2) Á¶m Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMm qhXÿ g_mOmer g§~§Y Ambm
˶m§À¶mda qhXÿ g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md nS>ë¶m_wio ˶m§À¶m Y_©H$ënZm d
lX²Ym ¶m§V qhXÿ§À¶m Y_©H$ënZm§Mm {eaH$md Pmbm. qhXÿ§À¶m
MmbrarVr, nX²YVr, nmoemI, Ab§H$ma, ^mfm ¶m§Mm ˶m§Zr ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm. ˶m§À¶m {ddmhnX²YVrV qhXÿ§Vrb ~mb{ddmh, hþ§S>m ¶m àWmhr
ê$T> Pmë¶m.
(3) Á¶m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMm {¼íMZY_u¶m§er g§~§Y Ambm,
˶m§À¶mda {¼íMZ Y_m©Mm à^md dmT>bm. ˶m_wio ˶m§À¶m MmbrarVr,
nX²YVr ~Xbë¶m. na§namJV Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S> ~Xbbo OmD$ bmJbo.
(4) Am{XdmgtMm qhXÿ d {¼íMZ g_mOm§er g§nH©$ Amë¶mZo
nwéfàYmZ EH${ddmh nX²YVr ê$T> hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. ¶wdmJ¥hm§Mo
_hËËd H$_r Pmbo Amho.
(4) Am{XdmgtZm AZoH$ g_ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Xçmdo bmJVo.
CËVa … ¶m {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ hm ^maVr¶ g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm
gdm©{YH$ H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$ Amho.
(2) àXrK© H$mi _w»¶ g_mOmer A{bßV am{hë¶mZo, hm
g_wXm¶ {Zaja am{hbm. ˶m§Mo CËnmXZ V§Ì _mJg Amho.
(3) doJmZo H$_r hmoUmè¶m O§Jbm§_wio Am{U Am{XdmgtÀ¶m
O{_Ztda {~Ja-Am{XdmgtMo AmH«$_U hmoV Agë¶mZo ˶m§Mr
Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr A˶§V Ho${dbdmUr Amho.
(4) Am{XdmgtÀ¶m {ZajaVoMm, Agmhmæ¶VoMm d Xm[aÐçmMm
J¡a\$m¶Xm KoD$Z gaH$mar A{YH$mar, O§Jb Ro>Ho$Xma d gmdH$mam§Zr
˶m§Mo An[a{_V emofU Ho$bo.
(5) ehar ^mJmVrb Hw$Qw§>~o hr A{YH$ g_VmdmXr hmoV AmhoV.
CËVa … darb {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) dmT>Vo Am¡Xçmo{JH$sH$aU Am{U eharH$aU ¶m§_wio
A{YH$madmXr g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr CVaUrg bmJbr Amho. ˶mMr
OmJm {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVrZo KoVbr Amho.
(2) 19ì¶m eVH$mVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm MidirZ§Va 20ì¶m
eVH$mV ñÌr-{ejUmMm àgma _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm Amho.
(3) 19ì¶m eVH$mV {Zaja {ñ̶m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm namdb§~r
Agë¶mZo Hw$Qw§>~mV {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ Xþæ¶_ Ago. 20ì¶m eVH$mV
ñÌr-nwéf g_VoMo VËËd ñdrH$maʶmV Ambo Amho. ñÌr-{ejUmÀ¶m
àgmam_wio {ñ̶m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdmdb§~r Am{U Amnë¶m
A{YH$mam§~m~V OmJê$H$ Pmë¶m AmhoV.
(4) Hw$Qw§>~mVrb {ZU©¶à{H«$¶oMo bmoH$emhrH$aU Pmë¶mZo,
Hw$Qw§>~{df¶H$ {ZU©¶ KoʶmV {ñ̶m§À¶m gh^mJmV dmT> Pmbr Amho.
_wbJm Am{U _wbJr ¶m§À¶mV Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶m ^oX^mdmMo à_mU
42 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
KQ>bo Amho. ¶m gdmªMm n[aUm_ åhUOo AmO Hw$Qw§>~o A{YH$
g_VmdmXr Pmbr AmhoV.
(6) ^maVm_ܶo g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~mMo {dKQ>Z hmoV Amho.
CËVa … darb {dYmZmer _r gh_V Amho; H$maU 
(1) nmíMmË˶ g§ñH¥$VrMm gd©Ì àgma Pmë¶mZo, g§¶wŠV
Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVrMo A{ñVËd g§nwîQ>mV Ambo Amho.
(2) Am¡Xçmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va amoOJmamÀ¶m emoYmW© J«m_rU Hw$Qw§>~mÀ¶m
H$mhr gXñ¶m§Zr Am¡Xçmo{JH$ ehamV ñWbm§Va Ho$bo. ˶m ^mJmV Vo
ñWm{¶H$ Pmë¶mZo g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~mMo {d^mOZ Pmbo.
(3) J«m_rU ^mJmV g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~mVrb ar{V[admOm§_wio Zì¶m
{nT>rMr Hw$M§~Um hmoD$ bmJë¶mZo Vo Hw$Qw§>~mÀ¶m ~mhoa nS>bo.
(4) ñÌr-_wŠVr, {ñ̶m§Mo Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~Z ¶m {dMmam§À¶m
dmT>˶m àgmam_wio g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~mMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$ bmJbo Amho.
(5) ehar g_mOmV {ZdmgmMr OmJm bhmZ Agë¶mZo _wbm§Mo
{ddmh Pmë¶mZ§Va Vr ñdV§ÌnUo amhVmV Am{U ˶m_wio g§¶wŠV Hw$Qw§>~
{dK{Q>V ~ZVo.
XrKmo©ËVar àíZ
à. 11 n wT>rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm …
(H$_rV-H$_r 150 eãX) (10 JwU)
* àíZ 1. " nma§n[aH$ g_mO ê$T>r, na§nam Am{U lX²Ym§Zm
AZwgê$Z dmJUmam AgVmo.' darb {dYmZ Hw$Qw§>~ AWdm Y_©
ì¶dñWoÀ¶m g§X^m©Zo CXmhaUo XoD$Z ñnîQ> H$am. nma§n[aH$ g_mOmV
~Xb KS>dyZ AmUʶmÀ¶m VrZ _mJmªda MMm© H$am.
CËVa … (A) nma§n[aH$ g_mO … ^maVmVrb J«m_rU g_wXm¶ hm
na§nam{ZîR> g_mO Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmda ê$T>r, na§nam d lX²Ym§Mm
nJS>m Agë¶mZo, H$mb~mhç Pmboë¶m na§nam d A§YlX²Ym§À¶m
AmYmao gm_m{OH$ {Z¶_Z hmoV AgVo. J«m_rU g_wXm¶mVrb ~hþg§»¶
bmoH$ {Zaja qH$dm AY©{e{jV Agë¶mZo {ddoH${ZîR> nX²YVrZo
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm d ì¶dhmamH$So> ~KʶmMr j_Vm ˶m§À¶mV ZgVo.
àñWm{nV ZoV¥ËdmMo {hVg§~§Y ho gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r d na§nam§er {ZJ{S>V
Agë¶mZo, ˶m{déX²Y dŠVì¶ dm H¥$Vr H$aUmè¶m g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zm
gm_m{OH$ amofmg gm_moao Omdo bmJbo hmoVo.
(~) CXmhaUo … Hw$Qw§>~ ì¶dñWoÀ¶m g§X^m©V nma§n[aH$
g_mOmdaMm ê$T>r, na§nam d A§YlX²Ym§Mm nJS>m nwT>rb CXmhaUm§X²dmam
ñnîQ> hmoB©b …
(1) ~mb{ddmh … _ܶ¶wJmnmgyZ ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm ê$T>
Pmbr, {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV d ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mbI§S>mV ~mb{ddmh
à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xo H$aʶmV Ambo Agbo Varhr ho J«m_rU ^mJmV
Am{U {deofV… _mJmg amÁ¶mV ~mb{ddmh _moR>çm g§»¶oZo hmoVmV.
~mb{ddmhmVyZ ~mb{dYdm Am{U gVrMr àWm OÝ_mbm ¶oVo.
ê$nH±$dagma»¶m gVr àH$aUmMo Y_m©À¶m ZmdmZo CX²XmVrH$aU Ho$bo
OmVo.
(2) {ñ̶m§Mo Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ … nwéfàYmZ g_mO Am{U
{nV¥gËVmH$ Hw$Qw§>~mV {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ Xþæ¶_/Jm¡U Amho. 19ì¶m
eVH$mÀ¶m CËVamYm©n¶ªV ˶m§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maʶmV
Ambm. Am{W©H$X¥îQ>çm ˶m namdb§~r hmo˶m Am{U _Zwñ_¥Vrgma»¶m
J«§WmV eyÐm§nojm {ñ̶m§Zm hrZ boIʶmV Ambo hmoVo.
_ZwdmXr {dMmam§Mm nJS>m AmOhr J«m_rU g_mO Am{U na§nam{ZîR>
Hw$Qw§>~m§da AgUo ho XþX£dr dmñVd Amho. 20 ì¶m eVH$mV ñÌr-nwéf
g_mZVm g¡X²Ym§{VH$ nmVirda ñdrH$maʶmV Ambr Agbr Var
{ñ̶m§Mo Hw$Qw§>~mVrb Xþæ¶_ ñWmZ ho ehar ^mJmVrb gw{e{jV
Hw$Qw§>~mVrb dmñVd n[apñWVr Amho.
(3) hþ§S>m nX²YV … 21ì¶m eVH$mV Ho$di na§namJV J«m_rU
g_mOmV Zìho Va gw{e{jV nm§T>anoem _ܶ_dJu¶m§_ܶo hþ§S>m nX²YV
CKS> dm gwánUo àM{bV Amho. ¶m A_mZwfr nX²YVrVyZ _§Owlr
gmaS>m gmaIr hþ§S>m~irMr àH$aUo KS>V AgVmV. H$mhr CKS>H$sg
¶oVmV. hþ§S>çmMr b½ZmAmYr Am{U b½ZmZ§Va _mJUr H$aUo Am{U
˶mgmR>r ZddYyMm N>i H$aUo Am{U AndmXmË_H$ àH$aUmV
ZddYyMo XhZ H$aUo hm ¶m H$mb~mhç Am{U A_mZwfr gm_m{OH$
ê$T>rMm n[anmH$ Amho.
(H$) g_mOmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUʶmMo VrZ _mJ© …
(1) H$R>moa H$m¶Xo d ˶m§Mr H$gmoerZo A§_b~OmdUr …
~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$, hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ Am{U H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ qhgmMma
à{V~§YH$ H$m¶Xo H$aʶmV Ambo AmhoV. ˶m§V gwYmaUm H$ê$Z
˶m§Vrb nidmQ>m Xÿa Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV. emgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUoMo ¶m
H$m¶Xçm§Mm ^§J H$aUmè¶m§{déX²Y H$R>moa H$madmB© Ho$br nm{hOo.
g_mOmZo ˶m§Zm dmirV Q>mH$bo nm{hOo.
(2) gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$VoV ~Xb … Ho$di H$m¶Xo H$ê$Z
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm KSy>Z ¶oV Zmhr. g_mOYw[aUm§Zr d _{hbmdmXr
g§KQ>Zm§Zr ¶m~m~V g_mOmMo à~moYZ Ho$bo nm{hOo Am{U g_mOmMr
_mZ{gH$Vm ~XbʶmgmR>r gmV˶mZo à¶ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV. àgma-
_mܶ_m§Zm ¶m H$m¶m©V g{H«$¶ar˶m gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo nm{hOo.
emgZmZo gm_m{OH$ à~moYZmÀ¶m CnH«$_m§Zm gd©Vmonar gmhmæ¶ Ho$bo
nm{hOo.
(3) {ejU … {ejUmÀ¶m àgmamX²dmam ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm,
gm_m{OH$ ݶm¶ d ñdmV§Í¶ hr _yë¶o éOdbr nm{hOoV. ñÌr-
{ejUmg àmYmݶ XoD$Z ˶m§Zm Aݶm¶m{déX²Y g§Kf© H$aʶmg àd¥ËV
Ho$bo nm{hOo. gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$VoV ~Xb H$aʶmgmR>r J«m_rU
2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU
^mJmV àm¡T> {ejUmMo CnH«$_ am~dyZ na§nam{ZîR> _mZ{gH$Vm
~XbʶmgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.
àíZ 2. Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m {bhÿZ ˶m§À¶m
d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo {ddaU H$am.
CËVa … (A) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m … amë\$ qbQ>Z
¶m§À¶m _Vo, "" Am{Xdmgr O_mV hm Q>moiçm§Mm JQ> AgVmo. ¶m
g_wXm¶mVrb bmoH$ {d{eîQ> àXoem_ܶo nañnam§À¶m gm{ÝZܶmV
amhVmV. ˶mÀ¶m_ܶo EoŠ¶mMr ^mdZm AgVo. hr EoŠ¶mMr ^mdZm
g_mZ g§ñH¥$Vr, gmV˶mZo ¶oUmam g§nH©$ Am[U g_mZ JaOm§VyZ
{Z_m©U hmoVo.'' ^maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmV Am{XdmgtMm CëboI AZwgy{MV
O_mVr Agm H$aʶmV Ambm Amho.
(~) Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶mMr
H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
(1) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A{bßVVm … {d{eîQ> ^yàXoemV amhUmam hm
àmXo{eH$ g_wXm¶ Amho. ˶m§Mo dmñVì¶ XþJ©_ ^mJmV, åhUOoM
O§JbXè¶m§_ܶo Am{U S>m|Ja_m϶mda AgVo. Vo ñWbm§Va H$arV
Agbo Var Vo {d{eîQ> joÌmVM ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
(2) Am{W©H$ OrdZ … Am{XdmgtMo Am{W©H$ OrdZ nma§n[aH$
V§Ìmda AmYm[aV AgVo. ñWbm§V[aV eoVr, dZmonO Jmoim H$aUo,
{eH$ma Am{U _mgo_mar ˶m§Mo Am{W©H$ CnH«$_ AgV. {dnUZm§À¶m
gmo¶rÀ¶m A^mdr Vo dñVw{d{Z_¶ nX²YVrMm dmna H$arV AgV.
(3) Apñ_VoMr OmUrd … à˶oH$ Am{Xdmgr O_mV {d{eîQ>
ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. _hmamîQ—>mV {^ëb, H$moir, H$mVH$ar, dmabr
B˶mXr à_wI O_mVr AmhoV. Vo ñdV…Mr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmoiI
OmonmgVmV. ¶m Apñ_Vo_wio Vo nañnam§er g§b½Z AgVmV.
(4) A§V{d©dmhr g_yh … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ {ddmhg§~§Y
O_mVrÀ¶m AmVM H$aUo hr àñWm{nV ê$T>r Amho. Vo ghgm
O_mVr~mhoa {ddmh H$arV ZmhrV. {ddmh hm O_mVrÀ¶m ê$T>r d
{Z¶_m§Zwgma hmoVmo. {ddmh hm H$ama _mZbm OmVmo. {ddmh {dÀNo>XZ
Am{U nwZ{d©dmh {Z{fX²Y _mZbo OmV ZmhrV.
(5) d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr d ~mobr^mfm … Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶
aŠVg§~§Ym§da AmYm[aV JQ> Agë¶mZo ˶m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r,
lX²Ym d na§nam d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AgVmV. à˶oH$ O_mVrMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU©
doe^yfm, ImZnmZmÀ¶m gd¶r, CËgd d gU AgVmV. Am{XdmgtZm
boIZH$bm AdJV Zmhr. _mÌ à˶oH$mMr ñdV…Mr ~mobr^mfm AgVo.
