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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07-Conformity
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not an example of social influence?

a. A sports fan who decides to join the other members of the stadium crowd in doing the wave
b. A student who hears that some of his fellow classmates may have been exposed to a noxious gas and
immediately comes to feel a bit nauseated himself
c. A model who catches a glimpse of herself wearing a swimsuit in a mirror and suddenly becomes self-
conscious about the way she looks
d. A guest at a dinner party who does not understand a joke told by the host, but laughs anyway because
everyone else is laughing
ANSWER: c
2. Which of the following phenomena is defined as the ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined
presence of others?
a. Social influence
b. Psychological reactance
c. Pluralistic ignorance
d. The autokinetic effect
ANSWER: a
3. Which of the following is not considered one of the three forms of social influence discussed in this chapter?
a. Conformity
b. Compliance
c. Obedience
d. Independence
ANSWER: d
4. The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

a. reciprocation wariness.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. the ally effect.
d. the chameleon effect.
ANSWER: d
5. Chartran and Bargh (1999) had experimental accomplices mimic the mannerisms of some participants but not others.
They found that
a. participants whose mannerisms were mimicked liked the accomplice more than participants who were not
copied.
b. participants whose mannerisms were copied by an accomplice reported being more uncomfortable during the
interaction than those who were not mimicked.
c. imitating the mannerisms of the participants tended to reduce the nonverbal behaviors exhibited during the
interaction.
d. participants who were not mimicked by their interaction partners indicated a greater willingness to interact
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
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with that person again in the future.
ANSWER: a
6. Identify the species of animal that does not show automatic imitation.
a. Hamsters
b. Fish
c. Pigeons
d. Camels
ANSWER: d
7. At the sales meeting, Leo clasped his hands behind his head and reclined in his chair. Within minutes, three other team
members were sitting in the same posture, demonstrating the psychological tendency referred to as
a. psychological reactance.
b. the chameleon effect.
c. lowballing.
d. idiosyncrasy credits.
ANSWER: b
8. Chang has a habit of scratching his head in anxiety whenever he meets his clients. Four other colleagues—David, Peter,
Sophie, and Jones—are with him. He would feel more comfortable with
a. David, who mimics Chang’s behavior and scratches his head while speaking.
b. Peter, who frowns at him while he observes him scratching his head.
c. Sophie, who smiles at him every time he scratches his head.
d. Jones, who has no reaction to Chang’s behavior.
ANSWER: a
9. Which of the following has not been demonstrated by research on mimicry?

a. Within a few days of birth, infants mimic the facial expressions of adults.
b. Various species of nonhuman animals demonstrate rudimentary forms of mimicry.
c. People often mimic the facial expressions of others, but never mimic their overt behaviors.
d. People sometimes mimic facial expressions of which they are not even consciously aware.
ANSWER: c
10. According to the research of Neumann and Strack (2000), participants would report that they expected a more positive
mood state when they listened to a speaker who
a. spoke in a happy voice.
b. presented about material of specific interest to the listener.
c. seemed to have very high expertise on their topic.
d. sounded like an older, mature male.
ANSWER: a
11. Ireland and Pennebaker (2010) found evidence for

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a. mood contagion.
b. mimicry in use of language.
c. destructive obedience.
d. the dynamic nature of mimicry.
ANSWER: b
12. According to research by Emily Pronin and others (2007), which of the following statements explains why people
perceive others to be more conforming than they, themselves, are?
a. People are poor judges of others’ motivations.
b. People tend to judge others by their overt behavior while judging themselves by focusing inward.
c. People judge themselves in the same way that they judge others, but often much less accurately.
d. People judge others by asking them about their inner thought processes.
ANSWER: b
13. In what way does conformity differ from obedience and compliance?
a. It involves less direct pressure from others.
b. It occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others.
c. It requires the physical presence of at least one other person.
d. It is more likely to produce destructive behaviors.
ANSWER: a
14. The tendency to alter perceptions, opinions, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called
a. psychological reactance.
b. compliance.
c. obedience.
d. conformity.
ANSWER: d
15. A half-dozen high school students are going to a concert. Chantal wants to wear a new colorful outfit that she just
received as a gift, but she assumes that her five friends will all be wearing nothing but black leather. Chantal decides to do
likewise, and leaves her colorful outfit in the closet. Chantal’s behavior is an example of
a. reciprocation wariness.
b. idiosyncrasy credits.
c. resistance.
d. conformity.
ANSWER: d
16. Which of the following was the central focus of Muzafer Sherif’s (1936) study on conformity?
a. The autokinetic effect
b. Stroboscopic motion
c. Motion parallax

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d. The Doppler effect
ANSWER: a
17. What was the finding of Sherif’s study (1936) on conformity when participants were asked to estimate the distance
moved by a point of light?
a. Participants were more accurate when they were alone than when they were in groups.
b. Participants were more accurate in groups than when they were alone.
c. As the study progressed, the participants’ estimates began to converge with each other.
d. As the study progressed, the participants’ estimates began to diverge from each other.
ANSWER: c
18. You’re out with friends when a talk show host walks up and asks if you’ll answer a few trivia questions on camera.
When he asks how many feet are in a mile, your first friend says 2,000 and your second friend says 3,000. You don’t
know the correct answer, so you say 2,500. Your response is similar to the judgments made by participants in which
study?
a. Langer et al. (1978)
b. Sherif (1936)
c. Asch (1951)
d. Milgram (1962)
ANSWER: b
19. Sherif’s (1936) research using the autokinetic effect demonstrated that
a. people often look to others as a source of information.
b. people are particularly concerned about social rejection.
c. conformity is difficult to establish in the laboratory.
d. only preexisting relationships have the power to influence behavior.
ANSWER: a
20. Many participants in the social influence study conducted by ____ gave public responses that they privately knew to
be inaccurate.
a. Sherif
b. Asch
c. Milgram
d. Zimbardo
ANSWER: b
21. The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that
a. Sherif was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Asch was not.
b. Asch was able to demonstrate conformity, whereas Sherif was not.
c. Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task.
d. Asch relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Sherif used an unambiguous task.
ANSWER: c
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22. Participants in Asch’s line judgment study conformed approximately ____% of the time.
a. 27
b. 37
c. 47
d. 57
ANSWER: b
23. Research on social influence in virtual groups shows that they

a. are much less influential than “live” groups.
b. only have impact when member identities are known.
c. only have impact when member identities are hidden.
d. can be quite influential even when they are remote.
ANSWER: d
24. Informational influence occurs under the condition that people

a. believe that others are correct in their judgments, especially when they agree.
b. fear the negative social consequences of appearing deviant.
c. are motivated to appear consistent in their feelings and behaviors.
d. respond to social norms automatically and without any thought.
ANSWER: a
25. Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people

a. are uncertain regarding the correct answer and therefore look to others for guidance.
b. fear the negative social consequences of rejection that can follow appearing deviant.
c. are motivated to appear consistent in their feelings and behaviors.
d. feel that their freedom to choose a particular course of action has been threatened.
ANSWER: b
26. The conformity seen in Sherif’s (1936) study was most likely the result of
a. normative influence.
b. private conformity.
c. public conformity.
d. informational influence.
ANSWER: d
27. Imagine that some researchers conducted a study and interpreted the results of the study as indicative of normative
influence. These researchers are most likely to reach this conclusion if participants in their study
a. were truly convinced that the majority was correct in their opinions.
b. behaved in a way that would be considered normal to people in Western cultures.
c. did what they felt was morally right, even if it violated social norms in the process.
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d. conformed because they feared being rejected for appearing deviant.
ANSWER: d
28. No one else seems concerned about the welfare of the woman lying down in the alley. Therefore, Maureen steps over
her as well, figuring that she is simply drunk or asleep and not in need of emergency assistance. Maureen’s behavior is an
example of
a. informational influence.
b. normative social influence.
c. compliance.
d. obedience.
ANSWER: a
29. Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?

a. Patients adhere rigidly to doctors’ recommendations.
b. People estimate how far a stable dot has moved by referring to others’ estimates.
c. People wear a particular type of shoe even if uncomfortable because it is considered fashionable.
d. Military personnel follow a superior’s orders that are morally questionable.
ANSWER: c
30. Will and Grace have just started to attend church. Will pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and
stands because he wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Grace stands up and sits down when the rest of
the congregation does because if she doesn’t, the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at her. Will has conformed
because of ____, whereas Grace has conformed because of ____.
a. normative influence; informational influence
b. informational influence; normative influence
c. compliance; obedience
d. obedience; compliance
ANSWER: b
31. Arnold wears suits every day to his job at the bank, but when he is at home in the evening and on weekends, he
spends most of his time naked because that is what he finds most comfortable. Arnold’s daytime behavior illustrates
a. perceptual contrast.
b. private conformity.
c. conversion.
d. public conformity.
ANSWER: d
32. Though she initially attended the pro-choice rally because all her friends were going, Marion now firmly believes in a
woman’s right to choose when it comes to abortion. Marion’s new beliefs illustrate
a. private conformity.
b. public conformity.
c. reciprocation ideology.

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d. reciprocation wariness.
ANSWER: a
33. Participants in an experiment are asked to look at pictures of different infants and rate the attractiveness of each infant
on a 10-point scale. The participants are tested in groups of three and indicate their ratings aloud. For almost all of the
infants, the participants tend to give ratings similar to other group members. In which of the following situations can we
infer that their ratings represent private conformity rather than public conformity?
a. They exhibit much less conformity in the presence of the experimenter.
b. They give the same ratings alone as they do in the group.
c. Their ratings result from their desire to fit in with the rest of the group members.
d. They are not especially motivated to be accurate in their judgments.
ANSWER: b
34. Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____.
a. compliance; obedience
b. conversion; compliance
c. public conformity; private conformity
d. pluralistic ignorance; pluralistic knowledge
ANSWER: c
35. Which of the following conditions reveals that participants in Sherif’s study exhibited private conformity rather than
public conformity?
a. When retested without their fellow group members, participants reverted to their original estimates.
b. They would report their group’s normative estimate when asked to respond aloud, but not when asked to
respond in writing.
c. They continued to use their group estimates when retested alone one year later.
d. The task was too easy for people to demonstrate public conformity.
ANSWER: c
36. Baron and others (1996) found that participants’ levels of conformity depended on how motivated they were to do
well. When offered a financial incentive, conformity went
a. down when the task was difficult and up when the task was easy.
b. up in both conditions.
c. down in both conditions.
d. up when the task was difficult and down when the task was easy.
ANSWER: d
37. The experience of being ostracized has been found to be

a. fleeting and relatively harmless.
b. more disturbing for women than for men.
c. similar in brain area activation to the experience of physical pain.
d. likely to lead to gun use and other forms of violence.
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ANSWER: c
38. Which of the following statements best illustrates the relationship between ostracism and conformity?
a. Failure to conform can lead to ostracism.
b. Being ostracized typically reduces future conformity.
c. Ostracism always comes before conformity.
d. When people do not conform, they typically tend to ostracize.
ANSWER: a
39. Which of the following is not one of the emotions a person is likely to feel after being ostracized?
a. Numbness
b. Anger
c. Sadness
d. Acceptance
ANSWER: d
40. In a study by Baron et al. (1996) in which groups of three participants were asked to act as eyewitnesses, the greatest
level of conformity occurred when participants were motivated to be ____ and the task was quite ____.
a. accurate; easy
b. accurate; difficult
c. accepted by their partners; easy
d. accepted by their partners; difficult
ANSWER: b
41. Jay participates in an experiment where he and three other participants are asked to judge the quality of a series of
sculptures. Jay is least likely to exhibit informational influence if
a. each sculpture is shown for only a few seconds.
b. he is motivated to be very accurate in his judgments.
c. there are no objective criteria by which to make such judgments.
d. there is a clear and unambiguous response for each sculpture.
ANSWER: d
42. Horatio is asked what main dish was served for lunch at the cafeteria yesterday. He knows that it was roast beef, but
before responding, he observes six other students who say the main dish was pizza. Horatio is most likely to say the main
dish was pizza if he hears the response from
a. the six other students in three pairs of two.
b. all the students at once.
c. the six students at six different times in six different places.
d. the six other students in two pairs of three.
ANSWER: c
43. As group size increases, conformity will

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a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. increase as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence.
d. decrease as long as each additional member of the group is perceived as an independent source of influence.
ANSWER: c
44. What was Asch’s conclusion when he tested the impact of group size on conformity by altering the number of
confederates?
a. Conformity increases with ten confederates than with five confederates.
b. Conformity increases as an exponential function of group size.
c. One group of six confederates produced more conformity than two groups of three confederates.
d. Increase in conformity was negligible with three or four confederates.
ANSWER: d
45. As observed by Asch (1956), the optimal number of confederates, above which conformity did not significantly
increase, was
a. 1 or 2.
b. 3 or 4.
c. 5 or 6.
d. 7 or 8.
ANSWER: b
46. Reuben notices one group of eight people littering in the park. Rachel sees four different pairs of people littering in
the park. As per Wilder’s (1977) study, which of the following statements holds?
a. Reuben is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Rachel.
b. Rachel is more likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs than is Reuben.
c. Reuben and Rachel are equally likely to conform to the behavior of the litterbugs.
d. Reuben is more likely to conform because of informational influence, but Rachel is more likely to conform
because of normative influence.
ANSWER: b
47. Prentice and Miller (1996) found that most college students overestimate how comfortable their peers are with alcohol
on campus. This misperception is an example of
a. pluralistic ignorance.
b. psychological reactance.
c. mass psychogenic illness.
d. the chameleon effect.
ANSWER: a
48. Research by Prentice and Miller (1996) found that college students are likely to have more positive attitudes toward
drinking on campus and consume more alcohol if they
a. attend colleges that strictly forbid drinking on campus.
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b. participate in workshops designed to increase their personal responsibility for drinking.
c. overestimate the favorability of their peers’ attitudes toward drinking.
d. believe such attitudes and behavior are inconsistent with social norms.
ANSWER: c
49. What was the proposition of the study of Latané (1981) for additional members to a group subject to the law of
diminishing returns?
a. Influence of confederates decreases for a large group size.
b. Conformity increases with group size irrespective of the number of confederates.
c. The strength of minority decreases with the number of additions to the group.
d. Conformity decreases with the addition of confederates.
ANSWER: a
50. In which case can social norms lead to conformity?

a. They are behavioral.
b. People know the norms and focus on them.
c. They have a high level of complexity.
d. They are flexible and easy to follow for the particular group.
ANSWER: b
51. Mary has just heard five friends say that Massachusetts is the largest state in New England, when she knows it is
Maine. Rob, the next friend in line, says that New Hampshire is the largest state in New England. In this situation, Mary is
now less likely to conform with the first five friends than if Rob had said that
a. Maine is the largest state.
b. Massachusetts is the largest state.
c. he isn’t familiar with New England.
d. Connecticut is the largest state.
ANSWER: b
52. According to Miller and Prentice (2016), people are more likely to make a charitable contribution only when
a. they express their overt behavior instead of just conforming with others.
b. they privately accept it.
c. they express public conformity rather than private conformity.
d. they follow similar others doing the same.
ANSWER: d
53. The fact that the presence of an ally, regardless of her competence, reduces conformity indicates that
a. informational social influence typically wins out over normative social influence in the long run.
b. it is exceedingly difficult to hold out against the pressure to conform without at least one supporter in the
group.
c. conformity does not occur for high-stakes decisions with important repercussions.
d. men conform less in private than they do in public.
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ANSWER: b
54. Lily is interested in conducting an experiment to demonstrate that there are some situations in which men are more
likely to conform than women. Which of the following strategies should Lily adopt in designing her study?
a. She should have participants engage in a discussion about politics.
b. She should have participants engage in a discussion about fashion.
c. She should tell participants that they are being observed throughout the study.
d. She should tell participants that their primary goal in the study should be to appear attractive toward group
members of the opposite sex.
ANSWER: b
55. Which of the following concerning the relationship between gender and conformity is true?
a. Men exhibit greater conformity than women in face-to-face interactions.
b. Men exhibit greater conformity than women regardless of the situation.
c. Women exhibit greater conformity than men in face-to-face interactions.
d. Women exhibit greater conformity than men regardless of the situation.
ANSWER: c
56. Women conform more and men conform less when they believe they are being observed. Eagly (1987) argues that
this occurs because
a. being watched makes people self-aware, which brings out their underlying personalities.
b. women are easier to manipulate, whereas men tend to be more independent.
c. women and men tend to be knowledgeable about different kinds of topics.
d. people feel greater pressure in public to behave in ways consistent with their gender role.
ANSWER: d
57. Pat attends a prescreening of a new romantic comedy with a group of four people and then participates in a focus
group where the group is asked several questions about the film. The group is asked, “How funny is the film?” Each
member of the group responds to the question. Pat responds last, after hearing the rest of the group say that the movie was
very funny. Pat is more likely to agree with them if
a. Pat is female.
b. Pat is from an individualistic culture.
c. Pat is elderly.
d. Pat’s group had seven people instead of four.
ANSWER: a
58. Often overlooked in Asch’s conformity study is the fact that participants refused to conform ____% of the time.
a. 25
b. 37
c. 63
d. 75
ANSWER: c
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59. According to Moscovici, majorities derive their power to influence others by virtue of their ____, whereas
nonconformists derive their power to influence others from their ____.
a. social connections; sheer number
b. informational connections; social standing
c. sheer number; style of behavior
d. informational influence; normative influence
ANSWER: c
60. Professor Hildebrand just gave the first exam back to his students. Many in the class are convinced that one of the
questions he asked had more than one correct answer. In fact, 13 students from the class show up to his office hours to
protest the question. Professor Hildebrand is convinced that there is only one correct answer, and so he tries to convince
the larger group of students that he is right. He will be most likely to convince this group of his point of view if he
a. presents his arguments forcefully and consistently.
b. tries to exert normative social influence on the group of students.
c. presents himself as an outgroup member rather than as part of their ingroup.
d. makes salient the norms of the group.
ANSWER: a
61. Which of the following explanations for why a consistent behavioral style increases minority influence is least
plausible?
a. A consistent minority draws more attention to its position.
b. A consistent minority puts increased pressure on the majority to compromise.
c. The position advocated by a consistent minority is more likely to be perceived as valid.
d. A consistent minority is more likely to exert normative social influence on the group.
ANSWER: d
62. The “minority slowness effect” refers to the finding that

a. members of minority groups are often slow to change their minds during group discussion.
b. it takes longer for minority group members to change the minds of majority group members than vice versa.
c. people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with majority
opinions.
d. minority groups take longer to form, as people are less likely to join a group whose opinion is not widely
accepted.
ANSWER: c
63. Hiroko is usually very agreeable and goes along with his friends’ plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that
even though they all want to go out for Mexican food, he has a strong preference for Italian food. Even though he is the
only person who initially votes for Italian, Hiroko’s friends eventually come to agree with him because he usually does go
along with the group. This best epitomizes which of the following phenomena associated with minority influence?
a. Consensus attribution
b. Idiosyncrasy credits
c. Door-in-the-face technique
d. Graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension reduction (GRIT)
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: b
64. The residents in Burberry Hill have convened to discuss whether to build a neighborhood pool. The majority are in
favor of building a pool. However, Miguel, a long-time resident, expresses his opposition. Which of the following is
unlikely?
a. The residents will think more carefully about the issue of building a pool because Miguel presented a
dissenting opinion.
b. Miguel’s status of being a long-time resident and its accompanying idiosyncrasy credits will help him
influence the group.
c. Miguel will not gain private conformity to his opinion, only public conformity.
d. Miguel will be more influential if he repeatedly expresses his opposition as the group discusses the benefits of
building a pool.
ANSWER: c
65. Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called ____ credits.
a. idiosyncrasy
b. discretionary
c. group
d. normative
ANSWER: a
66. According to Hollander’s (1958) work on idiosyncrasy credits, which of the following individuals would be most
effective in convincing a majority to change their opinion?
a. A person who has just joined the group, because such a person has no history of antagonism with any of the
majority group members
b. A person who does not belong to the group at all, because such a person would be perceived as the most
objective
c. A person who has been in the group for quite a while, but consistently disagrees with the group
d. A person who has been in the group for a long time, and usually goes along with the majority of the group
ANSWER: d
67. The idea that minority influence works in the same way as majority influence is most consistent with
a. the interpersonal relations model.
b. the dual-process approach.
c. the single-process approach.
d. research comparing private and public conformity.
ANSWER: c
68. Which of the following statements is true of the dual-process approach to understanding minority influence?
a. Majority and minority influence occur for through similar processes.
b. Group majorities and minorities exert their influence in very different ways.
c. Majority influence is likely to produce private conformity for ambiguous situations and public conformity for
unambiguous situations.

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d. Minority influence occurs through different psychological processes in collectivist versus individualistic
cultures.
ANSWER: b
69. According to the dual-process approach, majorities exert influence by producing ____, whereas minorities exert
influence by producing ____.
a. informational influence; normative influence
b. public conformity; private conformity
c. reactance; obedience
d. conversion; compliance
ANSWER: b
70. At a campaign meeting, the majority of the staff argues that they should use negative ads to attack their opponent.
Despite their strong feelings on this matter, Stefan argues successfully for positive ads. According to the dual-process
approach, Stefan’s influence has probably resulted in
a. defiance.
b. conversion.
c. public conformity.
d. collusion.
ANSWER: b
71. Research on majority and minority influence suggests all of the following except that
a. majorities are more influential than minorities on subjective questions.
b. majorities exert normative influence, whereas minorities exert informational influence.
c. majorities are more influential than minorities on questions of fact.
d. majority influence is greater on public measures of conformity, whereas minority influence is greater on
private measures of conformity.
ANSWER: a
72. A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, and self-reliance take priority over group allegiances is
called
a. individualism.
b. collectivism.
c. power distance.
d. uncertainty avoidance.
ANSWER: a
73. Which of the following key factors does not contribute to individualistic culture?
a. Complexity
b. Affluence
c. Heterogeneity
d. Conformity
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ANSWER: d
74. Collectivist cultures have which of the following characteristics as per Triandis (1995)?
a. Low complexity, low affluence, and cultural homogeneity
b. Low complexity, high affluence, and cultural heterogeneity
c. High complexity, low affluence, and cultural homogeneity
d. High complexity, high affluence, and cultural heterogeneity
ANSWER: a
75. Some researchers are planning to go around the world and put participants in a version of the Asch study in which
they are asked to make judgments about the lengths of lines. Cross-cultural research suggests that the least amount of
conformity should be observed in cultures
a. characterized by financial independence and prosperity.
b. where the majority of the people in positions of power are men.
c. where the people live a simple life, as in an isolated farming community.
d. with very little cultural diversity.
ANSWER: a
76. ______ show a high level of interdependence within their social network.
a. Farmers
b. Herders
c. Local labors
d. School principals
ANSWER: a
77. If American children raised in ways consistent with mainstream American culture and Chinese children raised in ways
that were consistent with traditional Chinese culture were placed in the same classroom, which of the following
statements would probably be true?
a. The American children would never demonstrate conformity, and the Chinese children would always
conform.
b. The American children would demonstrate less conformity than the Chinese children.
c. The American children would demonstrate less private conformity, but more public conformity than the
Chinese children.
d. The two groups of children would conform to the same extent and degree.
ANSWER: b
78. Psychologists tend to refer to a culture that values the virtues of interdependence and social harmony as
a. conformist.
b. collectivist.
c. communist.
d. cooperative.
ANSWER: b
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79. Compared to conformity, compliance occurs
a. only after careful deliberation.
b. in response to a direct request.
c. publicly, but not privately.
d. as a result of less direct pressure from others.
ANSWER: b
80. Langer et al. (1978) found that if an experimenter approaches people with a request with no justifiable reason, they
often respond
a. with skeptical reactance.
b. by asking for a more complete explanation.
c. with surprise followed by caution.
d. by complying mindlessly.
ANSWER: d
81. While driving down a street in a residential neighborhood, Aaron sees a sign in a yard that says, “Slow down! Jimmy
and I like to play in the street!” This is quite a bit different than normal signs that admonish a driver to slow down. Aaron
immediately slows his car down to a safe 15 miles per hour, and stays at that speed until the end of the street. What
compliance technique was used to get him to slow down?
a. The pique technique
b. The PIYAN technique
c. The dump and chase technique
d. The disrupt and reframe technique
ANSWER: a
82. Mara needs to borrow James’s pen and is pondering how to ask him. She considers three options—asking for the pen
outright without any reasoning, telling him that she needs the pen “to write something,” or telling him that she needs it “to
sign a letter.” Which of the following statements is true?
a. James is more likely to comply with the outright request than the “letter” plea.
b. James is equally likely to comply with the “letter” plea and the outright request.
c. James is less likely to comply with the “write something” plea than the outright request.
d. James is equally likely to comply with the “letter” plea and the “write something” plea.
ANSWER: d
83. Which of the following terms is referred to as the unspoken rule dictating that we should treat others as they have
treated us?
a. Social influence
b. Norm of reciprocity
c. Dual-process approach
d. Equity principle
ANSWER: b

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84. In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at the Chinese restaurant
gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walks by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take
advantage of the
a. door-in-the-face technique.
b. that’s-not-all technique.
c. norm of reciprocity.
d. chameleon effect.
ANSWER: c
85. Jane bought her friends—Mayumi, Brenda, and Kate—drinks the last time they were out. The next time she needs to
borrow money from one of them, who will feel the strongest need to reciprocate Jane’s act of generosity?
a. Mayumi, who is out with Jane the next night
b. Kate, who is out with Jane the next week
c. Brenda, who is out with Jane the next month
d. All three will feel equally pressured to reciprocate.
ANSWER: a
86. People who are especially likely to exploit the norm of reciprocity for personal gain can be identified by
questionnaires that measure their
a. social impact.
b. vulnerability to informational influence.
c. idiosyncrasy credits.
d. reciprocation ideology.
ANSWER: d
87. When she is asked what she should do when a friend does a favor for her, Marnie says, “I usually don’t let anyone do
favors for me. I don’t like the idea that I would owe them something.” Marine would describe people who do favors for
her as
a. reciprocators.
b. creditors.
c. assessors.
d. debtors.
ANSWER: b
88. Which of the following persons is considered a “creditor” in terms of their reciprocation ideology?
a. Bertram, who likes to be generous with his friends so they will help him in the future
b. Caitlin, who hates to feel beholden to someone
c. Marsha, who likes to be generous with her friends because it makes her feel good
d. Boyd, who is stingy with his friends because he believes in self-reliance
ANSWER: a
89. A person high in reciprocation wariness would most likely endorse which of the following statements?
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a. If someone does you a favor, it is good to repay that favor.
b. Asking for someone’s help gives that person power over your life.
c. Never lend money to a friend.
d. Generosity is always appropriate.
ANSWER: b
90. A person from a collectivist culture is ____ to accept a free sample of food in a supermarket.
a. more likely than a person from an individualist culture
b. less likely than a person from an individualist culture
c. equally likely as a person from an individualist culture
d. more likely than a person from a Western, but not Eastern, culture
ANSWER: b
91. The compliance technique in which compliance to a desired request is increased by first gaining compliance to a
smaller, but related, request is called
a. lowballing.
b. the that’s-not-all technique.
c. the foot-in-the-door technique.
d. the door-in-the-face technique.
ANSWER: c
92. The foot-in-the-door technique takes particular advantage of the

a. desire to maintain consistent self-perceptions.
b. norm of reciprocity.
c. effect of mindlessness.
d. perceived contrast between small and large requests.
ANSWER: a
93. As he was about to enter the mall, Evan was approached by someone and asked to wear a small green ribbon on his
shirt to show his support for the “Save the Squirrels” campaign. Evan wasn’t quite sure that squirrels were actually
endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to
help save the squirrels. Though he would have rather spent his money elsewhere, he agreed. Evan has been the victim of
the ____ technique.
a. lowballing
b. foot-in-the-door
c. door-in-the-face
d. that’s-not-all
ANSWER: b
94. The technique of getting a commitment from a potential customer and then changing the terms of the agreement is
best described as
a. reciprocal concession.
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b. cognitive dissonance.
d. lowballing.
ANSWER: d
95. Clara calls potential research participants and asks if they would be willing to give blood. Once they have agreed to
donate blood, she informs them that their donation is scheduled at 7:00 in the morning on a Saturday. Though most
participants are not happy to hear this information, almost all of them do show up for the blood donation appointment.
Clara has taken advantage of
a. lowballing.
b. the foot-in-the-door technique.
c. the door-in-the-face technique.
d. psychological reactance.
ANSWER: a
96. Lowballing uses which of the following concepts to stand as an effective conformity technique?
a. Ostracism
b. Commitment
c. Reciprocity
d. Social impact
ANSWER: b
97. Jamie wants an extra day to write a paper for class. Jamie first asks the professor for a one-week extension for the
paper assignment. The professor refuses. Jamie then asks for a one-day extension. The professor agrees. Jamie’s behavior
best illustrates
a. the door-in-the-face technique.
b. the foot-in-the-door technique.
c. reactance.
d. the dual-process approach.
ANSWER: a
98. What is the sole concept that does not increase compliance when using the door-in-the-face technique?
a. Feelings of guilt
b. Psychological commitment
c. Perceptual contrast
d. Reciprocal concessions
ANSWER: b
99. Natasha convinces Joel to take her to the airport by first asking him to loan her his car for a week. Her attempt to get
Joel to do her a favor is most likely based on the principles of
a. commitment and reciprocity.
b. perceptual contrast and self-perception.
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c. reciprocal concessions and perceptual contrast.
d. self-perception and commitment.
ANSWER: c
100. When trying to close a car sale, Jerry often tries to sweeten the deal by telling the customer that he will throw in six
free oil changes as well. This sales technique is best described as
a. lowballing.
b. the that’s-not-all technique.
d. the door-in-the-face technique.
ANSWER: b
101. Which of the following does not account for refusal of others’ requests?
a. Vigilance
b. Reciprocal wariness
c. Following the norm of reciprocity
d. Knowledge that the other person is trying to get you to comply
ANSWER: c
102. Which method(s) will help a person avoid being caught in a compliance trap?
a. Vigilance only
b. Reciprocation wariness only
c. Both vigilance and reciprocation wariness
d. Vigilance for men, but reciprocation wariness for women
ANSWER: c
103. Research on obedience suggests that participation in the Holocaust was

a. encouraged by German traits of authoritarian personality.
b. likely driven by situational factors that would influence anyone similarly.
c. an extraordinary historical situation unlikely to be repeated.
d. dissimilar in a variety of ways from the types of obedience observed in cults.
ANSWER: b
104. Which of the following statements holds regarding Milgram’s research on obedience?
a. It has stirred controversy regarding its ethics.
b. It revealed that far fewer people would deliver maximum shocks than was predicted by psychiatrists.
c. It was conducted to better understand the war in Vietnam.
d. It had psychologically disturbed individuals serve as participants.
ANSWER: a
105. Milgram’s research on obedience is notable for having led some participants to believe that a helpless man in the
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next room had been rendered unconscious or even dead by a strong electric shock, marked “xxx” on a shock generator.
What was the highest voltage that participants believed they could administer?
a. 150 volts
b. 275 volts
c. 360 volts
d. 450 volts
ANSWER: d
106. Which of the following was not part of the procedure in Milgram’s research on destructive obedience?
a. Participants were ordered to administer electric shocks that were apparently so intense that it caused the
learner to scream in pain.
b. Participants playing the role of teachers were ordered to increase the electric shocks in increments of 15 volts
for every wrong answer the learner gave.
c. Participants playing the role of learners were ordered to give shocks to the teacher who was trying to complete
the task.
d. The experimenter told participants who wanted to leave that they had no choice but to continue with the study.
ANSWER: c
107. What percentage of the participants in Milgram’s study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience
to the experimenter?
a. 10%
b. 35%
c. 65%
d. 90%
ANSWER: c
108. ______ did not seem related to the amount of obedience exhibited in the Milgram obedience.
a. Participant’s sex
b. Proximity of the learner to the teacher
c. Location of the study
d. Physical presence of the experimenter
ANSWER: a
109. When Cheryl is with her supervisors, she obeys their decisions without question. But when she is with employees
under her supervision, she is aggressive and demanding. Cheryl is likely to be described by social psychologists as having
a. idiosyncrasy credits.
b. an introverted character.
c. reciprocation wariness.
d. an authoritarian personality.
ANSWER: d
110. The questionnaire measure used to assess an individual’s authoritarian personality is referred to as the

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a. A-scale.
b. F-scale.
c. Asch-scale.
d. Milgram-scale.
ANSWER: b
111. The Milgram study demonstrated

a. the specific personality traits that predict destructive obedience to authority.
b. that people will typically harm another individual with little to no social pressure to do so.
c. that obedience to authority is most destructive when the authority figure is particularly harsh and demanding.
d. the potential for situational influences to lead ordinary people to commit extraordinarily destructive acts.
ANSWER: d
112. Who of the following is most likely to obey in Milgram’s study?

a. A man participating in a rundown office building with an experimenter in a lab coat
b. A woman who has to physically place the learner’s hand down on a shock plate
c. A woman participating at Yale University with an experimenter in a lab coat
d. A man participating at Yale University with an experimenter dressed casually
ANSWER: c
113. All of the following reduced the level of obedience in the Milgram experiment except
a. lowering the prestige of the institution where the experiment was conducted.
b. having the experimenter in a different location.
c. informing the participants that the experimenter assumed responsibility for the learner’s welfare.
d. having the learner be in the same room as the participant.
ANSWER: c
114. Those participants in Milgram’s study who went to the very end of the shock meter were
a. diagnosed as abnormal by a team of psychiatrists.
b. in the minority among participants in the study.
c. not told that the learner had a previous heart condition.
d. not found to be substantially different from those who refused to do so.
ANSWER: d
115. Which of the following is true of Milgram’s obedience study?

a. When participants were required to manually force the victim’s hand onto a shock plate, obedience completely
disappeared.
b. The experimenter informed participants that he was accountable for any consequences of the participant’s
actions.
c. Participants obeyed to the same extent whether the experimenter gave directions in person or over the
telephone.

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d. The percentage of participants who obeyed to the end was the same as the percentage of participants who
conformed in the Asch study.
ANSWER: b
116. The nature of Milgram’s obedience research paradigm exploited which of the following compliance-induction
strategies?
a. Lowballing
b. Foot-in-the-door technique
c. Door-in-the-face technique
d. That’s-not-all technique
ANSWER: b
117. The original Milgram obedience study

a. demonstrates the personality characteristics associated with obedience to authority have changed over time.
b. has been followed up by a number of additional studies that have varied specific aspects of the research
situation.
c. confirms that conformity results from both informational and normative social pressures.
d. randomly assigned participants to one of two experimental conditions.
ANSWER: b
118. What was the main idea behind the study of Meeus and Raaijmakers (1995), analogous to Milgram’s?
a. Participants were asked to inflict physical pain on others.
b. Participants were ordered to cause psychological harm to others.
c. Participants acted as learners only and were administered buzzing sound effects.
d. Participants were asked to fulfill a set of tasks and trapped in a room if they fail to do so.
ANSWER: b
119. In the study of Meeus and Raaijmakers, the equivalent of Milgram’s electrical shocks was
a. beating “prisoners” who failed to obey orders.
b. delivering harassing remarks to a job candidate.
c. ostracizing a person from a social group.
d. helping a drunk person get a ride home.
ANSWER: b
120. Meeus and Raaijmakers found that ____% of the participants in their study were willing to deliver all 15 harassing
remarks.
a. 82
b. 87
c. 92
d. 97
ANSWER: c

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121. What was the real intent of Milgram’s experiment?
a. Making learners blindly obey to the experimenter’s commands
b. Explaining obedience to learners through the experiment
c. Making learners forgive the experimenter at the end
d. Making learners free to express resistance to experimenter’s prods
ANSWER: b
122. Twinge interprets Burger’s (2009) replication of Milgram’s obedience studies as an indication that obedience rates
have ____ since Milgram’s original studies.
a. not changed appreciably
b. declined somewhat
c. risen dramatically
d. risen somewhat
ANSWER: b
123. Which of the following statements is false regarding Milgram’s research?

a. Many theorists use the results of his studies to try to explain the behavior of Nazi guards and others during the
Holocaust.
b. Some scholars suggest that his findings indicate that anyone is capable of destructive obedience if placed in
the right situation.
c. Raising people’s awareness of the explanations for someone else’s wrongdoing also tends to render people
more forgiving of this wrongdoing.
d. Subsequent researchers have extended his findings to other cultures and time periods.
ANSWER: c
124. The key difference between Gamson and others’ (1982) obedience studies and Milgram’s studies from the 1960s
was that
a. people conform less in the 1980s than the 1960s.
b. people conform more in the 1980s than the 1960s.
c. Milgram’s participants were alone but Gammon’s were in a group.
d. Milgram’s participants were in a group but Gammon’s were alone.
ANSWER: c
125. Research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that

a. disobedience to authority is much more likely in the presence of other allies who will also disobey.
b. the presence of an ally has very different results for obedience than it does for conformity.
c. participants in the Milgram studies would have been even more likely to obey had there been another
participant seated at the shock panel with them.
d. the presence of a group of people is a guaranteed safeguard against destructive obedience.
ANSWER: a
126. Which of the following experimental groups will feel most socially connected?

