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Chapter 7
1. The coastal-continental location of a place has the strongest influence on:

A) average temperature
B) average precipitation
C) annual temperature range
D) annual precipitation totals
Ans: C
Section Ref: Keys to Climate
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain the factors that contribute to global temperature patterns.
2. Air temperature is related to moisture in that:

A) warm air can hold more moisture than cold air
B) cold air can hold more moisture than warm air
C) cold air and warm can hold the same amount of moisture
D) moisture causes air to warm up
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective Explain the factors that contribute to global temperature patterns.
3. Latitude has an important influence on:

A) insolation
B) net radiation
C) air temperatures
D) all of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
4. The annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given place based on long-term
conditions is known as:
A) weather
B) global warming
C) a trend
D) climate
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
5. Which of the following factors are not used to determine temperature regimes?
A) latitude
B) coastal-continental location
C) daily insolation patterns
D) none of the above
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
6. Which of the following is not a temperature regime label?

A) subarctic
B) tropical
C) continental
D) monsoon
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
7. A temperature regime that experiences consistent high temperatures with little

seasonality is the:A) mid-latitude continental
B) tropical continental
C) mid-latitude west coast D) equatorial
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
8. The temperature regime that experiences the smallest amount of seasonality is the:
A) ice sheet
B) equatorial
C) mid-latitude
D) moist continental
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
9. The temperature regime that experiences the coldest annual temperature is the:
A) subarctic continental
B) ice sheet
C) mid-latitude continental
D) subarctic marine
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
10. Which of the following temperature regimes would be likely to have the largest
annual temperature range?
A) tropical west coast
B) mid-latitude west coast
C) subarctic continental
D) equatorial
Ans: C
Difficulty: Hard
11. Which of the following temperature regimes would be likely to have the smallest
annual temperature range?
A) tropical west coast
B) tropical continental
C) mid-latitude continental
D) subarctic continental
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
12. Which of the following temperature regimes would be likely to experience the highest
monthly average temperature?
A) tropical continental
B) tropical west coast
C) mid-latitude west coast
D) equatorial
Ans: A
Difficulty: Hard
13. Which of the following precipitation regions generally receives the highest annual
rainfall?
A) moist subtropical
B) wet-dry tropical
C) moist continental
D) wet equatorial
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the reasons for regional variation in precipitation patterns
14. Which of the following precipitation regimes generally has a dry summer?
A) moist continental
B) marine west coast
C) Mediterranean
D) Asiatic monsoon Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15. Which of the following precipitation regimes would likely experience the wettest
single month?
A) wet equatorial
B) Asiatic monsoon
C) moist subtropical
D) Mediterranean
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
16. Which of the following precipitation regimes would experience the lowest annual
precipitation total?
A) tropical desert
B) Mediterranean
C) marine west coast
D) Asiatic monsoon
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
17. The moist continental precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
C) dry conditions all year round
D) moist conditions all year round
Ans: B
Difficulty: Hard
18. The moist subtropical precipitation regime is characterized by:
A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: B
Difficulty: Hard
19. The Mediterranean precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: A
Difficulty: Hard
20. The marine west coast precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
21. The wet equatorial precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
22. The tropical desert precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: C
Difficulty: Hard
23. The Asiatic monsoon precipitation regime is characterized by:

A) a dry summer
B) a dry winter
Ans: B
Difficulty: Hard
24. Types of monthly precipitation patterns include:

A) uniformly distributed precipitation
B) summer-maximum precipitation
C) winter-maximum precipitation
D) all of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
25. Which of the following is not a type of monthly precipitation pattern?

A) uniformly distributed precipitation
B) summer-maximum precipitation
C) winter-maximum precipitation
D) fall-maximum precipitation
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
26. Precipitation regimes are based on:

A) annual total precipitation levels
B) degree of seasonal variability in precipitation
C) timing of wet and dry seasons
D) all of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
27. The _______ and _______ characteristics of an air mass tend to reflect the
characteristics of its source region.
A) travel speed and direction
B) temperature and travel speed
C) precipitation and temperature
D) temperature and travel direction
Ans: C
Section Ref: Climate Classification
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe how air mass movement and frontal zones define three
broad regional categories of climates
28. Which of the following air masses has the least influence on low-latitude climates?
A) cT
B) mE
C) mT
D) cA
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
29. Which of the following air masses has the least influence on high-latitude climates?
A) cP
B) mP
C) mE
D) cA
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
30. A major feature of weather in the mid-latitude climates is:

A) wave cyclones
B) monsoons
C) hurricanes
D) easterly waves
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective Describe how air mass movement and frontal zones define three
31. Which of the following air masses does not influence the climate of Antarctica?
A) cAA
B) mP
C) cP
Ans: C
Difficulty: Hard
32. Regions with semiarid climates have sufficient precipitation to:

A) sustain year round flow in streams
B) sustain some types of forest growth
C) sustain prairies of tall dense grass
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: Explain how climatologists classify climate around the world.
33. Highland climates tend to be ________ than surrounding lowland areas

A) colder and drier
B) warmer and drier
C) colder and wetter
D) warmer and wetter
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
34. Which of the following is not a low-latitude climate region?

A) wet equatorial
B) monsoon and trade-wind coastal
C) moist subtropical
D) dry tropical
Ans: C
Section Ref: Low-Latitude Climates
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the global distribution and features of low-latitude
climates.
35. Which of the following does not exert a major influence on low-latitude climates?
A) westerlies
B) ITCZ
C) subtropical high pressure cells
D) trade winds
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
36. Which of the following does not characterize at least some low-latitude climates?
A) year round wet conditions
B) summer-dry conditions
C) year round dry conditions
D) summer-wet conditions
Ans: B
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
37. The precipitation pattern of the wet equatorial climate is:

A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer-wet
D) winter wet
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
38. An air mass that does not dominate the wet equatorial climate is:
A) maritime equatorial
B) maritime tropical
C) continental tropical
Ans: C
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: Explain how air mass movement causes the weather patterns in low-
latitude climates.
39. The temperature pattern found in the wet equatorial climate is:
A) warm year round
B) cool year round
C) hot summer, mild winter
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
40. The precipitation pattern of the wet-dry tropical climate is:

A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer wet
D) winter wet
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
41. An air mass that does not dominate the wet-dry tropical climate is:
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: Explain how air mass movement causes the weather patterns in low-
latitude climates.
42. The temperature pattern found in the wet-dry tropical climate is:
A) warm year round
B) cool year round
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
43. The precipitation pattern of the monsoon and trade-wind coastal climate is:
A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer wet
D) winter wet
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
44. An air mass that does not dominate the monsoon and trade-wind coastal climate is:
D) continental equatorial
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
45. The temperature pattern found in the monsoon and trade-wind coastal climate is:
A) warm year round
B) cool year round
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
46. The precipitation pattern of the dry tropical climate is:

A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer wet
D) winter wet
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
47. The dry tropical climate has generally low precipitation with rainfall increasing
toward:
A) the equator
B) the tropic of Cancer
C) the tropic of Capricorn
Ans: A
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
48. Nearly all of the mid-latitude climate zone exists in the:

A) northern hemisphere
B) southern hemisphere
C) eastern hemisphere
D) western hemisphere
Ans: A
Section Ref: Mid-latitude Climates
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the characteristic weather patterns of the six midlatitude
climates.
49. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes usually move from:

A) west to east
B) east to west
C) north to south
D) south to north
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
50. One way in which the dry subtropical climate differs from the dry tropical climate is
that:
A) subtropical high-pressure cells are unimportant
B) cool winters may occur
C) summer temperatures are much hotter
D) winter temperatures tend to be hotter
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
51. The dry subtropical climate is:

A) a poleward extension of the dry tropical climates
B) characterized by wetter summers
C) not strongly influenced by the subtropical high pressure cells
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
52. The temperature pattern found in the moist subtropical climate is:
A) warm year round
B) cool year round
C) warm summer, mild winter
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
53. The precipitation pattern of the moist subtropical climate is:

A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer wet
D) winter wet
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
54. The precipitation pattern of the typical Mediterranean climate is:

A) wet year round
B) dry year round
C) summer wet
D) winter wet
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
55. The precipitation pattern of the marine west-coast climate is:

A) wet year round, winter maximum
B) wet year round, summer maximum
C) wet year round, no maximum
D) winter wet
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
56. The temperature pattern found in the marine west-coast climate is best described as
being:
A) warm year roundB) cool year round
C) mild summer, cool winter
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
57. Which of the following is not important to the marine west-coast climate?
A) the westerlies
B) cyclonic storms
C) subtropical high pressure cells
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
58. Which of the following does not characterize the dry mid-latitude climate?
A) cold winters
B) large annual temperature range
C) cool summers
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
59. Which air mass does not play a major role in the dry mid-latitude climate?
A) mE
B) cP
C) mT
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
60. The dry mid-latitude climate is primarily found:

A) in the interior regions of South America and North America
B) in the interior regions of North America and Eurasia
C) along the east coasts of South America and North America
D) along the east coasts of North America and Eurasia
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
61. The moist continental climate is found in the _______ group.