(6) gmYr g_mOì¶dñWm … Am{XdmgtMo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y
H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ d ZmVog§~§Ym§da AmYm[aV, åhUOoM àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo
AgVmV. ˶m§À¶mV gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUhr AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr,
˶m_wio CÀM-ZrM hm ^oX^md ZgVmo.
43
 (7) Y_© d lX²Ym … OrdmË_dmX, MoVZmdmX, Hw$bàVrH$dmX, (4) AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV àmW{_H$ g§~§Ym§Mm
{ZgJ©dmX Am{U _mZmdmX ho Am{XdmgtMo Y_© d lX²YmñWmZo nJS>m Amho. AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm, ì¶{ŠVJVVm Am{U g_mdoeH$Vm
AmhoV. H$miçm Am{U nm§T>è¶m OmXÿda ˶m§Mm {dídmg AgVmo. AgVo. ¶oWo 춊VrÀ¶m {hVmnojm gm_wXm{¶H$ ~m§{YbH$sbm _hËËd Amho.
(8) Hw$b g§KQ>Z … à˶oH$ Am{Xdmgr g_wXm¶ hm aŠVg§~§Ym§da (5) gm_m{OH$ EH${OZgrnUm … J«m_rU àXoemV {dMma,
AmYm[aV Agë¶mZo, ˶m§Mo JmoÌ d nyd©O g_mZ AgVmV. Vo aŠV- dV©Z, nmoemI, H¥$Vr Am{U OJʶm_ܶo EH${OZgrnUm AgVmo.
g§~§Ym§Zr EH$_oH$m§er g§b½Z Agë¶mZo, ˶m§Zm Amnë¶m O_mVrVrb na§nam Am{U ê$T>tZm AZwgê$Z dV©Z H$aʶmMr d¥ËVr J«m_rU ^mJmV
Aݶ 춊Vt{df¶r AmË_r¶Vm dmQ>Vo. ˶mVyZ ˶m§Mm EH$g§Y d AmT>iVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ nañnam§Zm ghH$m¶© H$aVmV.
EH$mË_ g_wXm¶ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. (6) Hw$Qw§>~mbm _hËËd … Hw$Qw§>~ ì¶dñWm hr J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m
(9) {ZgJ©nyOm … {ZgJm©À¶m gm{ÝZܶmV amhUmè¶m Am{XdmgtZm H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. EH$Ì Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr hm EHo$H$mir J«m_rU
{ZgJm©{df¶r AmXa¶wŠV ^rVr dmQ>Vo. {ZgJm©bm àgÝZ amIʶmgmR>r, g_wXm¶mMm AmYmañV§^ hmoVm. AmVm _mÌ EH$Ì Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVrMo
_hËËd hiyhiy H$_r Pmbo Amho.
åhUOoM {ZgJm©Mm H$mon hmoD$ Z¶o ¶mgmR>r Vo {ZgJ©nyOm H$aVmV.
(7) {ñ̶m§Mo ñWmZ … J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ñ̶m AmOhr
amoJamB©Mo {ZdmaU H$aʶmgmR>r _§ÌV§Ì, OmXÿQ>moUm, ~ir XoUo B˶mXr
nwéfàYmZ {Z¶§ÌUmImbr amhVmV. ^maVr¶ na§naoZwgma {ñ̶m§À¶m
_mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVmV. _m§{ÌH$, Vm§{ÌH$, ^JV B˶mXr ˶m§Zm ho
n{Vd«Vm Agʶmbm AZݶgmYmaU _hËËd Amho. ¶m_wio Vo
CnMma H$aʶmV gmhmæ¶ H$aVmV.
