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Chap 3
Chap 3
Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true
or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.
a. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ?
b. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ?
c. 1, 4, 15, 64, 325, ?
Solution:
a. Beginning with the third number in the list, each number is obtained by
adding the two previous number in the list. That is 1+1=2, 1+2=3, 2+3=5,
and so on. The probable next number in the list is 13+21=34. (These are
the first few terms of the famous Fibonacci sequence.)
b. It appears here that in order to obtain each number after the first, we must
double the previous number. Therefore, the most probable next number
is 16 x 2 = 32.
c. The series involves two operations: multiplication and addition of a
number by the same number. The series runs like: 0 x 1 + 1, 1 x 2 + 2 =
4, 4 x 3 + 3 = 15, 15 x 4 + 4 = 64, 64 x 5 + 5 = 325. The next number,
following this logic should be 325 x 6 + 6 = 1596.
Example 2. Consider the list of equations in the margin. Use the list to predict the next
multiplication fact in the list.
37 x 3 = 111
37 x 6 = 222
37 x 9 = 333
37 x 12 = 444
37 x ? = ?
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Solution: In each case, the left side of the equation has two factors, the first 37 and the
second a multiple of 3, beginning with 3. The product (answer) in each case consists of three
digits, all the same, beginning with 111 for 37 x 3. For this pattern, to continue, the next
multiplication fact would be 37 x 15 = 555, which is indeed true.
Deductive Reasoning is more formal, and can be used to prove the behavior of a pattern
in other circumstances. However, it takes real thinking to use it. It goes like this: “I have
already proved that a certain set of facts are true, and I can use those to prove a new fact.”
There may be some assumptions that are stated at the beginning of the proof, that limit the
circumstances under which it can be believed.
For example, the proof that will be used talks about an even number:
anytime the number is multiplied by 2, product will always be an even.
However, one of the assumption formulating could be working on base 10.
Multiplying something by 2 may now be working base 3, 4, 5, hexadecimal,
binary and not sure that it could prove that first multiplying number by 2 is
always even but this is something that’s assumed in base 10.
The new “fact” that you are trying to prove is called a postulate, and when you have proved
it, it’s called a conclusion, or theorem. Theorems form the “old facts” that can be used to
create new proofs, if you keep the same set of assumptions that were used in their own
proofs.
x=1
2x + 3y – z = 5
2z = x + 5
Solution: Eliminate the equation down to one variable in order to solve it. But look at the
third equation. It has the variables z and x. True, it has two variables. Since x has a given
value which is equal to 1, you can use it to find the value of z.
2z = x + 5
2z = 1 + 5
2z = 6
z =3
Now that the value of z is given, you can now substitute the value to solve the value of y
whereas:
2x + 3y – z = 5
2 + 3y – 3 = 5
3y = 5 + 3 – 2
3y = 8 – 2
3y = 6
y =2
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Example 4. Use deductive reasoning to prove that divisibility rule for 3 is valid for three-digit
numbers.
Solution:
Let abc be a 3-digit number. Assumption
abc = 100a + 10b + c Write abc in expanded form decomposing
100a and 10b into equivalent sums.
abc = 99a + a + 9b + b + c
abc = (99a + 9b) + (a + b + c) Grouped the terms that has 9 as a factor.
abc = 3(33a + 3b) + (a + b + c) abc will be divisible by 3 only when
(99a + 9b) + (a + b + c) is divisible by 3.
abc will be divisible by 3 only 3(33a + 3b) is always divisible by 3
when (a + b + c) is divisible by 3. because 3 is a factor.
Example 5. Use deductive reasoning to prove the conjecture: The sum of any two odd or
any two even integers is itself even.
Solution:
A possible proof:
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1. Routine Problem
2. Non-Routine Problem
Routine Problem
These problems require direct application of a specific arithmetic operation. Presents the
question to be answered and facts of a number to use. Give the students an opportunity to
think about the relationship between operations and their applications to real-life situations.
Example 1. Mother’s monthly salary is about Php 38, 000.00. If she saves 25% of her salary
monthly, how much will she be able to save in one year? Can you try solving?
Non-routine Problem
These problems require the use of thinking skills and strategies involving some non-
algorithmic approaches. Focus on a higher level of interpretation and organization of the
problem rather than on the application of an algorithm.
Example 2. A farmer had some pigs and chickens. One day he counted 20 heads and 56
legs. How many pigs and how many chickens did he have? Can you try solving?
Four-Step Process:
Many students are overwhelmed just by reading a problem. At this point, group discussion
is beneficial.
Statements that may help you lead students to an understanding of the problem:
- Find the known(s) and the unknown(s); sketch a chart picture or diagram; find the
conditions that connect the unknown(s) and known(s). Do you know a definition,
formula, equation, model, algorithm, rule, law, or theorem that can help you?
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- Eliminate impossible situations.
- Use direct or indirect reasoning.
- Break the problem into parts or cases.
- Check all possibilities.
- Look for a “catch" or “trick" if an answer looks too obvious or impossible.
- Restate the problem.
Example 1. The sum of the ages of Zharina and Kyla Mariz is 35. After five years, Kyla
Mariz will be four times as old as Zharina. How old are they now?
Since you are looking for the age of Zharina and Kyla Mariz at present, so
𝑥 + 5 = 4(40 − 𝑥)
Step 3. Carry out the plan
Let us solve the equation step by step.
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Adding 31 and 4, the sum is 35, and adding 5 to both 31 and 4, the sum is 36
and 9 respectively. And, 36 is 4 times 9, so this does check.
Final Answer: The present age of Klyla Mariz is 4, while Zharina is 31.
Example 2. The sum of the first and third of three consecutive odd integers is 131 less
than three times the second integer. Find the three integers.
Step 1: Understand the problem Make sure that you read the question carefully
several times.
Using what you learned in the previous example, we
"The sum of the first and third is 131 less than three times the second"
gives an equation of
𝑥 + (𝑥 + 4) = 3(𝑥 + 2) − 131
The sum of 129 and 133 is 131 less than 3 times 131. Then,
The final answer: 129 = 𝑥 the first integer.
𝑥 + 2 = 131 the second integer.
𝑥 + 4 = 133 the third integer.
Example 3. Danny has a single sheet of 8 ½ by 11 inches paper. He needs to measure
exactly 6 inches. Can he do it using the sheet paper.
Solution:
2. Devising a Plan
A natural thing to ask is what combinations of lengths can be made from the two
given lengths? We could fold to halve the lengths, but this would lead to such
fractional lengths as 4 ¼ inches, 5 ½ inches, 2 1/8 inches, and so on, that appear
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unhelpful. Another idea is to consider other folds that could be used to combine 8 ½
inches and 11 inches to het 6 inches. For example, consider how to obtain 6 from 8
½ and 11.
11 – 8 ½ = 2 ½
8½-2½=6
If we could fold the paper to obtain 2 ½ inches from the two given lengths and the
“subtract” the 2 ½ from 8 ½, then we could obtain the desired result of 6. One strategy
to investigate how to obtain 2 ½ inches from the 11 inches and 8 ½ inches lengths is
to draw a diagram.
8 ½ in. 8 ½ in.
11-8 ½ or 2½
in.
8 ½ in. 2 ½ in. 2 ½ in.
11 in. 11 in.
11 in.
8 ½ in. 8 ½ in.
8 ½ in - 2½ in. = 6 in.
a) b) c) d)
With the fold figure, we obtain a length of 11 – 8 ½, or 2 ½, inches. With the fold figure
c), we obtain 8 ½ - 2 ½ or 6 inches.
Example 4. In a small town, three children deliver all newspapers. Sol delivers three times
as many papers as Mari, and Ken delivers more than Sol. If the three children delivered total
of 496 papers, how many papers does each deliver?
Solution:
2. Devising a Plan
Let a, b, and c is the number of papers delivered by Sol, Mari and Ken respectively.
We translate the given information into equations as follow:
To reduce the number of variables, substitute 3b for a in the second and third
equations:
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c = a + 13 becomes c = 3b + 13
a + b + c = 496 becomes 3b + b + c = 496
4. Looking Back
To check the answers, follow the original information, by using making a sentence,
start by using
a = 207, b = 69, and c = 220
The information in the first sentence, “Sol delivers three times as many as papers
as Mari” checks, since 207 = 3 x 69. The second sentence, “Ken delivers 13 more
papers than Sol” is true because 220 = 207 + 13. The information on the total
delivery checks, since 207 + 69 + 220 = 496.
Example 5. A farmer had some cows and ducks. One day he counted 20 heads and 56 legs.
How many cows and ducks did he have?
2a + 4b = 56-------------------------------(i)
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a + b = 20----------------------------------(ii)
from (ii),
a = 20 – b---------------------------------(iii)
Exercise 3-A
a. Carla is calculating her income taxes to determine if she will get a refund this
year.
b. You tell your friend Jay to be ready 15 minutes before you actually intend to
pick him up because Jay is always running late.
c. Luis has noticed that the stock market has gone up on the Friday before each
of the last three national holidays. He decides to buy stock on the Friday before
Labor Day to cash in on this trend.
2. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next two terms in each given sequence of
numbers.
a. 3, 6, 12, 24, _________, __________
b. ½, 3/5, 5/8, 7/11, _________, __________
c. 0.1, 0.10, 0.101, 0.1010, ________, __________
3. Use inductive reasoning to find the ones digit of the number 250.
In order to find the next term of the sequence. You need to construct difference table.
The difference in row 1is called first difference, in row 2 is called second difference and so
on.
