Ans:1) Steps involved in Sulfite process

 Washing raw materials.

 Debarking.
 Chipping raw materials.
 Digesters (semi continuous).
 Blow tank.
 Pulp washer.
 Blending (screens).
 Filtering.
 Washing.
 Thickening.
 Re-washing and re-thickening.
 Drying.
 Pulp storage.
 # Flow chart of Sulfite process

Wood logs Cooking liquor

Raw
Chipping and (Digester)
materials Debarking
Screening Mg(OH)2 or NaOH
(Soft and
hard woods)
Separate undigested woods
Bleeding Blow tank
Washing Filtering
(Screens)

Brown liquor to recovery.

Bleaching Re-washing and Drying

Thickening re-thickening

Pulp storage
 Hard wood
storage Evaporator
Sulphur+ H2O
Soft wood
storage
Burner
Digester Digester
Semi strong
Combustion liquor (25%)
chamber

Cooler and fan Fermenters Fermenters

Blow tank Scrubber

SO2
Absorption
tower Pulp

(NH4HSO3 Thune press and Weak red liquor Evaporator

+ knotters (12%)
H2O)

Washers Strong Liquor(50%)

Fortify tower

Bleach plant
Liquid lignin
Lignin powder
Dryer

Pulp
Storage
 Fig-2 : Flow diagram of Sulfite process.

Ans:3) Describe the production process for

sulfite chemical pulping process.
Raw materials:
1. Soft wood or strong wood.
2. Spruce.
3. Balsam.
4. Hemlock.
Non-fibrous raw materials:
 Cooking chemicals (Mg,Na,Ca)
 Bases - Mg(OH)2,NH4OH.
 Bleaching agents-H2O2,Cl2,Cl2O.
Cooking conditions:
1. Time-6 to 12 hrs
2. Temperature-125 to 180
3. Pressure – 620 to 755 kpa
Chemical reaction:

1. Sulphonation and solubilizing of lignin with bi-

sulphite-
RC:CR’ + Ca(HSO3) (RCHCR’SO3)Ca
2. Preparation of cooking liquor:
 S + O2 = SO2
2SO2+ H2O+ MgCO3 = Mg(HSO3)
2SO2 + Mg(OH)2 = Mg(HSO3)
Or, SO2 + H2O+ NH3 = NH3HSO3
DEBARKING
A debarker machine used to slice or dispel bark from logs
before processing. It is the process of removing barks from
the timber woods and size the logs on the site of the
lumbering operation. Then shift the pulp chips and logs to
their respective processing facilities.

CHIPPING
In this process, a chipper is a machine used which turning
debarked woods into suitable woodchips. The objective is to
crack chips along the grain, improving the penetration of
cooking liquor for efficient delignification.
FILTERING
It is the process of separating large wood chips from small
wood chips. The more uniform chip and higher yields result in
fewer cooks for the same amount of pulp. A screen is used to
filter and separate different sizes of raw and different sizes of
raw and crushed rock
WASHING
It is the application of water for getting the fiber. Pulp
washers are essential to fiber line performance as the pulp
needs to be washed at almost all stages of the process. The
washing result at one stage affects all the subsequent stages.
BURNER
Heating the burner, the Sulphur is melted as usual and then fed
to this burner for oxidation.

Absorption tower
The Sulphur dioxide is obtained from combustion chamber
enters the absorption chamber after cooling. The gas produced
is then cooled by heat exchangers and a water spray and then
goes to the scrubber containing bases chemical such as
Magnesium,Sodium and ammonium.These are used for
environmental reasons as well as improved the pulp.

DIGESTION
It is the process of extracting lignin from wood chips.
Digestion is carried out under a high temperature and pressure
in either batch and continuous process in the presence
sulphurous acid\bisulphities cooking liquid . Pulp digester is
used for extracting lignin from wood chips in order to get only
the fiber needed for the production of pulp.

Blow tank
A blow tank is an atmosphere cyclone where heat is recovered
as a steam and lower the temperature of the pulp slurry.This
will obtained red liquor (sulphite liquor) which sent to a plant for
recovery of heat and chemicals from blow tank.
. Scrubber
Magnesium oxide is recycled from scrubber(H2O) to give a
slurry of Mg(OH)2. This Mg(OH)2 is then used another scrubber
to absorb SO2 .Scrubber is used for purification ,separation
and dissolving.
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Mg(OH)2 + 2SO2 Mg(HSO3)

BLECHING
It is the process of stirring the mixture and commonly used
together with filtering while constantly spinning. Hydrapulpers,
used mainly for handling waste paper, are fitted with special
devices for removing unwanted contraries such as wire, plastic,
paper clips etc.

FILTERING AND WASHING

It is the process of getting the pulp by passing a pair of
filtering and washing through a system of rollers. Filtering and
washing are used to get the pulp, which is then transported to
the rollers to flatten it for storage. The pulp product here is
commonly used for paper.
 Ans:4) Steps involved recovery of chemicals from
black liquor in Kraft process.

 Black liquor (15-18% solids).

 Six effect evaporator system.
 Cottrell precipitator.
 Disc evaporator (48-54%).
 Mix tanks (60-65%).
 Boiler furnace.
 Dissolved tank.
 Clarifier (Green liquor).
 Washing tank.
 Causticizing tank.
 Clarifier.
 White liquor storage.
 Digesters.
# Flow chart recovery of chemicals from black
liquor in Kraft process.

Black liquor Six effect Cottrell Disc evaporator

(15-18%) evaporator
precipitator (48-54%)
system.

Preheated air
Clarifier Dissolved Boiler furnace Mix tanks
(green tank (60-65%)
liquor)
Lime and steam
Washing tank to White liquor
Causticizing tank Clarifier
waste sludge storage