Viii - Ix Senior Course

I CAN SPEAK ENGLISH SENIOR COURSE
Ways to Say Hello and Goodbye

• Hello • Bye-bye
• Hi • See you later
• Hey • Take care
• Hi there • Have a good one
• Bye • Meet you again
Ways to Ask How Someone Is

• How are you? • How’s your family?
• How’s it going? • What’s up?
• How ya doin’? • What’s new?
• How are things? • What have you been up
• How’s life? to lately?
• How have you been?
Ways to Say How You Are
• Pretty good. • Can’t complain.
• I’m fine, thanks. How about you? • I’ve been busy.
• Not bad. • Same as always.
• Great! • Not so great.
• Couldn’t be better! • Could be better.
Ways to Say “Thank You”

• Thanks. • I’m really grateful.
• Thanks a lot. • That’s so kind of you.
• Thank you so much. • I can’t thank you enough.
• Thanks a million! (for extremely important things)
• Thanks for your help. / Thanks • I owe you one. (this means you
for helping me. want/need to do a favor for the
• I really appreciate it. other person in the future)
KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 1

Ways to Respond to “Thank You”

• You’re welcome. • Anytime.
• No problem. • It was the least I could do.
• No worries. • Glad to help.
• Don’t mention it. • Sure!
• My pleasure.
• Thank you.
Phrases for Apologizing

• I’m sorry that… • Oops, sorry. (for very small problems)
[ex. I was so rude yesterday] • I should have… [ex. called you
• It’s my fault. and told you I’d be late]
(= I am taking responsibility • (formal) I apologize for…
for the problem) [ex. the delay]
Ways to Respond to an Apology

• That’s OK. • Don’t worry about it.
• It happens. • I forgive you.
• No problem. (for serious problems)
Phrases for Introductions

• I just wanted to introduce • Have you met… ?
myself. I’m… [your name] • I’d like to introduce you to…
• I don’t think we’ve met before. • Nice to meet you.
My name’s… [your name] • It’s a pleasure to meet you.
• This is… • Likewise.
• I’d like you to meet… • And you.
Ways to Show Interest
• Really? • Right.
• That’s interesting. • Gotcha.
• Uh-huh. • Sure.

Ways to End a Conversation Politely

• It was nice chatting with you. • I’m sorry to cut you off, but I actually
• Well, it’s getting late. got a run.(cut you off = interrupt
• Anyway, I should get going. (formal) you)
Sorry, but I’m afraid I need to…
Phrases for Telephone Calls

• Hi, this is Jane. • (informal) Hang on a sec.
(formal) May I speak with John • He’s not here. Would you like
Smith? to leave a message?
• (informal) Is John there? • Could you ask him to call me back?
• I’m calling about… • Thanks for calling.
• I’m returning your call.
(formal) One moment, please.
Phrases for Asking for Information

• Can you tell me...? • Would you happen to know...?
• Could you tell me...? • I don't suppose you (would) know...?
• I'd like to know... • I was wondering…
• Do you know... • I’m calling to find out…
• Do you have any idea...? (use this phrase on the telephone)
• Could anyone tell me...? (use this phrase
when asking a group of people)
Ways to Say “I don’t know”
• I have no idea/clue. • I’m not really sure.
• I can’t help you there. • I’ve been wondering that, too.
• (informal) Beats me.
Phrases for Not Having an Opinion
• I’ve never given it much thought. • It doesn’t make any difference
• I don’t have strong feelings to me.
either way. • I have no opinion on the matter.
• (very informal) Whatever.

Phrases for Asking for Someone’s Opinion & Giving Your Opinion
• What do you think about...? • I'd say...
• How do you feel about…? • Personally, I think/believe...
• What's your opinion of...? • If you ask me...
• What are your views on...? • The way I see it...
• In my opinion… • From my point of view…
Phrases for Agreeing

• Exactly. • (informal) Tell me about it! /
• Absolutely. You’re telling me!
• That’s so true. • (informal) I’ll say!
• That’s for sure. • I suppose so.
• I agree 100% • (use this phrase for weak
• I couldn’t agree with you more. agreement – you agree, but
• That’s exactly what I think. / reluctantly)
That’s exactly how I feel.
Phrases for Disagreeing

