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𝐵𝐶
PHYSICS 𝑎=
𝐴𝐶
5 MARKS
1) Motion in a straight line(Q. 39) 𝑣−𝑢
𝟏 𝑎=
Derivation of 𝒙 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 by graphical 𝑡

method: 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
Squaring on both sides we get,
𝑣 2 = (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡)2

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑡 2 + 2𝑢𝑎𝑡

On dividing and multiplying by 2 for the

term 𝑎2 𝑡 2 in the above equation we get,
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑎𝑡 + 2 𝑎2 𝑡 2
In the above v-t graph, 1
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎(𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 )
AO = DC = u is the initial velocity of the
body, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑥
BD = v is the final velocity of the body,
BC = (v-u) is the change in velocity in Motion in a plane(Q. 40)
time interval t. 3) To show that the path traced by the
Let ‘a’ be the uniform acceleration and ‘x’ projectile is a parabola:
be the displacement of the body. In the figure,
We have, Displacement = Area under the O is the point of
v-t curve AB projection,
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷 + u is the velocity
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝐵 of projection,
1 𝜃 is the angle of
𝑥 = [𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐷] + [𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵𝐶]
2 projection,
1
𝑥 = [𝑡 × 𝑢] + 2
[𝑡 × (𝑣 − 𝑢)] usinθ is the component of u along the
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 +
1
[𝑡(𝑎𝑡)] [∵ 𝑣 − 𝑢 = vertical,
2 ucosθ is the component of u along the
𝑎𝑡] horizontal.
Let x be the horizontal distance covered
1
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 by the body in time t.

For horizontal uniform motion, we have

2) Derive 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 by graphical 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑢 …….…. (1)
method: 𝑥
But ux = ucosθ
𝑥
∴ (1) ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ……………….. (2)

Let y be the vertical distance covered by

the body in time t. the body is moving
upward against gravity and hence
motion is accelerated motion.
In the v-t graph, For vertical upward motion, we have
1
AO = DC = u is the initial velocity of the ℎ = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 …………………… (3)
body, But h = y, uy = usinθ
BD = v is the final velocity of the body, 1
∴ (3) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 …………… (4)
BC = (v-u) is the change in velocity in 2
𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
time interval t. (2) in (4) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 2 (𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Let ‘a’ be the uniform acceleration and ‘x’
be the displacement of the body. 𝑔𝑥 2
The acceleration of the body is equal to 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 . 𝑥 − 2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 …… (5)
the slope of the v-t curve AB.
𝑔
𝑎 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝐵 Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = a and 2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
=b
(5) ⇒
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥 2
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usinθ is the component of u along the
vertical,
The above equation represents a ucosθ is the component of u along the
parabola. Hence, the path traced by the horizontal.
projectile is a parabola. R is the range of the projectile.
Derive an expression for (a) Time of flight Horizontal motion is uniform motion. For
(b) Maximum height (c) Horizontal range uniform motion we have,
𝑥 𝑥
4) Derive an Expression for maximum 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑢 ………………. (1)
height: 𝑥
For horizontal motion, ux = ucosθ, x = R
In the figure,
and t = T = time of flight
O is the point
of projection,
(1) ⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑇
u is the
velocity of 2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
projection, 𝑅 = 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 𝑔
𝜃 is the angle
of projection, 2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑢2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
But 𝑇= ∴𝑅=
usinθ is the 𝑔 𝑔
component of u along the vertical, [∵ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃]
ucosθ is the component of u along the
horizontal. 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅=
H is the maximum height. 𝑔

For vertical upward motion we have, Work, Energy and Power (Q. 41)
𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑢𝑦2 − 2𝑔ℎ ……….. (1) 6) State and prove Law of
conservation of mechanical energy
At the point of projection, initial velocity, for a free falling body:
uy = usinθ ‘The total mechanical energy of an
isolated system remains constant.’
At highest point in the vertical direction,
final velocity, 𝑣𝑦 = 0 Consider a body of mass m
dropped from A at a height
h above
Vertical distance travelled, h =
the ground.
H=Maximum height
At point A:
∴ (1) ⇒ 0 = (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − 2𝑔𝐻
From the law of
conservation of energy,
2𝑔𝐻 = 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 Total energy of the body,
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑇𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝐻= 1
𝑇𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 2 𝑚𝑣𝐴2
2𝑔
𝑇𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 0
5) Derive an Expression for (∵ 𝑣𝐴 = 0)
horizontal range: 𝑇𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ …………. (1)

At point B:
As the body falls, its PE decreases
but KE increases.
Let vB be the velocity of the body at the
point B and x is the distance travelled
from A to B.
TE = PE + KE
1
TE = mg(h − x) + 2 mvB2 …..(2)
In the figure,
O is the point of projection, Using the equation,
u is the velocity of projection, v 2 = u2 + 2ax for the motion from A to B,
𝜃 is the angle of projection, we get vB2 = 0 + 2gx = 2gx
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1
(2) ⇒ TE = mg(h − x) + mgx + 2
m × 2gx
(3) 𝑚1 (𝑢12 −𝑣12 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣22 −𝑢22 )
TE = mgh − mgx + mgx ⇒ =
(2) 𝑚1 (𝑢1 −𝑣1 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2 −𝑢2 )
TE = mgh ………….. (3)
(𝑢12 −𝑣12 ) (𝑣22 −𝑢22 )
At point C: =
(𝑢1 −𝑣1 ) (𝑣2 −𝑢2 )
Let vc be the velocity of the body at the
point C and h be the distance travelled (𝑢1 +𝑣1 )(𝑢1 −𝑣1 )
=
(𝑣2 +𝑢2 )(𝑣2 −𝑢2 )
from A to C. (𝑢1 −𝑣1 ) (𝑣2 −𝑢2 )

TE = PE + KE
1 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
TE = 0 + 2 mvC2 ……………… (4)
𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ………
Using the equation, (4)
v 2 = u2 + 2ax for the motion from A to C,
we get vC2 = 0 + 2gh = 2gh (4) in (1) ⇒
1
(4) ⇒ TE = 0 + m × 2gh 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) + 𝑚2 𝑣2
2
TE = mgh …………………… (5)
From equations (1), (3) and (5), it is 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣2 + 𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑢1 +
found that the total energy of the body 𝑚2 𝑣2
remains constant at all points in the
path of the body. Thus, the law of 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣2 +
conservation of energy is verified. 𝑚2 𝑣2

7) Derive an expression for final 2𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 (𝑚2 − 𝑚1 ) = 𝑣2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

velocities of two bodies during
2𝑚1 𝑢1 +𝑢2 (𝑚2 −𝑚1 )
perfectly elastic collision in one 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )
……………..
dimension: (5)

Interconvert suffixes in (5), we get,

2𝑚 𝑢 +𝑢 (𝑚 −𝑚 )
𝑣1 = 2 2 1 1 2 …………....
(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )
(6)

8) Derive an expression for final

Consider two bodies A and B of masses velocity and loss of kinetic energy of
m1 and m2 respectively moving in a two bodies during perfectly inelastic
straight line with initial velocities u 1 and collision in one dimension:
u2 respectively before collision. Let v1 and
v2 be their final velocities after the
collision.
Assume m1 >m2 and u1 > u2 .

From the law of conservation of

momentum,
Momentum of the system before collision Consider two bodies A and B of masses
= momentum of the system after collision m1 and m2 respectively as shown in the
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2……….. (1) figure below.
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 Let the body A moving in a straight line
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) …… (2) with an initial velocity u1 collides with
From the law of conservation of energy, the body B at rest (u2 = 0). After the
KE of the system before collision, the two bodies move together
collision = KE of the system after with a common velocity v in the same
collision direction.
1 1 1 1
𝑚 𝑢2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22
2 1 1
Expression for common velocity of the
𝑚1 𝑢12 − 𝑚1 𝑣22 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 two bodies:
In the case of inelastic collision,
𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 ) ……. (3) momentum is conserved.
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From the law of conservation of Thus, range is maximum at an angle of
momentum, 45°
Momentum of the system before collision
= Momentum of the system after collision 2) What is meant by maximum height
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚1 0 = 𝑚1 𝑉 + 𝑚2 𝑉 of a projectile? Give the expression
𝑚1 𝑢1 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑉 for the same. What is the angle of
𝑚 𝑢
𝑉 = (𝑚 1+𝑚1 ) projection for which the height of a
1 2
projectile maximum?
The object's maximum height is the
Expression for loss of kinetic energy:
highest vertical position along its
In the case of inelastic collision, kinetic
trajectory.
energy is not conserved. Some KE is lost 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
in other forms of energies i.e. KE before 𝐻=
2𝑔
collision is greater than KE after To attain maximum height, angle of
collision. projection is 90°.
∴ Loss in KE = KE of the system
before collision - KE of the system after 3) Derive an Expression for time of
collision flight:
1 1
∆𝐾 = 2 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 0 − 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2

𝑚1 𝑢 1
But 𝑉=
(𝑚1 +𝑚2 )

1 1 𝑚1 𝑢 1 2
∴ ∆𝐾 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) ( )
2 2 (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )

In the
1 𝑚12 𝑢12
∆𝐾 = [𝑚1 𝑢12 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) ( 2 )] figure,
2 (𝑚 1 +𝑚2 )
O is the point of projection,
1 𝑚12 𝑢12 u is the velocity of projection,
∆𝐾 = 2 [𝑚1 𝑢12 − ((𝑚 )] 𝜃 is the angle of projection,
1 +𝑚2 )
usinθ is the component of u along the
∆𝐾 =
1
𝑚 𝑢2 (1 −
𝑚1
) vertical,
2 1 1 𝑚1 +𝑚2 ucosθ is the component of u along the
1 𝑚1 +𝑚2 −𝑚1
horizontal.
∆𝐾 = 2 𝑚1 𝑢12 ( ) Let T be the time of flight of the
𝑚1 +𝑚2
projectile.
1
1
∆𝐾 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 (
𝑚2
) 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 2
2 𝑚1 +𝑚2
y = 0 for t = T = time of flight,
1 𝑚 𝑚 1
∆𝐾 = 2 (𝑚 2+𝑚1 ) 𝑢12 0 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑇 − 𝑔𝑇 2
1 2 2
1
3 MARKS 𝑔𝑇 2 = (𝑢 sin 𝜃)𝑇
2

Motion in a plane (Q. 30) 𝑇=

2 𝑢 sin 𝜃
1) What is meant by range of a 𝑔
projectile? Give the expression for the
same. What is the angle of projection Laws of motion (Q. 31)
for which the range of a projectile 4) State Newton’s laws of motion.
maximum? Newton’s first law of motion:
It is the maximum horizontal distance Statement: “This law states that every
travelled by the projectile from the point body continues in its state of rest or of
of projection. uniform motion in a straight line unless
𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 it is compelled by some external force to
𝑅=
𝑔 change that state.”
Range is maximum, when sin2θ = 1 i.e. Newton’s second law of motion:
2θ = 90° ⇒ θ = 45°
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Statement: “It states that the rate of
change of momentum of a body is Where, k is the constant of
directly proportional to the external force proportionality. (k = 1)
applied on the body and the change
takes place in the direction of the applied Substituting (1) in (2),
force.” 𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝐹 = 𝑑𝑡
Newton’s third law of motion: 𝑑𝑣
Statement: “To every action, there is 𝐹=𝑚 𝑑𝑡
always an equal and opposite reaction.” But,
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 = acceleration of the body
𝑑𝑡

5) Write any three Methods to reduce F = ma

friction:
Definition of 1 newton
By polishing
Force is said to be 1 newton when body
Lubrication
of mass 1kg moves with an acceleration
Streamlining
of 1𝑚𝑠 −2 .
6) State and explain Newton’s second
Work energy and power (Q. 32)
law of motion. Define SI unit of force.
6) When does work done is (i) + ve (ii) –
Statement: “It states that the rate of
ve (iii) zero.
change of momentum of a body is
(i) Work done by the force is said to be
directly proportional to the external force
positive, if the applied force and the
applied on the body and the change
displacement are in the same direction.
takes place in the direction of the applied
Examples:
force.”
When a body falls freely under gravity,
Derivation of F = ma using Newton’s
work done by gravity is positive.
second law:
(ii) Work done by the force is said to be
Let m be the constant mass of a body
negative, if the force and the
moving with a velocity v in a straight
displacement are in the opposite
line.
direction.
Examples:
The momentum of a body is given by,
When a body slides against a rough
Conservative Force Non-conservative horizontal surface, its displacement is
Force opposite to the force of friction. So, work
1 Work done by this Work done by this done is negative
force depends on force depends on (iii) Work done is zero when the force and
the initial and final the path followed by displacement are perpendicular to each
positions of the the body. other.
body. Examples:
For a body moving in a circular path, the
2 Work done in Work done in a
centripetal force and displacement are
round trip is zero. round trip is not
perpendicular to each other. So, the
zero.
work done by the centripetal force is
3 Work done is Work done is not
zero.
completely recoverable.
recoverable.
7) Write differences between
4 It is central in It is retarding in
conservative forces and non-
nature. nature.
conservative forces:
p = mv ……….. (1)

𝑑𝑝 9) State and prove Work energy

Let 𝑑𝑡 is the rate of change of
momentum of the body when a constant
force F acts on the body.
From Newton’s second law,
𝑑𝑝
𝐹 ∝ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝
𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 ……….. (2)
theorem:
Statement: “The work done by the net
force acting on a body is equal to the
change in kinetic energy of the body.”
Work energy theorem for a constant
force:
Consider a body of mass m moving with
an initial velocity u along a straight line.
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Let F be a constant force that acts on the permanent on removal of stress. Then
body in the same direction. Let v be the the wire is said to be acquired
final velocity of the body after covering a permanent set. Therefore in the region
distance x. AB Hooke’s law is not obeyed. The
We have equation of motion, portion OB of the graph is called elastic
v 2 = u2 + 2as region and the point B is called elastic
or v 2 − u2 = 2as limit or yield point. Up to point B the
Multiplying both sides of the equation elastic forces of the material are
m
by 2 , we get, conservative.
1 m (iii) Beyond B the material exhibits
2
m(v 2 − u2 ) = 2 2ax plastic behaviour that is in the region BC
1 1
mv 2 − 2 mu2 = max the material continues to elongate even
2
for small increase in stress. If the load is
By Newton’s second law, ma = F, the removed at any point C, the wire does
applied force. not come back to its original length.
Therefore, (iv) If the material is wire, beyond C a
1 1 wire elongates even if the longitudinal
mv 2 − mu2 = max
2 2 stress is not applied. Finally the wire
breaks at point D called breaking point
1 1
2
mv 2 − 2 mu2 = Fs = W or fracture point of the wire.

