Jahanzaib Faraz 22-CH-29 31-1-24

Experiment No. 02
Title:
Orifice and Jet Free Apparatus
Objective:
To determine the coefficient of velocity from the trajectory of jet of two small orifice.

Apparatus:
• Hydraulic Bench
• Orifice and Jet free apparatus
• Stopwatch (To measure time)
• Beaker (To measure volume)

Reagents:
• Water

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Theory:
An orifice is an opening, of any size or shape, in a pipe or at the bottom or side wall of a
container (water tank, reservoir, etc.), through which fluid is discharged. If the geometric
properties of the orifice and the inherent properties of the fluid are known, the orifice can be used
to measure flow rates. Flow measurement by an orifice is based on the application of Bernoulli’s
equation, which states that;
“A relationship exists between the pressure of the fluid and its velocity”.
The flow velocity calculated based on the Bernoulli’s equation should be corrected to include the
effects of energy loss and viscosity. Therefore, for accurate results, the coefficient of velocity
(Cv) should be calculated for an orifice. This experiment is being conducted to calibrate the
coefficients of the given orifices in the lab. The coefficient of velocity is necessary to accurately
predict flow rate from orifice
From the application of Bernoulli’s equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady
state, incompressible, frictionless flow) the ideal orifice out flow velocity at the jet vena
contracta (narrowest diameter) is:

vi = √𝟐𝒈𝒉

Where h is the height above the orifice.

The actual velocity is:

v = Cv√𝟐𝐠𝐡 Eq(1)

Where Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and therefore Cv
is always less than 1. Cv can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following
argument:
“Neglecting the effects of air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity can
be assumed to remain constant so that in time, t, and the horizontal distance travelled,
x = vt Eq (2)

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Because of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical Y-COMPONENT
of velocity. Hence after time t, the jet will have as y-displacement given as:
𝒕𝟐
y=g
𝟐

Rearranging the equation gives us:

𝐲
𝒕 = √𝟐 Eq (3)
𝐠

Now; substituting v from eq (1) and t from eq (3) into eq (2); and we get:

x = 2Cv√𝐲𝐡

Hence; for steady flow conditions, i.e. Constant h, Cv can be determined from x, y-coordinates of
the jet. A graph of x plotted against √yh will have a slope of 2Cv.

Working Principle:
The coefficient of velocity is determined by measuring the trajectory of a jet issuing fluid
from an orifice in the side of a reservoir under steady or unsteady flow conditions, i.e. a constant
reservoir head or a varying reservoir head.

Applications:
Orifices have many applications in engineering practice besides the metering of fluid
flow in pipes and reservoirs. Flow entering a culvert or storm drain inlet may act as orifice flow;
the bottom outlet of a dam is another example.

Procedure:
• Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will discharge into the volumetric tank,
make sure that tis tube will not interfere with trajectory of the jet flowing from the
orifice.
• Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rise in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water
level of 3 mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and produce a
steady state flow through the orifice.
• Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of head and determine the
volumetric flow rate using the measuring cylinder and stop watch.
• The jet trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to
follow the profile of jet.
• Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and move the needle until its points is
just immediately and re-tighten the screw.

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• Attach a sheet of paper to the back-board between the needle and board and secure it in
place with clump provided so that its upper edge is horizontal.
• Mark the location of the top of each needle on the paper. Note the horizontal from the
plan of the orifice (take as x = 0) to the coordinate point marking the position of first
needle.
• This first coordinate point should be close enough to the orifice to treat it as having the
value y= 0. The y-displacement are measured relative to this position.
• Estimate the likely experimental errors in each of the measure quantities.
• Repeat this test for a low reservoir head.
• Then repeat above procedure for the second orifice.
• Plot x vs. (yh)^0.5 and determine the slope of the graph.
• The velocity coefficient equal to average slope.

Precautions:
1. Personal safety:
a) Ensure proper working of Residual current circuit breaker (RCCB).
b) Wear laboratory coats and closed shoes in laboratory premises.
2. Equipment safety:
a) Ensure proper working of miniature circuit breakers (MCB).
b) Do not start the hydraulic bench without supply water.
c) Make sure that the screws of the orifice are tight enough.
d) Make sure there is no bend in the supply chain.

Observation and Calculation:

Table and Graphs:
Table 1

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Sr. Head Slope
Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
No. (m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.048
0.114 0.015 0.068
0.164 0.029 0.094
1 0.003 0.30 0.948
0.214 0.044 0.114
0.264 0.066 0.140
0.314 0.096 0.169
0.364 0.124 0.193

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Orifice 0.003m and Head 0.3m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.8959x - 0.0072
R² = 0.9905
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

Table 2

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head Slope
Sr. No. Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
(m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.052
0.114 0.015 0.073
0.164 0.029 0.101
2 0.003 0.35 0.878
0.214 0.044 0.124
0.264 0.066 0.152
0.314 0.096 0.183
0.364 0.124 0.208

Orifice 0.003m and Head 0.35m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.7553x - 0.0072
R² = 0.9905
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

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Table 3

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head Slope
Sr. No. Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
(m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.055
0.114 0.015 0.078
0.164 0.029 0.108
3 0.003 0.40 0.821
0.214 0.044 0.132
0.264 0.066 0.162
0.314 0.096 0.196
0.364 0.124 0.222

Orifice 0.003m and Head 0.4m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.6419x - 0.0072
R² = 0.9905
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

Table 4

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head Slope
Sr. No. Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
(m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.048
0.114 0.015 0.066
0.164 0.029 0.093
1 0.006 0.30 0.978
0.214 0.042 0.112
0.264 0.062 0.136
0.314 0.089 0.164
0.364 0.118 0.188

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Orifice 0.006m and Head 0.3m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.9569x - 0.0087
R² = 0.9888
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

Table 5

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head Slope
Sr. No. Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
(m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.052
0.114 0.015 0.071
0.164 0.029 0.101
2 0.006 0.35 0.906
0.214 0.042 0.121
0.264 0.062 0.147
0.314 0.089 0.177
0.364 0.118 0.203

Orifice 0.006m and Head 0.35m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.8117x - 0.0087
R² = 0.9888
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

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Table 6

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head Slope
Sr. No. Diameter Distance Distance Cv = slope/2
(m) (yh)^0.5
d(m) X(m) Y(m)
0.014 0.000 0.000
0.064 0.008 0.055
0.114 0.015 0.076
0.164 0.029 0.108
3 0.006 0.40 0.847
0.214 0.042 0.129
0.264 0.062 0.157
0.314 0.089 0.189
0.364 0.118 0.217

Orifice 0.006m and Head 0.4m

0.400
0.350 y = 1.6947x - 0.0087
R² = 0.9888
0.300
0.250
0.200
X(m)

0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-0.050
(yh)^0.5

Discussion on Results:
The coefficient of velocity is crucial in fluid mechanics as it helps in assessing the
efficiency and performance of fluid systems, particularly in practical engineering like hydraulic
engineering, fluid machinery design, etc.
Consisting in 3mm orifice Graphs:
The coefficient slopes given by 3mm orifice opening are in an increasing order. We have
obtained Cv (total) = 0.882.

• For h=0.30m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.948

• For h=0.35m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.878
• For h=0.40m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.821

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Consisting in 6mm orifice Graphs:

Similarly, we have obtained the following data in an increasing order and Cv (total) = 0.91.
• For h=0.30m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.978
• For h=0.35m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.906
• For h=0.40m, Cv = slope/2 = 0.847
Physical Significance:
The graphs revealed that larger orifice diameter tend to result in marginally higher values
of “Cv” than smaller orifice diameters. However, the effect was negligible and showed almost
similar results that would occur same in ideal case i.e.; with zero errors.
A larger orifice diameter likely leads to an increased velocity and momentum of jet; resulting in
higher Cv. This phenomenon could be attributed to the equation of continuity as well
understanding how orifice diameter influences Cv can help optimizing fluid systems for
performance betterment.

Conclusion:
The slope of graph for orifice diameter 6mm is comparatively higher than 3mm.
However, the difference is minute in slopes of both graphs. Thus, the graph demonstrated that
diameter of orifice does not greatly affect the trajectory of water flowing through it, unless or
until the diameter change is too big.

Reference:
• https://www.coursehero.com/file/82425737/Laboratory-Activity-No-7-
Orifice-and-Jet-Flow.pdf.
• https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-6/.

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