First Year B. Tech.

Course: Engineering Physics

Dr. Ashish B. Itolikar
 Unit-II
MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Introduction
Magnetic dipole moment
Magnetization-Magnetic
susceptibility and permeability
Classification of Magnetic materials
Weiss theory of ferromagnetism
Hysteresis-soft and hard magnetic
materials
Magnetic Material Applications
MAGNETISM
MAGNETIC DIPOLES

_
- +
S N

Magnetic dipole and B field

Electric dipole and E field
Although they look the same, they are different kinds of
fields. E fields affect any charge in the vicinity, but a
B field only affects moving charges. As with charges,
opposite poles attract and like poles repel.

Magnetic Monopoles
are not exist
WHAT IS MAGNETIZATION
When solid is placed in magnetic field, it gets
magnetized. The magnetic moment per unit
volume developed inside a solid is called
magnetization. It is denoted by M
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
Absolute permeability of medium
Relative permeability of medium=
Types of Magnetic Materials

Diamagnetic Materials
Paramagnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic Materials
Anti ferromagnetic Materials
Ferrimagnetic Materials(Ferrites)
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Diamagnetism is a property of all materials, and always
makes a weak contribution to the material's response to
a magnetic field.
Diamagnetic materials are those materials that are
freely magnetized when placed in the magnetic field.
However, the magnetization is in the direction opposite
to that of the magnetic field. The magnetism that is
shown by these materials is known as diamagnetism.
Bismuth, Zinc, Copper, Silver, Gold, Lead, Water etc.
are examples of diamagnetic materials.
PROPERTIES OF DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
There are no atomic dipoles in diamagnetic
materials.
Diamagnetic materials are repelled by a
magnet.
The substances are weakly repelled by the
field so, in a no uniform field, these
substances have a tendency to move from a
strong to a weak part of the external
magnetic field.
The intensity of magnetization ‘M’ is very
small, negative and proportional to the
magnetizing field.
Magnetic susceptibility is small and negative.
The relative permeability is slightly less than
unity.
PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Paramagnetic materials, in a magnetic field, tend to
move from lower field strength to higher field strength.
That means these are attracted feeble by the magnetic
field.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in a magnetic
field, the magnetic lines of force slightly tend to pass
through the material by bending.

Magnetic induction B of a paramagnetic material is

slightly larger than the applied magnetic field intensity
H.
Magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic material (K)
does not depend on the magnetic field intensity.
Permeability of paramagnetic substance is greater
than 1. It moves from weaker to stronger parts of the
magnetic field.
Susceptibility of paramagnetic materials varies
inversely as the temperature of the material. That is
they lose their magnetic nature with an increase in
temperature.
When suspended generously in a uniform magnetic
field, they set themselves equivalent to the way of the
magnetic field. Examples: Al, Pt, Cr, O2, Mn,
CuSO4, etc.
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Ferromagnetic such as iron and cobalt, do not have
constant susceptibilities; the magnetization is not
usually proportional to the applied field strength.
Measured ferromagnetic susceptibilities have
relatively large positive values, sometimes in excess of
1,000.
Thus, within ferromagnetic materials, the
magnetization may be more than 1,000 times larger
than the external magnetizing field, because such
materials are composed of highly magnetized clusters
of atomic magnets (ferromagnetic domains) that are
more easily lined up by the external field.
E.g. all transition metals like Fe,Ni, Co etc.
FERROMAGNETIC DOMAINS
WHAT IS MAGNETIC DOMAIN?
POSTULATES OF
WEISS THEORY OF FERROMAGNETISM OR
DOMAIN THEORY OF FERROMAGNETISM

A specimen of ferromagnetic material contains a

number of small regions called Domain which
are spontaneously magnetized. The magnitude
of spontaneous magnetization of the specimen
as whole is determined by the vector sum of the
magnetic moments of individual domain.
The spontaneous magnetization of each domain
is due to presence of and exchange field(B)
which tends to produce parallel alignment of
atomic dipoles.
This field is proportional to magnetization.
B=λM
Where λ constant called as Weiss field constant.
DOMAINS
Bsat
H
H
induction (B)

H • “Domains” with
Magnetic

aligned magnetic
H moment grow at
expense of poorly
aligned ones!
H
0 Applied Magnetic Field (H)

H=0

7
CURIE TEMPERATURE ( TC )
In ferromagnetic materials, saturation
magnetization occurs at ordinary temperature
& at ordinary field. These materials have a
characteristic temperature below which they
exhibit ferromagnetic behavior of spontaneous
magnetization. This temperature below which
they show spontaneous magnetization is called
as Ferro curie Temperature.(Tc)
HYSTERESIS B-H CURVE
SOFT & HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS