Thermodynamics and fluid

mechanics II
Module MM2TF2

The second law of Thermodynamics

Introduction to power cycles

(1)
 In this lecture…

◼ Revisionof The second law

◼ Heat Engine

◼ Flow Process devices

◼ Carnot Efficiency
 SECOND LAW
It is impossible to construct a
system, which will operate in a
cycle, extract heat from a
reservoir, and do an equivalent
amount of work on the
surroundings.

Work can be converted entirely to heat

Heat cannot be converted entirely to work
◼ Heat can’t pass from a cold to hot
without work
◼ Reversibility implies maximum efficiency

◼ T of heat source and sink determines

maximum efficiency
◼ There is a universal zero value of
temperature
◼ If you exchange heat with more than 2
reservoirs the efficiency reduces from the
maximum possible
◼ dQ/T for a complete cycle is zero if
reversible and less than zero if irreversible
◼ dq/T between two states is the change in
entropy, s
◼ If q=0 then s increases or remains
constant
a) If a system is taken
through a cycle and produces
work, it must be
exchanging heat with at
least two reservoirs at
different temperatures.

b) If a system is taken through a cycle while

exchanging heat with only one reservoir, the work
done must be either zero or positive.
c)Since heat can
never be converted
continuously and Thot

completely into work, Qhigh

but the reverse is

Win
true, work is a more
valuable form of
energy transfer
than heat.
The cycle efficiency is
defined as
η = Work done
Heat supplied
= Wout /Qhigh < 1

The 2nd law states that

Qlow>0,

some heat must be

rejected and η must
be <100%.
 Heat Engine
Qhot

Win Wout

Qcold
 Flow process Devices
Compression Expansion

Win Wout

Compressor
Turbine

Pump

Throttle
 Heat Exchange Devices

Boiler Condenser
Qin Qout
 CARNOT EFFICIENCY
η = W out/Qhot = (Qhot-Qcold)/Qhot
= 1-Qcold/Qhot
It follows that Qhot/Qcold is a function of these
temperatures only.
The choice of function is arbitrary. The one used is
Tcold/Thot = Qcold/Qhot
in general T/T0 = Q/Q0
state 0 is a reference state, and T scale is absolute
CARNOT EFFICIENCY

η = 1 – TL/TH
 η = 1 – Tcold/Thot
This is the Carnot efficiency. It is the maximum
possible cycle efficiency.

Thigh and Tlow could be the boiler and condenser

temperatures of a steam plant cycle.

For all real cycles η < ηCarnot

 Example: Steam plant, boiler temp = 700K and
condenser temp = 300K. What is the efficiency?
ηCarnot = 1 – 300/700 = 57%
Qhot

Wout
Win

Heat flux
Qcold

Working fluid flow

Today we learned
◼ Revisionof The second law
◼ Heat Engine

◼ Flow Process devices

◼ Carnot Efficiency

Questions?