A) low-latitude
B) mid-latitude
C) high-latitude
D) polar
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
62. The precipitation pattern of the moist continental climate is:

A) ample in all months
B) less than ample in all months
C) summer wet, winter dry
D) winter wet, summer dry
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
63. The air mass(es) important to the moist continental climate is/are:
A) continental polar
C) continental arctic
D) all of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
64. The temperature pattern found in the moist continental climate is:
A) warm year round
B) cool year round
C) mild summer, mild winter
D) warm summer, cold winter
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
65. In the United States, the moist continental climate covers most of the:
A) northeast
B) northwest
C) southeast
D) southwest
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
66. The high-latitude climates coincide with:
A) the belt of prevailing westerlies circling each pole
B) latitudes of 66o N and S
C) the Arctic and Antarctic circles
Ans: A
Section Ref: High-Latitude Climates
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: Describe the characteristic weather patterns of the three high-latitude
climates.
67. The major air mass(es) that influence the high-latitude climates is/are:
A) mP
B) cA
C) cP
D) all of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
68. The ice-sheet climate is typified by average temperatures below freezing for:
A) 6 months per year
B) 8 months per year
C) 10 months per year
D) 12 months per year
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
69. The graph that best depicts the seasonal variability in precipitation found in the
Mediterranean precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the reasons for regional variation in precipitation patterns.
Asiatic monsoon precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
71.The graph that best depicts the seasonal variability in precipitation found in the wet
equatorial belt precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
72.The graph that best depicts the seasonal variability in precipitation found in the
tropical desert precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
73.The graph that best depicts the seasonal variability in precipitation found in the wet-
dry tropical precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
74.The graph that best depicts the seasonal variability in precipitation found in the moist
subtropical precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
Ans: A
Difficulty: Hard
marine west coast precipitation regime is number ____.
A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
Ans: D
Difficulty: Hard
76. The air mass source region labeled 1 on this map would produce _______ air masses.
A) continental arctic
B) maritime arctic
C) continental polar
D) maritime polar
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
B) maritime arctic
D) maritime polar
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
B) maritime arctic
D) maritime polar
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
A) continental tropical
C) continental equatorial
D) maritime equatorial
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
80.The air mass source region labeled 5 on this map would produce _______ air masses.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe air mass movement relations with climate
81.The air mass source region labeled 6 on this map would produce _______ air masses.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
82. On this map, the region(s) labeled 1 have a _______ climate.

A) wet equatorial
C) wet-dry tropical
D) dry tropical
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy

A) wet equatorial
B) monsoon & trade wind coastal
C) wet-dry tropical
D) dry tropical
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy

A) wet equatorial
C) wet-dry tropical
D) dry tropical
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
85. On this map, the region(s) labeled 4s, 5s, 6s have a _______ climate.
A) wet equatorial
B) monsoon and trade wind coastal
C) wet-dry tropical
D) dry climates
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
86. On this map, the region(s) labeled 6 (in lighter green) have a _______ climate.
B) Mediterranean
C) marine west-coast
D) dry mid-latitude
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy

B) Mediterranean
D) dry mid-latitude
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy

B) Mediterranean
D) dry mid-latitude
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
True/False
89. Climate can be described as the average weather of a region.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
90. Maritime temperature regimes tend to exhibit more annual variability in monthly
average temperature than continental temperature regimes.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
91. Latitude is an important factor affecting climate.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
92. Proximity to an ocean is an important factor affecting climate.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
93. The air masses that typically affect a region play an important role in determining its
climate.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
94. Climate is the annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given place, based
on statistics taken over a long period.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
95. Colder regions tend to have more precipitation than warmer regions.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
96. Trade-wind coasts are the wettest zones on Earth, characterized by over 200 cm of
precipitation per year.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
97. Mid-latitude west coast zones are characterized by very dry conditions resulting from
the presence of persistent high pressure cells.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
98. Arctic and polar locations are typically quite dry because the cold air cannot hold
large quantities of moisture.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
99. Mid-latitude deserts and steppes tend to be dry because of their inland locations that
are far from oceanic moisture sources and often in the rainshadows of coastal mountains.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Medium
100. The moist subtropical regions are found on the __________ sides of the continents
of North America and Asia.
Ans: southeastern
Difficulty: Medium
101. Air masses carry the characteristic temperature and moisture conditions of their
locations of formation with them as they travel.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
broad regional categories of climates.
102. The characteristics of “climate groups” are somewhat determined by the air masses
that influence them.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Medium
broad regional categories of climates.
103. Climate groups are divided into three zones by latitude: the low-, mid- and high-
latitude groups.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Medium
104. Group II (mid-latitude) climates are strongly influenced by the frontal interactions
between traveling air masses.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
105. Group III (high-latitude) climates are strongly influenced by the frontal interactions
between traveling air masses.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
106. Dry climates are areas in which annual evapotranspiration greatly exceeds annual
precipitation.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
107. With the exception of deserts, dry climate regions generally have enough
precipitation to support permanently flowing streams.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
108. The semiarid (steppe) dry climate zones have enough precipitation to support tall
grass prairies and some types of forest.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
109. Climates that are designated as wet-dry alternate between a very wet season and a
very dry season.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
110. Highland climates tend to be relatively warm due to ascending air flows.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Easy
111. Highland climates tend to be moist because of orographic precipitation.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
112. Climographs show at least two variables of climate such as monthly average
temperature and precipitation for a location.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
113. Low latitude climates are all characterized by large amounts of annual precipitation.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
114. Major features that influence low-latitude climates include the intertropical
convergence zone and the subtropical high-pressure belts.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
115. Wet equatorial climates have large amounts of precipitation every month, but there
is some seasonal variability associated with the migration of the ITCZ.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
116. Wet equatorial climates are characterized by hot summers and mild winters.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
117. Mean monthly temperatures in wet equatorial climates typically range between 29o
and 34oC .
Ans: False
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
118. Mean monthly temperatures in wet equatorial climates typically range between 26o
and 29oC .
Ans: True
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
119. The monsoon and trade-wind climate has a strong rainfall peak in the high-sun
season and a short period of reduced rainfall in the low-sun season.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
120. The monsoon and trade-wind climate is characterized by very wet season alternating
with a very dry season.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
121. The wet-dry climate is characterized by very wet season alternating with a very dry
season.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
122. The tropical dry climate zone experiences little precipitation because of the
influence of continental tropical air masses.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
123. As the ITCZ migrates across the low latitudes during the year, it brings with it heavy
cloud cover and precipitation.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
124. The mid-latitude climates are strongly influenced by frontal interactions between
cold and warm air masses.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
125. The moist continental climate receives adequate precipitation year round and has
strongly defined winter and summer seasons.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
126. High latitude climates tend to be moist because the cold air leads to condensation
and precipitation.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
127. The tundra climate experiences eight or more months of frozen ground per year.
Ans: True
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
128. Ice-sheet climates remain moist due to sublimation of the frozen water.
Ans: False
Difficulty: hard
climates.
129. Monthly mean temperatures exceed freezing for only 1–3 months per year in the ice-
sheet climate.
Ans: False
Difficulty: Hard
climates.
Essay
130. Explain the two major factors that influence temperature.
Ans: Temperature is primarily controlled by annual variations in insolation, which is in

turn determined by latitude. It is also strongly influenced by location - maritime versus
continental. Maritime locations tend to experience less annual variability due to the
moderating effect of oceans.
Difficulty: Easy
131. Explain the three main climate groups.
Ans: The globe can be divided into three climate groups based on air mass
characteristics. The low-latitude climates (group I) are dominated by warm equatorial and
tropical air masses. The high-latitude climates (group III) are dominated by cold polar
and arctic air masses. The mid-latitude climates experience air masses from both of the
other zones and the frontal interactions between these air masses is a dominant feature of
the weather.
Difficulty: Medium
132. Describe a climograph for a station in the wet equatorial climate, such as Iquitos,
Peru.
Ans: Temperatures are hot and show little variability with mean monthly values ranging
between 26o and 29oC and averaging around 27oC. Precipitation levels are high year
round, but there is a degree of seasonality with heavier rains when the ITCZ migrates into
the area.
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
133. Describe and explain the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate.
Ans: This climate is characterized by a very dry summer and a mild, rainy winter.
Summers are influenced by the poleward migration of the subtropical high-pressure cells,
which allows dry continental tropical air masses to dominate. During the winter, moist
maritime polar air masses bring cyclonic storms and rainfall. Moisture levels vary from
arid to humid, with locations closer to the tropics generally being drier due to increased
influence from the subtropical highs.
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
134. Describe and explain the characteristics of the tundra climate.
Ans: The tundra climate is dominated by polar (continental and marine) and arctic air
masses. Winters are long and cold, and many climatologists do not recognize the short
mild season as a true summer. Winter temperatures are moderated somewhat by oceanic
influences and do not fall to the extreme lows found in continental interiors. Total annual
precipitation is small.
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
Fill-in-the-Blank
135. The annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given place, base on statistics
taken over a long time period is called _______.
Ans: Climate
Difficulty: Easy
136. Maritime locations tend to have ______ annual variability in temperature than
continental locations.
Ans: less
Difficulty: Easy
137. The wet equatorial belt is dominated by ______ air masses which result in rainfall
of over 200 cm per year.
Ans: maritime equatorial

Difficulty: Hard
138. The tropical deserts zones result from the persistent presence of the subtropical
__________ cells.
Ans: high pressure

Difficulty: Hard
139. Air mass characteristics control the two most important climate variables –
temperature and __________.
Ans: precipitation
Difficulty: Easy
140. The seasonal movements of frontal zones influences annual cycles of _______ and
precipitation.
Ans: Temperature
Difficulty: Easy
141. The low-latitude climate group is primarily influenced by continental tropical,

maritime tropical, and ___________ air masses.
Ans: maritime equatorial

Difficulty: Hard
142. Highland climates are unique in that they tend to be __________ than other areas at
the same latitude.
Ans: Colder
Difficulty: Medium
143. A chart that displays monthly average precipitation and temperature during the year
for a location is called a __________.
Ans: Climograph
Difficulty: Easy
144. The wet equatorial climate experiences some seasonality in precipitation associated
with the migration of the _________.
Ans: ITCZ
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
Test Bank for Visualizing Physical Geography 2nd by Foresman
145. Traveling cyclones in the midlatitudes typically move in a ___________ direction.
Ans: west to east

Section Ref: Midlatitude Climates
Difficulty: Easy
climates.
146. The _______ climate zone is characterized by the alternation of a very dry summer
and a mild, rainy winter.
Ans: Mediterranean
Section Ref: Midlatitude Climates
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
147. The climate zone with long, extremely severe winters and several consecutive
months of frozen ground is known as the _________ climate.
Ans: Boreal forest

Difficulty: Medium
climates.
148. The cold climate zone distinguished by eight or more consecutive months of frozen
ground is the ______ climate zone.
Ans: Tundra
Difficulty: Medium
climates.
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perfect flower, per diem, till all the blossoms on the spike are exhausted;
which, in this species, are much more abundant than in any of the others. It
is increased by the root or seed.
This plant, we presume, is the same as those specified under the different
titles of Lilium Longiflorum, and L. Japonicum, in Willdenow’s new edition
of the Species Plant.; the L. candidum, and L. Japonicum, of Thunberg’s
Japan; and the L. Longiflorum of the Linn. Trans. Vol. II. P. 333. The
Hemerocallis formerly figured by us, under the specific title of Cærulea, we
take to be, the Hemerocallis Japonica, and Lilium Cordifolium of
Willdenow; the H. Cordata of Thunberg’s Japan; and the Hemerocallis
Japonica, and Lilium Cordifolium of the Linn. Trans. Vol. II. p. 332.
Willdenow, who had never seen even dried specimens of the plants in
question, has hence been led to place the same plant, under different genera;
and to consider the Hemerocallis of the Botanists Repository, as only a
variety of H. Japonica, but still admitting it as an Hemerocallis. Now, as we
have no doubt, (nor do we think any one can, that will take the trouble to
examine the dissections given with each figure,) that if the one is an
Hemerocallis, the other must be admitted of the same family; so, have we
made no scruple in rejecting the generic name of Lilium, for the present
plant; although we would gladly have adopted the specific one of Longiflora,
had not that of Alba, already obtained so generally in our gardens; a rule, for
our direction, paramount to all others as to specific denomination.
PLATE CXCV.
HYPOXIS OBLIQUA.
Oblique-leaved Hypoxis.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Six Chives. One Pointal.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla sex-partita, persistens, supera. Capsula basi angustior. Spatha

bivalvis.
Blossom six-parted, remaining, above. Capsule narrower at the base.
Sheath two-valved.
See Hypoxis stellata. Pl. CI. Vol. II.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Hypoxis scapo subtrifloro, piloso, longitudine foliorum; pedunculis flore

triplo longioribus; foliis lineari-lanceolatis, oblique flexis, glabris; radice
fibrosa.
Hypoxis with mostly three flowers on the stem, which is hairy, the length
of the leaves; foot-stalks three times the length of the flower; leaves linearly
lance-shaped, obliquely bent downward, smooth; root fibrous.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A Petal of the Blossom, with its Chive, as attached to its base.

2. The Seed-bud, on its foot-stalk, with a part of the tube of the
blossom, to which the Chives are fixed.
3. The Seed-bud, Shaft and Summit, magnified.
This species of Hypoxis is from the Cape of Good Hope; and, we believe,
solely in the possession of G. Hibbert, Esq. Clapham; from whose collection
our drawing was made, in June, this year, 1801. It appears to be a hardy
green-house plant; but, is certainly more curious than handsome, and, from
its general character, we should judge the propagation would be from the
root.
Professor Jacquin has given the Hypoxis Obliqua in his Icones Plantarum
Rariorum, 2. t. 371; and in his Supplement to the Collectanea, 54; but, we
must suppose from a more vigorous specimen than ours; as, the appearance
of a woolly character, at the margin of the leaves, was not to be traced in our
plant, although every other part is exact. Wherefore, we have retained his
name, though we have rejected the latter part of his specific character, to
introduce one, which we consider, of more consequence, as opposed to those
with bulbous roots, this being fibrous.
PLATE CXCVI.
IXIA MACULATA.
Spotted-flowered Ixia.
CLASS III. ORDER I.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Three Chives. One Pointal.
Corolla 6-petala, patens, æqualis.

Stamina tria, erectiusculo-patula.
Blossom 6 petals, spreading, equal.
Chives three, upright, spreading.
See Ixia Reflexa, Pl. XIV. Vol. I.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Ixia foliis ensiformibus, glabris, scapo duplo brevioribus; floribus

alternis, sub-spicatis; petalis basi obscuris, ovatis, concavis; stigmatibus
bifidis.
Ixia with sword-shaped, smooth leaves, half the length of the flower-
stem; flowers alternate, rather spiked; petals dark at the base, egg-shaped
and concave; summits two-cleft.
1. The two valves of the Empalement.

2. A Flower cut and spread open, with the Chives in their natural
station.
3. The Pointal complete, with one of the Summits detached and
magnified.
This Ixia has been long cultivated in Britain, so says Millar, &c. but, till
within these few years, we have not seen it in our gardens; perhaps it has
been (like many others) lost to us, and recently introduced with the multitude
of other species, which now decorate our green-houses; either from the Cape
of Good Hope or Holland. It is one of the most desirable of the genus, from
the length of time it continues in flower; which is, at least a month, from the
first flowers beginning to expand. It increases by the bulb, and is to be
cultivated as other common Ixias. Flowers in May or June.
PLATE CXCVII.
NYMPHÆA CŒRULEA.
Blue Water-Lily.
CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Many Chives. One Pointal.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx. Perianthium inferum, tetraphyllum, magnum, supra coloratum,

persistens.
Corolla. Petala numerosa (quindecem sæpe,) germinis lateri insidentia,
serie plus quam simplici.
Stamina. Filamenta numerosa (septuaginta sæpe,) plana, curva, obtusa,
brevia. Antheræ oblongæ, filamentorum margini adnatæ.
Pistillum. Germen ovatum, magnum. Stylus nullus. Stigma orbiculatum,
planum, peltato-sessile, radiis notatum, margine crenatum, persistens.
Pericarpium. Bacca dura, ovata, carnosa, rudis, collo angustata apice
coronata, multilocularis (decem ad quindecem loculis,) pulpa plena.
Semina plurima, subrotunda.
Empalement. Cup beneath, four leaved, large, coloured above,
permanent.
Blossom. Petals numerous (often fifteen,) placed on the side of the seed-
bud, in more than one row.
Chives. Threads numerous (often seventy,) flat, curved, blunt, short. Tips
oblong, fixed to the margin of the threads.
Pointal. Seed-bud egg-shaped, large. Shaft, none. Summit round, flat,
central, sitting, marked in rays, scolloped at the edge, remaining.
Seed-vessel. Berry hard, egg-shaped, fleshy, rough, narrowed at the
neck, crowned at the top, many-celled (from ten to fifteen cells,) full of pulp.
Seeds many, roundish.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Nymphæa foliis cordato-orbiculatis, senioribus crenatis, lobis acutis

imbricatis, acuminatis; petalis acutis, lanceolatis, cæruleis.
Nymphæa with between heart-shaped and round leaves, the old ones
scolloped, lobes sharp, tiled, and tapered; petals sharp, lance-shaped, and
blue.
1. A Chive.
2. The Seed-bud and Summit.
3. The Seed-bud, cut transversely, to shew the number of cells.
Amongst aquatic or water plants, the Nymphæas are undoubtedly the
most desirable in cultivation; although, we should agree to the exclusion of
N. Nelumbo, &c. now forming a distinct genus in the Sp. Plant. of
Willdenow; taken from Usteri’s Ed. of Jussieu’s Gen. Plant. classed from the
natural characters, under the title of Nelumbium’s. This plant may be kept in
the green-house, or hot-house, in a large tub filled with water and a small
portion of mud at the bottom. It propagates by the root, and the flowers,
which are extremely fragrant, are produced in August, in which month, this
year, our drawing was made, from a large plant in the Hibbertian collection;
but, from an omission in the figure, we were obliged to finish the plate from
a plant, in the collection of J. Vere, Esq. Kensington Gore, still in flower, the
beginning of October. The leaves of this species are most beautifully
scolloped, and near a foot in diameter; but the indentitions are scarcely to be
perceived in the younger; one of which, as we could not introduce the larger,
is shewn on the plate of the natural size.
It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced to the Royal
Gardens, Kew, by Mr. F. Masson, about the year 1792.
PLATE CXCVIII.
BAUERA RUBIOIDES.
Three-leaved Bauera.
CLASS XIII. ORDER II.

POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA. Many Chives. Two Pointals.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx. Perianthium octophyllum, foliolis persistentibus, acuminatis,

reflexis, dentatis.
Corolla. Petala octo, ovata, concava, patentia, æqualia, calyce majora.
Stamina. Filamenta numerosa, capillaria, corolla breviora, receptaculo
inserta. Antheræ latiusculæ, obtusæ, erectæ.
Pistilla. Germen subovatum, villosum. Styli duo, filiformes, longi, apice
curvati. Stigmata simplicia.
Pericarpium. Capsula subrotunda, pilosa, apice dehiscens, bilocularis,
bivalvis.
Semina plurima, subrotunda.
Empalement. Cup eight-leaved, remaining, leaflets tapered, reflexed, and
toothed.
Blossom. Eight petals, egg-shaped, concave, spreading, equal, larger than
the cup.
Chives. Threads numerous, hair-like, shorter than the blossom, fixed into
the receptacle. Tips broadish, obtuse and erect.
Pointals. Seed-bud nearly egg-shaped, hairy. Shafts two, thread-shaped,
long, curved at the ends. Summits simple.
Seed-vessel. Capsule roundish, hairy, splitting at the top, two cells, two
valves.
Seeds many, roundish.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Bauera foliis ternatis, apice dentatis, sessilibus, oppositis.

Bauera with leaves composed of three leaflets, toothed at the point,
growing close to the stem, and opposite.
1. The Empalement, with the Chives and Pointal.

2. The Chives and Pointal magnified.
3. The Empalement, Seed-bud, Shafts, and Summits, magnified.
4. The Seed-bud cut transversely, with the seeds in the cells,
magnified.
This handsome shrub, a native of Port Jackson, New Holland, was first
raised at the seat of the Hon. the Marchioness of Rockingham, Hillingdon,
Middlesex, in the year 1793; and, from a plant, in the conservatory, still in
flower, this present month November, our drawing was made, at the Nursery,
Hammersmith. It is hardy, although delicate in structure, and flourishes in
the green-house. The stem of the plant from which our figure was taken,
although the oldest in the kingdom, and near six feet high, is scarce the
thickness of a quill at the base, therefore must be supported. The young
shoots and leaves are covered with a slight pile; the smaller branches stand
out at right angles, proceeding from the insertion of the leaves, and the
whole plant has, at first sight, much the appearance of a Rubus. It is
propagated by cuttings, made in the month of March, and put under a small
bell-glass on the heat of a hot-bed; the cuttings should be from the extreme
ends of the young shoots. Sir J. Banks, Bart. P. R. S. &c. from whose natural
genius and love for the science, and by whose fostering and liberal hand to
promote it, the study of Botany has become so general a taste; has named
this genus, in honour of two most eminent Botanical painters, of the name of
Bauer, natives of Germany, and brothers. The one, now under the immediate
patronage of Sir Joseph, as Botanical Painter to his Majesty at Kew; well
known for his superb and excellent coloured engravings of Heaths, &c. in
large folio. The younger considered no less able, engaged under the same
influence, with the other artists, &c. who are now upon the last expedition
for discovery to the South Sea; but not equally known to Botanists, as the
person who accompanied the late Dr. Sibthorpe, on his voyages through
Greece; and whose pencil has produced all those drawings, designed to
decorate and illustrate the famous Flora Græca, preparing for the public,
under the auspices of the intelligent Dr. Smith, P. L. S. &c. &c.
PLATE CXCIX.
CAMELLIA JAPONICA. Var. flo. rubro pleno.
Double red Camellia.
CLASS XVI. ORDER VI. of Schreber’s 6th edit. of Gen.

Plant.
MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Threads united. Many Chives.
Calyx imbricatus, polyphyllus; foliolis interioribus majoribus.

Empalement tiled, many-leaved; the inner leaflets the largest.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF VARIETY.
Camellia foliis senioribus basi attenuatis, junioribus rubentibus; petalis
interioribus divaricato-erectis; floribus plenis, rubris.
Camellia with the older leaves tapered at the base, the younger ones
reddish; the inner petals stand upright spreading different ways; flowers
double and red.
Again have we to call upon the indulgence of our Botanical friends for
their sufferance, in a third intrusion on the forms of our own prescription.
But, as we had given the two other varieties of this fine plant; and taking it
for granted, by judging from our own feelings, that a figure of this very
scarce variety would be agreeable to most; that they might be (by
comparison) able to decide upon the difference which does exist, but has
been denied by many, between this, and the Striped Var.; see our figure, Vol.
II. Pl. XCI. It has been thought by most, who have not seen this plant; that it
was but the Striped Var. which had lost its variegation. This is certainly not
the case; for, it stands as distinct from the Striped, as from the White variety;
which may be readily traced, either from the plants themselves, or our
figures; by comparing the specific, or rather differing character we have
assigned to each. The Double red Camellia was introduced about the year
1794 from China, by R. Preston, Esq. Woodford, Essex.
The largest plant now in Europe, of this variety, is in the select and most
valuable collection of the Hon. T. Greville, Esq. Paddington, imported, last
year, from China in the highest perfection. It is propagated by cuttings, or
layers; and delights in a light, sandy loam; with about one-third of the pot,
from the bottom, filled with peat earth. It flowers from November, till
February, in the Hothouse; or from January, till April, if kept in the Green-
house. Our figure was taken, in November, this year, at the Hammersmith
Nursery.
PLATE CC.
MELALEUCA HYPERICIFOLIA.
St. John’s-wort-leaved Melaleuca.
CLASS XVIII. ORDER IV.

POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Threads in many Sets. Many Chives.
Calyx quinquefidus, semisuperus. Petals quinque. Filamenta multa,

longissima, connata in quinque corpora. Pistillum unum. Capsula
trilocularis.
Cup five-cleft, half above. Petals five. Threads numerous, very long,
united into five bodies. Pointal one. Capsule three-celled.
See Melaleuca ericæfolia, Pl. CLXXV. Vol. III.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Melaleuca foliis oppositis, eliptico-oblongis, uninerviis; floribus

consertis; filamentis longissimis, linearibus, apice radiato-multifidis.
Melaleuca with opposite leaves, eliptic-oblong, one-nerved; flowers
clustered; threads very long, linear, rayed and many-cleft at the top.
1. A flower, natural size.

2. One of the five bundles of Chives, with its petal, to which it is
attached at the base, magnified.
3. The cup, seed-bud, shaft and summit, natural size, the summit
detached and magnified.
About the year 1792 this plant was first raised from seeds, by the late Mr.
William Malcolm, Nurseryman, at Stockwell, Surry; and was, from the very
great resemblance it bears to the St. John’s-worts, so denominated, until it
flowered. It has now become one of the commonest, of what are generally
termed, Botany Bay plants; yet unquestionably ranks with the handsomest
whether for its foliage, form of growth, or flowers, which are of a most
beautiful red-purple, scarcely to be imitated in painting. The singular manner
in which the flower-stem is thrown out, as it were, from the old wood, in a
horizontal direction, is common to many other species of the Genus. It grows
to the height of four or five feet, very erect in every part; is easily increased
by cuttings, and thrives best in peat earth. Although it is said to grow in
swampy grounds in New South Wales, see Linnæan Transactions, Vol. III. p.
279, nevertheless, with us, a dry, or damp situation in the green-house,
appears equally congenial to it. In the month of September 1799, our
drawing was taken at the Conservatory of R. James, Esq. Grosvenor Place.

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1. The coastal-continental location of a place has the strongest influence on:

2. Air temperature is related to moisture in that:

3. Latitude has an important influence on:

6. Which of the following is not a temperature regime label?

7. A temperature regime that experiences consistent high temperatures with little

17. The moist continental precipitation regime is characterized by:

19. The Mediterranean precipitation regime is characterized by:

20. The marine west coast precipitation regime is characterized by:

21. The wet equatorial precipitation regime is characterized by:

22. The tropical desert precipitation regime is characterized by:

23. The Asiatic monsoon precipitation regime is characterized by:

24. Types of monthly precipitation patterns include:

25. Which of the following is not a type of monthly precipitation pattern?

26. Precipitation regimes are based on:

30. A major feature of weather in the mid-latitude climates is:

32. Regions with semiarid climates have sufficient precipitation to:

33. Highland climates tend to be ________ than surrounding lowland areas

34. Which of the following is not a low-latitude climate region?

37. The precipitation pattern of the wet equatorial climate is:

40. The precipitation pattern of the wet-dry tropical climate is:

46. The precipitation pattern of the dry tropical climate is:

48. Nearly all of the mid-latitude climate zone exists in the:

49. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes usually move from:

51. The dry subtropical climate is:

53. The precipitation pattern of the moist subtropical climate is:

54. The precipitation pattern of the typical Mediterranean climate is:

55. The precipitation pattern of the marine west-coast climate is:

60. The dry mid-latitude climate is primarily found:

61. The moist continental climate is found in the _______ group.

62. The precipitation pattern of the moist continental climate is:

82. On this map, the region(s) labeled 1 have a _______ climate.

83. On this map, the region(s) labeled 2 have a _______ climate.

84. On this map, the region(s) labeled 3 have a _______ climate.

87. On this map, the region(s) labeled 7 have a _______ climate.

88. On this map, the region(s) labeled 8 have a _______ climate.

89. Climate can be described as the average weather of a region.

91. Latitude is an important factor affecting climate.

92. Proximity to an ocean is an important factor affecting climate.

111. Highland climates tend to be moist because of orographic precipitation.

130. Explain the two major factors that influence temperature.

Ans: Temperature is primarily controlled by annual variations in insolation, which is in

131. Explain the three main climate groups.

134. Describe and explain the characteristics of the tundra climate.

Ans: maritime equatorial

Ans: high pressure

141. The low-latitude climate group is primarily influenced by continental tropical,

Ans: maritime equatorial

145. Traveling cyclones in the midlatitudes typically move in a ___________ direction.

Ans: west to east

Ans: Boreal forest