• I don’t think so. • Not necessarily.
• I beg to differ. • Yes, but… [say your opinion]
• I’m afraid I don’t agree. • On the contrary.
• I’m not so sure about that. • (very informal) No way!
• That’s not how I see it.
(very strong) I totally disagree.
Phrases for Responding to Good News
• Congratulations! • Awesome!
• That’s great! • I’m so happy for you!
• How wonderful! •
Phrases for Responding to Bad News

• Oh no… • I’m so sorry to hear that.
• That’s terrible. • I’m sorry for your loss.
• Poor you. (Use this to respond to bad (Use this only if someone has died)
situations that are not too serious)

Phrases for Invitations

• Are you free… [join me for dinner?]
[Saturday night?] • I’d love to!
• re you doing anything… • Sounds great!
[Saturday night?] • I’d love to, but I have another
• Let me check my calendar. commitment.
(informal) Do you wanna… • I don’t think I can.
[see a movie?] • Maybe another time.
• (formal) Would you like to…
Ways to Make & Respond to an Offer

• (more formal) Would you like a drink? • That’d be great, thanks.(= yes)
• (informal) Do you want some water? • No, thanks. I’m OK. (= no)
• Can I get you something to eat?
Phrases for Talking About Future Plans

• I’m going to… • I’m thinking about…
• I’m planning to… • I’d like to…
• I hope to… • I might… / I may…
Phrases for Asking / Talking about Jobs

• Where do you work? • I’m looking for work.
• What do you do? / What do you do for • I’m a stay-at-home mom/dad.
a living? • I run my own business.
• I work at… [Microsoft]. • I’m a freelance…
• I’m a/an… [accountant]. [writer/designer/etc.]
• I’m unemployed. / I’m between jobs • I’m retired.
at the moment.

Ways to Talk about Likes & Dislikes

• I love… [soccer] • I don’t really care for… [modern art]
• I’m really into… [soccer] • I’m not into… [modern art]
• I live for… [soccer] is my thing. • I can’t stand… [modern art]
• I’m crazy about… [soccer] (this phrase expresses strong
• I’m not a huge fan of… [modern art] dislike)
[Modern art] isn’t my cup of tea.
Ways to Make a Suggestion

• How about… • I’d recommend…
[ex. trying something new]? [ex. going to the doctor].
• Why don’t you… • Have you thought about…
[ex. talk to your boss]? [ex. buying a new computer]
• Maybe we should…
[ex. do more research].
Phrases for Describing Relationships

• I’m single. • I’m divorced.
• I have a boyfriend/girlfriend. • I’m widowed.
• We’re engaged. (= my husband/wife has died)
(= going to get married) • I’m not looking for anything serious.
• We’re getting married in June. • I’m not quite over my ex.
• I’m married.
• I’ve been married for… [10 years].
Ways to Ask for Help

• I need a little help. • Could you spare a couple minutes?
• Could you help me out? • Could you do me a favor?
• Could you give me a hand?
(usually used for physical tasks)

Intermediate Phrases
Ways to Ask for Clarification
• Pardon? • What do you mean?
(if you didn’t hear or I’m not sure I follow you.
understand what the person said) (= I don’t understand)
• Would you mind repeating that? • Could you explain… ?
(asking for more information)
Ways to Check if the Other Person Understands You

• Do you understand what I’m saying? •Is that clear?
• Does that make sense? (often used after giving orders,
• Do you know what I mean? or expressing disapproval or
• Are you with me so far? another negative attitude)
(often used in the middle of a
long explanation or instructions)
Ways to Ask Someone Else to Do Something

• more formal) Would you mind… [pass me the chicken]?
[opening the window]? • Please… [send me the information].
• Could you please… • I’d appreciate it if you could…
[turn off the lights]? [wash the dishes].
• (informal) Can you…
Ways to Interrupt Someone

• Sorry to interrupt, but… • Could I jump in here?
• Excuse me – could I talk to you for (use this when interrupting
a minute? / do you have a minute? a discussion among many people)
(when interrupting a conversation • Sorry – I just want to say that…
between two other people, to talk (formal) May I have a word?
to one of them)

Ways to Encourage Someone

• Keep up the good work! • Don’t give up! / Hang in there!
• That was a nice try. (when someone is currently having
(say this after someone made a difficulties)
good effort but failed) • You can do it!
• That’s a real improvement. • Give it your best shot.
• You’re on the right track. (best shot = best try, best effort)
• You’ve almost got it. • Nice job! / You did great!
• You’re doing great. (after the person has done
something good)
Phrases for Saying Something is Easy & Difficult
• It’s a piece of cake. • It’s a bit tricky.
• It’s a cinch. • It’s really tough.
• It’s a breeze. • It’s not a walk in the park.
• Anyone can do it. • It’s very demanding.
• There’s nothing to it. • (= it takes a lot of time and energy)
• It’s hard.
Phrases for Remembering, Reminding, & Forgetting

• I’ll always remember… / think of anything)
I’ll never forget… • It doesn’t ring a bell.
• If I remember correctly… / (=it doesn’t sound familiar)
As far as I can recall… • Please remember to… /
• I have a vague recollection of… Please don’t forget to…
• It’s on the tip of my tongue. • I’d like to remind you about…
(I’m trying to remember, • You haven’t forgotten to/
but I can’t quite remember) about… have you?
• My mind went blank. • It completely slipped my mind!
( I couldn’t remember/
(I completely forgot about it!)

Phrases for Complaining

• I’m not happy about this. • (informal) I can’t stand it when…
• I’m sorry, but this is unacceptable. [ex. the internet is slow]
• I’m not very satisfied with... • (informal) This sucks.
[ex. this product / this situation]
Expressions about Age

• She’s in her early twenties. • I’m not over the hill yet!
(=20-23 years old) (over the hill = an informal expression
• He’s in his late thirties. to say “old”)
(=37-39 years old) • He’s no spring chicken.
• She just turned six. (= he’s not young)
• Act your age! • She’s wise beyond her years.
(use this when an adult is being (she is young, but she has the wisdom
immature, acting like a child) of an older person)
• I’m not as young as I used to be. • I’m having a senior moment.
(= I’m being forgetful)
• He lived to a ripe old age.
(= a very old age)
Phrases for Shopping

• Do you have… ? • Can I try it on?
• Where can I find… ? (use this to ask if you can put on
• I’m just browsing. clothing to see if it’s the right size)
(browsing = looking casually) • I’ll take it!
• I’m looking for… • Do you take credit cards?
• How much is this? • I’d like to return/exchange this.
• Is this on sale?

Phrases for Talking about Food

• I’m starving! (another helping = another portion)
(= I’m very hungry) • I’ll have…
• Let’s grab a bite to eat. (use this phrase for ordering in a
• How about eating out tonight? restaurant)
(eat out = eat at a restaurant) • Could we get the check, please?
• I brought some snacks. • I’m full. (= I’m satisfied)
• This soup is delicious! • I’m stuffed. (= I ate a LOT, may be
• Could I have another helping of… too much!)
[potatoes]?
Phrases for Talking About TV

• Where’s the remote? • I love this show!
(remote = remote control) • There are too many commercials.
• Is there anything good on? • Stop channel-surfing.
• Can I change the channel? (channel - surfing = changing the
• I’ve already seen this episode. channel quickly)
• This is a rerun. • Check the TV guide.
(rerun = an old episode that was (the TV guide has the information
already shown on TV previously) about the TV programming and
• It’s the season finale! schedule)
( the final episode of the season)
Phrases You’ll Hear in the Airport
• Do you have any bags to check? • Flight 800 is now boarding.
• Would you like a window seat or an (boarding = passengers can enter
aisle seat?(aisle = corridor) the plane)
• Here’s your boarding pass. • Your flight has been delayed.
(boarding pass = the paper that permits • Your flight has been canceled.
you to enter the plane) • This is the final call for flight 800.
• Your flight leaves from gate 15. • What is the purpose of your trip?
• Your seat number is 8F.

