“स ावन ते सुभाष”

Industries
destroyed.

Exploited,abused,out
“उषकाल होता होता काळरा झाली....
Exploited from own land

” Discontent among Princely state

भारतीय समाजाची अव ा 1)Doctrine of lapse.
Ideological subversion, Interference 2)EIC dishonour signed treaties.
Food Crisis Made Indian rulers suspicious
in religious matters
malnourishment about British interested.
 Political
Social Progress
independence

Hindu – Muslim
Untouchability Problem
superstition

Absence of
Caste Problems Social Problems scientific
thinking.
Lack of education
State of Women
Sati , child marriage,
Widows

Why did the British want to change

social evils in Indian society? Why did
they start interfering in the Indian
culture & religion?
 टशां या वरोधी राग
नमाण करावा लागेल. संघटना
Newspapers, Reach नेतृ व
out to people, Speech From every social
लोकसहभाग group & All inclusive
Each & every
वचार / ेरणा
To rejuvenate Indian spirit
group should
& mind.
participate

“चला पु हा आयु या या पेटवा मशाली....”

“ मरावे परी ांती पे उरावे “
उमाजी राजे नाईक
 Revolt of 1857
First war of independence
१८५७ चे वातं समर
(अ नहो )
“काडतुसास गाईची व डु कराची चरबी ला वतात
इतके के वळ ऐकू नच मूख लोक बथरले. ऐकलेली
गो खरी क खोट ाचा कोणी शोध के ला आहे
काय? एक बोलला हणून सरा बोलला आ ण सरा
बघडला हणून तसरा बघडला अशी अंधपरंपरा
चालून अ वचारी मूख चा समाज जमला आ ण बंड
माजले”

1) Is this cartridge reason a real cause?

2) Then why do common people get
involved in revolt?
3)Is this an abrupt event? Or well-
planned event?
4) if it is only restricted to espy then
why are political leaders involved in
this?
5) Are we getting carried out by heroic
incidents?

We need to analyze and see through the

incidents so we can find real causes of
revolts.
 Reasons for 1857
revolts

वरा य वधम
 मा रता मा रता यावे रा य
आपुले...

१८२७ नानासाहेब व
ल मीबाई

1835
 अ नहो ाची स ता
1857 – The Plan

Azimullah Khan and Rango Bapuji

met in London, but no details of
their meetings are available.
However, upon their return to
India, the political situation
changed. Interestingly,
Azimullah Khan also visited
London Russia.
1851-52
Events 1853-56
Secret
messangers..
messangers
Nanasaheab aimed to Many letters were
overthrow the British and sent secretly to rulers
started forming a “political and he tried to
alliance” by reading public develop a political
opinion. alliance.

Two or three months before Oudh was annexed, shrimat Nanasahib had begun sending
letters. First, no one would reply, for no one hoped for any success. After Oudh was
annexed, howeve Nana began a regular battery of letters, and then, the opinions of Nana
began to appeal to the Sarkars of Lucknow. Raja Man Singh the leader of the Purbhayas,
was also won over. Then the sepoys began to organize amongst themselves and the Sarkars
of Lucknow began to help them. No replies to letters were received till Oudh was annexed;
but as soon as that was accomplished, hundreds of people came forward boldly and replied
confidentially to Nana. Next came the affair of the cartridges and then the disaffection was
so great that letters were simply showered on Nana.
 This letter is written by Nana to
the Nepal king, who is asking
वरा य व वधम him to surrender. Nana makes it
very clear why he started the
तु हाला ह ानात राह याचा व मला नबधबा revolt.
ठर व याचा काय अ धकार आहे? ह ानावर
Example 1
रा य कर याचा तु हाला कोणी अ धकार दलेला
आहे? काय, तु ही फरंगी आम या दे शाचे राजे
आ ण या आम याच दे शात आ हीच चोर आहोत
काय ? जे अ याय ह ानला भोगावे लागलेले
आहेत ते या प ात पु हा उ ले खणे पूणपणे नरथक
आहे. वतःच के लेले संधी टशांनी कसे मोडले,
आपण होऊन दले या वचनांचा वारंवार भंग कसा
के ला, आ ण भारतीय रा यक याचे मुकुट कसे
छनावून घेतले याचा पु हा पाढा वाच याची
कोणतीही आव यकता नाही. तसेच वरा य न
होताच भारतात वधमावर कशी जीवघेऊ आप ी
कोसळली याचेही येथे पु हा वणन कर याचे कारण
नाही कारण ते सवानाच पूणपणे माहीत आहे आ ण
या वधम व वरा यासाठ च हे यु ारंभ कर यात
आले आहे.'
 Letter written by Bahadur Shah to the
kings of Rajasthan Example 2

“सव साधनांनी व सव व पणाला लावून फरं यांना ह ानातून हाकलून दलेले पहावे हीच माझी ती
इ ा आहे. या उ ा या प रपूत साठ ां तयु ारंभ झालेले आहे. पण हे यु तोपयत यश वी
हो याची श यता नाही क जोपयत या आंदोलनाचा सव भार वतः या खां ावर घेऊ शकणार, एकसू ी
संघटना नमाण क न रा ातील सव साम याचे के करण क शकणारा आ ण आप या यात
सव लोकां या इ ाश समा व क शकणारा नेता या यु ाला मागदशक हणून लाभणार नाही.
इं लशांना या दे शातून हाकलून लाव यानंतर आप या गत बडेजावाचे दशन कर याची व याने
एक साधन हणून भारतावर रा य कर याची कोणतीही इ ा मा या मनात उरलेली नाही. जर आपण सव
भारतीय राजे परक य श ूला या दे शातून सीमापार कर यासाठ आपले खड् ग न को षत करावयास पुढे
येत असाल तर आपण भारतीय राजांनी नवडले या कोण याही संयु राजमंडळा या हाती मी माझी
सा ा यस ा व अ धकार समपण क न नवृ हावयास तयार आहे”
 Delhi

Nana had asked the British

for permission to go on a
"Pilgrimage". After getting
approval, he secretly visited
various centers of upcoming
revolts. During his travels,
he met with people, political Bahadur shah
leaders, and army troops.

Bihar
1853-56 Jhansi & Gwalior

Political alliance

Incidental reasons
1) Cartidges.
2) Awadh
annexation

Kunwar singh & Tatya tope

amar singh
 Interesting messaging techniques were used during
the 1857 revolt.

ांतीचे अ त ३१ मे १८५७

No society of rich and civilized Christans who ever

undertook to preach the gospel of peace and good
will can have employed a more perfect system of
organization than was adopted by these rascals
whose mission it was to preach the gospel of sedition
and slaughter
ांतीय :- प हली आ ती...

Barrackpore
29 March 1857

34 th Hole regiment
regiment disband

मंगल पांडे
 Meerat army cantonment

6th 85 soldiers
May disband

10th
May

मारो फरंगीको...

द ली...चलो द ली

10 May 1857 18 April 1859

horrors faced by Indians

Some of the sepoys were still alive and they were mercifully killed.
But one of their number was dragged out to the sandy plan outside
the house, he was pulled by the legs to a convenient place, where he
was held down, pricked in the face and the body by bayonets of
some of the soldiers, while others collected fuel for a small pyre, and
when everything was ready the man was roasted alive! These were
English men and more than one officers saw it! No one offered to
interfere! The horrors of this internal cruelty was aggravated by the
attempt of the miserable wretch to escap when half burned to death.
By a sudden effort he leaped away, and with the flesh hanging from
his bones ran for a few yards before he was caught and brought back,
put on the fire again and held there by bayonets till his remains were
consumed.

Travelogue of Dr. Russell.( Dec 1857)

Image of the Fort of Jhansi in 1890. Rani of Jhansi & Tatya tope

Hugh Rose was the officer

appointed to fight Jhansi.
The struggle began in
March 1858 when he
surrounded the fort.

यु ाय कृ त न य
हतो वा ा य स वग ज वा वा
भो यसे महीम्। त मा कौ तेय
यु ाय कृ त न यः ॥
“We fight for independence. In the
words of Lord Krishna, we will, if we
are victorious, enjoy the fruits of
victory. If defeated and killed on the
field of battle, we will surely earn
eternal glory and salvation".
{ Extracts from Ranis Proclamation}
Seige of Jhansi Legend of Jhansi

या हार म या जीत म
क चत नह भयभीत म
संघष पथ पर जो मले यह भी सही वह भी सही
 In the outskirts of Gwalior, Rani fought against the British forces on June
18th, 1858, displaying immense bravery.

“The Rani is remarkable for her bravery, cleverness and perseverance; her generosity to her
subordinates was unbounded. These qualities, combined with her rank, rendered her the most
dangerous of all the rebel leaders.“ :- Hugh rose
He used guerrilla
warfare tactics
पूणा ती
against the British. He Tatia Tope, is too troublesome and clever an en-
incited common emy to be admired. Since last June he has kept
people to rebel central India in a fervour. He has sacked stations,
against the British. He plundered treasuries, emptied ar- senals,
single-handedly kept collected armies, lost them, fought battles, lost
the spirit of them, taken guns from native princes, lost them;
revolution alive for then, his motions were like forked lightning, and
almost a year with his for weeks, he has marched 30 and 40 miles a
small force. day. He has crossed the Narbada to and fro. He
has marched between our columns, behind them,
He He was caught in and before them. Ariel was not more subtle,
April 1859 by his aided by the best staged mechanism. Up moun-
close friend tains, over rivers, through ravines and vallies,
Mansingh. amidst swamps, on he goes, backwards and
forwards, sideways and zig-zag ways.

TIMES newspaper 17th JAN 1859

“Had there been only half dozen of tatia tope the history of 1857
war would have been quite different’’ :- English historian
1 "Until the lion learns how to write , every story will glorify the hunter"

1) Newspaper , Paintings have power over

public
Imagination.
Women They shape
– Helpless feeling , attitudes.
, innocent
Rebels – violent , savages , brutal
2
Performance of Terror to instill fear among the people
 3 Changes After 1857 Revolt {Aftermath}

1) announced the end of the rule of

the British East India Company in
India and the beginning of direct
British rule over the country.
2) proclamation established a new
administrative structure for India
3) The proclamation promised to
protect the rights and privileges of
the Indians and to respect the
religious and cultural practices of
the Indian people.
4) The proclamation abolished the
East India Company’s monopoly
on trade.
trade .
4 Government of India Act 1858
Administrative Changes:-

1) Power to govern from EIC to British crown (Parliament)

2) “ Secretary of State” New post introduced in British cabinet . He was answerable to
Parliament.
3) The Governor-General of India was given the title of Viceroy.

Changes in the Army:-

Several steps were taken to minimize the capacity of indian soldiers to revolt.
revolt.
1) Divide & Rule :- reorganization of army on basis of caste,region,religion
caste,region,religion.. Fiction of Martia
Martiall
& Non martial.
martial.
2) Regiment were made a mixture of various caste, tribes, regions.
regions. Loyalties were
encouraged. So that sentiment of nationalism would not grow.
grow.
3) decided that the proportion of Indian soldiers in the army would be reduced and the
number of European soldiers
“I never wish to see again a great army very much the same in its feelings and
prejudices and connections, confident in strength, and so disposed to rise in rebellion
together.....If one regiment mutinies, I should like to have the next regiment so alien
that it would be ready to fire into it."
Reference:- Letters of Charles wood , secretary state of India to Viceroy canning in 1861
 Relation with Princely state:-

1) assured that their territory would never be annexed in future.

future.
2) allowed to pass on their kingdoms to their heirs, including adopted sons.
However, they were made to acknowledge the British Queen as their
Sovereign Paramount.

Divide & Rule :- Turning princes against the people. Province against province, Caste against
caste , group against group.

1) Demoralization
2) Destabilization
 Indian Renaissance

Swami Dyananda
Dyananda,, Swami Vivekananda
Vivekananda,, and Sri Aurobindo led the Indian Renaissance,
Renaissance, reviving our culture
and instilling self-confidence in the masses.

Why did we lose our

independence? - A
progressive society
or going back to our
roots.

After introducing the British education system, a new, educated middle class
emerged in Calcutta, Bombay, and Punjab.
Many people worked to reform society and eradicate social evils such as sati,
child marriage,
marriage , caste discrimination, and Widow remarriage,
remarriage , and promote
women's education.
education. Numerous organizations were formed to support these
reform movements.