Kf − Ki = W 10) Distinguish between the three

Change in KE of the body = Work done
on the body by the net force.
This proves the work energy theorem for
a constant force.
Mechanical properties of solids (Q. 34)
9) Explain stress strain curve:
different moduli of elasticity of a
material
Young’s modulus (𝚼): The modulus of
elasticity of length.It is the ratio of tensile
stress to the longitudinal strain within elastic
limit
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹 𝐿
Υ = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 ∆𝐿

Bulk modulus (B): The modulus of elasticity

of volume. It is the ratio of hydraulic stress to
the hydraulic strain within elastic limit.
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹 𝑉
B = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 ∆𝑉

Shear modulus (modulus of rigidity)

The modulus of elasticity of Shape.It is the
ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding
shearing strain.
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹 𝐿
G = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 ∆𝑥
(i) When the stress is zero strain is also
Thermal properties of matter(Q. 36)
zero.
10) Derive the relationship between
When the stress is gradually increasing,
Coefficient of Cubical expansion and
strain also increases linearly up to the
absolute temperature for an ideal gas
certain point A, called proportional limit.
at constant pressure:
Therefore, in the region OA Hooke’s law
is obeyed. Within its region the body
For an ideal gas, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 … . (𝑖)
regains its original state on removal of
At constant pressure, 𝑃∆𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇. . (𝑖𝑖)
stress in this region the wire is perfectly
elastic.
Dividing (ii) by (i) we get,
(ii) Beyond A, the strain increases rapidly ∆𝑉 ∆𝑇
up to B. In the region AB the strain is 𝑉
= 𝑇
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∆𝑉
=
1 14) Define Reflectance, Absorptance
𝑉 ∆𝑇 𝑇
and Transmittance:
1 Reflectance: It is defined as the ratio of
𝛾=𝑇 the amount of thermal energy reflected
by a body in a certain time to the total
Hence, for an ideal gas the coefficient of amount of thermal energy falling upon
Volume expansion decreases with the body in the same time.
increase in temperature. 𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑟 = 𝑄
11) Explain Anomalous expansion of Absorptance: It is defined as the ratio of
water: the amount of thermal energy absorbed
Almost all liquids expand on heating but by a body in a certain time to the total
water behaves in a peculiar manner. amount of thermal energy incident upon
When water at 0℃ is heated, its volume the body in the same time.
𝐴
decreases and therefore, density 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎 = 𝑄
increases until its temperature reaches Transmittance: It is defined as the ratio
4℃. Above 4℃, the volume increases and of the amount of the thermal energy
therefore, density decreases. Thus, water transmitted by a body in a certain tie to
at 4℃ has the maximum density. Fig (a) the total amount of thermal radiation
shows the variation of volume of 1kg of incident on it in the same time.
water as the temperature increases from 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡 =
𝑇
0℃ to 100℃. Fig (b) sows the variation of 𝑄
density of water with temperature from WAVES(Q NO. 38)
0℃ to 10℃. 15) Write Differences between
progressive waves and stationary
waves:

Progressive Stationary waves

waves
1. It is produced It is produced due
due to the to the super
continuous position of two
vibrations of identical waves
particles in a travelling in
medium. opposite direction.
2. It transports It does not
energy. transport energy.
3. It travels with It is localized.
Fig (a) Fig (b) finite velocity.
12) Define a) conduction 4. The amplitude The amplitude is
b) convection of all the different for
c) radiation vibrating different particles.
Conduction: It is a process in which particles is It is zero at nodes
heat is transmitted from one part of the same. and maximum at
body to another at a lower temperature antinodes.
through molecular collisions without any
actual flow of matter. 5. No particles are Particles at the
Convection: It is the process by which permanently at nodes are
heat flows from the region of higher rest. permanently at
temperature to a region of lower rest.
temperature by the actual movement of 6. It represented It is represented
the material particles. by by
Radiation: It is the process by which 𝑦 𝑦 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝑘𝑥
heat is transmitted from one place to = 𝑎 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
another without heating the intervening
medium.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
16) Define (i) frequency and (ii) 21. Express the value in scientific notation
wavelength of a wave. Give an 0.00053.
example for non-mechanical wave.
Frequency: It is the number of waves Three mark questions:
produced per unit time in the given 1. Write any three postulates of Dalton’s atomic
medium. Wavelength:
It is the distance between two theory.
consecutive particles which are in phase. 2. Calculate the mass of Mg required to
Example: light waves completely react with 250 cm³ of 0.1 M HCl.
Given: Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
************* (Atomic Mass of Mg = 24)
3. 100 cm³ of HCl solution completely
CHEMISTRY neutralizes 25 cm³ of 0.1 M NaOH. Calculate
the mass of HCl present in 100 cm³ of the
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY given solution.
CHAPTER: 01 SOME BASIC 4. Calculate the mole fraction of C2H5OH in the
CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY solution containing 20g of C2H5OH and 100 g
of H2O.
One mark questions:
5. An organic compound contains 40 % carbon,
1. State law of definite proportions. 6.7 % hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. If the
2. State law of multiple proportions. molecular mass of the compound is 60,
3. How many significant figures are in 0.2500 g? determine the molecular formula.
4. If the mass of one molecule of H2O is 18 6. An organic compound contains 85.6 % carbon
a.m.u. What is the mass of one mole of H2O and 14.4 % hydrogen. The molecular mass of
molecules? the compound is 28. Find the molecular
5. What is limiting reagent in a reaction? formula of the compound.
6. State the law of Conservation of mass. 7. A hydrocarbon contains 20 % of hydrogen. If
7. What volume of O2 is produced by its molecular mass is 30. Calculate its
decomposition of 1 litre of “10 volume” H2O2 molecular formula.
at STP? 8. A compound contains 4.07 % of hydrogen,
8. Define mole fraction. 24.27 % carbon, 71.65 % of chlorine. Its
9. Define molarity of a solution. molecular mass is 98.96. Calculate the
10. What is the mass percentage of Carbon in empirical and molecular formulae.
methane? 9. A compound gave on analysis the following
11. Express 9.8 g of H2SO4 in mole. percentage composition, K=26.27% (Atomic
12. What mass of CaCO3 is to be decomposed to mass of K=39), Cr=35.36 % (Atomic mass of
obtain 4.4 g of CO2 in the following reaction? Cr=52) and O=38.07 % (Atomic mass of O
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 =16). Determine the empirical formula of the
13. State Avogadro’s law. compound.
14. How many atoms of hydrogen are present in 1
mole of H2O? CHAPTER: 02 STRUCTURE OF
15. What is Avogadro number? ATOM
16. Define mole.
One mark questions:
17. What is the S.I unit of luminous intensity?
18. Define atomic mass unit. 1. Name the fundamental particle of an atom that
19. Express 0.00085 in scientific notation. has highest value of e/m.
20. How many significant figures are in 0.0028?
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE
2. How do isotopes of an element differ from
one another?
3. The electronic configuration of Chromium is
[Ar]3d⁵4s¹ and not [Ar]3d⁴4s².Explain.
4. State Pauli's exclusion principle.
5. Write the electronic configuration of
phosphorous (At. No=15)
6. What is atomic number?
7. Write the relationship between wave length
and wave number?
8. The atomic number of chromium is 24.
Mention the number of valence electrons in
the atom.
9. Write the electronic configuration of
potassium (Z=19)
10. Write the electronic configuration of copper
(Z=29)
11. Write the electronic configuration of
chromium (Z=24)
12. What is the possible values of I when n = 4?
13. Name the sub shell with n=4 and l=2.
14. State Aufbau principle.
15. Write Schrodinger equation.
16. What is the charge on an electron?
17. What is photo electric effect?
18. Name the orbital when n=3 and l=2.
19. Give de Broglie equation.
Three mark questions:
1. For the element with the At. No:-24
(a) Write electronic configuration.
(b)Write the value of n and l for its electron in
the valence shell.
(c) How many unpaired e⁻ s are present in it?
2. Write any three postulates of Bohr’s atomic
model.
3. Explain the formation of line spectrum of
hydrogen based on Bohr’s atomic theory.
Write the energy level diagram for Lyman and
Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.
4. Explain the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
5. Explain the significance of the four quantum
numbers. Wave number of first line in Balmer
series of hydrogen spectrum (R=1.096x107 m-
1
) 18.
9900084667
OR
Mention the significance of (i) Principal
quantum number (i) Azimuthal quantum
number (i) Magnetic quantum number (i) Spin
quantum number.
OR
Name the four quantum number and mention
what they indicate.
6. Calculate the energy of one mole of photons
of radiations whose frequency is 5 x 1014 Hz.
7. Give the shape of s,p,d and f –orbitals and
write the electronic configuration of Cu+.
CHAPTER: 03 THERMODYNAMICS
One mark questions:
1. What is the change in internal energy of a
system if 10 J of heat is supplied to it and 15
J of work is done by it?
2. Give the relationship between molecular
mass and density of a gas.
3. Define standard enthalpy of vapourisation.
4. Write the thermo chemical equation for
vapourisation of ethanol (C2H5OH).
5. What is a spontaneous process?
6. Give a chemical reaction for which ΔH=ΔU.
7. Between CO and CO2, which diffuses faster?
8. Define enthalpy of formation.
9. Define enthalpy of solution.
10. What is the relationship between ΔH and ΔU
for the reaction PCl2(g) PCl3 (g) +
Cl2(g) ?
11. Write the mathematical form of first law of
thermodynamics.
12. If the enthalpy of formation of two
compounds A and Bare -85 kJ and -163 kJ
respectively, which one is more stable?
13. State first law of thermodynamics. OR State
law of conservation of energy.
14. What is adiabatic system?
15. State Hess's law. OR State II law of
thermochemistry.
16. How is ∆H related to ∆U?
17. State Lavosier- Laplace law.
Define entropy.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE
19. Give an example for a spontaneous process.
20. Define Lattice enthalpy.
21. What is the change in entropy when ice melts
to give water?
22. In the equation 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l)
ΔH = -571.6 kJ. What is the enthalpy of
formation of water molecule?
23. Name the apparatus used in the measurement
of internal energy (ΔU) of a reaction.
24. Define standard molar enthalpy of
vapourisation.
25. Whether internal energy is extensive property
or intensive property.
Two mark questions:
1. For Cl2(g) 2Cl(g).assign the signs for
ΔH and ΔS.
2. What are isothermal and adiabatic processes?
3. State 2nd law of thermodynamics. Give the
relation that relates Gibbs free energy with
entropy and enthalpy of a system.
4. Classify the following physical quantities
into extensive and intensive properties.Mass,
density, temperature, heat capacity
5. Define entropy. What happens to entropy
when ice melts to liquid water?
6. What are extensive properties? Give an
example.
7. Why heat of neutralisation of strong acid by
strong base is always a constant i.e. -57.3 kJ.
8. Give the differences between isolated system
and adiabatic system.
9. What are thermo chemical equations? Write
thermo chemical equation for combustion of
ethyl alcohol.
10. Explain standard enthalpy of combustion
with an example.
11. What is exothermic reaction? Give an
example.
12. Give one example each for extensive and
intensive properties.
13. What is isolated system? Give an example.
14. Define the term enthalpy of combustion.
15. Write Gibbs–Helmholtz equation. Explain
the terms involved in it.
9900084667
Three mark questions:
1. For the oxidation of iron 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)
2 Fe2O3(s) entropy and enthalpy
changes at 298 K are -549.4 J K-1 mol-1 and -
1648×103 J mol-1 respectively. Calculate the
free energy change for the reaction. Predict
whether the reaction is spontaneous at the
same temperature.
2. Equilibrium constant of a reaction is 0.008.
Calculate the free energy change at 298 K
(R=8.314 J K-1 mol-1)
3. Define lattice enthalpy. Write born Haber
cycle for the lattice enthalpy of NaCl.
4. State and illustrate Hess’s law of constant heat
of summation.
5. How is ΔU measured calorimetrically?
6. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of C2H6(g)
given the enthalpy of combustion of
C2H4(g),H2(g) as -140 kJmol-1, -1550 kJmol-1 and
-286 kJmol-1 respectively.
7. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of C6H6
given the enthalpy of combustion of carbon (s),
hydrogen(g) ,benzene(l) are -393.5 kJ, -285.83
kJ and -3267.0 kJ respectively.
8. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
methanol (CH3OH(l)) given the enthalpies of
formation of CH3OH(l) , CO2(g), H2O(l), are -239
kJ,-393.5 kJ and -286 kJ respectively.
9. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of Acetic
acid from the following data.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g);
∆H = - 393.5 kJ
H2 (g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l);
∆H = -285.8 kJ
CH3COOH (l) + 2 O2(g) 2 CO2(g)
+3H2O(l) ; ∆H = - 873 kJ
10. Calculate the heat of formation or CS2; given
that the heat of combustion of carbon, Sulphur
and CS2 are -394.6 kJ, -298.7 kJ, and-1109 kJ
respectively.
11. Enthalpies of combustion of carbon, hydrogen
and methane are - 394 kJ, - 286.0 kJ and - 892
kJ respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of
formation of methane.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
12. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of ethane 16. Write the relationship between solubility and
(C2H6), from ethene (C2H4), from the solubility product of AB type of salt.
following data. 17. What is the pH value of 10-2 M HCl?
C2H4 (g) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); 18. What is heterogeneous equilibrium?
∆H = - 140 kJ 19. What is the geometry of Hydronium ion?
C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3H2O(l); 20. What is the conjugate acid of NH3?
∆H =-1550 kJ 21. Write the conjugate base of HCO3-.
H2 (g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l); 22. Give mathematical equation for Ostwald’s
∆H =- 286 kJ dilution law.
13. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of acetic 23. Give the Kp expression for the equation H2
acid .Given enthalpy of combustion of acetic (g)+ I2(g) 2HI(g).
acid -867 kJmol-1. Enthalpy of formation of 24. What is Hydronium ion?
CO2(g) and H2O(l) are -393.5 kJmol-1 and 285.9 Two mark questions:
kJmol-1 respectively.
1. What are buffer solutions? Give an example
14. Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
for an acidic buffer.
benzene given the standard enthalpies of
2. What is meant by conjugate acid-base pair?
CO2(g), H2O(l), benzene(l) are -393.5 kJ, -286.2
Write the conjugate acids for CN- and H2O.
kJ and + 49 kJ respectively.
3. What is heterogenous equilibrium? Give
example.
CHAPTER: 04 EQUILIBRIUM 4. An aqueous solution of sodium acetate has
One mark questions: pH greater than 7. Explain with equation.
5. What is common ion effect? Give an
1. Write the expression for KC for the
example.
equilibrium N2 (g)+3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
OR
2. Chemical equilibrium is dynamic. Give Explain common ion effect with an example.
reasons. 6. What happens to the pH of a solution of
3. What is the effect of a catalyst on the acetic acid when some sodium acetate is
equilibrium of a reversible reaction. dissolved in it? Explain.
4. The value of ionic product of water at 7. What happens to the pH of water when solid
298K is 1x10-14. What is its [H+]? NH4Cl is dissolved in it and why?
5. An aqueous solution of NH4Cl is acidic. Give 8. Derive pH + pOH = 14.
reason. 9. Define ionic product of water.
6. H- is a Lewis base. Give reason. 10. Explain how equilibrium constant (Kc) helps
7. Give the relationship between Kp and Kc for
in predicting the direction of the reaction.
the equilibrium.N2(g)+3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 11. Explain the following briefly (a) common ion
8. State Le-Chatelier‘s principle. effect (b) Solubility product.
9. Give the relationship between Kp and Kc. 12. What are Lewis acids give an example?
10. What is the unit of rate of a reaction? 13. Define acids and base according to Lewis
11. State law of mass action. theory with an example.
12. Give an example for a reaction in which Kp
Three mark questions:
=Kc.
13. Give the unit of rate of a reaction. 1. Using Le-Chatelier’s principle explain the
14. Give one example for solid and vapour effect of a) Addition of CH4 b) Addition of
equilibrium. CS2 c) Removal of S2 d) Removal of H2S
15. What is a buffer solution? on the equilibrium
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE
CH4(g)+2S2(g) CS2(g)+2H2S(g)
2. What is a Brownsted- Lowry acid? Identify
the two conjugate acid-base pairs in the following.
NH3+HCl NH+4+Cl-
3. Calculate KC for the following equilibrium
2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g) given equilibrium
concentrations of SO2, O2 and SO3 are
0.3M,0.41M and 1.45M respectively. What
happens to the above equilibrium if
a) SO2 is added b) O2 is removed.
4. Calculate the pOH of a solution obtained
when 0.05mol NH4Cl is added and dissolved
in 0.025M ammonia solution Kb for Ammonia
is 1.77x10-5.
5. Discuss the effect of pressure using
LeChatelier’s Principle on the equilibrium,
SO2 (g) + 2O2(g) 2SO3(g); ∆H= - QkJ
6. Derive an equation for dissociation constant
of a weak acid.
7. What is a Brownsted- Lowry base? Identify
the two conjugate acid-base pairs in the following.
NH3+HCl NH+4+Cl-
8. Degree of ionisation of 0.1M bromoaceticacid
is 0.132; Calculate the pH of the solution and
pKa of Bromoaceticacid.
9. State Le-Chatelier‘s principle. What is the
effect of temperature on the equilibrium
2NO2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H= - 57.2kJ.
10. State Le-Chatelier‘s principle. Write the Kc
for the reaction Fe3+(aq)+ SCN- (aq)
Fe(SCN)(aq).
11. State Le-Chatelier‘s principle. What is the
effect of change in temperature on the
equilibrium?
12. Give any three characteristics of chemical
equilibrium.
13. Give any three characteristics of equilibrium
constant (kc or kP).
14. Calculate ionisation constant Kb and pKb .
Given that, the pH of 0.004M hydrazine
solution is 9.7.
15. Derive ionic product of water and give its
value at 250C.
9900084667
CHAPTER: 05 CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN
PROPERTIES
One mark questions:
1. How does atomic radius vary down a group in
the periodic table?
2. Arrange the following in the decreasing order
of their ionic radius N-3, Mg2+, Na+,O2-.
3. What are representative elements?
4. Name the element having highest value of
electron gain enthalpy.
5. On what parameter do the elements are
classified in the modern periodic table?
OR
What is the basis for classification of elements
in the modern periodic table?
6. State modern periodic law.
7. State Mendeleev periodic law.
8. Name the species or ion that is isoelectronic
with Mg2+ ion.
9. Among N3-, O2-, F-, Na+ which is the smallest
ion?
10. Among Na+ ion and Na atom, which is
smaller? Why?
11. Which of these isoelectronic species Al3+ or
Mg2+ has lower size?
12. In which period the lanthanide appears?
13. Name the most electronegative element.
Two mark questions:
1. What are isoelectronic species? Select
isoelectronic pair among the following: Na+ , Cl- ,
F- , Li+
2. Why do group 1 metals have 1st ionization
energy than corresponding group 2 metals.
3. Size of Na+ ion is smaller than Na .give reason.
OR why size of a cation is smaller than its parent
atom.
4. Which of the following species are
isoelectronic with Ne? (At. No. -10) N3-, Na+,
Al3+, Ar, Rb and F.
5. What are isoelectronic ions? Which among
the following are isoelectronic species? Na+,
K+, Mg+2, Al3+,Ar, F-
6. Define electron affinity. How does it vary
along a period?
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
7. Define ionic radius. Arrange the following 9. At what temperature water has maximum
ions in the increasing order of their size Mg+2, density.
Na+, F-,Al3+. 10. At what temperature does water has
8. Define ionisation energy. How does it vary maximum density?
along a period? 11. Give one example of a molecule containing
9. "Second ionisation energy is always greater co-ordinate bond.
than the first" Give reason. OR Why I.E2> 12. What type of hydrogen bonding is present in
I.E1? o-nitro phenol?
10. "Electron affinity increases across the period" 13. What type of hydrogen bonding is present in
Explain. p-nitro phenol?
Three mark questions: 14. Define Lattice energy?
1. How does metallic and non-metallic character 15. Define dipole moment?
vary along a period and down a group? Give 16. Give reason why NH3 is pyramidal shape?
17. Give reason why H2O is bent shape?
reasons.
18. Define bond order.
2. Define electronegativity of an element. How
19. Define bond order.
does it vary along a period and down a group 20. Why He2 does not exist? OR Why Helium
in the periodic table? molecule is not stable?
3. Define electron gain enthalpy. How does 21. Define bonding molecular orbital.
electron gain enthalpy vary along a period and 22. Define lattice energy.
down a group? 23. Which is stronger among σ and π- bonds?
Two mark questions:
4. Define atomic radius. How does atomic radius
1. Mention any two conditions for the linear
vary along a period and down a group in the
combination of atomic orbitals.
periodic table? 2. Write the electronic configuration of C2
CHAPTER: 06 CHEMICAL BONDING molecule. What is its magnetic property?
AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 3. Distinguish between sigma and pi bonds. OR
One mark questions: Give differences between sigma bond and pi
