YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

MUSTAFA KHANJI

18049913

Dr.MURAT ERGENEKON SELÇUK

1
CONTENT
chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................... 3
chapter 2 earthquake result ....................................................................................... 4
chapter 2 definitions .................................................................................................. 5
chapter 2 comparison ploats ...................................................................................... 7
chapter 3 definition .................................................................................................. 14
chapter 3 general information.................................................................................. 16
chapter 3 PGA,PGV,PGD,AI,DS5-95........................................................................... 17
chapter 3 Response Spectra ..................................................................................... 27
chapter 3 soil class .................................................................................................... 30
chapter 3 elastic design spectrum ............................................................... 31
chapter 3 horizontal comparison ................................................................ 33
chapter 3 verticle comparison ......................................................... 35

chapter 4 ................................................................................................................... 36
result ......................................................................................................................... 40
resources ................................................................................................................... 41

2
Chapter 1: Introduction

 Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to investigate pazarcık kahramanmaraş earthquake and its
main parameter , information about the potential damage of the buildings and comparing
it with the design spectrum of location of the record station (4619).

Kahramanmaraş earthquake will be analyzed by using SeismoSignal software v24. This

assignment will present the earthquake’s Amplitudes which incorporate, Acceleration
time history, Velocity time history, and Displacement time history. Its Frequency content
(Fourier spectra), Duration (Significant Durations) and the Response Spectra.

Kahramanmaraş earthquake is one of the most devastating earthquake happened in this

century with 7.7 moment magnitude , which destroyed many cities and been reason for
death thousands of people and huge economic losses in both Syria and Turkey .

 Material

İn this assigment the main material used is AFAD TADAS to collect data about the
earthquake , TBDY (turkish earthquake specification ) in order to find the soil type of
station , TDTH(hazard map of Turkey) , and software like seismosignal , excell

NOT: all data is noncorrected data (non-filtered)

3
Chapter 2: Earthquake records

İn this chapter all station records up to 100 km epicenter radius will provided in excell
sheet , the main parameter that will provided are (Event ID, Date, Depth, Lat., Long.,
Elevation, Type and Magnitude, Location, Station Name and Code, Rjb, Rrup, Repi, Td, AI,
SD, Sa0.3, Sa1, Sa3 )

There is 3 componenet of translation under analyse , (UP-DOWN , N-S , E-W)

Two of them are horizontal component which is very important another one is verticle
component

While we considered 100 km epicenter radius under study there is 39 stations value will
be investigated

4
 Definitions

depth of an earthquake refers to the distance between the earthquake's hypocenter (the
point within the Earth where the rupture initiates) and the Earth's surface. Earthquakes
can occur at various depths within the Earth's crust and upper mantle , The depth of an
earthquake can influence its potential to cause damage, with shallow earthquakes often
posing the greatest risk due to their proximity to the Earth's surface. However, factors
such as the earthquake's magnitude, location, and local geological conditions also play
important roles in determining its impact , the earthquake under analyse has 8.6 km depth
so its classified as shallow earthquake .

Earthquake magnitude measures the size or intensity of an earthquake, indicating the

amount of energy released at its source. It's typically expressed numerically on scales like
the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale (Mw). The Richter scale is older and
measures seismic wave amplitude, while the moment magnitude scale considers the total
seismic moment released by the earthquake. Magnitude helps assess potential damage
and shaking, but factors like depth and local geology also influence effects.

Rjb is the distence between the surface projection of the fault plan and the station .

Rrup , when we draw a parallel and perpendicular line from hypocenter to the earth
surface and intersect it with each other and drow a line from that point to station that
length called to be Rrub.

Repi is the distance measured from epicenter to the station .

Arias Intensity is a measure of the total energy imparted by an earthquake's ground

motion over its duration at a specific location. It quantifies both the amplitude and
duration of shaking, aiding in assessing potential damage to structures.

Significant Duration (SD) 5-95 is a seismic parameter used to characterize the duration of
strong ground shaking during an earthquake. It represents the time interval during which
the cumulative absolute energy reaches from 5% to 95% of its total value.

"Sa0.3" typically refers to the spectral acceleration value at a period of 0.3 seconds during
an earthquake ground motion analysis. Spectral acceleration (Sa) is a measure of the peak
acceleration response of a structure at various vibration periods during an earthquake ,
Sa0.3 specifically indicates the spectral acceleration at a period of 0.3 seconds, which is a
critical parameter for seismic design and analysis of structures.

5
"Sa1" likely refers to the spectral acceleration at a period of 1 second during earthquake
ground motion analysis. Spectral acceleration (Sa) is a measure of the peak acceleration
response of a structure at various vibration periods during an earthquake , Sa1
specifically indicates the spectral acceleration at a period of 1 second, which is an
important parameter for seismic design and analysis of structures.

"Sa3" refers to the spectral acceleration at a period of 3 seconds during earthquake

ground motion analysis. Spectral acceleration (Sa) is a measure of the peak acceleration
response of a structure at various vibration periods during an earthquake , Sa3
specifically indicates the spectral acceleration at a period of 3 seconds, which is an
important parameter for seismic design and analysis of structures.

6
 (Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) – shear wave velocity (VS30) ) plot

PGA_NS and Vs30 to distance

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

PGA_NS vs30

Horizontal axis represent stations from closest to the farthest from epicenter , blue line
represent the value of PGA in north- south direction , orange line shows average shear
wave velocity in the upper 30 meters of soils (Vs30) .

The figure shows that PGA values is between 0-1000 and the average of PGA values equal
to 366 cm/sec2 , but we have a value equal to 2165 cm/sec2 , while the factor play role
in PGA is magnitude which are equal since we study same earthquake , distance from
epicenter which that will not change that much , soil type (ZD) and there is another station
has same soil type , so in my opinion the largest PGA value is measured wrongly

PGA_NS-Vs30
2500

2000

1500
PGA_NS

1000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Vs30

7
From the dashed line its understood that there is lightly increasing function between vs30
and PGA.

The values of Vs30 distributed between 250-1000 cm/sec in another word we can say the
soil type is between ZD and ZB , which is very important factor in analyses

PGA_EW and Vs30 to distance

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

vs30 PGA_EW

In E-W direction also we can notice that the distribution is almost same

PGA_EW-VS30
2500

2000

1500
PGA_EW

1000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Vs30

From the dashed line its understood that there is lightly increasing function between vs30
and PGA.

8
 PGA_UD and Vs30 to distance
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

vs30 PGA_UD

In U-D direction its also same distribution only change is average of PGA values which is
smaller than horizontal direction , average value equal to 300 cm/sec2 .

PGA_UD-VS30
2500

2000

1500
PGA_UD

1000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Vs30

From the dashed line its understood that there is lightly increasing function between vs30
and PGA.

9
 (Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) – epicenter radius Repi) plot

PGA_NS - Repi
2500

2000

1500
PGA-NS

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Repi

PGA_EW-Repi
2500

2000

1500
pga-ew

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
repi

PGA_UD-Repi
2500

2000

1500
pga-ud

1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
repi

Horizontal axis of this graph shows epicenter radius while verticle axis shows PGA value

This chart shows the relationship between epicenter and PGA

10
From the dashed line its understood that there is lightly decreasing function between repi
and PGA , when repi decrease PGA increase in all direction .

 Epicenter radius (Repi) – Significant duration (Ds5-95) Plot

Repi-DS95NS
120
100
80
repi

60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sd

Repi-DS95EW
120
100
80
repi

60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sd

Repi-DS95UD
120
100
80
repi

60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sd

Significant duration Ds5-95 : is the time between the 5 % of total energy and 95% of total
energy , the graph shows that when significant duration increasing repi decreasing.

11
This plots shown the epicenter radius (horizontal axis) with coressponding significant
durations in N-S , E-W and U-D directions .

 shear wave velocity (VS30) - Significant duration (Ds5-95) Plot

vs30-DS95NS
1200
1000
800
vs30

600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ds

vs30-DS95EW
1200
1000
800
vs30

600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sd

vs30-DS95UD
1200
1000
800
vs30

600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sd

From the dashed line its understood that there is lightly increasing function between sd
and vs30 , when sd decrease vs30 increase .

12
This plots shown the shear wave velocity (horizontal axis) with coressponding significant
durations in N-S , E-W and U-D directions .

13
Chapter 3: Main earthquake parameter

 Definitions
İn this chapter fundemental parameter of kahramanmaraş earthquake will be analysed
for E-W , N-S and U-D directions , which that matched to 4619 station

(PGA) Peak Ground Acceleration, refers to the maximum acceleration level recorded at a
specific location during an earthquake PGA is a critical measure in seismic design because
it helps determine the force that an earthquake generates and thus impacts how buildings
and structures need to be designed to withstand these forces .

(PGD) Peak Ground Displacement, refers to the maximum displacement (movement) of

the ground at a specific location during an earthquake , This measure is significant in
understanding the physical movements of the Earth's surface during seismic events,
which can help in assessing potential damage to infrastructure and in planning and
designing more resilient structures

(PGV) Peak Ground Velocity, refers to the maximum velocity at which the ground moves
at a specific location during an earthquake , PGV is a critical parameter in seismic design
and engineering because it is directly related to the energy transmitted to buildings and
other structures during an earthquake.

(AI) The Arias Intensity, named after the seismologist Frank E. Arias, is a measure of the
cumulative energy imparted by ground motion during an earthquake. It quantifies the
total energy of ground shaking over the duration of the earthquake at a specific location.
The Arias Intensity is particularly useful for assessing the potential damage caused by
seismic events and is commonly used in seismic hazard analysis, earthquake engineering,
and structural design.

"DD-1 Earthquake Ground Motion" describes a very rare seismic ground motion, where
the probability of exceeding spectral magnitudes in 50 years is 2%, with a corresponding
return period of 2475 years. This seismic ground motion is also referred to as the largest
considered earthquake ground motion.

"DD-2 Earthquake Ground Motion" characterizes a rare seismic ground motion, where the
probability of exceeding spectral magnitudes in 50 years is 10%, with a corresponding
return period of 475 years. This seismic ground motion is also referred to as the standard
design earthquake ground motion.

14
(Ds5-95) significant duration is the time between the 5 % of total energy and 95% of total
energy.

Fourier amplitude refers to the magnitude of a specific frequency component in a Fourier

transform or Fourier series representation of a signal. In the context of seismic analysis
or earthquake engineering, Fourier amplitude might be used to describe the strength or
intensity of seismic waves at particular frequencies.

response spectrum is a graphical representation of the maximum response of a structure

to ground motion at various frequencies. It's a fundamental tool used in earthquake
engineering and structural dynamics to understand how structures will behave under
seismic loading .

Response spectra can be derived from recorded ground motion data or generated using
mathematical models. They are an essential tool for seismic design, helping engineers
optimize structures to withstand the forces generated by earthquakes effectively.

15
 General information about kahramanmaraş earthquake

Date 06/02/2023 , 04:17 am

Location PAZARCIK , KAHRAMANMARAŞ

Latitude 37.228

Longitude 37.043

Depth 8.6 KM

Mw 7.7

 General information about (4619) station

Code 4619

City Kahramanmaraş

District Onikişubat

Longtiude 36.86616

Latitude 37.58702

Repi 36.73

Vs30 545

16
 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (acceleration – time history)

For E-W direction PGA = 0.198g = 194.74 cm/sec2 , at 62.41 sec

Acceleration [g]
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1
Acceleration g

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
time sec

Generally we can say that there is only two 2 large value in opposite direction 1 sec time
interval.

17
For N-S direction PGA = 0.308g = 302.03 cm/sec2 , at 61.67 sec

Acceleration [g]
0.4
0.3
0.2
acceleration g

0.1
0
-0.1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
time sec

From the previous chat we can say that PHA (peak horizontal acceleration) = 0.308g ,
N-S directions PGA is much more larger than E-W , in this direction there is 2 value close
to the peak value in opposite direction .

For U-D direction PGA = 0.179g = 175.51 cm/sec2 , at 59.83 sec

Acceleration [g]
0.2
0.15
0.1
acceleration g

0.05
0
-0.05 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
time sec

Looking to these 3 graph i can realiesd that in horizontal direction there is one or two
value that near to the peak value but in vertical direction there much more value which
is counted to be peak value .

