Sure, here are the short notes on the chapter "Electric Charge and Fields" for

Class 12th JEE preparation:

1. **Electric Charge**: Electric Charge is a physical property of matter due to

which it experiences a force when placed in an electromagnetic field¹. It is
denoted by symbol ‘q’. It is a scalar quantity as charge has only magnitude and no
direction².

2. **Types of Charges**: Two types of charges exist in nature: Positive and

Negative Charge².

3. **Conductors and Insulators**: Substances which readily allow the passage of

electricity are called conductors (e.g. metals), and those which offer high
resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators (e.g. plastic rod
and nylon)¹.

4. **Transference of Electrons**: Transference of electrons is the cause of

frictional electricity¹.

5. **Additivity of Charges**: Charges are scalars and they add up like real
numbers¹.

6. **Conservation of Charge**: The total charge of an isolated system is always

conserved¹.

7. **Quantisation of Charge**: Charge exists in discrete amount rather than

continuous value and hence, quantised¹.

8. **Units of Charge**: SI unit is coulomb (C). In CGS system, there are

electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) and electromagnetic
unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb)¹.

9. **Coulomb’s Law**: It states that the electrostatic force of interaction or

repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is directly proportional to
the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them¹.

10. **Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic Forces**: The net electric force

experienced by a given charge particle due to a system of charged particles is
equal to the vector sum of the forces exerted on it due to all the other charged
particles of the system¹.

11. **Electric Field Intensity**: The electric field intensity at any point due to
source charge is defined as the force experienced per unit positive test charge
placed at that point without disturbing the source charge¹.

12. **Electric Field Lines**: Electric field lines are a way of pictorially mapping
the electric field around a configuration of charge(s). These lines start on
positive charge and end on negative charge¹.
Sure, Gauss's Law is a fundamental law in electrostatics that relates the
electric flux through a closed surface to the total charge enclosed by that
surface¹⁶.

Here's a detailed explanation:

1. **Definition**: Gauss's Law states that the total electric flux out of a closed
surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity¹⁵. The electric
flux in an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the
surface projected in a plane and perpendicular to the field¹⁵.
2. **Gauss's Law Formula**: The Gauss's Law formula is expressed as:
$$\Phi = \frac{Q}{\epsilon_0}$$
Where:
- $\Phi$ is the total electric flux,
- $Q$ is the total charge within the given surface,
- $\epsilon_0$ is the electric constant¹.

3. **Gauss's Theorem**: The Gauss's theorem states that the net flux through a
closed surface is directly proportional to the net charge in the volume enclosed by
the closed surface. In simple words, the Gauss theorem relates the 'flow' of
electric field lines (flux) to the charges within the enclosed surface¹.

4. **Applications**: Gauss's Law simplifies the calculation of the electric field

with symmetric geometrical shapes of the surface⁴. It is widely used in physics to
calculate the field of an enclosed charge by mapping the field on a surface outside
the charge distribution⁴.

ASSUMPTION OF GAUSS LAW :- Gauss's Law is a fundamental principle in

electrostatics, but it's important to note that it relies on certain assumptions
for its application¹²:

1. **Symmetry**: Gauss's Law is particularly useful when, by symmetry reasons, a

closed surface (Gaussian surface) can be found along which the electric field is
uniform². The electric flux is then a simple product of the surface area and the
strength of the electric field².

2. **Closed Surface**: Gauss's Law applies to a closed surface, often referred to

as a Gaussian surface². The law states that the total electric flux through any
hypothetical closed surface is equal to 1/ε0 times the net electric charge enclosed
within that closed surface².

3. **Stationary Charges**: While Gauss's Law is always true, whether or not the
charges are moving³, it can be derived from Coulomb's Law if the charges are
stationary³. Coulomb's Law is only true if the charges are stationary³.

4. **Charge Distribution**: Gauss's Law relates the distribution of electric charge

to the resulting electric field². In its integral form, it states that the flux of
the electric field out of an arbitrary closed surface is proportional to the
electric charge enclosed by the surface, irrespective of how that charge is
distributed².

5. **Sources and Sinks**: The Gauss theorem statement also gives an important
corollary: The electric flux from any closed surface is only due to the sources
(positive charges) and sinks (negative charges) of the electric fields enclosed by
the surface¹. Any charges outside the surface do not contribute to the electric
flux¹. Also, only electric charges can act as sources or sinks of electric fields¹.

Remember, Gauss's Law is applicable under these conditions and assumptions.

RELATION BETWEEN GAUSS LAW AND COLOUMB LAW:-
Gauss's Law and Coulomb's Law are two fundamental principles in electrostatics that
describe the behavior of electric charges and fields³. They are innately connected
and can be used to derive each other¹⁴⁵⁶.

Here's how they relate:

1. **Coulomb's Law**: Coulomb's Law provides a direct measure of the force between
charges³. It states that the electric force between two charges is directly
proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them⁶.

2. **Gauss's Law**: Gauss's Law relates the electric flux through a closed surface
to the total charge enclosed³. It states that the total electric flux out of a
closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity².

3. **Connection**: Gauss's Law can be derived from Coulomb's Law, and vice
versa¹⁴⁵⁶. The rigorous derivations can be found in any of the electrodynamics
textbooks¹. For example, consider a point charge q. As per Coulomb's law, the
electric field produced by it is given by $$E = \frac{kq}{r^2}$$, where k =
1/4πϵ0¹. Now, consider a sphere of radius r centered on charge q. So, for the
surface of this sphere you have: $$\int E.ds = \int \frac{kq}{r^2} ds = \frac{kq}
{r^2} \int ds = \frac{kq}{r^2} (4πr^2) = 4πkq = \frac{q}{ϵ0}$$, which is Gauss's
Law¹. Note that by performing these steps in reverse, you can also derive Coulomb's
Law from Gauss's Law, thus demonstrating that they are equivalent¹.

Remember, while Coulomb's Law only applies to stationary charges, Gauss's Law holds
for both stationary and moving charges Q.)HOW TO APPLY GAUSS LAW FOR A UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE ?
SOLUTION
GSure, Gauss's Law can be applied to a uniformly charged sphere to calculate the
electric field³⁴⁵⁶. Here's how:

1. **Consider a Sphere**: Consider a charged solid sphere of radius $$R$$ and

charge $$q$$ which is uniformly distributed over the sphere³.

2. **Choose Gaussian Surface**: By symmetry, we take a Gaussian spherical surface

with radius $$r$$ and center $$O$$. The Gaussian surface will pass through $$P$$,
and experience a constant electric field $$E$$ all around as all points are equally
distanced $$r$$ from the center of the sphere⁵.

3. **Calculate Electric Flux**: If $$\phi$$ be the electric flux and $$Q$$ be the
charge then: $$\varepsilon_0 \phi = Q_{enclosed}$$³. Also, electric flux equals the
electric field multiplied by the area of the enclosed surface: $$\phi = EA$$³.

4. **Apply Gauss's Law**: According to Gauss's Law, the total flux linked with a
closed surface is $$1/\varepsilon_0$$ times the charge enclosed by the closed
surface². For example, a point charge $$q$$ is placed inside a cube of the edge $
$a$$. Now, as per Gauss's Law, the flux through each face of the cube is $$q/6\
varepsilon_0$$².

5. **Calculate Electric Field**: When you use this flux in the expression for
Gauss's Law, you obtain an algebraic equation that you can solve for the magnitude
of the electric field⁶.

Remember, Gauss's Law is applicable under certain conditions and assumptions.