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A sequence with first differences is said to be a linear equation and second difference
is quadratic equation. Suppose a sequence 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, …
If the second row of the table is not equal, it is possible it may have third differences
which are the difference of the second difference.
It must also be noted that not all sequence have a common difference. Some have
common ratio.
Example 1. Identify the next number in the following series, 2, 8, 26, 62, 122, 212?
Solution: First of all, you should try to take the differences. If the first difference does not
give anything significant, you can go for the second difference: difference of the differences.
2 8 26 62 122 212 ?
The first differences obviously do not contain any logic. But taking the differences
among differences in the first layer as shown above, we see that the logic becomes very
clear to us. Following the very same logic, the last addition to last number 30, should be 6,
which makes it 36. Moving backwards, we get 36 + 90 + 212 = 338, which is the correct
answer to this particular question.
Example 2: Assume that the pattern shown by the square tiles in the ff figures continues:
a. What is the nth term formula for the # of tiles in the nth figure of the sequence?
b. How many tiles are in the 8th figure of the sequence?
c. Which figure will consist exactly of 320 tiles?
Solution:
a. Examine the number of tiles in the sequence. The number of tiles in the figures are as
follows: 2, 5, 8, 11. Correspondingly, if n = 1, the number of tiles is 2, when n = 2, tiles
is 5; when n = 3, tiles is 8; when n = 4, tiles is 11. Notice that the common difference
of consecutive numbers is 3. Therefore, the formula for the nth term is linear. If we are
to multiply n by 3, we have the following sequence: 3, 6, 9, 12. The terms are 1 greater
than each of the terms in the sequence of the number of tiles. Thus, the formula for
the nth term is 3n – 1.
Another solution is thru visual inspection. Notice that you can divide the figures into 3
parts, the top figure, shaded by blue, the middle figure with white shade, and the
bottom figure, shaded by green shown in the below figure.
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After identifying the patterns in the figure, try to relate the number of tiles with n as per
table below.
n 1 2 3 4 Relationship with n
Top figure 1 2 3 4 n
Middle figure 0 1 2 3 n-1
Botttom 1 2 3 4 n
TOTAL 2 5 8 11 n+n-1+n = 3n-1
b. Using the formula 3n – 1, we compute that there are 3(8) – 1 = 23 tiles in the 8th
figure.
Exercise 3-B
1. What is the next term in the sequence 2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, ___?
2. Determine the next number in the sequence 1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, ___
3. Assume that the pattern shown by the square tiles in the ff figures continues:
a. What is the nth term formula for the # of tiles in the nth figure of the sequence?
b. How many tiles are in the 10th figure of the sequence?
c. Which figure will consist exactly of 419 tiles?
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3.5 Recreational Problems Using Mathematics
As you progress through each clue, your task is to translate the relationships
described there into TRUE or FALSE markers on the grid. As you proceed through the
puzzle, more and more of the grid will be filled in, until all the top subgrids are completely
filled in with Clue markers (X1 for clue1, X2 for clue2, etc.). At that point, you have
successfully revealed the relationships between each and every item on the grid, and puzzle
is solved.
Example:
Solve the following logic puzzle.
Each of the four friends Donna, Sarah, Nikkie and Xhanelle, has a different pet
(fish, cat, dog, and snake). From the following clues, determine the pet of each individual.
1. Sarah is older than her friend who owns the cat and younger than her friend
who owns the dog.
2. Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake are both of the same age and they
are the youngest members of their group.
3. Donna is older than her friend who owns the fish.
Solution:
From clue 1, Sarah is not the owner of the cat nor the dog. In the following chart,
write X1 (which stands for “ruled out by clue 1”) in the Cat and the Dog columns of Sarah's
row.
Donna
Sarah X1 X1
Nikkie
Xhanelle
From clue 2, Nikkie is not the owner of the snake. Since Sarah is not one of the youngest
member of the group from clue 1, then, she also doesn't own the snake. From Clue 1, the dog is not
owned by the youngest friend, thus, Nikkie doesn't own the dog. Therefore, Sarah, owns the Fish and
consequently, Donna, Nikkie, and Xhanelle do not own the Fish.
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From clue 3, Donna is older than Sarah, therefore she is not the owner of the snake and the
cat. Hence, she owns the Dog. That means Xhanelle owns the snake and Nikkie owns the cat.
=> Donna owns the dog, Sarah owns the fish, Nikkie owns the cat, and Xhanelle owns the snake.
Self-Study Exercise
Solve the following Logic Puzzle and check whether you get the same answer shown below.
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different occupation (editor,
banker, chef, or dentist). From the following clues, determine the occupation of each
neighbor.
1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
Solution: Sean is the banker, Maria is the editor, Sarah is the chef, and Brian is the dentist.