bond.
1. Write the two
4. Give any two differences between bonding
resonance/canonical/contributing structures of O3.
and antibonding molecular orbitals.
2. A molecule X1/4 has four bond pairs and 2
5. Show that He2 molecule does not exist.
lone pairs of e- for its central atom. Predict the
6. Lithium molecule has 4 electrons in bonding
shape of the molecule.
molecular orbital and 2 electrons in anti bonding
3. How many valence e- are present around
molecular orbital. Write the configuration and
phosphorous in PCl5?
calculate the bond order of lithium molecule.
4. Between O2 and O2- .which one has higher
7. What is hydrogen bonding? Sketch the
bond order?
hydrogen bonding in liquid HF.
5. H2+ and H2- have same bond order but H2+ is
8. Mention the type of H-bond in following
more stable than H2- why?
compounds a) water b) o-nitro phenol.
6. What type of orbital over enthalpy results in a
9. With respect to the formation of ethane
π- bond formation?
molecule mention
7. Between H2S and H2O, H2O is more polar,
a) Hybridization of carbon b) number of
why?
sigma bonds in the molecule.
8. How many number π- bonds are present in
Acetylene?
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE
10. Explain why BF3 molecule has zero dipole
moment although the B-F bonds are polar.
11. What is a dipole moment? Predict the shape
of water molecule, when M = 1.87D
12. What is Co-ordinate bond? Explain the
formation of ammonium ion.
13. Give the postulates of VSEPR theory.
14. Explain hydrogen bonding.
15. Write electronic configuration of Li2
molecule.
16. Mention any two limitations of octet rule.
17. Why shape of ammonia is pyramidal but that
of water is bent?
18. Define bond order. Write the electronic
configuration of Li2 molecule.
19. Write Lewis electron dot structure of carbon
dioxide and nitrogen molecule.
20. Based on dipole moment, explain the shape of
BeCl2.
Three mark questions:
1. Explain the formation of methane molecule
on the basis of hybridisation.
2. Describe LCAO method for the formation of
molecule orbitals of hydrogen molecule. Write the
energy level diagram for these orbitals.
3. Explain the shape of NH3 molecule using
VSEPR theory.
4. Account for the shape of H2O molecule using
VSEPR theory.
5. What is the shape and hybridisation of in
NH3?
6. Mention any three postulates of molecular
orbital theory.
7. Write any three important features of valence
bond theory.
8. Give any three postulates of VSEPR theory.
9. Write the electronic configuration, energy
level diagram for the molecular orbitals of O2
molecule.
Calculate bond order and give reason why O2 -
molecule is paramagnetic? OR Write electronic
configuration of O2 molecule and molecular
orbital diagram of that molecule. Calculate the
bond order and predict its magnetic nature.
9900084667
10. Write electronic configuration of carbon
molecule and molecular orbital diagram of
that molecule. Calculate the bond order and
predict its magnetic nature.
11. Write electronic configuration of nitrogen
molecule and molecular orbital diagram of
that molecule. Calculate the bond order and
predict its magnetic nature.
12. Explain the formation of SF6 molecule based
valence bond theory and write the geometry of SF6
molecule.
13. Define the terms. a) Bond order b) bond
length c) bond enthalpy.
14. What is lattice energy? Explain the calculation of
lattice energy of NaCl crystal using Born - Haber
Cycle.
15. What is hybridisation? Explain sp2
hybridisation with a suitable example.
16. What is dipole moment? CO2 has zero dipole
moment but H2O has a net dipole moment
explain.
17. Explain sp hybridization in acetylene.
18. Explain sp3 hybridization with an example.
OR Explain sp3 hybridization in methane.
19. Explain sp2 hybridization in ethene.
20. Explain sp2 hybridization by taking BCl3 as an
example. Give the orbital picture.
21. Describe any three salient features of
hybridisation.
22. Write the electronic configuration of diatomic
helium molecule. Calculate its bond order.
23. What is covalent bond? Explain the formation
of covalent in hydrogen chloride.
24. Define dipole moment? Write the
mathematical expression in terms of coulomb.
25. Write the electronic configuration of H2
molecule. Calculate its bond order.
CHAPTER: 07 REDOX REACTIONS
One mark questions:
1. Calculate the oxidation number of Oxygen in
H2O2.
2. What is the redox reaction in 2 H2O2
2H2O+O2.
3. Calculate the oxidation number of nitrogen in
HNO3
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
4. Define oxidation using oxidation number. Cr2O72- + Fe2+ Cr3+ + Fe3+ [In acidic
5. What is the oxidation number of Cl in HClO3? medium]
6. What is the oxidation number of Cr in CrO42-? 6. Balance the redox reaction by oxidation
7. What is the oxidation number of oxygen in number method.
hydrogen peroxide? MnO42- + Br- MnO2 + BrO3- [In basic
8. Calculate the oxidation number of S in SO32-. medium]
9. Name the compound in which the oxidation CHAPTER: 08 SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES
number of oxygen is +1. AND TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIC
10. What happens to oxidation number of an CHEMISTRY
element during oxidation?
One mark questions:
11. Mention the oxidation number of Mn in
KMnO4. 1. Give an example for a heterocyclic
12. Mention the oxidation number of Cr in compound.
K2Cr2O7. 2. What is catenation?
Two mark questions: 3. What type of structural isomerism is shown
1. Balance the following redox reaction using by the pair of but-1-yne and but-2-yne?
oxidation number method. SO2 + H2S S+ 4. Write the functional group of i) aldehyde
H2O. ii)ketone.
2. What is oxidation number? What is the 5. Mention one use of chromatography.
OH
oxidation number of Cl in KClO3?
3. Write separate equations for the oxidation and
6. Give the IUPAC name for
reduction reactions occurring in the following
7. Write the bond line diagram of 2-methyl 1
reaction 2Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2.
pentane.
4. What is the average oxidation number of: a)
8. Write the bond line structure of 4-methyl
Fe in Fe3O4, b) O in OF2?
pentan-1-ol.
5. What is redox reaction? Give an example.
9. Name the method by which halogen present in
6. Fe Fe2+ + 2e- is this oxidation or
an organic compound is estimated.
reduction.
10. What is inductive effect?
Three mark questions:
11. Which one of the following shows maximum
1. Balance the following equation by oxidation hyper conjugation
number method : 12. Suggest a suitable method to separate sugar
Cr2O72- + SO32- Cr3+ + SO42- [In and salt from an aqueous solution.
acidic medium] 13. Name the element estimated by Kjeldahl’s
2. Assigning the oxidation number, balance the method.
following equation. 14. Give the structural formula of 4 - Chloro, 2 –
Zn + HNO3 Zn (NO3)2 + N2O+H2O. Pentene.
15. Write the IUPAC name of
3. Balance the following equation by oxidation CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CHO
number method. Fe +2 + MnO4 - Fe+3
OH
+ Mn+2 16. Write the IUPAC name of
4. Balance the following equation by oxidation CH3 CH CH CH3
number method. MnO2+HCl MnCl2 17. Write the position isomer of
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 OH
+ Cl2
18. Give the IUPAC name of
5. Balance the following equation by half
CH3 CH CH CH2OH
reaction method : 19. Write the possible isomers of C2H6O.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
20. What is a functional group? 9. Mention the differences between fractional
21. What is a homologous series? distillation and steam distillation.
22. Give the functional isomer of 10. Write the IUPAC name of the following
methoxymethane. compounds.
23. Give the functional isomer of acetone.
24. Give the functional isomer of propanoic acid. a) b)
25. Which effect involves the displacement of CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3
electron pair under the influence of an CH 3
attacking reagent?
11. Write the IUPAC name of the following
26. Indicate the sigma and pi bonds in the
compounds.
molecule CH2=C=CH2.
a) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2. b)
27. Mention one use of chromatography.
CH 3
28. Name the method used to separate the liquids
with smaller difference in boiling points. CH 3 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
29. Mention the elements that are detected by CH 3
using Lassaigne’s extract.
12. Explain position isomerism with suitable
30. Write the resonance structure of benzene.
example.
31. Write the bond line formula of CH3-CH2-
13. Explain chain isomerism, with an example.
CH(OH)-CH3.
14. Explain functional isomerism, with an
32. Write the structure of 1,2-dibromobenzene.
example.
33. Give one use of ethene.
15. What is isomerism? Give example for chain
34. What is chromatography?
isomerism.
Two mark questions: 16. With a suitable example explain position
isomerism.
1. Write the principle involved in column 17. Give any four characterstics of homologous
chromatography. series.
2. What is meant by hetero cyclic clevage of 18. Write the structures of the following
bond? compounds:
3. Catagorise the following molecules or ions as i) 1-chloro-2-propanal ii) 4-methyl-pent-2-
nucleophiles or electrophiles: BF3, NH3, Cl+ and yne
OH-. 19. Write the IUPAC name of the following
4. Write any two differences between resonance compounds
effect and electromeric effect. i) CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3
5. How is the presence carbon and hydrogen
CH2
detected by copper oxide method?
C2H5
OR Explain the copper oxide test for
detection of carbon and hydrogen. ii) CH3 CH2 C CH3

6. How sulphur is detected using sodium fusion CH3

extract of the given organic compound?
7. 0.1g of an organic compound gives 0.008g of
AgBr. Calculate the percentage of bromine in the
organic compound.
8. Give justification ,catogorise the following
species as nucleophile or electrophile a) SO3 b)
C2H5O-
20. What are electrophiles? Give one example.
21. Define electromeric effect with an example.
22. How do you detect sulphur using Lassaigne’s
extract?
23. Write any two differences between inductive
effect and electromeric effect.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE
24. In sulphur estimation 0.157g of organic
compound gave 0.4813g of barium sulphate.
Calculate the percentage of sulphur in the
compound.
25. How is ethyne prepared from calcium
carbide?
26. Write the structures of the following
compounds:
i) pent-3-yn-2-ol ii) 3-methyl-butan-2-one
Three mark questions:
1. Draw a neat labeled diagram and give the
calculations involved in the estimation of
nitrogen in an organic compound by Duma’s
method.
2. Draw a neat labeled diagram and give the
calculations involved in the estimation of
nitrogen in an organic compound by
Kjeldhal’s method.
3. With a neat labeled diagram, describe the
estimation of carbon and hydrogen in an organic
compound.
4. Describe the estimation of halogen in an
organic compound by Carius method.
5. Describe the estimation of sulphur in an
organic compound by Carius method.
6. Give the brief classification of aromatic
compounds by mentioning the example for each
class.
7. What type of structural isomerism is exhibited
by the propanone and propanal pair? Write their
structures and identify.
8. Write a short note on thin layer
chromatography (TLC).
9. In the compound CH2=CH2.
(i) Identify the hybridisation of each C-atom.
(ii) How many σ and π bonds are there?
(iii) Whether the compound is saturated or
unsaturated.
CHAPTER: 09 HYDROCARBONS
One mark questions:
1. Name the reagent used for
dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes.
9900084667
2. Name the product obtained when benzene is
hydrogenated in presence of heated nickel
catalyst.
3. Write the resonance hybrid structure of
Benzene.
4. Write the staggered conformation of ethane.
5. Between toluene and Nitrobenzene which is
more reactive towards nitration.
6. Draw the cis and trans structures of
CHBr=CHBr.
7. Trans-2-Butene has higher melting point than
Cis-2-butene. Why?
8. Mention the catalyst used in Friedel Craft’s
reaction.
9. What is Zeigler Natta catalyst?
10. What is Lindlar’s catalyst?
11. What are free radicals?
12. Give Wurtz reaction for preparation of butane.
13. Why are alkenes are reactive in nature?
14. In which reaction Lindlar’s catalyst is used?
15. Draw the eclipsed conformation of ethane.
16. Name the organic product obtained when
sodium benzoate is treated with soda lime?
17. Among staggered form and eclipsed form,
which one is more stable?
18. Mention the formula of Huckel rule.
Two mark questions:
1. How is n-butane obtained from bromoethane?
Write the equation.
2. How is ethyne (acetylene) converted to
benzene? Write the equation.
3. How is ethane prepared from ethene?
4. Name the chief product obtained when benzene
is heated with conc. H2SO4.Give equation.
5. How do you convert benzene to benzene hexa
chloride (BHC)?
6. Give two tests to distinguish between alkanes
and alkenes.
7. Naphthalene is an aromatic compound. Justify
the statement using Huckel’s rule.
8. Explain Friedel Crafts acylation with an
example.
9. Give equations for the reaction that occurs
when
a) Ethyne is treated with Baeyer’s reagent.
BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
b) Ethyne is treated with sodium metal in the 5. Explain the mechanism of Friedel craft’s
ratio 1:2. alkylation of benzene.
11. State Markownikoff’s rule. Explain with an 6. Explain the mechanism of Friedel craft’s
example. acylation of benzene.
12. State Anti-Markownikoff’s rule. Explain with 7. Give equation for each of the following
an example. reactions.
13. Give any two uses of acetylene. a) Water is dropped on calcium chloride.
14. Mention the following with respect to b) Hydrogen bromide is added to propene in
structure of ethene. presence of peroxide.
a) Nature of hybridisation of carbon atom. c) Phenol is heated with zinc dust.
b) Number of bonds and their types. d) Benzene is treated with chlorine in presence of
15. Why acetylenic hydrogen is acidic in nature? FeCl3.
16. Write the Newmen projections of eclipsed and 8. Between –NO2 and –Br, which one of these is a
staggered conformations of ethane. meta directing group? Write equation for the
17. What is the action of cold water on calcium conversion of benzene in to p-
carbide? Give equation. Bromonitrobenzene.
18. What is pyrolysis? Give example. 9. Discuss the mechanism of addition of HBr to
10. Explain the preparation of alkane by Kolbe’s propene.
electrolytic method. OR Explain Kolbe’s MATHEMATICS
electrolysis method of preparation of ethane from
RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS (Q.No. 43)
sodium acetate with equation. OR How is ethane
prepared from sodium acetate by electrolytic 1)Define modulus function. Write its
method? domain and range. Draw the graph of
19. Explain Wurtz reaction with an example. it.
20. Draw cis and trans isomers of the following Sol: A function f : R → R is defined by
compounds: (i) CHCl=CHCl (ii) C2H5CH3
+𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
C=C CH3 C2H5 f(x) = |x| = {
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
21. Write a note on geometrical isomerism in 2-
butene. Domain = R Range = [ 0, ∞)
22. Explain addition of hydrogen to benzene. Graph :
23. State the following briefly (i) Dihedral angle
X -2 -1 0 1 2
(ii) Huckel rule of aromaticity.
f(x) 2 1 0 1 2
24. Mention the conditions for aromaticity.
25. How methane is obtained from
decarboxylation reaction?
26. What happens when chlorine is treated with
ethene in presence of CCl4. Give equation?
Three mark questions:
1. Explain the mechanism for chlorination of xx
methane.
2. Explain the mechanism of chlorination of
benzene.
3. Explain the mechanism of sulphonation of
2) Define Signum function. Write its
benzene.
domain and range. Draw the graph of
4. Explain the mechanism of nitration of benzene. it.
 BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
Sol: A function f : R → R is defined by

+ 1, 𝑥 > 0
f(x) = { 0, 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑥 < 0

Domain = R ; Range = { -1, 0, 1} 1. 4. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
= 𝟏. (Q.No. 48)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Graph : 2. Sol: Consider a unit circle with
centre O. Mark A and C such
X -2 -1 0 1 2
that ∠ AOC = xc. Draw tangent
f(x) -1 -1 0 1 1
at A which meets OC produced
at B. Join CA and draw
CD⏊OA.

From the fig.,

Area of ∆ OAC < Area of sector OAC < Area of
∆ OAB
1 1 1
2
𝑂𝐴. 𝐶𝐷 < 2 𝑟 2 𝑥 𝑐 < 2 𝑂𝐴. 𝐴𝐵

CD < x < AB (since r = 1)……(i)

𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
From ∆ COD, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = = = 𝐶𝐷
𝑂𝐶 1
3) Define Greatest integer function. 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
Write its domain and range. Draw In ∆ OAB 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = = = 𝐴𝐵
𝑂𝐴 1
the graph of it.
Substitute AB and CD in (i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 < 𝑥 < 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Sol: A function f : R → R is defined by 𝑥 1
Divide by sin x, 1 < <
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
f(x) = [ x ] ≤ x, where x is the greatest
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
integer Taking reciprocal 1 > > 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥

Domain = R Range = Z Taking limit as 𝑥 → 0,

Graph : 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim 1 ≥ lim ≥ lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
X -2.1 -1 0 1.9 2.3
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
f(x) -3 -1 0 1 2 By sandwich theorem, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
= 𝟏.
𝒙→𝟎

5) State and prove Binomial theorem. OR Prove that for every positive integer (Q.No.46)

(a+ b)n = nC0anb0 + nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2 + ………. nCna0bn, a, b 𝜖 R, n 𝜖 N

Proof: p(n) : (a+ b)n = nC0anb0 + nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2 + ……………. nCna0bn

 BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
Step 1: For n=1,

L.H.S (a + b)1 = a + b
R.H.S = 1C0a1b0 + 1C1a0b1 = a + b

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S, p(1) is true

Step2: Assume that p(k) is true

i.e. (a+ b)k = kC0akb0 + kC1ak-1b1 + kC2ak-2b2 + ……. kCka0bk…(i)

Step 3: We have to prove that p(k + 1) is true

T.P: (a+ b)k+1 = k+1C ak+1b0

0 + k+1C akb1
1

+ k+1C2ak-1b2 + ………. k+1Ck+1a0bk+1

Proof: Multiply (a + b) on both side of (i)

(a+ b)k(a + b)=(a + b) ( kC0akb0 + kC1ak-1b1 + kC2ak-2b2 + ……………. kCka0bk)

(a+ b)k + 1 = kC0ak+1b0 + kC1akb1 + kC2ak-1b2 + ……+ kCkabk + kC0akb1 + kC1ak-1b2 + kC2ak-2b3 +

………+ kCka0bk + 1

= kC0ak+1b0 +( kC1 + K C0 )akb1 +( kC2 + k C1 )ak-1b2 + …………. ( kCk + k C k -1 )a1bk +

kCka0bk + 1

w.k.t kC0 =1= k+1C0 , kCk = 1 = k+1Ck+1 and kCr + kCr-1 = k + 1Cr

(a+ b)k+1 = k+1C0ak+1b0 + k+1C1akb1 + k+1C2ak-1b2 + ……………. k+1Ck+1a0bk+1

Step 4: p(1) is true, p(k) is true ⇒ p(k+1) is true.

∴ by PMI p(n) is true.

6) Derive the formula to find the

distance of a point P(x1, y1) from the 1
line Ax + By + C = 0. (Q.No.47) Area of triangle PQR = × 𝑃𝑀 × 𝑄𝑅 ,
2

2(𝐴𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅)
Draw a perpendicular PM from the point P to ∴ 𝑃𝑀 = ………….(1)
𝑄𝑅
the line L. If the line meets the x-and y-axes
at the points Q and R, respectively. Then, Area of triangle PQR =
1 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
|𝑥1 (0 + ) + (− ) (− − 𝑦1 ) + 0(𝑦1 − 0)|
2 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
1 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶2
= 2 |𝑥1 (𝐵) + 𝑦1 (𝐴) + 𝐴𝐵|

𝐶
= 2(𝐴𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅) = |𝐴𝐵| |𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶|

𝐶 𝐶 2 𝐶 2
Q R = √(0 + 𝐴) + (𝐵 − 0) = |𝐴𝐵| √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝐶
coordinates of the points are 𝑄 (− 𝐴 , 0) and Substituing the values of area of triangle
𝐶 PQR and QR in (1) we get,
and 𝑅 (0, − ). Thus, the area of the triangle
𝐵
PQR is given by
 BRIKS ACADEMY I PUC PASSING PACKAGE 9900084667
|𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶|
𝑃𝑀 =
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
6 MARKS QUESTION (Q.No. 51)

1) Derive cos (x + y) = cosx + cosy – sinx siny. Hence deduce cos2x = 2cos2 x – 1.

(a) Consider a unit circle with centre O. Mark P1, P2, P3, P4 on
circle such that ∠ P4OP1 = x,
∠ P1OP2 = y such that ∠ P4OP2 = x + y,
∠ P4OP3 = -y. The coordinates are as shown in the fig.,

By geometry ∆ P1OP3 ≃ ∆P2OP4

∴ P2P4 = P1P3

√(cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 1)2 + (sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = √(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)2

cos2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1 − 2 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑦 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + sin2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑦 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

1 + 1 − 2 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 1 + 1 − 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)

−2 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = −2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚

Deduction: Put x = y in the above formula

cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥

= cos2 𝑥 − (1 − cos 2 𝑥) = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 .

4 MARK QUESTION (Q.No.52) 8

= 9[9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 to term]
1. Find the sum of the sequence 7, 77, 777, 8
= [(10 -1) + (100 - 1) + (1000 - 1) ……..n terms]
7777, ... to n terms. 9

8
Solution: = 9[(10 -1) + (102 - 1) + (103 - 1) ……..n terms]

Sn = 7 + 77 + 777 + 7777 + ... to n terms 8

= 9[10 + 102 + 103 ..n terms - (1 + 1 +1 +1
7
= 9[9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 to term] +……..n terms]
8 10(10𝑛 −1) 8 10(10𝑛 −1)
7
= 9[(10 -1) + (100 - 1) + (1000 - 1) ….n terms] = 9[ 10−1
− 𝑛] = 9 [ 9
]

7 Other Expected questions:

= [(10 -1) + (102 - 1) + (103 - 1) ..n terms]
9
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
7
= 9[10 + 102 + 103 ..n terms - (1 + 1 +1 +1
5)If U = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6 , A = 2,3 , B = 3, 4,5 .
+……..n terms]
7 10(10𝑛 −1) 7 10(10𝑛 −1)
Verify ( A  B ) = A  B .
= [ 10−1 − 𝑛] = [ ]
6) If f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = 2 x + 1 be two
9 9 9 2

2. Find the sum of the sequence 8, 88, 888,

8888, ... to n terms. functions, find (i) ( f + g )( x ) (ii) ( f − g )( x )

Solution: Sn = 8 + 88 + 888 + 8888 + ... to n (iii) ( fg )( x ) .

terms
8) Let R = {( x, y ) : y = x + 1} f : R → R and
g : R → R defined by f ( x) = x + 1, g ( x) = 2 x − 3
f 
Find (i )( f + g )( x), (ii )( f − g )( x), (iii )   ( x) .
g
9) If U = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9 , A = 2, 4,6,8 and
B = 2,3,5,7 . Verify that ( A  B ) = A  B .
16) 19) Are the points
A(3, 6,9), B(10, 20,30) and (25, −41,5) the
vertices of a right angled triangle.
13) Show that
(−1, 2,1), (1, −2,5), (4, −7,8) and (2, −3, 4) are the
vertices of a parallelogram.

1 + 3i 14) Find the derivative of sinx with respect

10) Express in the form a + ib .
1 − 2i to x using first principle.

7) Express
(3 + 2i )(3 − 2i ) in the form
15) Find the derivative of cosx with respect
to x using first principle.
(5 + 2i ) − (5 − 2i)
a + ib .
a + ib
8) If x + iy = prove that
c + id
a 2 + b2
x2 + y 2 = .
c2 + d 2

a + ib
9) If x − iy = prove that
c + id
a 2 + b2
x +y = 2
2 2
.
c + d2

11) The marks obtained by a student of class XI

in first and second terminal examinations are 62
and 48, respectively. Find the minimum narks he
should get in the annual examination to have an
average of at least 60 marks.

12) Find all pairs of consecutive even positive

numbers both of which are larger than 5 such
that sum is less than 23.

13) Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive

integers both of which are smaller than 10 such
that their sum is more than 11.
14) Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive
integers both of which are larger than 10 such
that their sum is less than 40.
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