CBSE CLASS X SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) PRACTICALS

EXPERIMENT – 2
ACIDS AND BASES
Aim: A. Finding the pH of the following samples by using paper/universal indicator:
i) Dil HCl
ii) Dil NaOH solution
iii) Dil Ethanoic acid
iv) Lemon Juice
v) Water
vi) Dil Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
B. Studying the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) on the basis their reaction
with a) Litmus solution b) Zinc metal c) Solid sodium carbonate
Materials Required: Dil HCl, Dil NaOH solution, Dil Ethanoic acid, Lemon Juice, Water,
Dil Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, test tubes, pH solution, Zinc metal, sodium
carbonate, etc.
Procedure: A. Take the given solutions in six test tubes separately and add some universal
indicator and observe the colours and compare the colours with the colour chart. Then
identify the pH.
B. ACID
Sl No: Procedure Observation Inference
1. Take some dil HCl in a test tube Blue litmus turns to Acids can turn blue
and add some litmus solution. red. litmus to red.
2. Take some dil HCl in a test tube Some bubbles are The bubbles are due
and add a piece of Zinc in to it. produced. to the formation of
hydrogen gas.
3. Take some dil HCl in a test tube Brisk effervescence Brisk effervescence
and add some solid sodium is produced. is due to the
carbonate in to it. formation of carbon
dioxide gas.
BASE
Sl No: Procedure Observation Inference
1. Take some dil NaOH in a test Red litmus turns to Bases can turn red
tube and add some litmus blue. litmus to blue.
solution.
2. Take some dil NaOH in a test Some bubbles are Due to the formation
tube and add a piece of Zinc in produced. of hydrogen gas.
to it.
3. Take some dil NaOH in a test No characteristic Bases do not react
tube and add some solid sodium changes. with carbonates.
carbonate in to it.

Observations:
Sl No: Sample Colour pH
1 Dil HCl Red 1
2 Dil NaOH Purple 14
3 Dil Ethanoic acid Yellow 3
4 Lemon juice Orange 2
5 Water Green 7
6 Dil NaHCO3 Blue 9
Conclusion:
1. Acids can turn blue litmus to red.
2. Bases can turn red litmus to blue.
3. Acids and bases produce hydrogen gas with metals.
4. Acids produce carbon dioxide gas with carbonates but bases do not.

EXPERIMENT – 3
REACTIVITY OF METALS

Aim: Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu & Al metals on the following salt solutions:
i) ZnSO4
ii) FeSO4
iii) CuSO4
iv) Al2SO4
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu & Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based
on the above result.
Materials Required: Zinc sulphate solution (aq), Ferrous sulphate solution (aq), Copper
sulphate solution (aq), Aluminium sulphate solution (aq), Zinc metal, Iron metal, Copper
metal, Aluminium metal, water, beakers, test tubes, etc.
Theory: In displacement reaction, the highly reactive metals displaces low reactive metal
from its salt solution.
Procedure:
Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No:
1 Take a piece of zinc and put it in No characteristic Both metals are same
the solution of Zinc sulphate. changes
2 Take a piece of zinc and put it in Green colour turns to Zinc displaces iron
the solution of iron sulphate. colourless
3 Take a piece of zinc and put it in Blue colour turns to Zinc displaces copper
the solution of copper sulphate. colourless
4 Take a piece of zinc and put it in No characteristic Zinc cannot displace
the solution of aluminium changes aluminium
sulphate.
5 Take a piece of iron and put it in No characteristic Iron cannot displace
the solution of Zinc sulphate. changes zinc
6 Take a piece of iron and put it in No characteristic Both metals are same
the solution of iron sulphate. changes
7 Take a piece of iron and put it in Blue colour turns to Iron displaces copper
the solution of copper sulphate. green
8 Take a piece of iron and put it in No characteristic Iron cannot displace
the solution of aluminium changes aluminium
sulphate.
9 Take a piece of copper and put it No characteristic Copper cannot
in the solution of Zinc sulphate. changes displace zinc
10 Take a piece of copper and put it No characteristic Copper cannot
in the solution of iron sulphate. changes displace iron
11 Take a piece of copper and put it No characteristic Both metals are same
in the solution of copper changes
sulphate.
12 Take a piece of copper and put it No characteristic Copper cannot
in the solution of aluminium changes displace aluminium
 sulphate.
13 Take a piece of aluminium and Aluminium is coated Aluminium displaces
put it in the solution of Zinc with zinc zinc
sulphate.
14 Take a piece of aluminium and Green colour turns to Aluminium displaces
put it in the solution of iron colourless iron
sulphate.
15 Take a piece of aluminium and Blue colour turns to Aluminium displaces
put it in the solution of copper colourless copper
sulphate.
16 Take a piece of aluminium and No characteristic Both metals are same
put it in the solution of changes
aluminium sulphate.

Conclusions:
1. Aluminium is the highest reactive metal among given metals.
2. The order of reactivity is as follows:
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu

EXPERIMENT – 4
PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID
Aim: Study the following properties of Ethanoic acid:
i) Odour
ii) Solubility in water
iii) Effect on litmus
iv) Reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate
Materials required: Ethanoic acid (glacial), water, litmus solutions (blue and red), sodium
hydrogen carbonate, test tubes, etc.
Procedure:
Sl. Experiment Observation Inference
No:
1 Take some Ethanoic acid in a Smell of vinegar It is the smell of
test tube and smell it with wavy Ethanoic acid
hands.
2 Take some water in test tube and A clear solution is Ethanoic acid is
add some Ethanoic acid slowly. formed soluble in water.
3 Take some water in test tube and Blue turns to red. Ethanoic acid is
add some Ethanoic acid slowly. perfectly acidic.
Now add some blue litmus to
this solution.
4 Take some water in test tube and No characteristic Ethanoic acid is
add some Ethanoic acid slowly. changes. perfectly acidic.
Now add some red litmus to this
solution.
5 Take some water in test tube and Brisk effervescence Carbon dioxide is
add some Ethanoic acid slowly. produced.
Now add some sodium
hydrogen carbonate to it.

Conclusion:
 1. Ethanoic acid is having a smell of vinegar.
2. Ethanoic acid is acidic in nature.
3. Ethanoic acid produces carbon dioxide gas when reacts with sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
4. It is soluble in water.

EXPERIMENT – 5
COMPARITIVE CLEANING CAPACITY OF SOAP

Aim: Study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in hard water and soft
water.
Materials required: A sample of soap, distilled water, crystals of magnesium chloride, test
tubes, etc.
Theory: Water which gives lather with soap is called soft water. Water which does not give
lather with soap is called hard water. The hardness of water is due to the presence of
bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.
Procedure: Take a test tube and add some distilled water. Now add a small piece of soap to
it. Shake the test tube well and note down the level of lather formed.
Now take another sample of water in the same test tube and some amount of
magnesium chloride crystals. Shake it well. Then put an equal amount of soap to it. Shake it
again and note down the level lather again.
Observations:
1. The level of lather in the first test tube is greater than that of the second test tube.
Conclusion:
1. Since more lather is formed in the first test tube, ie, in the distilled water, the cleaning
capacity is greater for the distilled water or soft water.
2. The magnesium sulphate in the hard water converts the soap to an insoluble scum,
known as magnesium salt of long chain carboxylic acid.