18
 Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (velocity – time history)

For E-W direction PGV = 33.56 cm/sec , at 65.32 sec

Velocity [cm/sec]
40
velocity cm/sec

20

0
8.3
0

83
4.15

12.45
16.6
20.75
24.9
29.05
33.2
37.35
41.5
45.65
49.8
53.95
58.1
62.25
66.4
70.55
74.7
78.85

87.15
91.3
95.45
99.6
103.75
107.9
112.05
116.2
120.35
124.5
128.65
132.8
136.95
141.1
-20

-40
time sec

For N-S direction PGV = 32.49 cm/sec , at 57.16 sec

Velocity [cm/sec]
30
20
velocity cm/sec

10
0
0

103.75

112.05

120.35

128.65

136.95
83
4.15
8.3
12.45
16.6
20.75
24.9
29.05
33.2
37.35
41.5
45.65
49.8
53.95
58.1
62.25
66.4
70.55
74.7
78.85

87.15
91.3
95.45
99.6

107.9

116.2

124.5

132.8

141.1
-10
-20
-30
-40
time sec

By comparing these two graph for horizontal component of velocity we can realiesed
that velocity-time history distribution is almost same and their peak values is also close
to each other .

For U-D (verticle direction) direction PGV = 19.76 cm/sec , at 61.14 sec

Velocity [cm/sec]
30

20
velocity cm/sec

10

0
4.15
8.3

16.6

24.9

33.2

41.5

49.8

58.1

66.4

74.7

91.3

99.6
12.45

20.75

29.05

37.35

45.65

53.95

62.25

70.55

78.85

87.15

95.45

103.75
107.9
112.05
116.2
120.35
124.5
128.65
132.8
136.95
141.1
83
0

-10

-20
timesec

19
By comparing verticle component to horizontal component the graphs clearly shows
that , PGV of horizontal component it much more larger than verticle component but the
time respect to the peak value is almost same .

 Peak Ground Displacement (PGD) (displacement – time history)

For E-W direction PGD = 61.79 cm , at 47.96 sec

Displacement [cm]
80.0000000
60.0000000
displacement cm

40.0000000
20.0000000
0.0000000
4.54
9.08

22.7

45.4

68.1

90.8
0

13.62
18.16

27.24
31.78
36.32
40.86

49.94
54.48
59.02
63.56

72.64
77.18
81.72
86.26

95.34
99.88
104.42
108.96
113.5
118.04
122.58
127.12
131.66
136.2
140.74
-20.0000000
-40.0000000
-60.0000000
time sec

İn this direction the graph shows that there is two point thats value is very close to each
other 61.79 cm and 61.5 cm and the time between them is 7 sec (motion in same
direction )

After peak displacement happened there is an opposite side ground motin with -40.32
cm at time 58.85 sec , which mean there is almost 1 m displacement in 8 sec , average of
displacement during the time equal to 16.97 cm .

20
For N-S direction PGD = 99.66 cm , at 58.96 sec

Displacement [cm]
20
0
displacement cm

83
0

103.75

112.05

120.35

128.65

136.95
4.15
8.3
12.45
16.6
20.75
24.9
29.05
33.2
37.35
41.5
45.65
49.8
53.95
58.1
62.25
66.4
70.55
74.7
78.85

87.15
91.3
95.45
99.6

107.9

116.2

124.5

132.8

141.1
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
time sec

The peak displacement in this direction is larger than E-W direction , it reached to
arround 1 m , so it should be taken into account seriously , in other hand displacement in
this direction varies gradully in same direction from 45 cm to 99 cm(54 cm
displacement) it took arround 15 sec , but in E-W for 1 m displacement it took 8 sec time
, average of displacement during the time equal to 25.02 cm .

21
For U-D direction PGD = 20.09 cm , at 58.18 sec

Displacement [cm]
20

10
displacement cm

0
8.3
0

83
4.15

12.45
16.6
20.75
24.9
29.05
33.2
37.35
41.5
45.65
49.8
53.95
58.1
62.25
66.4
70.55
74.7
78.85

87.15
91.3
95.45
99.6
103.75
107.9
112.05
116.2
120.35
124.5
128.65
132.8
136.95
141.1
-10

-20

-30
time sec

İn verticle direction the displacement is not large as horizontal direction , around 20%
of N-S direction , average of displacement during the time equal to 1.1 cm , which is very
small comparing to horizontal direction .

 Fourier Amplitude

E-W direction (fourier amplitude - frequency)

Fourier Amplitude
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-50

N-S direction (fourier amplitude - frequency)

Fourier Amplitude
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-10 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

22
U-D direction (fourier amplitude - frequency)

Fourier Amplitude
250
200
150
100
50
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-50

 Arias intensity (AI)

E-W direction (time – Arias Intensity)

Arias Intensity[%]
120

100

80
intensity

60

40

20

0
0

102.34
3.01
6.02
9.03
12.04
15.05
18.06
21.07
24.08
27.09
30.1
33.11
36.12
39.13
42.14
45.15
48.16
51.17
54.18
57.19
60.2
63.21
66.22
69.23
72.24
75.25
78.26
81.27
84.28
87.29
90.3
93.31
96.32
99.33
time sec

For this direction energy started to develop at time 42sec .

23
 intensity intensity

100
120

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
0 0
3.01 3.01
6.02 6.02
9.03 9.03
12.04 12.04
15.05 15.05
18.06 18.06
21.07 21.07
24.08 24.08
27.09 27.09
30.1 30.1
33.11 33.11
N-S direction (time – Arias Intensity)

U-D direction (time – Arias Intensity)

36.12 36.12
39.13 39.13
42.14 42.14
45.15 45.15

24
48.16 48.16
51.17 51.17
54.18 54.18

time sec
time sec

57.19 57.19

Arias Intensity[%]
Arias Intensity[%]

60.2 60.2
63.21 63.21
66.22 66.22
69.23 69.23
72.24 72.24
75.25 75.25
78.26 78.26
81.27 81.27
84.28 84.28
87.29 87.29
90.3 90.3
93.31 93.31
96.32 96.32
99.33 99.33
For this direction we face the same result which related to the energy development .

102.34 102.34
 Significant Duration Ds5-95
İn order to estimate the significant duration Ds5-95 ,we should determine the the time
of cumulative energy developed between 5% and 95%
E-W direction Ds5-95 = 43 sec , which between 44sec and 88sec .

N-S direction Ds5-95 = 36.57 sec , which between 46sec and 82sec.

We can note that significant duration in this direction is less than E-W direction .

25
U-D direction Ds5-95 = 47.84 sec , which between 42sec and 93sec.

We can note that the significant duration in verticle direction is larger than horizontal
directions which mean energy developed more slow than horizontal component.

26
 Response Spectra (with 5% , 10% and 15% damping ratio)
E-W direction response spectra

Response Spectra
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
acceleration g

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.15
0.3
0.45
0.6
0.75
0.9
1.05
1.2
1.35
1.5
1.65
1.8
1.95
2.1
2.25
2.4
2.55
2.7
2.85

3.15
3.3
3.45
3.6
3.75
3.9
0

3
time sec

Damp.=5.0% (g) Damp.=10.0%(g) Damp.=15.0%(g)

İn this graph blue line shows response spectra with 5% damping ratio , orange one
shows 10% damping ratio while grey line shows 15% damping ratio , generally damping
ratio for reinforcement structures defined to be 5% only .
As it seen from figure above 5% damping ratio reached to 0.77g while when we use 10%
damping the value decreased to arround 0.52g , but 15% damping was not too much
effective while the peak value reached to 0.42g .
For short duration(0-0.5)sec as same as medium duration (0.5-1.35)sec its realised that
damp10% and damp15% are very close to each other while there is noticable change for
damp 5% .
For long duration (1.35-4)sec (13 – 40 story ) expect (2.75-3.45)sec(26 – 35 story) the
values are very close to each other in another words the behavior of this 3 sturctures
with diffrent damping ratio are almost same , while this earthquake can be effective for
buildings have 5%damp ratio and (2.75-3.45) period much more larger than buildings
have same period and 10% or 15% damping ratio .

27
 Response Spectra (with 5% , 10% and 15% damping ratio)
N-S direction response spectra

Response Spectra
1.4
1.2
1
acceleration g

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3.3

3.6

3.9
0

3
0.15

0.45

0.75

1.05

1.35

1.65

1.95

2.25

2.55

2.85

3.15

3.45

3.75
time sec

Damp.=5.0%(G) Damp.=10.0%(G) Damp.=15.0%(G)

As it seen from figure above 5% damping ratio reached to 1.28g while when we use 10%
damping the value decreased to arround 0.82g , but 15% damping was not too much
effective while the peak value reached to 0.6g .
By comparing this peak values with E-W direction value we can notcied that there is an
increasing ratio about 50% for 5% damping ratio , 60% increasing for 10% damping
ratio and 50% increasing ratio for 15% damping ratio .
For short duration(0-0.6)sec its realised that there is noticable change between the 3
diffrent damoing ratio.
For time interval (0.7-1)sec and (1.55-4)sec we can say that the buldings have 5% , 10%
and 15% damping ratio will have same behavior.
For time interval (1-1.5)sec the buding has 5% damping ratio it has potential damege
much more than buldings have 10% and 15% damping ratio .

28
 Response Spectra (with 5% , 10% and 15% damping ratio)
U-D direction response spectra (verticle component)

Response Spectra
0.9
0.8
0.7
acceleration g

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.15

0.45

0.75

1.05

1.35

1.65

1.95

2.25

2.55

2.85

3.15

3.45

3.75
0

3
0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3.3

3.6

3.9
time sec

Damp.=5.0% Damp.=10.0% Damp.=15.0%

İn this graph blue line shows response spectra with 5% damping ratio , orange one
shows 10% damping ratio while grey line shows 15% damping ratio , generally damping
ratio for reinforcement structures defined to be 5% only .
As it seen from figure above 5% damping ratio reached to 0.81g while when we use 10%
damping the value decreased to arround 0.53g , but 15% damping was not too much
effective while the peak value reached to 0.41g .
By comparing this peak values with E-W direction value we can notcied that the peak
values is almost same.
For short duration(0-0.75)sec its realised that there is noticable change between the 3
diffrent damoing ratio.
For time interval (0.9-1.5)sec and (2.05-4)sec we can say that the buldings have 5% ,
10% and 15% damping ratio will have same behavior.
For time interval (1.5-2)sec the buding has 5% damping ratio it has potential damege
much more than buldings have 10% and 15% damping ratio .

29
 Soil class
From afad TDTH by definding soil type based on Vs30 from TBDY2018 , soil type matched the
location of station under analyse .
Note: soil classification based on TBDY2018 classification is different than eurocode , in AFAD
TADAS web site soil type defined according to eurocode , in this report the TBDY2018 soil
classification is considered.

Since station with 4619 code has 545 m/s , that location’s soil type defined as ZC .

30
 Elastic Design Spectrum (DD-2 level)
As an engineer its neseccery to have limit values we should design base on it , by studing
and analyse history of earthquake for each region scientists reach the graph which is the
limit of elastic response which means any earthquake acceleration is less than the elastic
design spectrum the bulding should response linearly , in order to minimize the cost of
structure , level of design divided according to importance of structure for normal
structure generally we designed according to DD-2 , there is two component of elastic
design spectrum verticle and horizontal .

Sae(g) horizontal
0.4
0.35
0.3
acceleration g

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time sec

This graph shows the limit of linear behavior for a building that can resist acceleration
corresponding to time .

Sae(g) verticle
0.35
0.3
0.25
acceleration g

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
time sec

As it seen from above figure the period design of forizontal component is less than
verticle one because the motion is much more limited .
As a values of resistence of acceleration both direction shows near value to each other.
Note: a seprate document that download from AFADtdth will be added as an
attached.

31
 Elastic Design Spectrum (DD-1 level)
DD-1 level used generally to design important bulidings such as hospital

Sae(g)horizontal
0.8
0.7
0.6
acceleration g

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
time sec

Sae(g)verticle
0.7

0.6

0.5
acceleration g

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
time sec

By comparing DD-1 and DD-2 maximum limit its realised that for horizontal corner
period (Ta) the capacity of DD-1 is arround 2 times of DD-2 for horizontal component .
Note: a seprate document that download from AFADtdth will be added as an
attached.

32
 (E-W) spectra – Elastic design response spectrum plot (horizontal component)

E-W / DD-1 / DD-2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
acceleration g

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time sec

5% (g) 10% (g) 15% (g) DD2 DD1

For hoizontal component (E-W direction) , this graph shows acceleration distribution
(g) with time (sec) , blue line , orange line , grey line shows response spectra for 5%
,10% and 15% damping ratio respectivly , while green and yellow lines shows elastic
response spectrum for DD-1 and DD-2 respectivly .
The red circle drawen on the graph shows horizontal corner period TA and TB .
For structures has 5% damping ratio that has period (0-2.65)sec and designed base on
DD-1 level it should behave elasticly espect (1.2-1.3)sec , while the tall buildings which
have arround 26 story or more which have period 2.65 sec or more will not behave
elasicly propably there will be a plastic hinges and based on that plastic hinges we can
expect the ptential damege or maybe also type of failure .
For structures has 10% damping ratio that has period (0-2.75)sec and designed base on
DD-1 level it should behave elasticly otherwise we can say that there is incorrect design ,
while the tall buildings which have arround 27 story or more which have period 2.75 sec
or more will not behave elasicly.
For structures has 15% damping ratio that has period (0-4)sec and designed base on
DD-1 level it should behave elasticly .
For structures has 5% damping ratio sec and designed base on DD-2 level it probably
will not have elastic behavior .

33
 (N-S) spectra – Elastic design response spectrum plot(horizontal component)

N-S / DD-1 / DD-2

1.4

1.2

1
acceleration g

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time sec
5%(g) 10%(g) 15%(g) DD2 DD1

For hoizontal component (N-S direction) , this graph shows acceleration distribution (g)
with time (sec) , blue line , orange line , grey line shows response spectra for 5% ,10%
and 15% damping ratio respectivly , while black and red lines shows elastic response
spectrum for DD-1 and DD-2 respectivly .
For a structure has natural period between (0-0.5)sec both of 5% ,10% and 15%
damping ratio will exceed DD-2 elastic design spectrum which mean structure will
behave non linear in another word a damege in structural element will be occur or
maybe failure however structures have natural period between (0.5-0.95)sec with
mentioned damping ratio will behave elastically which considered to be safe .
For tall building (10 story) or more , desgin based on DD-2 will not be safe or we can say
will not bahave linearly (damping ratio will not be effective for this situation).
For DD-1 earthquake level this situation is much more better speacially for 5% and 10%
damping ratio while structure has 5% damping ratio will be exceed 0.2g more than the
limit of DD-1 elastic response spectrum between horizontal corner period TA and TB .
While between (1.1-1.5)sec there is also exceeding approach to 0.08g .

34
 (U-D) spectra – Elastic design response spectrum plot(verticle component)

U-D/DD-1/DD-2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
acceleration g

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
time sec

5%(g) 10%(g) 15%(g) DD1 DD2

For verticle component (U-D direction) , this graph shows acceleration distribution (g)
with time (sec) , blue line , orange line , grey line shows response spectra for 5% ,10%
and 15% damping ratio respectivly , while black and red lines shows elastic response
spectrum for DD-1 and DD-2 respectivly .
For structure has 5% damping ratio it will exceed limit values of elastic response
spectrum DD-2 level , for DD-1 earthquake level 5% damping ratio will be effective
negativly for buildings have natural period 0.45sec or more while buildings have natural
period between (0.15-0.35)sec will be safe .
For 10% and 15% damping ratio thie behavior are very close to each other and
exceeding DD-1 and DD-2 at 0.7 sec , between (0-0.7) the mentioned damping ratio will
be behave elastic under DD-1 design and non-elastic for DD-2 .

35
Chapter 4
 Sandıkkaya and akkar 2017(formuls)

By using this equation and based on some coefficient and radius we can find theoretical values of
CAV cumulative absolute velocity , significant duration Ds5-95 , arias intensity AI.
For CAV

CAV
a1 8.74378 9.01362 9.44255
a2 0.7516 0.7516 0.7516
a3 -0.03713 -0.03713 -0.03713
a4 -0.88554 -0.93573 -1.0271
a5 0.10417 0.10417 0.10417
a6 9 9 9
a7 0.02738 0.02738 0.02738
a8 -0.16629 -0.16629 -0.16629
a9 -0.6444 -0.6444 -0.6444
φ 0.5538 0.5584 0.5618
taw 0.3033 0.3027 0.2946
sigma 0.6314 0.6352 0.6344

ln 7.810587 7.787503 7.860963

CAV 2466.577 2410.2919 2594.0183

36
The theoretical values of CAV is shown above , while measured values for each direction
are 1474 for E direction , 1784 N direction and 1484 for U direction , as a result there is
an error margin about 60% .

For arias intensity (AI)

rjb repi rhyp

31.268 36.73287 37.7261

IA
4.8528 5.48044 6.52723
0.39645 0.39645 0.39645
-0.10684 -0.10684 -0.10684
-2.04165 -2.15658 -2.38955
0.39202 0.39202 0.39202
9 9 9
-0.01572 -0.01572 -0.01572
-0.09282 -0.09282 -0.09282
-1.02908 -1.02908 -1.02908
1.1229 1.1405 1.1486
0.6339 0.6407 0.6058
1.2895 1.3081 1.2986

1.406609 1.398972 1.541549

4.0820881 4.051032 4.6718194

37
The theoretical values of AI is shown above , while measured values for each direction
are 1.02 for E direction , 1.86 N direction and 1.02 for U direction , as a result there is an
error margin more than 300% .

For significant duration Ds5-95

rjb repi rhyp

31.268 36.73287 37.7261

SD5-95
1.51131 1.40098 1.11533
1.24873 1.24873 1.24873
0.04921 0.04921 0.04921
0.30794 0.32626 0.38781
-0.19161 -0.19161 -0.19161
7.5 7.5 7.5
0.06962 0.06962 0.06962
-0.18352 -0.18352 -0.18352
-0.2957 -0.2954 -0.2957
0.4492 0.4519 0.4519
0.1879 0.1989 0.1907
0.4869 0.4937 0.49049

3.893326 3.86807 3.806416

49.073811 47.849926 44.988917

38
The theoretical values of AI is shown above , while measured values for each direction
are 43 for E direction , 36.57 N direction and 47.84for U direction , as a result there is an
error margin dos not exceed 10%.

For Ds5-75

rjb repi rhyp

31.268 36.73287 37.7261

SD5-75
0.32116 0.18075 -0.17451
1.47832 1.47832 1.47832
0.06405 0.06405 0.06405
0.41638 0.43977 0.51634
-0.21769 -0.21769 -0.21769
7.5 7.5 7.5
0.10532 0.10532 0.10532
-0.1326 -0.1326 -0.1326
-0.29276 -0.29276 -0.29276
0.5267 0.5314 0.5319
0.255 0.264 0.2506
0.5852 0.5934 0.588

3.353276 3.329653 3.253031

28.596252 27.928661 25.868634

39
 Result
As a result we can say that for KAHRAMANMARAS earthquake design structure on DD-2
level is not safe and not sufficient so increasing damping ratio can be a solution or
design on DD-1 , since design on DD-1 is much more expansive there maybe create
another level which can be intermediate value between DD-1 and DD-2 .
 Table or result
PGA(cm/sec2)
PGA(EW) PGA(NS) PGA(UD)
0.198 0.308 0.179

PGV(cm/sec)
PGV(EW) PGV(NS) PGV(UD)
32.49 33.56 19.76

PGD(cm)
PGD(EW) PGD(NS) PGD(UD)
61.79 99.8 20.08

IA(cm2/sec2)
IA(EW) IA(NS) IA(UD)
1.018 1.86 1.02

Ds5-95(sec)
Ds5-95 (EW) Ds5-95 (NS) Ds5-95 (UD)
43 36.57 47.84

40
 Resources
List of resources used in the assignment :

1. TBDY2018
2. AFAD TADAS
3. AFAD tdth
4. Dr.MURAT ERGENEKON SELÇUK lecture’s notes

41