Applied Physics BSMF23036

Computer Fundamentals
Assignment No 2
BSMF-23036
Submitted by Muhammad Umar
Department: BSC mechanical
Semester: 1st
Submitted to Jan Sher Khan
Applied Physics BSMF23036

Electromagnetism

In Physics, Electromagnetism Is An Interaction That Occurs Between

Particles With Electric Charge Via Electromagnetic Fields. The
Electromagnetic Force Is One Of The Four Fundamental Forces Of
Nature. It Is The Dominant Force In The Interactions Of Atoms And
Molecules.

Electromagnetism is a fundamental force of nature that governs the interactions between

electrically charged particles. It's described by the theory of electromagnetism, which combines
two separate aspects: electricity and magnetism.
Applied Physics BSMF23036

Electricity: Electric charges, either positive or negative, exert forces on each other. Like charges
repel each other, while opposite charges attract. This force follows Coulomb's Law, which states
that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

2 Magnetism: Magnetism arises from the movement of electric charges. When electric charges
move, they create a magnetic field. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges and also on
other magnetic materials. The fundamental unit of magnetism is the magnetic dipole moment,
which represents the strength and direction of a magnetic field.
Electromagnetism was unified into a single theory by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century
with his set of equations known as Maxwell's equations. These equations describe how electric
and magnetic fields interact and propagate through space, including the generation of
electromagnetic waves such as light.

Key concepts in electromagnetism include:

Electrostatics: The study of stationary electric charges and the forces between them.

Magneto statics: The study of stationary electric currents and magnetic fields they produce.
Electrodynamics: The study of how electric currents and magnetic fields change over time,
leading to the generation of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves: Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space
at the speed of light, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

“Electromagnetism is essential in numerous aspects of modern technology, from power

generation and transmission to telecommunications, electronics, and even the behavior of
materials in everyday objects. It's one of the four fundamental forces of nature, along with
gravity, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force”
Applied Physics BSMF23036

Coulomb’s Law:

Where F is the force between two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r, and k is
Coulomb's constant.

Electric Field:

E=F/q
Where E is the electric field strength experienced by a charge q due to other charges.

Gauss’s Law

This relates the electric flux through a closed surface S to the total charge enclosed Qene.

Magnetic Field of a straight Current-Carrying Wire:

Where B is the magnetic field strength, I is the current in the wire r is the distance from the wire,
and μ0 is the permeability of free space.

Faraday’s Law of Induction:

Where E is the induced electromotive force (emf), Φ is the magnetic flux through a surface, and
t is time.

Maxwell Equation:

These are a set of four equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields interact,
including how they are generated by charges and currents, and how they propagate through
space. The four equations are

 Gauss's Law for Electricity

 Gauss's Law for Magnetism
 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
 Ampère's Law with Maxwell's Addition