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a. A group of three people who rocked in rocking chairs in unison
b. A group of three people who rocked in rocking chairs together, but at different paces
c. A group of three people who sat in different types of chairs
d. A group of ten people who are geographically dispersed
ANSWER: a
127. According to social impact theory, the source’s proximity in time and space to a target determines the source’s
a. strength.
b. immediacy.
c. number.
d. popularity.
ANSWER: b
128. Which of the following situations would not be predicted by social impact theory?
a. A person is more likely to obey a nearby authority than one who is far away.
b. Each person in a group of ten contributes less money to a tip for their waitperson than each person in a group
of three.
c. A teacher can exert more control over a large class than a small class.
d. Patients are more likely to follow advice given by doctors than advice given by nurses.
ANSWER: c
129. Recent approaches to social impact theory suggest that

a. the effect of immediacy does not necessitate physical proximity.
b. it is more relevant to understanding conformity than to understanding obedience.
c. source strength is less important than the number of sources.
d. the strength of a source depends more on prestige than intelligence.
ANSWER: a
130. Stan is a new student in his sixth-grade class. The other students exert normative pressure on him to conform to their
opinion on some issue. According to social impact theory, Stan will be more likely to resist this influence if
a. there are 20 rather than 11 students in the class.
b. he perceives the other students as having high status.
c. there are three other new students in the class who are receiving the same pressures.
d. he comes from a culture that values a collectivist orientation.
ANSWER: c
131. According to social impact theory, resistance to social pressure is most likely to occur when social impact is
a. divided among many strong and distant targets.
b. divided among many weak and immediate targets.
c. consolidated within one distant target.
d. consolidated within one immediate target.
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ANSWER: a
132. American mothers in 1924 seemed to value ____ more than they do today.
a. conformity
b. independence
c. autonomy
d. kindness
ANSWER: a
133. ______ states that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to
target persons.
a. Social ostracism
b. Social impact theory
c. Conformity
d. Compliance
ANSWER: b
Essay
134. Compare and contrast normative influence and informational social influence. Which of these types of social
influence played a bigger role in Sherif’s study (in which participants estimated how far a dot of light appeared to move)?
Which played a bigger role in Asch’s study (in which participants made judgments involving the lengths of lines)?
Explain your answers.
ANSWER: Normative social influence leads people to conform out of fear of the negative consequences of appearing
deviant. Indeed, to avoid standing out from the rest of the group and risking embarrassment, individuals will
often conform to the majority even if they think the majority is wrong. Alternatively, informational social
influence leads people to conform when they believe others are correct in their judgments. In this case, they
conform to the majority because they assume that the relatively large number of people holding a particular
opinion or behaving in a particular way suggests that these people are correct. The primary influence found in
Sherif’s study was informational because the situation was rather ambiguous for the participants. They could
not be sure how far the dot of light really moved, so they looked to the other participants to provide
information about the correct answers. Even when participants in Sherif’s study were later asked to make the
same judgments alone (where there would be little pressure against deviating from a group norm), they
continued to make judgments consistent with the group norm; this suggests that the participants conformed to
the group norm because of the information provided earlier. In Asch’s study, however, normative influence
played the bigger role. Here, the situation was not ambiguous; the correct answers were obvious to the
participants. Not needing the other people in the group to provide them with answers that they already knew,
the participants were not particularly vulnerable to informational influence. Rather, Asch’s participants were
concerned about deviating from the opinions expressed by a unanimous majority. Indeed, when these
participants were asked to write down their answers privately, their levels of conformity dropped sharply.
135. A council meeting has produced heated debate about an issue. Most of the members of the council hold one opinion,
but a few hold another. During a break in the meeting, the members of the council who have the minority opinion call you
for advice as to the best way to influence the majority of the council. Based on social psychological research, particularly
concerning the dual-process approach, what should you advise them to do?
ANSWER: According to the dual-process approach, minorities and majorities exert influence in different ways. You
should advise the council members to take advantage of factors that enhance minority influence rather than
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trying to manipulate factors that enhance majority influence. One such factor is style of behavior. The
research of Moscovici and others has suggested that consistency is very important for a group minority. That
is, the people in the minority should be forceful, persistent, and unwavering in support of their view, while
appearing to be open-minded and flexible. Hollander recommends a different approach, however. Hollander
argues that those in the minority should first conform to the majority opinions in order to establish
themselves as competent insiders, and only then dissent from the majority. Thus, you should advise the
council members that they initially show their support for the majority’s opinion and then suggest their own
opinion, and further, that they present their arguments for this latter position in a forceful, persistent, and
unwavering style. In addition, the council members should also call for an anonymous, private vote on the
issue, as minorities exert stronger influence on private measures of conformity than on public measures.
136. Explain the that’s-not-all technique, framed with the notion of reciprocal concessions, with an example.
ANSWER: The that’s-not-all technique is a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer begins with an
inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus. If the notion of reciprocal
concessions is correct, then a person shouldn’t actually have to refuse the initial offer in order for the shift to
a smaller request to work. Indeed, another familiar sales strategy manages to use concession without first
eliciting refusal. In this strategy, a product is offered at a particular price, but then, before the buyer has a
chance to respond, the seller adds, “And that’s not all!” At that point, either the original price is reduced or a
bonus is offered to sweeten the pot. The seller, of course, intends all along to make the so-called concession.
To test this hypothesis, Burger set up a booth at a campus fair and sold cupcakes. Some customers who
approached the table were told that the cupcakes cost 75 cents each. Others were told that they cost a dollar,
but then, before they could respond, the price was reduced to 75 cents.
137. Compare and contrast the door-in-the-face technique with the lowball technique.
ANSWER: Lowballing is a two-step compliance technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request but
then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs. Disturbing as it may be, lowballing is an
interesting technique. Surely, once the lowball offer has been thrown, many recipients suspect that they were
misled. Yet they go along. Why? The reason appears to hinge on the psychology of commitment (Keesler,
1971). Once people make a particular decision, they justify it to themselves by thinking of all its positive
aspects. As they get increasingly committed to a course of action, they grow more resistant to changing their
mind, even if the initial reasons for the action have been changed or withdrawn entirely. In the car dealership
scenario, you might very well have decided to purchase the car because of the price. But then you would have
thought about its sleek appearance, the scent of the leather interior, the iPod dock, and the brand-new satellite
radio. By the time you learned that the price would be more than you’d bargained for, it would be too late—
you would already have been hooked. The door-in-the-face technique is a two-step compliance technique in
which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected. Why is the door-in-
the-face technique such an effective trap? One possibility involves the principle of perceptual contrast: To
the person exposed to a very large initial request, the second request “seems smaller.” Two dollars’ worth of
candy bars is not bad compared with ten dollars for circus tickets. Likewise, taking a group of kids to the zoo
seems trivial compared with two years of volunteer work. As intuitively sensible as this explanation seems,
Coalmine and others (1975) concluded that perceptual contrast is only partly responsible for the effect. When
participants only heard the large request without actually having to reject it, their rate of compliance with the
second request (25%) was only slightly larger than the 17% rate of compliance exhibited by those who heard
only the small request. A more compelling explanation for the effect involves the notion of reciprocal
concessions. A close cousin of the reciprocity norm, this refers to the pressure to respond to changes in a
bargaining position. When an individual backs down from a large request to a smaller one, we view that
move as a concession that we should match by our own compliance. Thus, the door-in-the-face technique
does not work if the second request is made by a different person (Coalmine et al., 1975). Nor does it work if
the first request is so extreme that it comes across as an insincere “first offer” (Schwarzwald et al., 1979). On
an emotional level, refusing to help on one request may also trigger feelings of guilt, which we can reduce by
Test Bank for Social Psychology, 11th Edition, Saul Kassin, Steven Fein, Hazel Rose Markus
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complying with the second, smaller request (O’Keefe & Figgie, 1997; Miller, 2002).
138. Specific variables concerning the victim in Milgram’s research on destructive obedience affected participants’ levels
of obedience. Identify one such variable, and describe the nature of its effect.
ANSWER: One variable in question was the proximity of the victim in relation to participants. The less physically
separated they were, the less willing participants were to obey the experimenter and administer the maximum
shock voltage. When the victim was in the same room as the participants, 40% of the participants fully
obeyed, compared to 65% in the baseline condition where the victim was in an adjacent room. When
participants were required to physically grasp the victim’s hand and force it onto a metal shock plate, full
obedience dropped to 30%. Physical separation from the victim allowed participants to distance themselves
emotionally from the consequences of their actions, enabling them to obey the experimenter’s orders. But the
closer the victim was to the participants, the more difficult it was for them to achieve this emotional distance,
and, therefore, the negative consequences of their actions were impossible to ignore. Social impact theory
offers a related explanation, one that accounts for the effects of proximity in terms of the immediacy of the
sources of influence. Just as the experimenter is a source of influence on the participants, so, too, is the victim
a source of influence, albeit in an opposite manner. That is, the experimenter influences the participants to
obey, and the victim, by protesting and crying out in pain, influences the participants to defy the
experimenter’s orders. The more distant the victim is from the participant, the less immediate is this source of
influence, and, therefore, the less social impact it exerts.
139. Why has the Milgram obedience experiment been subjected to doubt with regard to the ethics of appropriate research
in psychology? What other replications of Milgram emerged in the twenty-first century, and compare their conformity
with Milgram’s.
ANSWER: For many years, the ethics of this research has been the focus of much debate. Those who say it was not
ethical point to the potential psychological harm to which Milgram’s participants were exposed. In contrast,
those who believe that these experiments met appropriate ethical standards emphasize the profound
contribution it has made to our understanding of human nature and an important social problem. They
conclude that on balance, the danger that destructive obedience poses for all humankind justified Milgram’s
unorthodox methods. Other replications of Milgram emerged in the twenty-first century are Burger’s base
condition and defiant confederate. Relative to 83% of Milgram’s 150-volt obedience, only 70% of Burger’s
men exhibited 150-volt obedience and even 63% of participants who saw a defiant confederate refuse to
continue.
140. Describe the factors involved in social impact theory.

