Ôn tập lí thuyết điều khiển tự động cuối kỳ

Question 1. Name three applications for feedback control systems

Three applications for feedback control systems are:
1. Temperature control systems in buildings
2. Cruise control systems in vehicles
3. Industrial process control systems
Question 2. Functionally, how do closed-loop systems differ from open-loop systems?
 In an open-loop system, the output of the system is free from their input, while
in a closed-loop system, the desired output depends on their input.
 Open-loop systems are called non-feedback systems, while closed-loop systems
are feedback systems.
 Closed-loop systems compensate for disturbances by measuring the response,
comparing it to the input response (the desired output), and then correcting the
output response. Closed-loop system has the ability to self-correct while the
open-loop system doesn't.
 Open-loop is simple and works on the input while closed-loop is complex and
works on the output and modifies it.
 The required output within the open loop doesn’t depend on the controlled act
whereas, in closed-loop, the required output mainly depends on the controlled
act.
Question 3. Define the transfer function
A transfer function is a mathematical representation that describes the
input-output relationship of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system in the
frequency domain
 Question 4. Give two reasons for modeling systems in state space
The two main reasons for using state-space model are:
1. To analyse non-linear system.
2. To do digital simulation.
Question 5. Explain the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems.
 Open-loop systems operate without feedback, leading to a fixed, predetermined
output.
 Closed-loop systems utilize feedback to adjust their responses continually.
 In open-loop systems, the output is free from their input, while in closed-loop
systems, the desired output depends on their input.
 Open-loop systems are called non-feedback systems, while closed-loop systems
are feedback systems.
 In open-loop systems, control actions are not dependent on the output generated,
while in closed-loop systems, the control action relies on the output produced.
Question 6. What does the Routh-Hurwitz criterion tell us?

The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is a mathematical test used in control theory and

stability analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It provides a method to
determine whether all the roots of a given polynomial (typically the characteristic
polynomial of a system) have negative real parts, which is a necessary and
sufficient condition for the system to be stable.

In more detail, the criterion applies to the characteristic polynomial of the system,
which is typically written as:

𝑃(𝑠)=𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑛+𝑎𝑛−1𝑠𝑛−1+…+𝑎1𝑠+𝑎0P(s)=ansn+an−1sn−1+…+a1s+a0

To apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, a Routh array is constructed using the

coefficients 𝑎𝑛,𝑎𝑛−1,…,𝑎0an,an−1,…,a0 of the polynomial. The steps to
construct the Routh array and check for stability are as follows:

1. Construct the first two rows:

 The first row consists of the coefficients of the polynomial in

descending order of powers, taking every second coefficient starting
from 𝑎𝑛an.
 The second row consists of the remaining coefficients in descending
order, starting from 𝑎𝑛−1an−1.

2. Fill out the rest of the Routh array:

 Each subsequent element in the array is calculated using a

determinant formed by elements of the two preceding rows.
 3. Determine stability:

 Examine the first column of the Routh array. The number of sign
changes in the first column indicates the number of roots with
positive real parts.
 For the system to be stable, all elements in the first column must be
positive, indicating no sign changes.

Here’s an example of how the Routh array is constructed for a third-degree

polynomial 𝑎3𝑠3+𝑎2𝑠2+𝑎1𝑠+𝑎0a3s3+a2s2+a1s+a0: