INTOLERANCE

CAUSES & SOLUTIONS

Group 5
 Group 5

1. Nguyễn Thị Thanh Dung

2. Phạm Minh Hải
3. Trương Thúy Hoa
4. Trần Thị Xuân Mai
5. Dương Quang Vinh
TOPIC OUTLINE
I. WHERE DOES
RACISM LIE, AND III. SOLUTIONS OF
WHO CAN BE INTOLERANCE
RACIST?

II. CAUSES OF
INTOLERANCE
 I. WHERE DOES
RACISM LIE, AND
WHO CAN BE
RACIST?
RACISM

“a form of prejudice that assumes that the members of racial

categories have distinctive characteristics and that these differences
result in some racial groups being inferior to others”

APA Dictionary of Psychology

1. IS RACISM AN ATTITUDE OR A
BEHAVIOR?

an attitude: Example: https://vtv.vn/kinh-te/nguoi-da-mau-

when someone thinks or kho-tim-viec-lam-tai-my-
feels that one racial group is 20140904220021617.htm
superior to another
-> lead to discriminatory
behaviors
1. IS RACISM AN ATTITUDE OR A
BEHAVIOR?

an attitude:
when someone thinks or
feels that one racial group is
superior to another
-> lead to discriminatory
behaviors
a behavior:
actions discriminate against
individuals or groups based
on their race
2. HOW OVERT DOES IT HAVE
TO BE TO BE “RACIST”?
It is currently considered politically wrong to publicly display racism or
sexism.
Instead, people conceal their attitudes through subtle wording or
nonverbal behaviors.
(Baldwin, 2014)
2. HOW OVERT DOES IT HAVE
TO BE TO BE “RACIST”?
Covert racism (subtle racism, everyday racism, modern racism)
“an intolerance that one still holds toward another person because of the
group to which the person belongs, but that is expressed in difficult-to-
notice ways”
(Baldwin, 2014)
Example: The stop-and-frisk policy in New York City

a practice of the New York City Police

Department (NYPD)
detain, question, and sometimes search
civilians and suspects on the street for
weapons and other contraband
known as the Terry stop
aim: deter crime
=> the stop-and-frisk
policy almost exclusively
targets Black men under
the guise of reducing
crime
 2. HOW OVERT DOES IT HAVE TO BE TO
BE “RACIST”?
Symbolic racism:
a coherent belief system that includes several key themes:
+ Blacks no longer face much prejudice or discrimination
+ Blacks’ failure to progress results from their unwillingness to work hard enough
+ Blacks make excessive demands
+ Blacks have gotten more than they deserve.
(Iresearchnet, 2016)
-> racist at the lowest level of openness.
3. SHOULD RACISM BE DETERMINED
BY INTENT OR RESULT?

Result is more important.

“Racism is not about the intent, it is about the result of a behaviour

no matter how innocent the intention”
(Maracle, 2017)
 3. SHOULD RACISM BE DETERMINED
BY INTENT OR RESULT?
Racism should be determined by result:
+ when people’s actions or words have a harmful effect on others,
such as perpetuating stereotypes or causing emotional harm
+ it encourages individuals to consider the potential impact of their
actions and to take responsibility for them
 4. IS RACISM INDIVIDUAL
INSTITUTINAL OR SOCIETAL
Core to the question of Racism is personal
who can be racist avoidance, dislike, or
(sexist,..) is whether mistreatment of a
racism is strictly based group coupled with
on individual thought
societal power.
and behaviour.
4. IS RACISM INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTINAL OR
SOCIETAL
Sexism, prejudice or discrimination based
on sex or gender, especially against
women and girls.
Sexism can be a belief that one sex is
superior to or more valuable than another
sex. (Thinking)
Such oppression usually takes the forms
of economic exploitation and social
domination (Behave)
 4. IS RACISM INDIVIDUAL
INSTITUTINAL OR SOCIETAL
Heterosexism (homophobia) is a system of images,
policies, and collective thought that privileges
heterosexual relationships and marginalizes or
disenfranchises those in homosexual relationships.
 4. IS RACISM INDIVIDUAL
INSTITUTINAL OR SOCIETAL
Example: In Western Europe, for example, Blacks cannot
be racist, and women cannot be sexist. The Black person
might have "racial prejudice," but it would not be called
racism.
“If a Black person engages in a behaviour that excludes
or treats Whites differently based on race, it would be
racist.”
(Miles, 1989)
II. CAUSES OF
INTOLERANCE
UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM:
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF INTOLERANCE
Using education as a solution to responses to intolerance

Example: The debate among educational authors between

"multicultural education" and "anti-racist" Education.

“This ignores intolerance built into

laws, organizational policies, and
media systems”
(Rattansi, 1992).
 1.BIOLOGICAL AND
INSTINCTUAL INFLUENCES
Instincts→ the desire to preserve one's gene pool
or one's own biological line (cultural preferences
for marrying within the group).
Instinct to fear what is different (e.g., xenophobia).
Some politicians used two methods to support
the idea that prejudice is natural to humans, then
use this as a reason not to fight against, use to
build policy.
 2. INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL INFLUENCES

The role of cognition in intolerance (stereotypical

beliefs about others or the belief that our group is
superior (ethnocentrism)).
Classify:
+ Categorizing people into in- and out-groups
+ Stereotypes and feelings of group superiority.
2. INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL INFLUENCES

Allport (1979) introduces many psychological

reasons (psychodynamic approach) - not liking
people from other groups.
3.1 IMMIGRATION
PATTERNS
Immigrants are less tolerated because of:

Their (potential) threat to the economy, the

labor market and welfare system in the selected
country.

Their (potential) threat to the culture which may

result in relevant and significant influence on the
selected country.
when asking 12,260 participants to give opinions
regarding two questions related to the effects of
immigration on the economy and cultural identity,
almost all countries individuals tend to be more
concerned about the economic consequences of
immigration which may reflect the perceived or
actual impact of immigrants on the labor market
and welfare system of receiving countries.

Matija Kovacic and Cristina Elisa Orso (2023)

Markus Freitag and Carolin Rapp (2013) when
investigating the Swiss people’s intolerance toward
immigrants also suggested that a Swiss person who
supports the political right and has a rather high level of
education will be very likely to select immigrants as an
objection-able group as opposed to any other group
(e.g., unemployed, drug addicts, homosexuals) or no
group at all, and that both economic and cultural threat
have a relevant and significant influence on selecting
immigrants as an objectionable group.

Markus Freitag and Carolin Rapp (2013)

3.2 COMPARATIVE
SOCIAL STATUS OF
GROUPS
Group-status threat occurs when the perceived
competence of the group is devalued. Group
members may also experience various forms of
social identity threats, one of which takes place
when the moral behaviour of their group is called
into question. (Naomi Ellemers, 2023)
STORYTIME
In the early XIX century imperial
Britain and the American continent
outlawed slavery and stopped
slave trade. Though the slaves
were freed, the racist myths
persisted, because two centuries of
slavery meant that most black
families were far poorer and far less
educated than most white families.
STORYTIME
When the Industrial Revolution
arrived and made the United States a
nation where rags could quickly turn
into riches, it was thought that money
would soon blur the sharp divide
between the races. But by 1865
whites, as well as many blacks, took it
to be a simple matter of fact that
blacks were less intelligent, more
violent and sexually dissolute, lazier
and less concerned about personal
cleanliness than whites.
STORYTIME
They were thus the agents of violence,
theft, rape and disease. These
prejudices became increasingly
entrenched as time went by. Since all
the best jobs were held by whites, it
became easier to believe that blacks
really are inferior.

=> blacks were not hired for white-

collar jobs because they were deemed
unintelligent, and the proof of their
inferiority was the paucity of blacks in
white-collar jobs.
3.3. LABOR FORCE
PROBLEMS:

A common example of how labor force problems

can cause intolerance between women and men is
the gender pay gap. The gender pay gap refers to
the disparity in earnings between women and men,
with women typically earning less for the same or
similar work. This wage inequality can contribute to
intolerance and gender-based discrimination in the
workplace and society at large.
3.4. PERMEABILITY OF
GROUP BOUNDARIES
The permeability of group boundaries, or how
easily individuals can move in and out of a
particular social group, can indeed influence social
intolerance at the group level. While permeable
group boundaries can promote inclusivity and
intergroup understanding, they can also give rise to
social intolerance under certain circumstances.
4. LEGAL-POLICY
INFLUENCES:
The permeability of group boundaries, or how
easily individuals can move in and out of a
particular social group, can indeed influence social
intolerance at the group level. While permeable
group boundaries can promote inclusivity and
intergroup understanding, they can also give rise to
social intolerance under certain circumstances.
STORYTIME: THE “JIM
CROW”LAWS
As anti-black stigmas grew stronger,
they were translated into a system of
‘Jim Crow’ laws and norms that were
meant to safeguard the racial order.
Blacks were forbidden to vote in
elections, to study in white schools, to
buy in white stores, to eat in white
restaurants, to sleep in white hotels.
The justification for all of this was that
blacks were foul, slothful and vicious,
so whites had to be protected from
them.
STORYTIME: THE “JIM
CROW”LAWS
Whites did not want to sleep in the
same hotel as blacks or to eat in the
same restaurant, for fear of diseases.
They did not want their children
learning in the same school as black
children, for fear of brutality and bad
influences. They did not want blacks
voting in elections, since blacks were
ignorant and immoral.
5. RHETORICAL AND
MEDIA INFLUENCES

Verbal and nonverbal behavior:

eye contact and word choice, might create

group-based mistreatment. For example,
some argue that there are many negative
names to call women in the U.S. American
society, most of which have some sexual
connotation, but much fewer such terms for
men.
5. RHETORICAL AND
MEDIA INFLUENCES
Rhetoric:

When the American people import slavery, they

don’t like to say that they keep slaves of a
certain race or origin simply because it’s
economically expedient. So, white Europeans in
the Americas wanted to be seen not only as
economically successful but also as pious, just
and objective.
5. RHETORICAL AND
MEDIA INFLUENCES
Rhetoric:

Religious and scientific myths were pressed into service

to justify this division.
Theologians argued that Africans descend from Ham, son
of Noah, saddled by his father with a curse that his
offspring would be slaves.
Biologists argued that blacks are less intelligent than
whites and their moral sense less developed.
Doctors alleged that blacks live in filth and spread
diseases – in other words, they are a source of pollution.
5. RHETORICAL AND
MEDIA INFLUENCES
Media:
In movies or TV shows, a specific ethnic group is consistently depicted as criminals or terrorists, reinforcing
stereotypes and fostering intolerance in the audience

Example:
After the World War II, the U.S. and the USSR devided and occupy Korea as a trusteeship temporarily to
help establish an independent government in a unified Korea. However, they failed to agree upon terms.
As a result, two parallel governments came into existence in the north and south.
5. RHETORICAL
AND MEDIA
INFLUENCES
Media:
With the backing of the communist USSR, North Korea viewed the U.S. as a replacement for Japan,
which was perceived as capitalist and imperialist and in complete opposition to communist
principles.

=> Anti-America propaganda was frequently used by North Korean to reinforce this conception.
Furthermore, This is consistently used by the authorities to maintain control and administration in the
country. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPCzxjiJ2NM
III. SOLUTIONS OF
INTOLERANCE
INDIVIDUAL - FOCUSED
INITIATIVES
Educators are instrumental in promoting
tolerance and peaceful coexistence
(Peterson, 2003)

create a tolerant environment help young

people respect and understand different
cultures
 Residents are committed to
collective goals of equality,
democracy, and peace. Living
side-by-side, Villagers govern
together, attend school
together, work together, and
play together, daily finding
connections across language,
culture, religion, and politics.

Neve Shalom or Wahat Al-Salam ("Oasis of Peace")

 CONTACT THEORY

the more time have equal status

people from groups work together on a task rather than
that do not like each competing against each other
other spend with have a shared goal
each other, the have communication with each other
better group have the opportunity to develop ongoing
relations will friendships
become have the support of an overseeing group
through intimate intergroup contact,
groups will base their opinions of one
another on personal experiences, which
can reduce prejudices
was reaffirmed in the book Intercultural
Communication in Everyday Life by
Balwin and his colleagues in 2014

positive contact with Black individuals

improved Whites’ affective reactions
towards Blacks, not change their
attitudes towards policy in combating
inequality, and have the unintended
effect
 COMMUNICATIVE SOLUTION
Communicative solutions focus on interpersonal
or mediated communication
(Peterson, 2003)

+Mediated communication: contacting via

technology device. Ex; emails, phone calls

+Interpersonal communication: relating to

communication between people
 COMMUNICATIVE SOLUTION

Political Correctness (PC):

+refer to language
+intended to give the least amount of offense
+especially when describing groups identified by
external markers such as race, gender, culture, or
sexual orientation
COMMUNICATIVE SOLUTION

Using language that includes others

(gender-neutral language)
=> more possibilities
METHOD
COMMUNICATIVE SOLUTION

Using language that includes others

(gender-neutral language)
=> more possibilities
METHOD

Using less patronizing speech when

talking to older or younger
COMMUNICATIVE SOLUTION

Become more responsible communicators

MEANING

Create a better speech

 STRUCTURAL AND POLICY SOLUTION

Structural and policy solutions are those which

typically call for some sort of social movement,
such as group-based protest.

RANGE: regional & national political decision

STRUCTURAL AND POLICY SOLUTION

Changing structures system of something

PURPOSE
Changing law system

Creating new structures or law

 STRUCTURAL AND POLICY SOLUTION

WARNING: Some countries, this solution is not

legal. Citizens must find others which are more
inclusive and tolerant
 References
1. APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). https://dictionary.apa.org/racism
2. The Bridge Initiative. (2020, June 5). FactSheet: NYPD STOP AND FRISK POLICY - Bridge Initiative.
Bridge Initiative.
https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-nypd-stop-and-frisk-policy/
3. Racial Biases within Stop and Frisk: The Product of Inherently Flawed Judicial Precedent - Ramapo
Journal of Law & Society. (2019, February 4). Ramapo Journal of Law & Society.
https://www.ramapo.edu/law-journal/thesis/racial-biases-within-stop-and-frisk-the-product-of-inherently-
flawed-judicial-precedent/
4. My P. (2014, September 4). Người da màu khó tìm việc làm tại Mỹ. BAO DIEN TU VTV.
https://vtv.vn/kinh-te/nguoi-da-mau-kho-tim-viec-lam-tai-my-20140904220021617.htm
5. Lee, J. (n.d.). Charts: Are the NYPD’s Stop-and-Frisks violating the Constitution? Mother Jones.
https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/04/new-york-nypd-stop-frisk-lawsuit-trial-charts/
6. Symbolic racism - iResearchNet. Psychology.
https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/prejudice/symbolic-racism/
7. Baldwin, J. R. (2014). Intercultural communication for everyday life. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB14820262
8. Intention — Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre. (n.d.). Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre.
https://www.aclrc.com/intention
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