Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction on the

phytochemicals stability of cryoground coriander seed essential

oil
Vidushi Mehta1, R. F. Sutar1
1
College of Food Processing Technology and Bio-Energy, Anand Agricultural University,
Anand, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT

The essential oil is used for various purposes in food and pharmaceutical industry. The
present investigation was undertaken to optimize supercritical fluid extraction parameters to
obtain superior quality of coriander essential oil. Traditional distillation methods are not only
sustainable but also reduce the yield of essential oil. Thus, novel green extraction super
critical fluid extraction technique was used to obtain high quality and quantity of essential oil.
The effects of temperature (35, 50, and 65°C), pressure (100, 200, and 300 bar), and dynamic
time (90, 120 and 150 minutes) on the output of coriander essential oil, and its bioactive
compounds such as linalool content. The optimization of supercritical fluid extraction was
carried out by central composite design. Optimized conditions for SFE of coriander essential
oil were 47°C temperature, 100 bar pressure, and 142 min dynamic time. Essential oil
extracted at optimized SFE condition had yield of 4.72% as compared to hydro distillation
extraction method (0.72% (w/w)) and linalool content (65.20 mg/100g).
Keywords: Essential oil, limonene, dillapiole, carvone, anethole, supercritical fluid
extraction

1. INTRODUCTION

India accounts for over 46% of the global spice production and commerce. As a result, it is
essential to provide this product the quality and value addition it deserves. 12,08,400 tonnes
of spices were exported overall year 2019–20, valued at Rs. 22062 crores (Anon., 2020).

The year-round cultivation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), a member of the Apiaceae
(Umbelliferae) family, is mostly done for its seeds (Mhemdi et al., 2011). With an annual
output of over 7,00,815 tons and an area of 528970 acres, India is the world's largest
producer, user, and exporter of coriander. With 56% of India's annual production of 3,94,758
tons of coriander, Madhya Pradesh is the country's greatest producer, followed by Gujarat
(19%) (Anon., 2020).

One or more bioactive compounds can be found in spices, and these compounds have a wide
range of biological actions, such as antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-
inflammatory qualities (Gupta et al., 2022). Certain spices' ability to reduce cholesterol and
provide antioxidants has far-reaching implications in the nutraceutical industry. Numerous
animal studies and clinical trials have documented the numerous health benefits of spices,
which include their ability to stimulate digestion, protect the gastrointestinal tract, have an
antidiabetic effect, hypolipidemic effect, antilithogenic property, antioxidant potential, anti-
inflammatory property, and potential to prevent cancer. Thanks to bioactive components,
several spices contain antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering qualities that have far-reaching
implications in the nutraceutical world (Shrinivasan, 2017). The main goal of grinding spices
is to obtain a lower particle size and a product that has a positive flavor and color value.
Depending on the type of mill and spices, the product's temperature might rise from 42°C to
95°C as it is being ground. Significant flavor and fragrance loss results from exposure to such
high temperatures; this loss should be minimized since it would result in lower processor
profits (Singh and Goswami, 2000).

It's widely accepted that cryogenic technology is a methodical way to grind spices. By
absorbing the heat generated during the grinding process, liquid nitrogen provides the
refrigeration needed to pre-cool the spices and maintain the appropriate low temperature in
this approach. Cryogenic grinding of spices restores their fragrance and regular color.

There will be a two- to three-fold increase in total grinding capacity, and process equipment
won't experience thermal fatigue. The following are some benefits of cryogenic grinding
versus ambient grinding: reduces the oxidation of spice essential oils as evaporating liquid
nitrogen tends to evacuate air from the grinding mill, and (2) increases the flavour strength
while reducing the loss of essential oil (Murthy et al., 2014a).
The present state of difficulties with standard grinding procedures was compiled by Murthy
et al. (2014b). The industries were using conventional grinding machinery such as hammer
mills and roller grinders to produce superior powders of the species, however the higher
temperatures during grinding led to a decrease in moisture content. Extremely low
temperatures are produced by liquid nitrogen-based cryogenic grinding. In a Broadway, the
cryogenic grinding method can be applied by using other coolants as the refrigerants.
One of the environmentally friendly methods of processing food is supercritical fluid
extraction, which employs supercritical fluids as a solvent to extract different bioactive
substances, heat-sensitive elements, flavour components, etc. Due to its many benefits,
including a high mass transfer rate, simplicity of separating the product from the remaining
solvent, selective product separation, and enhanced product quality, this approach has drawn
a lot of interest for extracting oils and other materials (Balasubramanian, 2005).
To selectively extract fat from the sample matrix, a fluid (usually CO2) is brought to a
particular pressure-temperature combination in the SCFE, enabling it to achieve supercritical
solvent characteristics.
Under carefully controlled conditions of duration, temperature, and pressure, the sample is
subjected to super critical fluid extraction, which facilitates the dissolving of fat inside the
sample. Next, using a pressure gradient, the dissolved fat is extracted from the supercritical
liquid.
In order to determine the ideal SFE conditions and phytochemical stability of cryoground
coriander seeds throughout time, the current study was conducted. This work not only
satisfies consumer demand for high-quality coriander seed extracts but also assists the
pharmaceutical and food processing industries in understanding uses.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Raw material

Gujarat cultivar fresh, ripe, and high-quality coriander seeds. Coriander-2 were purchased in
Mehsana, Gujarat, from Mehsana Beej Nigam. Hand cleaning was used to get rid of
undesirable and superfluous debris from the seeds. Before being employed in experiments,
the seeds were also packaged in one-kilogram polyethylene pouches and kept in a room
temperature environment.

2.2 Cryogenic grinding of coriander seeds

Selected seeds and spices were cryogenically ground in a laboratory cryogenic grinder
(Spectra Cryogenics System Pvt. Ltd., Kota, Rajasthan). The seeds were ground at a
temperature of -30°C and fed through a 1.5 mm pre-fixed screen at a rate of 7 kg/h (Patel,
2016). Immediately following the grinding process, the cryoground powder was gathered and
sealed in flexible, moisture-proof aluminium pouches with a 110 μ thickness. It was then
chilled until it was needed for the biochemical analysis and optimization of essential oils
extracted using supercritical fluid extraction.

2.3 Extraction of Essential oils

2.3.1 Hydro distillation

Using a Clevenger apparatus, the hydro distillation process was used to extract essential oil
(Clevenger, 1928). A circular-bottom flask containing about 50 g of cryoground coriander
seeds was filled and then drained with 500 ml of distilled water. The process of distillation
was continued until the amount of oil in the trap remained consistent. The essential oil
content was determined using Eq. 1 in accordance with Ranganna's (2011) methodology;

Volume of essential oil

Essential oil (%)= × 100
Weight of the sample

2.3.2 Supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) assembly (Make: Applied Separations, USA) with five
components (reciprocating compressor, CO2 cylinder, CO2 pump, oven module, and chiller)
was applied to the cryoground coriander seed powder (CDSP). The CO2 pump was powered
by a reciprocating compressor (Make: Anest Iwata, Noida). With a maximum pressure of 690
bar, this pump was utilized to pressurize CO2 to the necessary level and enable it to enter the
oven module. 99.5% (w/w) pure carbon dioxide was utilized in the SFE. The sample holding
or extractor vessel, with a 40 g capacity, is fixed at the desired temperature within a
rectangular chamber that makes up the SCFE oven module. After the CDSP was weighed to a
total of 25 g, it was extracted using an extractor. Every extraction experiment was conducted
by adjusting the extraction time, pressure, and temperature. The pump module needs a chiller
based on recirculating coolant in order to pressurize CO2. A coolant consisting of ethylene
glycol and water was utilized, and the temperature was kept at a set level of 0°C or lower.
The weight of the empty collection vacuum was recorded prior to the experiment
commencing. According to Sodeifian et al. (2016), the mass of extract (We) derived from the
mass of CDSP (Wdsp) exposed to extraction is the overall yield expressed as a percentage.
Using Eq. (2), the extraction weight (WE) per weight of the sample taken into consideration
for extraction was calculated to determine the percentage overall yield (Y%).
We
Y%= (2)
Wdsp

The extracts were weighed and stored in a refrigerated environment at 4ºC for further
analysis.

2.4 Optimization of process conditions for extraction

The responses (Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4) were optimized using the Central Composite Design
(CCD) with three independent variables (X1, X2, and X3) using experimental data statistical
software Design Expert 13.0.6. In order to study the responses, namely overall essential oil
yield (Y1, % (w/w)) and bioactive compounds like linalool (Y2= mg/100g), as a function of
the factors, the following variables were taken into consideration: temperature (X1= 35, 50,
65ºC), pressure (X2= 100, 200, 300 bar), and dynamic time (X3= 90, 120, 150 min) at the
CO2 flow rate of 3 ml/min. Twenty trials with six center points were conducted for process
optimization utilizing CCD with three independent variables in order to improve
predictability.

2.5 Experimental design

Table 1 displays the experimental configurations for the three independent variables. For the
purpose of designing experiments, performing regression, graphical analysis of the collected
data, and statistical analysis of the model to assess the analysis of variance (ANOVA),
Design Expert 13.0.6 statistical software was utilized. To fit the model given by Equation 3.6
and assess the statistical significance of the model terms, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used. To assess the adequacy of the model, an analysis was conducted using the lack-of-fit
test and the coefficient of determination, or R2.
The same program was used to create response surfaces, and numerical optimization was
carried out. A second order polynomial is the most often utilized model for optimization
when employing response surface approach.
The model is of the form:

(k=0,1,2,3….)

where, Yk is the response, bk0 , bki, bkii, and bkij are the constant, linear, quadratic and cross-
product regression coefficients, respectively and X i’s are the coded independent variables.
For optimization purpose the response surface methodology was used.
 Numerical optimization technique of the Design-Expert was used for simultaneous
optimization of the multiple responses. The desired goals for each factor and response were
chosen. The goals may apply to either factors or responses. The possible goals are:
maximize, minimize, target, within range, none (for responses only) and set to an exact value
(for factors only). In order to search a solution maximizing multiple responses, the goals were
combined into an overall composite function, D (x), called the desirability function (Meyers
and Montgomery, 1995), which is defined as:

Where, Yi (i = 1, 2,….,n) are the responses and n is the total number of responses in the
measure.

Table 1 Experimental design showing the effects of different extraction conditions on

different responses matrix of cryoground coriander seed powder using central
composite design (CCD)

Samples X1 X2 X3 Y1 Y2
1 50 200 120 4.843 41.827
2 35 100 150 2.538 87.472
3 65 100 150 5.668 33.268
4 65 300 150 3.581 21.359
5 50 200 120 5.212 42.613
6 65 200 120 4.391 25.284
7 50 200 150 4.423 39.217
8 35 200 120 3.826 55.232
9 50 200 120 4.698 44.032
10 50 100 120 4.871 53.214
11 50 200 90 4.159 39.447
12 65 100 90 3.831 25.78
13 50 200 120 4.753 39.696
14 35 300 150 4.298 45.573
15 65 300 90 3.867 32.043
16 35 300 90 5.049 35.326
17 50 200 120 5.011 44.382
18 35 100 90 1.658 60.372
19 50 300 120 5.753 41.461
20 50 200 120 4.951 43.905

X1= Temperature (ºC); X2= Pressure (bar); X3= Dynamic time (min); Y1= Essential oil (%);
Y2= Linalool (mg/100g)
2.6 Identification and comparison of essential oil components

Utilizing gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS; Parker Elmer limited) with an
Elite-5 MS fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) as a stationary phase
and helium as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, the bioactive compounds in essential
oil were identified. The bioactive chemicals' Certified Reference Material (CRM) was
obtained from Dutt Enterprise located in Anand, Gujarat. Marker chemicals were quantified
after being diluted 100 times in hexane at various concentrations—25, 50, 60, 75, 100, and
250 ppm. As shown in Figure 1, the 75 ppm concentration of linalool standards has been
measured at various retention times. The injection volume of the sample was 4 µl. A holding
duration of seven minutes was programmed for the starting oven temperature of 50°C. At a
rate of 7°C per minute, the temperature was increased to 210°C, and it was held for 10
minutes. At 25:1 and 230°C, respectively, the injector split ratio and temperature were
maintained. By comparing the average peak area to the overall area, the amount of each
component was determined and given in milligrams per hundred grams.

2.7 Statistical analysis

The experimental values for optimised conditions were carried out in triplicates for all the
responses. To compare the essential oil yield by hydro distillation and optimized SCFE
analysis by GC-MS was performed in triplicates. Multiple regression analysis was used to fit
the second-order equations to all of the dependent variables. To identify the best
combinations of independent variables, the contour plots for the various variables were
superimposed. In order to identify significant differences between independent variables
(p≤0.05), analyses of variance (ANOVA) were carried out (Chaturvedi and Chakraborty,
2022; Sonsuzer et al., 2004).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Response surface modelling

The supercritical fluid extraction process variables of temperature (X1), pressure (X2), and
dynamic time (X3) were evaluated in order to look into the impact on volatile oil output and
quality. The average values of the extracts collected during the studies are displayed in Table
1. For the selected responses, extraction yield varied from 1.66 to 5.75% (w/w). However,
response of linalool was observed within a range of 21.36 mg/100g to 87.47 mg/100g. As a
result, an analysis of variance had to be used in order to assess the outcomes. The
experimental data were fitted with the quadratic model, and the statistical significance of the
linear, quadratic, and interaction effects was assessed for every response.

3.1.1 Effect of extraction conditions on yield

The essential oils of CDSP gave an extraction yield in the range of 1.66 to 5.75% (w/w). The
essential oil content of the same cryoground sample obtained by traditional hydro distillation
was only 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained sample had higher values compared to BIS standard for
ground coriander powder for special grade and optimized cryoground, cryoground coriander
seed powder better than even special grade, this is because the smallest size of sieve in the
cryoground were 0.8 mm which resulted in powder of 0.68 mm and it contained 0.61%
volatile oils that is maximum in comparison to special grade powder, according to Janki
(2016). Table 2 illustrates the value of the coefficient of the extraction's outcome (Y1) for
the coded variables X1, X2, and X3.

The model for overall yield is significant, with a p-value < 0.001 and an F-value of 347.83.
An F-value like this has just a 0.01% probability of occurring due to noise. The lack of fit is
non-significant, with a p-value of 0.1523 and an F-value of 2.70. R 2 as 0.9974 indicated that a
sample variation of 99.74 % is attributed to independent parameters, and about 0.26% of the
total variation is not explained by the model. As demonstrated in Figure 1a, both temperature
and pressure had an enormous effect on the yield of essential oil at the 5% level. Quadratic
effect of pressure, temperature, and dynamic time was significant on essential oil yield at 5%
level with synergistic effect. Finally, as seen in Fig. 1, the square terms of pressure are
positive and substantial, indicating an upward parabola.

(a) (b)
Figure 1 Response surface showing overall extraction yield influenced by (a)
temperature and pressure; (b) Temperature and dynamic time

Effect of temperature and pressure at constant dynamic time 120 min, on essential oil yield is
shown in Fig. 1(a), Influence of pressure was more prominent than the influence of
temperature. It was observed that, when there was increase in pressure and temperature
essential oil yield increased. The increase in pressure will also accelerate mass transfer of
analyte and solvent in supercritical extractor vessel and improve the extraction yield. When
pressure increased from 100 bar to 300 bar pressure and temperature from 35 to 50 ⁰C, extract
yield increased from 1.65 to 5.75 %. Mariod et al. (2010) also reported that pressure and
temperature affect significantly on extraction yield of sorghum. The observations made by
Andrade and Ferreira (2013) and Perakis et al. (2005) for black pepper are quite similar to the
present observations. The effect of dynamic time and temperature on essential oil yield at
constant pressure 200 bar shown in Fig. 1(b). From the results, it can be observed that, as the
dynamic time increases essential oil yield increases at some extent after that it decreases with
increase in temperature.

Analysis of variances Table 2 for essential oil yield revealed that among linear effects,
pressure, temperature and dynamic time had significant effect on essential oil yield (p<0.05)
at 5% level. Interaction effect of temperature and dynamic time, pressure and temperature,
pressure and dynamic time had significant effect on essential oil yield (p<0.05) at 5% level.
Quadratic effect of pressure, temperature and dynamic time had significant (p<0.05) on
essential oil yield at 5% level.

The essential oil yield (%) varied from 1.66 to 5.75 (Table 1). The maximum
yield was obtained at experiment number 19 and minimum yield was noticed in experiment
number 18. The Model F-value of 78.72 implies the model is significant. There is only a
0.01% chance that an F-value this large could occur due to noise. R2 and CV% values
obtained for % essential oil yield were 0.99 and 3.67 respectively.

Table 2 ANOVA Table for yield of essential oil extract

Source Sum of Df Mean F-value p-value Significance
Squares Square
Model 18.21 9 2.02 78.72 < 0.0001 Significant
A-Temperature 1.58 1 1.58 61.28 < 0.0001
B-Pressure 1.59 1 1.59 61.68 < 0.0001
C-Dynamic time 0.3779 1 0.3779 14.70 0.0033
AB 6.48 1 6.48 252.21 < 0.0001
AC 0.2528 1 0.2528 9.83 0.0106
BC 1.76 1 1.76 68.52 < 0.0001
A² 1.90 1 1.90 73.88 < 0.0001
B² 0.3815 1 0.3815 14.84 0.0032
C² 1.16 1 1.16 44.99 < 0.0001
Residual 0.2571 10 0.0257
Lack of Fit 0.0799 5 0.0160 0.4511 0.7986 Non-significant
Pure Error 0.1772 5 0.0354

Table 3 Standard deviation and correlation coefficients

Std. Dev. 0.1603 R² 0.9861
Mean 4.37 Adjusted R² 0.9736
C.V. % 3.67 Predicted R² 0.9290
Adeq Precision 35.8022

The response surface equation developed to predict the change in extract yield with varying
levels of processing parameters is as under:
Extract yield % = – 23.480 + 0.0378*P + 0.468*T + 0.190*D – 0.000600*P*T –
0.000156*P*D + 0.000395*T*D + 0.000037*P2 – 0.00369*T2 – 0.000721*D2…
(4.9)

3.1.2 Effect of extraction conditions on linalool content

Effect of temperature and pressure at constant dynamic time 120 min, on essential oil yield is
shown in Fig. 2(a), Influence of pressure was more prominent than the influence of
temperature. It was observed that, when there was increase in pressure and temperature
essential oil yield increased. The increase in pressure will also accelerate mass transfer of
analyte and solvent in supercritical extractor vessel and improve the extraction yield. When
pressure increased from 100 bar to 300 bar pressure and temperature from 35 to 50 ⁰C, extract
yield increased from 1.65 to 5.75 %. Mariod et al. (2010) also reported that pressure and
temperature affect significantly on extraction yield of sorghum. The effect of dynamic time
and temperature on essential oil yield at constant pressure 200 bar shown in Fig. 2(b). From
the results, it can be observed that, as the dynamic time increases essential oil yield increases
at some extent after that it decreases with increase in temperature.

(a) (b)

Figure 2 Response surface showing overall linalool content influenced by (a)

temperature and pressure; (b) Temperature and dynamic time

The amount of linalool in each 100 grammes ranged from 21.36 mg to 87.47 mg. Minimum
linalool content was found at experiment number 4 whereas, maximum linalool content was
found at experiment number 2. The model is significant, according to the model's F-value of
67.08. This kind of huge F-value has a 0.01% probability of being caused by noise. For
linalool, the R2 and CV% values were, respectively, 0.98 and 5.95.
The results showed that analysis of variances Table 4 for linalool, among linear effects,
pressure, temperature and dynamic time had significant effect on linalool content (p<0.05) at
5% level Interaction effect of temperature and dynamic time, pressure and temperature,
pressure and dynamic time had significant effect on essential oil yield (p<0.05) at 5% level.
Quadratic effect of dynamic time and temperature had non-significant effect on (p<0.05) at
5% level whereas, effect of pressure had significant effect on linalool content.

Table 4 ANOVA Table for effect of SFE parameters on yield of linalool

Source Sum of Df Mean F-value p-value Significance
Squares Square
Model 3870.31 9 430.03 67.08 < 0.0001 Significant
A-Temperature 2138.64 1 2138.64 333.62 < 0.0001
B-Pressure 711.39 1 711.39 110.98 < 0.0001
C-Dynamic time 115.06 1 115.06 17.95 0.0017
AB 469.70 1 469.70 73.27 < 0.0001
AC 205.47 1 205.47 32.05 0.0002
BC 153.34 1 153.34 23.92 0.0006
A² 11.51 1 11.51 1.80 0.2099
B² 69.68 1 69.68 10.87 0.0081
C² 24.29 1 24.29 3.79 0.0802
Residual 64.10 10 6.41
Lack of Fit 48.27 5 9.65 3.05 0.1234 Non-significant
Pure Error 15.84 5 3.17

Table 5 Standard deviation and correlation coefficients

Std. Dev. 2.53 R² 0.9837
Mean 42.58 Adjusted R² 0.9690
C.V. % 5.95 Predicted R² 0.8993
Adeq Precision 36.3118

The response surface equation developed to predict the change in linalool with
varying levels of processing parameters is as under:
Linalool % = – 7.0426 - 0.366*P + 0.264*T + 1.760*D – 0.00510*P*T – 0.00145* P*D +
0.0112*T*D + 0.000503*P2 – 0.00909*T2 – 0.0033*D2… (4.10)
3.2. Numeric optimisation of the extraction conditions

The expected and experimental responses were displayed in table 6. SCFE process
parameters were optimized on the basis of extract yield and linalool content from the
optimized cryoground coriander seed powder. The suitable combination of temperature (X 1,
◦C), pressure (X2, bar) and dynamic time (X3, min) was calculated through actual
experimental results obtained and statistical analysis.

Table 6 Responses for supercritical fluid extraction at optimised conditions of X 1

(temperature)= 47ºC, X2 (pressure)= 100 bar and X3 (dynamic time) = 142 min.
Code Responses Predicted value Experimental value

Y1 Overall yield (%) 6.25 6.91

Y2 Linalool content (mg/100g) 7.191 7.749

The optimum processing conditions were chosen by considering both the quantity
and quality of the oil. Data was analysed using Design Expert software and optimization of
all the treatment combinations was carried out at a point having more desirability function.
The desirability ramp for maximum yield and maximum linalool content in CDSP extract
gave the optima with desirability value of 0.704 as shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 Optimized conditions for supercritical fluid extraction of cryoground dill seed
powder
4. CONCLUSIONS

The essential oil is used for various purposes in food and pharmaceutical industry. To extract
a large amount of high-quality essential oil, a super critical fluid extraction process was
employed. The effects of temperature (35, 50, and 65°C), pressure (100, 200, and 300 bar),
and dynamic time (90, 120 and 150 minutes) on the output of coriander essential oil, and its
bioactive compounds such as linalool content. Central composite design was used to
optimise supercritical fluid extraction. Optimized conditions for SFE of coriander essential
oil were 47°C temperature, 100 bar pressure, and 142 min dynamic time. Essential oil
extracted at optimized SFE condition had yield of 4.72% as compared to hydro distillation
extraction method 0.72%, and the bioactive components measured in mg/100g linalool
content 65.20.

Acknowledgement:

I want to sincerely thank everyone who helped to make this research feasible. I truly
appreciate their encouragement and support, without which it would not have been possible
to complete this study.
Funding Sources:

No particular funding or financial assistance was given to this research effort by any
governmental organisation, business, or other entity that might have had a stake in the study's
results.
Conflict of Interest:

Regarding the publishing of this research work, "Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction
on the phytochemicals stability of cryoground coriander seeds essential oil," the authors
indicate that don't have conflicts of interest.
Authors Contribution:

Vidushi Mehta: Conceptualized and designed the research, conducted data collection,
performed analysis. Dr. R. F. Sutar provided reviewed, consistent guidance and assisted for
interpretation.

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