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Test Bank For Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition, 11th Edition, Sharon Rady Rolfes, ISBN-10: 133709806X, ISBN-13: 9781337098069
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Test Bank for Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition, 11th Edition, Sharon Rady Rolfes,
1. In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?
a. carbon
b. oxygen
c. nitrogen
d. hydrogen
ANSWER: c
2. What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
a. the side group
b. the central carbon atom
c. the number of oxygen atoms
d. the number of nitrogen atoms
ANSWER: a
3. What type of reaction is required to bind two molecules of glycine together and release a molecule of water?
a. hydrolysis
b. deamination
c. denaturation
d. condensation
ANSWER: d
8. The weak electrical attractions within polypeptide chains account for the protein’s ____ structure.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
ANSWER: b
11. What digestive enzyme would be most affected in people who are unable to produce hydrochloric acid?
a. pepsin
b. transaminase
c. pancreatic protease
d. intestinal peptidase
ANSWER: a
15. After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?
a. free amino acids only
b. free amino acids and oligopeptides
c. free amino acids and dipeptides only
d. free amino acids and a few dipeptides and tripeptides
ANSWER: d
17. The process whereby messenger RNA is made from a DNA template is known as ____.
a. expression
b. sequencing
c. transcription
d. ribosome assembly
ANSWER: c
19. A common genetic variation that causes a change in the amino acid sequence in the structure of hemoglobin leads to
the disease ____.
a. diabetes
b. marasmus
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c. phenylketonuria
d. sickle-cell anemia
ANSWER: d
25. Why do proteins often function as carriers for lipids in the blood?
a. Proteins are required to activate pumps for lipids to gain entry into cells.
b. Proteins prevent the lipids from being recognized as foreign to avert an immune response.
c. Proteins in the carriers begin the digestion process as they move through the blood.
d. Proteins protect the hydrophobic regions of the lipids to allow easy transport through the blood.
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ANSWER: d
29. What is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children, and pregnant women?
a. equilibrium
b. metabolic
c. positive
d. negative
ANSWER: c
30. What amino acid is used to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin and the vitamin niacin?
a. glycine
b. tyrosine
c. methionine
d. tryptophan
ANSWER: d
37. In the metabolism of amino acids for energy, what is the fate of the amino group?
a. excreted as urea
b. burned for energy
c. stored in the liver
d. converted to glucose
ANSWER: a
38. Jason is 35 years old and was recently diagnosed with two failing kidneys. He was advised to decrease the amount of
protein he consumes. If Jason cheats by eating an 8-ounce steak for dinner tonight, shortly thereafter there would most
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40. Your father, who has a high blood ammonia concentration, most likely has a poorly functioning ____.
a. liver
b. spleen
c. kidney
d. intestinal tract
ANSWER: a
42. Which food protein has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?
a. egg
b. rice
c. corn
d. gelatin
ANSWER: a
44. If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
a. Body cells will synthesize it.
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45. Alberta is a 20-year-old who has been a vegetarian for three years. She comes to you for advice after reading some
material online by the Meat Promoters of America organization. One of their statements is “...vegetarians are at risk for
protein deficiency because they cannot consume all of the essential amino acids necessary for healthy individuals.” How
should Alberta be advised?
a. She should consume dairy and egg products at every meal to protect herself against protein deficiency.
b. She should avoid the “limiting” amino acids because they are limiting her ability to maintain proper protein
status.
c. Because the statement is basically true, she should consider eating small quantities of meat every day in order
to avoid protein deficiency.
d. Although many foods don’t provide all the essential amino acids individually, she could consume
complementary proteins throughout the day, which would provide all the essential amino acids she needs.
ANSWER: d
46. Relative to animal proteins, which amino acid is present in lesser amounts in proteins of legumes?
a. alanine
b. isoleucine
c. tryptophan
d. glutamic acid
ANSWER: c
47. Excessive amounts of homocysteine in the blood are thought to increase the risk for ____.
a. cancer
b. diabetes
c. heart disease
d. protein-energy malnutrition
ANSWER: c
48. Which statement describes an association between protein intake and kidney function?
a. Low-protein diets increase the risk for kidney stone formation.
b. Restricting protein intake may slow the progression of kidney disease.
c. High protein intakes over the long term represent a risk factor for kidney disease.
d. Liberal protein intakes result in high urea production, which increases the long-term efficiency of the kidneys.
ANSWER: b
49. Which statement describes a relationship between protein intake and calcium metabolism?
a. Calcium excretion falls with increasing intake of animal-derived proteins.
b. Calcium excretion rises with increasing intake of animal-derived proteins.
c. Calcium absorption declines with higher intakes of plant-derived proteins.
d. Calcium absorption increases with higher intakes of animal-derived proteins.
ANSWER: b
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51. If protein needs are expressed per kilogram of body weight, what describes the requirements of infants?
a. less than adults
b. similar to adults
c. greater than adults
d. less than adolescents
ANSWER: c
52. What is an assumption made in the formulation of the RDA for protein?
a. Dietary protein is of high quality only.
b. Dietary protein is of animal origin only.
c. Dietary carbohydrate and fat intakes are adequate.
d. Dietary protein should represent 12 percent of total energy.
ANSWER: c
54. What is the percentage of total energy derived from protein in a diet containing 50 grams of protein and 2000
kcalories?
a. 2.5
b. 5
c. 10
d. 20
ANSWER: c
55. Jim, a college baseball player, tells you that he has started to take glutamine supplements. How would you advise
him?
a. As long as he keeps the dose under 10 grams per day, the benefits outweigh the costs.
b. Since he plays baseball, he should consider taking alanine supplements instead.
c. Since he plays baseball, he should consider taking tryptophan supplements instead.
d. Since single amino acids do not occur naturally in foods, they offer no benefit to the body and may even be
harmful.
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ANSWER: d
57. What amino acid supplement has been advertised in the popular media for treating herpes infections?
a. lysine
b. arginine
c. tryptophan
d. phenylalanine
ANSWER: a
59. The study of how food interacts with genes is known as ____.
a. nutritional genomics
b. chromosomals
c. nucleotide expression
d. mutagenic expression
ANSWER: a
61. The cellular process of silencing or activating genes is in part accomplished by ____.
a. DNA methylation
b. multigene genomics
c. translational sequencing
d. a transcription-translation cycle
ANSWER: a
Matching
Match each word or phrase with the most appropriate definition or explanation.
a. soy
b. urea
c. pepsin
d. gelatin
e. alanine
f. insulin
g. infection
h. tyrosine
i. collagen
j. denatured
k. ribosome
l. enzyme
m. pregnancy
n. edema
o. hemoglobin
p. hydrophobic
q. homocysteine
r. buffer
ANSWER: j
Essay
81. Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein.
ANSWER: The primary structure of a protein is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide. The secondary structure is
determined by weak electrical forces between the amino acids, folding the peptide sequence into helixes and
pleated sheets. The tertiary structure is the more complex three-dimensional shape based on the amino acid
composition, positioning amino acids with hydrophobic amino acids on the inside and amino acids with
hydrophilic side chains on the outside of the structure. Disulfide bonds between amino acids also contribute to
the tertiary structure. Quaternary structure is determined by the association of individual polypeptides with
each other, forming a larger complex of multiple polypeptide chains.
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82. Outline the process of protein digestion from the mouth through the large intestine.
ANSWER: In the mouth, proteins are softened and mixed with saliva. In the stomach, the hydrochloric acid denatures the
proteins into highly accessible polypeptide chains, which can then be cleaved into smaller polypeptides with
the enzyme pepsin. In the small intestines, the smaller polypeptide chains are further broken down with
peptidases into individual amino acids, which can then be absorbed. Amino acids rarely end up in the large
intestine, but are introduced into the blood stream and removed later by the liver for excretion as urine.
83. Outline the process of protein synthesis, beginning with DNA and ending with a completed protein strand.
ANSWER: The DNA in the nucleus of a cell serves as a template for mRNA. The mRNA, which is almost an exact copy
of the DNA, is then transported to the cytoplasm or rough endoplasmic reticulum and attaches itself to a
ribosome to serve as template for protein synthesis. Once the ribosome and mRNA are joined, a tRNA,
charged with specific amino acids, will bind to the mRNA/ribosomal complex in a sequence specific manner
dictated by the mRNA sequence. The next loaded tRNA will then bind to the mRNA/ribosomal complex, and
an enzyme joins the two amino acids together. The tRNA will be released to go reload with another amino
acid, and the process will continue with another loaded tRNA. When the polypeptide chain is complete, the
polypeptide chain and ribosome separate and the protein can then be further processed and folded into its final
shape.
85. List at least five major, general, functions of proteins in the body.
ANSWER: Proteins can function as enzymes, antibodies, transporters, structural support, regulators of fluid balance, acid-
base regulators, and a source of energy and glucose formation.
87. Explain how the amount of protein in one's diet would impact bone health.
ANSWER: Bones are comprised of both calcium and proteins. However, if protein intake is too high, calcium is excreted
at a higher rate, which can lead to demineralization of the bones and osteoporosis. If protein intake is too low,
proteins essential for bone structure are lost, which can also lead to osteoporosis.
89. Give two reasons why amino acid supplements should not be taken by healthy individuals.
ANSWER: Amino acid supplements can be harmful to the body. Large doses of amino acids can cause diarrhea.
Additionally, too much of a single amino acid can prevent the uptake of a variety of different amino acids,
potentially leading to an amino acid deficiency. Finally, as amino acids are not proven to have any health
90. Describe how nutrition affects the number or types of proteins that are present in a given cell.
ANSWER: Nutrients consumed within a diet can both positively and negatively affect the body by activating or silencing
gene expression. One way they do this is by changing the methylation at the start of a specific gene, which
turns the gene on and off like a switch. By turning on or off the ability of the cell to make mRNA copies of
itself, it will alter protein synthesis of a given protein. When the DNA for a gene coding for a specific protein
is turned on, mRNA expression will increase, and subsequently levels of that protein will increase. When the
DNA for that gene is turned off, mRNA expression will decrease, and the levels of that protein will decrease.
"Mi biuda madre, como sin marido y sin abrigo se viesse, determinó
arrimarse á los buenos por ser uno dellos y vínose á viuir á la ciudad
é alquiló una casilla y metióse á guisar de comer á ciertos
estudiantes é lauaua la ropa á ciertos moços del Comendador de la
Magdalena, de manera que fué frequentando las cauallerizas... á mi
madre pusieron pena por justicia, sobre el acostumbrado
centenario".