{ñ̶m§Zrhr OÝ_OmV H$V©ì¶ _mZbo Amho. {ñ̶m§Zr ˶m§Mr nma§n[aH$
àíZ 3. J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m {bhÿZ, ˶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
H$V©ì¶o ~OmdUo Ano{jV Amho. J«m_rU Hw$Qw§>~mV d g_mOmV {ñ̶m§Mo
ñnîQ> H$am.
ñWmZ Xþæ¶_ Amho.
CËVa … (A) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m … E. S>ãë¶y. J«rZ
(8) Y_©lX²Ym … Y_©, Xod Am{U Ym{_©H$ na§nam§da J«m_rU
¶m§À¶m _Vo, "" IoSo> g_wXm¶ AWdm J«m_rU g_wXm¶ _¶m©{XV
g_wXm¶mMm àJmT> {dídmg Amho. à˶oH$ JmdmMr J«m_XodVm AgyZ
^yàXoemV {Zdmg H$aUmam bmoH$g_yh hmo¶. ¶m àXoemVrb gdmªMr
dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Jmdm_ܶo OÌm qH$dm CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
OrdZnX²YVr g_mZ AgVo.''
(9) Om{Vì¶dñWoMm nJS>m … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mnmgyZ Om{V-
{~«Q>m{ZH$m kmZH$moe _ܶo ¶m g§koMo {dñV¥V {ddaU H$aʶmV
ì¶dñWm AbJ H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. Om{Vì¶dñWm loUraMZoda AmYm[aV
Ambo Amho. "" J«m_rU g_mOm_ܶo CnbãY OmJm Am{U bmoH$g§»¶oMo
Amho. Om{Vì¶dñWo_ܶo " ewX²YVm Am{U AewX²YVo ' À¶m H$ënZm§Zwgma
JwUmoËVa H$_r AgVo. åhUOoM, _moR>çm OmJoV H$_r bmoH$ amhVmV.
ê$T>r Am{U Ym{_©H$ H¥$Vr R>aVmV, ì¶dgm¶mMo ñdê$nhr ¶mdê$ZM
AÝZYmݶm§Mo, V§V§yMo Am{U H$ÀÀ¶m _mbmMo CËnmXZ ¶m J«m_rU
R>aVo. {d{dY OmVt_Yrb ho nañnamdb§{~Ëd ~bwVoXmar ì¶dñWo_ܶo
g_mOmVrb à_wI Am{W©H$ CnH«$_ AmhoV.''
nmhmd¶mg {_iVo.
(~) J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mMr H$mhr
àíZ 4. ehar g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m {bhÿZ, ˶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
ñnîQ> H$am.
(1) J«m_ g_wXm¶ … J«m_rU ^mJm_ܶo a{hdmem§À¶m JaOm§Mr
CËVa … (A) ehar g_wXm¶mMr ì¶m»¶m …
nyV©Vm Ho$br OmVo. J«m_rU g_wXm¶m_ܶo EoŠ¶^mdZm A{ñVËdmV
_o[a¶_ doãñQ>a eãXH$moemV Ago à{VnmXZ H$aʶmV Ambo Amho
AgVo. ñWm{ZH$ JaOm§À¶m nyV©Voda J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg AmYm[aV
H$s, ""Á¶m g_mOm_ܶo AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Xçmo{JH$ ñdê$nmMo ZmJarH$aU
AgVmo.
Pmbo Amho Am{U OoWrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam d¡{dܶnyU© Amho Vmo
(2) AmH$mamZo bhmZ ^yàXoe … J«m_rU àXoemMm AmH$ma bhmZ
g_mO åhUOo ehar g_wXm¶ hmo¶.''
Am{U VoWrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm H$_r AgVo. ^maVr¶ g§X^m©V,
(~) ehar g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço …
gw_mao 5000 bmoH$g§»¶m Agbobm g_wXm¶ åhUOo " J«m_ ' AWdm
ehar g_wXm¶mMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV …
" IoSo '> hmo¶.
(1) ~hþ{OZgrnUm … ehar g_wXm¶mV gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$
(3) H¥$fr joÌmMo dM©ñd … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mV H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶
~hþ{OZgrnUm AgVmo. OmVr, ^mfm, Y_©, dJ© Am{U ì¶dgm¶m§Mr
à_wI Amho. na§Vw, hm CnOr{dHo$Mm EH$_od òmoV ZgyZ Vr EH$
{d{dYVm AgVo.
OrdZnX²YVr Amho. Amnë¶m EHy$U amîQ—>r¶ CËnÝZmVrb Odinmg
(2) bmoH$g§»¶oMr A{YH$ KZVm … J«m_rU g_wXm¶mÀ¶m VwbZoV
20 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m hm H¥$fr joÌmMm Amho. ¶oWrb 80 Q>ŠŠ¶m§nojm
ehar g_wXm¶mV bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm A{YH$ AgVo. ˶mMo H$maU
A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m H¥$fr joÌmda Adb§~yZ Amho.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ ehar ^mJmV gVV ñWbm§Va H$arV AgVmV.
44 g_mOemñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (3) {d{^ÝZ ì¶dgm¶ … eham§V ì¶dgm¶m§Mo {deofrH$aU Pmbo CnH«$_
Agë¶mZo, ì¶mnma, CËnmXZ, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ d emgH$s¶ godoV
* l Am{X_, J«m_rU qH$dm ehar ^mJm§Vrb emgZmÀ¶m
bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma àmßV hmoV AgVmo.
àmW{_H$ AWdm Aml_ emiobm ^oQ> Xçm. emioÀ¶m
(4) gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm … ehar ^mJmV dJ©ì¶dñWoMo
_w»¶mܶmnH$m§H$Sy>Z emioMr nQ>g§»¶m, {VWo KoʶmV ¶oUmao dJ©,
àm~ë¶ Agë¶mZo {ejU d ì¶dgm¶ _hËËdmMo AgVmV. ñd~imda
{ejH$m§Mr g§»¶m, {ejH$ {eH$dV Agbobo {df¶, ˶m§Zm
d JwUdËVoÀ¶m AmYmao 춊Vrg Amnbm gm_m{OH$ XOm© dmT>dVm ¶oVmo.
{eH$dVmZm ¶oUmè¶m AS>MUr, ˶m§À¶m JaOm ¶m§~m~V _m{hVr
(5) Xþæ¶_ ZmVog§~§Y … ehar g_wXm¶mV 춊Vr-춊VrVrb
¿¶m. Vwåhm§bm {_imboë¶m _m{hVrda Ahdmb V¶ma H$am.
gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y Am¡nMm[aH$ ì¶{ŠV{Zanoj Am{U VwQ>H$ AgVmV.
  * J«m_rU nwZ~mªYUr åhUOo H$m¶? J«m_rU ^maVmVrb
l
(6) {d^ŠV Hw$Qw§>~nX²YVr … ZmoH$ar-ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m H$maUmñVd
ñWbm§Va H$aUmè¶m 춊VtMo Hw$Qw§>~ nVr, nËZr Am{U ˶m§Mr OZZr bmoH$m§gmR>r (1) gaH$ma Am{U (2) ñd¶§godr g§ñWm§Zr gwê$
BVnV _¶m©{XV AgVo. Ho$boë¶m ¶moOZm§Mr _m{hVr H$mT>m. Vw_À¶m emioV qH$dm J«§Wmb¶mV
(7) nm¶m^yV godm§Mr CnbãYVm … {nʶmMo nmUr, drO, J°g, ¶mdarb {^{ËV{MÌm§Mo àXe©Z Am¶mo{OV H$am.
B§Q>aZoQ>, Qo>{b\$moZ, añVo d dmhVwH$sÀ¶m gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm eham§V
A{YH$ AgVo.
(8) Am¡nMm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU … {d{Y{Z¶_, nmobrg d
ݶm¶¶§ÌUm hr gm_m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌUmMr gmYZo AmhoV.

2. ^maVr¶ g_mOmMo dJuH$aU 45