KenKen Puzzle
10 + 4+
4x 36 x 14 +
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Solution :
60 x 40 x 5+
1. Since this is a 5x5 grid, then rows and columns
should only contain the number 1-5. Now,
3
check if there are single box cage.
3
10 + 4+
4x 36 x 14 +
60 x 40 x 5+
2. See if you can find a cage whose solution is
quite unique. One case is the 5+ operation in 2
3
the upper right corner with 3-square cage
3 2 1
whose solution is 2+2+1=5. Since the numbers 10 + 4+
should not be repeated in a row or column, then
we can place one "2" in the upper right corner, 4x 36 x 14 +
and the other "2" in the 4th column.
60 x 40 x 5+
3. Another cage whose solution is quite unique is
the one on the upper left corner with 3-square 3 5 2
3
cage whose solution is 5x4x3=60. Since the
4 3 2 1
numbers should not be repeated in a row or 10 + 4+
column, then we can place "3" in the upper left
corner. We can place the other two number 4x 36 x 14 +
temporarily on the 2 other cages.
60 x 40 x 5+
4. Now, let us look at the cage whose numeral is 40
under multiplication operation in a 4-square cage. It 3 5 1 4 2
has the solution 5x4x2x1=40. In the 2nd row, we can 3
place "5", then "1" and "4" in the 1st row and "2" in 4 3 5 2 1
the 3rd row temporarily. 10 + 4+
2
4x 36 x 14 +
4 3
60 x 40 x 5+
5. We can continue to look at the cage whose numeral
is 36 under multiplication operation in a 3-square 3 5 1 4 2
cage. It has the solution 3x4x3=36. Since we can not 3
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60 x 40x 5+
6. Next, we check the cage with 4x whose solution is
2x2x1. Since we cannot repeat the same number in 3 5 1 4 2
a row or column, then we can place "1" in the 3
4 3 5 2 1
middle, i.e. 1st column 5th row, and the "2" in the
remaining cages. 10 + 4+
2
4x 36 x 14 +
2 3
1 2 4 3
60 x 40 x 5+
7. Now, the first column has only one missing number
which is 5, therefore the solution for the 10+ cage is 3 5 1 4 2
5+4+1, since for column 2, the only missing numbers 3
are 4 and 1. 4 3 5 2 1
10 + 4+
5 4 2
4x 36 x 14 +
2 1 3
1 2 4 3
60 x 40 x 5+
8. The 3rd row has only two missing numbers, 3 and 1
which is a solution for 4+ cage, therefore "1" will be 3 5 1 4 2
placed in the 4th column since the 5th column had 3
4 3 5 2 1
that number already and "3" will be placed in the 5th
column 10+ 4+
5 4 2 1 3
4x 36 x 14 +
2 1 3
1 2 4 3
60 x 40 x 5+
9. Finally, the missing numbers all fit as the solution for 5 4
the last cage as shown in the solved puzzle below. 3 1 2
3
4 3 5 2 1
10 + 4+
5 4 2 1 3
4x 36 x 14 +
2 1 3 5 4
1 2 4 3 5
Self-Study Exercise
Solve the following Kenken Puzzle.
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Magic Square - arrangement of numbers in a square such that the sum of the n numbers
in each row, column, and diagonal is the same number.
Example: Solve the following magic square of order 5. Use deductive reasoning to
determine the missing numbers in the magic square.
11 7 3
4 8 16
5 13
10 18 1 22
23 6 2 15
Solution
1. Since the diagonal is complete, then we can get the sum of the diagonal numbers, in
this case, its 65, thus, each row and each column should sum up to 65.
2. Look for a row or column where there's only one missing number and subtract the sum
of the given numbers from 65 to fill in the missing number. These are highlighted in
blue.
11 7 3
4 8 16
17 5 13 9
10 18 1 14 22
23 6 19 2 15
3. Check again if there's only one missing number in a row and column. If so, subtract the
sum of the given numbers from 65 to fill in the missing number. These are highlighted in
pink.
11 7 3
4 8 16
17 5 13 21 9
10 18 1 14 22
23 6 19 2 15
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4. Do steps 2 and 3 until gaps are filled in.
11 24 7 20 3
4 12 25 8 16
17 5 13 21 9
10 18 1 14 22
23 6 19 2 15
5.
6. Check whether each row and columns sums up to 65 and you're done!
11 24 7 20 3 65
4 12 25 8 16 65
17 5 13 21 9 65
10 18 1 14 22 65
23 6 19 2 15 65
65 65 65 65 65 65
Exercise 3-C
2 13
10 11
2. John, Jenny, Shiela and Jason were recently elected as new class officers
(President, vice president, secretary and treasurer). From the ff clues, determine
which position each holds.
▪ Jason is younger than the president but older than treasurer.
▪ John and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the youngest
members of the group.
▪ Shiela and the secretary are next-door neighbors.
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