ANSWER: Social impact theory maintains that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of
source persons relative to target persons. Strength refers to the status, ability, or relationships of a source of
influence compared to his/her target. Immediacy of a source refers to the source’s proximity in time and
space to the target. The number of sources refers to how many sources there are. The stronger the source (i.e.,
higher status or closer relationship), the more immediate the source (closer geographically), and the greater
number of sources, the more influence the target will feel and the more likely that target is to yield to that
influence. If the source’s attempts at influence are divided among targets, that will dilute the impact of the
source. This theory has been criticized for failing to explain why these factors affect social influence, but has
the benefit of predicting when social influence will occur.
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which were completely fit for our reception by the time the rains had
set in.
All we had suffered during this season in the preceding year
doubled the value of the comforts and conveniences with which we
were now surrounded. We were never tired of admiring our warm
and well-arranged apartments, lighted with windows, and well
secured with doors from wind and rain, and our granary filled with
more than a sufficient winter supply of food for ourselves and for our
cattle. In the morning, our first care was to feed and give them drink;
and both these were now constantly at hand, without the pains of
fetching or preparing: after this we assembled in the parlour, where
prayers were read, and breakfast immediately served: we then
adjourned to the common room, where all sorts of industry went
forward, and which contained the spinning-wheel and loom I had,
though with indifferent success, constructed to gratify my wife. Here
all united in the business of producing different kinds of substances,
which she afterwards made into apparel. I had also contrived to
construct a turning machine, having used for the purpose one of the
small cannon wheels, with the help of which the boys and I managed
to produce some neat utensils for general use. After dinner, our work
was resumed till night, when we lighted candles; and as they cost no
more than our own trouble in collecting and manufacturing the
materials, we did not refuse ourselves the pleasure of using many at
a time, to admire their lights splendidly reflected by the crystals every
where pendent. We had formed a convenient portion of our dwelling
into a small chapel, in which we left the crystals as produced by
nature; and they exhibited a wondrous assemblage of colonnades,
porticos, altars, which, when the place was lighted to supply the want
of a window, presented a truly enchanting spectacle. Divine service
was performed in it regularly every Sunday: I had raised a sort of
pulpit, from which I pronounced such discourses as I had framed for
the instruction of my affectionate group of auditors. The remainder of
this day of rest was employed as before, in such recreations as
tended to sustain cheerfulness, and fortify the bodily health of all.
Jack and Francis had a natural inclination for music. I did the most I
could in making a flageolet apiece for them of two reeds, on which
they so frequently practised as to attain a tolerable proficiency; they
accompanied their mother, who had a sweet-toned voice, the volume
of which was doubled by the echoes of the grottos, and they
produced together a very pleasing little concert.
Thus, as will be perceived, we had made the first steps towards a
condition of civilization: separated from society, condemned perhaps
to pass the remainder of life in this desert island, we yet possessed
the means of happiness; we had abundance of all the necessaries,
and many of the comforts desired by human beings! We had fixed
habits of activity and industry; we were in ourselves serene and
contented; our bodily health and strength increased from day to day;
the sentiment of tender attachment was perfect in every heart: we
every day acquired some new and still improving channel for the
exertion of our physical and moral faculties; we everywhere beheld,
and at all times acknowledged, marks of the divine wisdom and
goodness; our minds were penetrated with love, gratitude, and
veneration for the celestial Providence who had so miraculously
rescued and preserved us, and conducted us to the true destination
of man—to provide for the wants of his offspring by the labour of his
hands: I trusted in the same goodness for restoring us once more to
the society of our fellow-men, or for bestowing upon us the means of
founding in this desert a happy and flourishing colony of human
beings, and waiting in silence for the further manifestation of his holy
will, we passed our days in a course of industry, innocent pleasures,
and reciprocal affection. Nearly two years have elapsed without our
perceiving the smallest trace of civilised or savage man; without the
appearance of a single vessel or canoe upon the vast sea, by which
we are surrounded. Ought we then to indulge a hope that we shall
once again behold the face of a fellow-creature?—We encourage
serenity and thankfulness in each other, and wait with resignation the
event!
Postscript by the Editor.
I have presented the public, and in particular the sons of families,
with the part I had in my possession of the journal of the Swiss
pastor, who, with his family, were shipwrecked on a desert island. It
cannot escape the observation of the parents who will read the work,
that it exhibits a lively picture of the happiness which does not fail to
result from the practice of moral virtues:—thus, in a situation that
seemed calculated to produce despair, we see piety, affection,
industry, and a generous concern for fellow-sufferings, capable of
forming the basis of an unexpected state of serenity and happiness.
We also see the advantage of including in the education of boys,
such a knowledge of the natural productions of the earth, of the
various combinations by which they may be rendered serviceable,
and of the use of tools of every kind, as may qualify them to assist
others, or preserve themselves under every possible occurrence of
adversity or danger. It now remains for me to inform the reader by
what means the journal of the Swiss pastor came into my
possession.
Three or four years subsequent to the occurrence of the shipwreck
of the pastor and his family, an English transport was driven by the
violence of a tempest upon the same shore. The name of the vessel
was the Adventurer, Captain Johnson: it was on a voyage from New
Zealand to the eastern coast of North America, by Otaheita, in the
South Seas to fetch a cargo of skins and furs for China, and to
proceed from Canton to England. A violent tempest of several days’
duration drove it from its track. The vessel beat about in unknown
seas for many days, and was now so injured by the weather, that the
best hope of the captain and his company was to get into some port
where they might refit. They at length discovered a rocky coast; and
as the wind had somewhat abated, they made with all speed for the
shore; when within a short distance, they cast their anchor, and put
out a boat containing some of the officers, to examine the coast and
find a place for landing: they rowed backward and forward for some
time without success, from the rocky nature of the soil; at length they
turned a promontory, and perceived a bay whose calm waters
seemed to invite their approach; this was the Safety Bay of the
wrecked islanders; the boat put on shore, and the officers with
astonishment beheld the traces of the abode of man. A handsome
well-conditioned pinnace and a small boat were there at anchor:
near the strand, under a rock was a tent, and further on, in the rock,
a house-door and windows announced European comforts and
workmanship. The officers advanced towards the spot, and were met
half-way by a man of middle age, dressed like a European and
armed with a gun; the stranger accosted them with friendly tones
and gestures; he spoke first German, and then some words in
English. Lieutenant Bell, one of the English officers, who spoke the
German language, answered. A mutual confidence immediately
ensued. We need not add, that the stranger was the Family
Robinson, whose wife and children happened at the moment to be at
Falcon’s Stream:—he had discovered the English ship in the
morning with his glass; and unwilling to alarm his family, he had
come, perceiving she bore that way, alone to the coast.
After an interchange of cordial feelings, and a hospitable reception
of the officers at the grotto, the Swiss pastor put his journal into the
hands of Lieutenant Bell, to be conveyed to Captain Johnson, that
he also might become acquainted with the story of the solitary
islanders. After an hour’s conversation the newly found friends
separated, in the pleasing expectation of meeting again on the
following day.—But Heaven had otherwise ordained.
During the night the tempest revived with new terrors. The
Adventurer could not be held at anchor, but was obliged to steer for
safety to the bosom of the ocean. As there was no favourable
change of weather for several days, the vessel was driven so far
from the coast of Safety Bay, as to leave no possibility of returning,
and Captain Johnson was compelled to renounce the gratification of
seeing this extraordinary family, or of proposing to convey them all to
Europe.
Captain Johnson brought the journal of the Swiss pastor to
England, from whence it was transmitted to a friend in Switzerland,
who has deemed its contents an instructive lesson to the world.
There was found attached to the journal a rough sketch of the
features of the island, which Lieutenant Bell thinks the Swiss pastor
informed him was executed by his son Fritz.—The editor subjoins it,
supposing it will be considered an object worthy of the interest of his
young readers.
NOTES.
* See the Introduction.
* Flamingo is a species of bird between the web-footed genus and
the waders; it takes its name from the singular colour of its plumage,
being of a bright flame-coloured red. This bird is to be found both in
the old and the new continent; in the old continent, only in the
southern climates; and in the new, no-where to the north of Carolina.
The flamingo is a gregarious animal, frequenting the sea-shore and
the marshes occasionally covered by the sea. When the flamingo
sets out upon a fishing expedition, the birds range themselves in file,
so as, at a distance, to produce the appearance of an extended line
of soldiers; nor do they employ this arrangement only when they
seek their prey, but also in a state of repose. Sometimes, however, a
flamingo may be found alone, or with only a single companion,
especially when at a distance from the sea. When drawn up in their
military array, there are always sentinels fixed, who, in case of alarm,
utter a loud cry capable of being heard at a great distance, and
considerably resembling the sound of a trumpet: the sentinel then
takes wing, and all the others follow: but whenever it is possible to
come upon a flock of flamingoes without being observed by the
sentinel, it is easy to pounce upon them and kill a great number. The
report of a musket never induces them to take wing, but rather
stupifies them; and they remain immovable, with their eyes fixed on
the sportsman. They avoid all inhabited places, and live on the small
fry of fish, or shell-fish, and on insects that they find in the mud, into
which they plunge their long and singular beak. The flamingo builds
its nest on the ground, and generally in marshes; they scrape the
mud into a heap with their feet, so as to make little hillocks of a
conical figure, and a foot and a half in height; the hillock is a little
hollowed at the top; and in this hollow the female lays two or three
eggs at most, upon which she sits; her legs, which are very long,
resting upon the level ground, or plunged Into the water, while with
the back part of her body she keeps the eggs in a proper state of
warmth. The egg of the flamingo is white, and of the size of a
goose’s egg, but more elliptical. The young ones run with
inexpressible quickness in a few days after their birth, but do not
begin to fly till they have acquired their full size. Their plumage is at
first of a pale gray approaching to white; it grows redder as the
young flamingo increases in age; but nearly a year elapses before
this bird reaches its full stature; at which time it first shews its robe of
a brilliant flame colour. The carnation hue first appears on the wing,
which is always of the brightest tint; it then extends to the rump, and
afterwards shows itself upon the back and breast, and as far as the
neck, which is of a delicate rose colour. The flamingo is considered
as a delicate morsel for the table, having some resemblance to the
partridge in flavour: the tongue, which is very large, is particularly
esteemed. They differ in stature, largeness, and colour; but this
difference depends upon the age of the animal: when in full growth,
the flamingo is more than four feet long from the beak to the tail, and
neatly six feet high to the extremity of the talons. The neck and legs
are extremely long; the plumage varies in colour on the different
parts of the body, from a bright vermilion to a beautiful rose colour,
and the legs and feet are of the same tint. There are however a few
black feathers in each wing; the beak in some is red, and in others
yellow; but the extremity in all is black.
Noueveau Dictionnaire d’Historie Naturelle.
1 Penguin; a bird of the goose kind, found near the Straits of
Magellan. It is about the size of the Indian cock; the feathers on the
back are black, and on the belly white. It has a large neck, circled
round with a white collar. Properly speaking, it has no wings, but two
pinions hang like two little arms from its sides, having no feathers
beyond the joint. These pinions serve the purpose of fins in enabling
the penguin to swim with ease, but it cannot fly. The tail is short, the
feet black; the beak narrow, and rather larger than that of the raven.
The bird carries its head erect in walking, and the pinions fall at its
side; so that when many of them are seen in a line along the shore,
where they are accustomed to assemble in large numbers, they may
from a distance be mistaken for little men. Their flesh is well-tasted,
but their skin is so tough that, but for the extreme stupidity of their
nature, it would be difficult to destroy them.—See Valmont de
Bromare.
2 Great bustard; of the gallinaceous order. This is the largest bird
of European climates, the male being four feet in length from the
beak to the tail, seven in breadth with the wings extended, and
weighing about thirty-five pounds. The females are commonly a third
less in every respect. Though the wings of the bustard are small in
proportion to the body, yet the bird can raise and sustain itself in the
air, but, cannot proceed out of a straight direction. It loves open,
spacious plains, and avoids the water. The bustard is timid and
difficult of approach; it however defends itself furiously when
attempted to be caught, by beating the enemy with its legs. If taken
when young, it is easily tamed, and brought to feed with other
poultry. The most common colour of this bird is black, slightly tinged
with red on the back, and the under parts white mixed with fawn-
colour; a down of bright pink appears at the roots of the feathers.
There are many kinds of this animal, both indigenous and exotic: the
African; the tufted; the blue; the white bustard, &c.—See New
Dictionary of Natural History.
3 Yguana; a reptile of the family of lizards; it is found in South
America and its islands. The animal is from four to six feet in length,
of which the tail makes at least half. The head is small, flattened at
the sides, covered with scales, and provided with large jaws and
sharp-pointed teeth. A protuberance like a wen appears in the front
of the neck. The body is every where clothed with hard scales. The
colour of this creature is variable; its most common hue is green
tinged with yellow; sometimes it exhibits gray or blue tints, and at
others a mixture of all these colours together, like the cameleon,
which the yguana greatly resembles.—See New Dictionary of
Natural History.
4 Lizards; The whole family are found to love music passionately;
a sure means of attracting them is by musical sounds or whistling; in
this manner the yguana is subdued. When the musician is
sufficiently near, he plunges the end of a switch into the nostril of the
animal, who dies instantly without pain.—Dictionary of Natural
History.
5 Tetrix. (Canadian Heath Cock.) This bird is found also in
Maryland, Pennsylvania, and adjacent parts. Its modes of life are
similar to the heath-cock of Europe, and is called by some authors
simply the crested heath-cock. The head and neck are of a deep
glossy black, which in all other parts is tinctured with green. The bill
is covered with a yellow skin, except at the extremity, where it is bare
and black; the eyes are also encircled with a skin of the same colour.
On the top of its head there is a crest formed of several handsome
feathers two inches and a half in length. The feathers on the neck,
which are also of a beautiful fibre form, fall gracefully down; but
when the creature is agitated, they as well as those on the head
become erect. When he wishes to call his females round him, the
feathers assume this state; he trains his wings on the ground and
spreads his tail into the form of a wheel, and in the velocity of his
motions makes a singular kind of noise like distant thunder or a
muffled drum.—New Dictionary of Natural History.
6 Myrica cerifera, or Waxtree; it grows in Louisiana, and a smaller
kind in Carolina. It is a pretty aquatic shrub and bears whitish-
coloured flowers, the fruit of which hangs in small clusters. It is about
the height of a very small cherry-tree, and in the form and smell of
the leaves resembles the myrtle. The berries are of a gray colour,
contain kernels which are covered with a kind of wax, of which the
natives make good candles. Naturalists are of opinion that it might
be easily made to flourish in other climates.—See Valmont de
Bromare, and Dictionary of Natural History.
7 Tuiete. This is the smallest kind of Brazilian parrot. There is an
infinite variety in their plumage.
8 Among others, M. Huber of Geneva: he has published a volume
of his observations upon ants, no less agreeable than instructive in
the perusal.
9 See History of the Insects of America. By Mademoiselle Merian.
10 Caoutchouc; The tree which furnishes elastic gum; it is called by
the natives of Brazil, where it is produced, Hhevé.
11 Of all the palm-trees which are natives of Asia, the sago-palmist
is one of the most useful and interesting: a liquor runs from incisions
made in its trunk, which readily ferments, and is Both salutary and
agreeable for drinking. The marrow or pith of the tree, after
undergoing a slight preparation, is the substance known by the name
of sago in Europe, and so eminently useful in the list of nutritious
food for the sick. The trunk and large leaves of the palmist-sago are
a powerful resource in the construction of buildings; the first
furnishes planks for the carpenter, and the second a covering for the
roof. From the last are also made cord, matting, and other articles of
domestic use.
12This species of the orange, or rather of the citron-tree, originally
a native of Medea and Assyria, reaches in those countries to the
astonishing height of sixty feet.—Dictionary of Natural History.
13 Cabbage palmist.—Palmist is the generical and vulgar name for
all palm-trees which bear at their tops a vegetable production which
may be eaten before it has arrived at a state of maturity. What is
called cabbage, is the closely-folded leaves, which assume the form
of that plant, at the summit of the tree, which attains to a prodigious
height in the Society Islands. This cabbage substance, when young,
has a delicate flavour not unlike an artichoke, and is excellent fried;
but the tree dies when the cabbage is cut off. This kind of palm, and
indeed all others, has numerous uses. On cutting the cabbage, the
tree yields some pints of a liquor similar to champaign, and which by
the process of fermentation will afterwards produce good vinegar;
and by distillation, a strong alcohol or brandy. Its seed or kernel
furnishes a thick sweet oil or vegetable butter. The covering of the
kernels is made into vessels and cups of all sorts, and is as strong
as porcelain. The leaves are used as tiles on the roofs of houses, for
parasols and coverings for the head, and may be written upon, like
paper. Its ligneous stalk produces large threads for sewing, and for
string. Some of the palms, the cocoa-palmist in particular, yields cool
sweet liquid which by evaporation leaves a sugar of a tolerably good
quality. In a word, the palm is a far-extended good, an inestimable
treasure bestowed by a bountiful Providence on the inhabitants of
the soil which produces it.
14 Buffalo; a ruminating quadruped of the ox species, which it
nearly resembles in form and stature; the head is larger, the snout
longer, and its horns, which almost touch at the root, spread to a
distance of five feet at their extremities: its ears are also larger and
pointed. The whole form of the buffalo, and no less its motions,
announce amazing vigour and strength; but the enormous size of the
head, the singular curvatures of its long horns, under which appears
a large tuft of bristly hair of a yellowish white colour, give a terrific
ferocity and wildness to its physiognomy. The animal inhabits hot
countries. It is used in Italy as a domestic beast for tillage and
drawing. The method adopted for taming the buffalo is by fixing a
ring in the nostril when about three years old. The operator contrives
to entangle the legs with a string, and the animal falls to the ground;
several men fall upon it and confine the legs, while others make the
wound and pass the ring; it is then left: it runs furiously from place to
place, and endeavours to get rid of the ring; in a short time it begins
to be accustomed to its fate, and by degrees to learn obedience. A
cord is fastened to the ring to lead the buffalo; if it resists, it suffers
pain; it therefore prefers to yield, and thus is brought to follow a
conductor willingly. After a certain time, the ring falls off, but the
creature has, ere this, become attached, and will follow its master.
Nothing is more common than to see a buffalo return from a distance
of forty miles to seek him. Their young keepers give them a name,
which they never fail to answer to, and on hearing it pronounced they
stop short in the midst of a company of their species. Troops of
buffaloes are found together in the plains of America and Asia that
are washed by rivers; they do not attack men unless provoked; but
the report of a gun renders them furious, and extremely dangerous:
they run straight to the enemy, throw him down with their horns, and
do not desist till he is crushed to death in the struggle. A red colour
irritates them, and they are hunted with infinite care and precaution.
—Dictionary of Natural History.
15Prickly palm, or Adam’s needle.—The leaves of this tree are
sometimes ten feet in length; they are winged in form, and the petals
are furnished with long sharp thorns, which stay on the trunk even
when the leaves are decayed, and form, from their numbers and
strength, a sure defence against being approached. The fruit of this
tree is larger than a pigeon’s egg, of an oblong shape, of a yellow
colour, and like velvet to the touch. A yellow oily substance is found
in the covering of the fruit, which is greedily eaten by monkeys,
cows, and other animals. An oil for cooking or for the lamp is also
extracted from it.
Dwarf palm.—The fruit is yellow, and contains grains inclosed in a
cuticle, somewhat sour to the taste. Savages make an agreeable
kind of beverage from them. The leaf, like the former, is thorny.—
Dictionary of Natural History.
16 Malabar or Indian Eagle, is small; not above the size of a large
pigeon; but in the smallness of its volume elegance of symmetry and
beauty of plumage are united; the animation of its eyes, its lively
movements, the boldness of its look and attitudes, give to its whole
physiognomy the appearance of pride and courage. The Malayese
have made it one of their idols, and offer it a kind of worship. A tuft of
large feathers of a dazzling white, the lower part of which is of a
deep shining black, covers the head, the neck, and all the breast of
this handsome bird; the rest of the plumage is of a very bright
chesnut-colour, with the exception of the tip of the six first feathers of
each wing, which is black. The beak is ash-coloured, and of a
yellowish green at the point; its membrane is blue, feet yellow, talons
black. This species is found in Malabar, Visapour, the Mogul Empire,
&c. In voracity it does not fall short of any other.—Dictionary of
Natural History.
17 Mr. Huber Lullin, of Geneva, has published an excellent treatise
on the economy of bees he has given the most singular and best-
attested circumstances of the queen bee; but what more astonishes
is, that he, who has thrown such lights on this attractive object of
natural history, is blind.
18 Onagra, Œigitai and Koulan;—apparently different names for
the same animal, varying according to the countries where, it is
found and authors who have spoken of it: in shape and structure it
holds the midway betwixt the horse and ass; its head is strong and
erect in the state of rest; it proudly snuffs the air in its course, which
is more fleet than the swiftest horse. Its neck finely turned, chest full
and open, back long, spine concave and rough, haunches taper,
hoofs like the ass, mane short and thick, the jaw containing thirty-
four teeth, tail two feet long, and exactly like a cow’s, shoulders
narrow and bare of flesh: it has great suppleness in all its members
and motions. The hair is mostly of a yellowish brown; a reddish
yellow covers the fore-part of the head, and between the legs; the
mane and tail are black. Along the back is a dark-brown stripe, that
grows broader from the loins upwards, and becomes narrower
towards the tail. In winter its hair is long, curled, waving; in summer
short and glossy. These animals stray in numbers over the vast
deserts and open plains abounding with saline herbage: they never
approach the woods or mountains. They have the senses of hearing
and smelling in perfection. Their neighing, somewhat peculiar, is
much louder than that of the horse. They are timid and wild, and their
chief defence is in their speed; yet they are of a peaceful, social
nature. They commonly troop together from twenty to thirty,
sometimes a hundred: each troop has its leader that watches over its
safety, conducts it, and gives the signal of flight when danger is near.
The token of alarm is bounding thrice round the object of their fear. If
their leader is killed, (and he frequently is, by approaching closer to
the hunters than the rest,) the troop disperses, and it is easy to kill
and take them. The Mongou Tartars highly prize the flesh, which they
find delicious; but the œigitai has not yet been tamed, even when
taken young. Could it be domesticated, it would doubtless be a prime
beast for the saddle, but it is of an untameable disposition; when the
utmost attempts have been made to subdue them, they have died in
breaking rather than submit to the restraint. If our Swiss Robinson
succeeded by the extraordinary means he specifies, it was a
complete triumph. The name of œigitai, applied to the onagra or wild
ass in the countries where it is most common, comes from the word
dshiggetei, which in the Tartar language means long ears in fact its
ears are very long, but more erect, and better shaped, than those of
the ass.
19Phormion, or Flax-plant;—a plant of New Zealand made known
by Cook. The inhabitants of that island get from its leaves a very
strong flax, with which they make stuffs, nets, ropes, &c. They are
two or three feet long, two inches broad, shaped like a sword.
Steeped in water, they produce fibres longer and stronger than those
of flax, and which are equal in fineness. The climate where this
useful plant is found, inclines one to think it might be cultivated with
success in Europe, and turned to considerable account. When these
leaves are opened upon the plant, an inodorous gum issues from
them, which is transparent, of a straw-colour, and in every respect
similar to gum arabic.
20 Sal-gem;—a name given to a kind of salt harder than common
salt, and which sometimes has the transparency and colour of
precious stones. It is found invariably in the same soil as gypsum, in
the neighbourhood of which constant observation has proved it to be
never wanting; and even the strata of salt and gypsum frequently
alternate. The sal-gem forms itself sometimes into large undivided
beds, sometimes it runs in large detached cubes, behind beds of
clay and rock. The mines (I may say the quarries) of sal-gem are
found at every height, and now and then on a level with the plains. In
all parts of the known world no production of nature is more
abundant than salt. Most of the sal-gem mines in Spain and England
are of several hundred feet extent. The town of Cardona in Spain is
situated at the foot of a rock of solid salt, rising almost perpendicular
to the height of four or five hundred feet, without interstice, fissure, or
separate layer. This immense mass of salt is about a league in
circuit: its depth, and consequently the bed on which it rests, is
unknown. From top to bottom the salt is of the purest white, or of a
light transparent blue. This prodigious mountain of salt, quite free
from gypsum and other extraneous matter, is the only one of the kind
in Europe. In the county of Chester in England, near the Irish sea, is
a very extensive mine of sal-gem behind a ledge of rock; and after
having worked through twenty-five feet of salt, in several places of a
fine deep red, from twelve to fifteen feet of rock again appeared, and
salt under that; a fact which destroys the hypothesis of sal-gem
being produced from saline lakes dried up.—Dictionary of Natural
History.
21 Sea Dog; a sea fish; partakes in some respects of the nature of
the shark.—See Dictionary of Natural History.
22 Gypsum.—A mineral substance composed of chalk and
sulphurous acid: in strictness it may be considered as a neutral salt;
but being soluble only in a small degree, and having the external
character of stone, mineralogists class it as a stony substance. It has
abundance of varieties.
23Black Swan;—Discovered by M. de la Billardiere on a lake of
New Zealand.
24 Beast with a bill.—This singular creature was, like the last,
discovered in a lake of New Zealand; a particular account of it may
be found in Blumenbach’s Natural History, published in Germany.
25Arcadia, according to the poets was the most beautiful and the
happiest of all countries.
THE END.
Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-Lane, London.

ERRATA.
The following obvious typographical errors have been corrected:
Part I, Volume I
On page 9: Changed “asistance” to “assistance”.
On page 39: Changed “said my father” to “said I”.
On page 47: Added missing “Chapter III” header.
On page 94: Added missing “to” in “Fritz whispered to me”.
On page 95: Removed errant comma from “sharpened, at one
end”.
On page 138: Changed “the metal and the thread” to “the leather
and the thread”.
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Part I, Volume II
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Earthly Abode”.
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Part II
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loved”.
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cool refreshing liquid”.
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1. Which of the following is not an example of social influence?

4. The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

9. Which of the following has not been demonstrated by research on mimicry?

11. Ireland and Pennebaker (2010) found evidence for

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23. Research on social influence in virtual groups shows that they

24. Informational influence occurs under the condition that people

25. Normative influence tends to occur primarily when people

29. Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?

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37. The experience of being ostracized has been found to be

43. As group size increases, conformity will

50. In which case can social norms lead to conformity?

62. The “minority slowness effect” refers to the finding that

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92. The foot-in-the-door technique takes particular advantage of the

103. Research on obedience suggests that participation in the Holocaust was

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111. The Milgram study demonstrated

112. Who of the following is most likely to obey in Milgram’s study?

115. Which of the following is true of Milgram’s obedience study?

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117. The original Milgram obedience study

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123. Which of the following statements is false regarding Milgram’s research?

125. Research examining rebellion and obedience suggests that

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129. Recent approaches to social impact theory suggest that

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140. Describe the factors involved in social impact theory.

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