Ways to Talk About Price

• It cost a fortune. • That’s quite reasonable.
• It cost an arm and a leg. (= it’s a good price)
• That’s a rip-off. • It’s 20% off.
(= overpriced; far more expensive (= there’s a 20% discount)
than it should be) • That’s a good deal.
• I can’t afford it. (= a good value for the amount
(= I don’t have enough money of money)
to buy it) • It was a real bargain.
• That’s a bit pricey. • It was dirt cheap.
(= extremely inexpensive)
Phrases for Hot Weather

• It’s nice and warm today. • We’re having a real heat wave.
• It’s absolutely boiling! (heat wave = many consecutive days
(boiling = extremely hot) of hot weather)
• The sun’s really strong today.
• It’s hot and humid.
Phrases for Cold Weather
• It’s a little chilly. • We’re expecting some winter weather.
• It’s freezing. (= extremely cold) (winter weather = snow, hail, sleet, ice,
• The temperature’s dropping. etc.)
• Make sure to bundle up. • clothes for protection against
(bundle up = put on warm) he the cold
Phrases for Talking about Rain

• It’s drizzling. (= raining heavily)
(= raining lightly) • I got caught in a downpour.
• It’s pouring. • I think the rain’s letting up.
(= raining heavily) (letting up = getting lighter and stopping)
• It’s raining cats and dogs.

Ways to Say You’re Tired

• I’m exhausted. / I’m running on empty.
• I’m dead tired. • I can hardly keep my eyes open.
• I’m pooped. • I’m off to bed.
• I’m spent. (hit the sack = go to bed)
• I’m beat. • I’m gonna hit the sack.
• I’m running on fumes.
• It’s bedtime for me.
Phrases for Promises & Resolutions
• I really should… • No matter what happens, I’m going
• I promise that I’ll… to…
• I swear I’ll / I won’t… • Come hell or high water, I’ll…
• (a very strong promise)
Excuses for Being Late

• Sorry I’m late. • I couldn’t find a parking spot.
• I overslept. • I got lost coming here.
(= I slept longer than I should have) • I was tied up in a meeting.
• My alarm didn’t go off. (tied up = occupied, impossible to
• I had to wait ages for a bus. escape)
(ages = a very long time) • I just lost track of time.
• The bus was late. (= I didn’t notice what time it was)
• The traffic was terrible.
Ways to Say Someone is Correct
• That’s right. • I suppose so.(use this when you
• That’s spot on. agree, but you are not completely
• You’ve hit the nail on the head. / convinced)
You’ve nailed it. • I’m afraid you’re right.
(use this in response to bad news,
to say the bad news is correct)

Ways to Say Someone is Wrong

• I’m afraid that’s not quite right. • No, that’s all wrong.
• I’m afraid you’re mistaken. • (informal – rude) Baloney. / Bullshit.
• No, you’ve got it wrong.
Ways to Say Someone is Smart
• He’s really sharp. • She’s a genius.
• She’s brilliant. • He’s a smart cookie.
• He’s very bright.
Ways to Say Someone is Stupid
• He’s not the sharpest tool in the shed. • She’s a complete idiot.
• She’s a few cards short of a deck. • He’s really dumb.
• He’s a bit slow.
Advanced Phrases Ways to Avoid Answering a Question
• No comment.
• I’m not at liberty to say. (I don’t have • I’m sorry, that’s confidential.
permission to give the information) • I’m sorry, that’s personal.
• Wait and see. (you will discover the • I’d rather not talk about it.
answer later) • It’s none of your business.
• Let me get back to you. • Mind your own business.
(I will give you the answer later) • Why do you want to know?
#6 and #7 express the idea that the person is trying to conserve money,
when they havevery little money.
Phrases for Talking about Statistics
• The crime rate rose. • The crime rate reached its peak.
• The crime rate went up. (peak = the highest point)
• There was a sharp increase in crime. • The crime rate plateaued. (plateaued
(sharp = sudden and large) = stayed at the same level)
• There was a gradual rise in crime. • There was a slight decrease in crime.
• There was a spike in crime. (spike = • The crime rate dropped.
sudden increase and then decrease) • The crime rate plummeted.
(decreased a lot, very quickly)

#8 and #9 are rather rude – telling the other person to stop inquiring about
your life
Phrases for Being Rich & Poor
• He’s short on cash. • He’s scrimping and saving.
• He’s broke. (= he has no money) • She’s very wealthy.
• His bank account is overdrawn. • She’s quite well-off.
• He’s just scraping by. • She’s loaded.
(he is just barely surviving on • She’s filthy rich.
little money) • She inherited a fortune.
• He makes minimum wage. • She’s making a killing.
(he earns the minimum salary) • She’s raking in the cash.
• He’s pinching pennies. • She’s rolling in dough.
Ways to Say Someone’s Talented

• She was born to… [dance]. • She’s a walking encyclopedia
• He’s a natural. of…[philosophy].
• She could do it in her sleep. • He’s in a class of his own.
• He knows it inside out. • He’s the best in the business.
• She knows [New York] • She’s very gifted.
like the back of her hand. • He’s a [chemistry] whiz.
Phrases for Telling Someone to Wait

• Could you give me a minute? • Bear with me.
(informal) Hang on a sec / Just a sec. • That’ll have to wait.
• Hold on... • Be patient.
• Let me see/think… • Not so fast!
• I'll be right with you. • Hold your horses!

#9 and #10 are used for cautioning someone to wait and not make a bad
decision ortake reckless action.
Phrases for Decisions
• I’m debating between… • I’m having second thoughts.
[option A and option B] (I’m reconsidering my decision)
• I can’t make up my mind. • I changed my mind.
• I’m on the fence. • He convinced/persuaded me to…
(I’m in the middle, I don’t know • Looking back, I know it was the
what to decide) right decision.
• I’ll take that into consideration. • It’s up to you.
• On the other hand… (You can decide)
Phrases for Estimating & Guessing

• If I had to take a guess, I’d say… • I wouldn’t be surprised if…
[she’s about 35 years old]. [Peter asks Jill to marry him].
• It’s difficult to say, but I think… • There’s a good chance…
[our customers are more satisfied]. • [it’ll rain tomorrow].
• Off the top of my head, I’d say… • I have a feeling/hunch…
• [the company has 500 employees]. • [the boss won’t be happy about this].
(= what I remember/estimate, (hunch = an instinctive feeling)
without checking the actual • I bet… [he’ll be late].
statistics) • Your guess is as good as mine.
• It’s about… [10 miles away]. (= I don’t know)
• It’s around… [three hours long].
Phrases for Good Luck & Bad Luck

• Good luck! • Just my luck!
• Better luck next time. (this is a sarcastic phrase
(say this after someone fails, meaning that something
and you hope they do better UNLUCKY happened)
next time) • Lucky you!

• That was a stroke of luck. • He’s down on his luck.

(a sudden event of good luck) (he’s having a long period
• Some people have all the luck. of bad luck or difficulty)
(say this when someone else is • No such luck.
constantly lucky, and you (something good that could
feel like you’re not lucky) have happened, didn’t happen)
• As luck would have it… (by chance) • What rotten luck!
Phrases for Decisions

• I’m debating between… • I’m having second thoughts.
[option A and option B] (I’m reconsidering my decision)
• I can’t make up my mind. • I changed my mind.
• I’m on the fence. • He convinced/persuaded me to…
(I’m in the middle, • Looking back, I know it was the
I don’t know what to decide) right decision.
• I’ll take that into consideration. • It’s up to you. (You can decide)
• On the other hand…
Phrases for Worries & Relief

• I’m scared that… • What if… ?
• I can’t help thinking that… • Whew!
• (use this for thoughts that you • Thank goodness!
• try to avoid, but they keep • What a relief!
• coming into your mind) • You had me worried for a moment.
• It’s been keeping me up at night. • You have no idea what a relief it is.
• (use this when you’re so worried • That’s a huge load off my mind.
• about something that you can’t sleep)

Phrases for Talking about the Future

• It’ll happen any day now. • Sooner or later… / It’s bound to
• It’s right around the corner. happen eventually.
• …in the near future. (it will definitely happen sometime
• It will/won’t happen in our lifetime. in the future)
(in the next 40-50 years) • I’ll get around to it.
• It’s a sign/taste of things to come. (I’ll do it sometime in the future, but
(it indicates how things will be in I don’t know exactly when)
the future) • I’ll do it right away. / I’ll get right on it.
• I’m counting down the days until… (I’ll do it immediately)
(I’m excited about the future event, • Time will tell. (in the future, we will
I can’t wait for it to happen) know if something is true/false or
good/bad)
Phrases for Compliments
• You look nice. / You look amazing! • My compliments to the chef!
• What a beautiful • What a nice apartment!
[necklace/dress/etc.]! • You have a beautiful home.
• I like your [shirt/shoes/haircut/etc.] • He’s/She’s so cute!
• The lasagna is delicious. • Your kids are a lot of fun.
• You’re a fantastic cook.
Phrases for Certainty & Probability
• I’m absolutely sure. • I don’t think so.
• I’m positive that… • Probably not.
• I have no doubt that… • It’s not very likely.
• I’m a hundred percent certain. • There’s not much chance of that.
• I’m convinced that… • I’d be very surprised if that happened.
• Chances are that… • I wouldn’t bet on it.
(= this will probably happen) (= there’s a small chance it could
• Odds are that… happen… but it probably won’t
(= this will probably happen) happen)
• I seriously doubt it. • That’ll never happen.

Ways to Say Something isInteresting / Boring

• It’s fascinating. • It does nothing for me.
• It’s intriguing. • I was bored to tears.
• I couldn’t tear myself away. • I was bored to death.
• I couldn’t put it down. • I was dying of boredom.
(this phrase is used for en extremely • It’s about as exciting as watching paint
interesting book) dry.
• I was so into it, I lost track of time. (= it’s very boring)
Phrases for Cheering Someone Up

• What’s the matter? • Everything will be OK.
• What’s wrong? • Look on the bright side.
• Are you all right? (= consider the positive aspects)
• You look a bit down. • It’s not the end of the world.
(= a little sad) (this phrase is used when someone is
• Is there anything I can do to help? upset about something small and
• Cheer up! / Chin up! trivial)
• It’s not so bad.
Phrases for Disappointment

• What a pity! • Bummer.
• What a shame. • It was a real letdown.
• How disappointing. • It didn’t live up to my expectations.
• That’s too bad.
Ways to Say You Don’t Believe Someone

• Yeah, right. • You're kidding.

• You're pulling my leg. • (= she’s lying or not telling the entire

• That's a bit of an exaggeration. truth)
• He’s stretching the truth. • His story is fishy.
• He’s not telling the whole truth. • That's an outright lie.
• That's a pack of lies.
• She’s being economical with the truth.
Expressions for Bad People
• He’s a creep.
( unpleasant, suspicious, makes you • He’s a jerk.
afraid/uneasy) • He’s a bastard.
• He’s a pervert. • She’s a bitch. (she’s irritating and
( someone with disgusting sexual unpleasant)
tendencies) • She’s a psycho.
• He’s a sicko. ( crazy, irrational)
• He’s a scumbag. • She’s a slut.
• He’s an asshole. ( she has sex with a lot of people)
Words for Describing Speaking

• He yelled. • He rambled. / He went on and on.
• She screamed. (= talked too much without stopping)
• I whispered. (= spoke in an extremely • She stammered.
quiet voice) • I snapped at my husband.
• We chatted. (= said a quick and angry remark)
(= had an informal conversation) • He muttered.
• He mumbled. (spoke in a low voice, • (= spoke in a low voice, usually
not clearly, without opening his making complaints or negative
mouth much) comm)
• My kids whined. ( complained)
Phrases for Facial Expressions

• She was beaming. (she had a big, radiant smile)

• The kids were smiling from ear to ear. because she was embarrassed)
• He looked puzzled.(confused) • His eyes were glazed over.
• She grinned. (had a small smile) (he appeared)
• He winced when the doctor gave • Why the long face? (an informal
him an injection. (had a quick expression to ask why someone
looks sad or upset)
expression of pain)
• Her expression was unreadable.
• She gave me a dirty look.
(you can’t know what she is feeling)
( looked at me angrily)
• She blushed. (her face turned red
Phrases for Bad Travel Experiences
• My flight was overbooked. • I was mugged.
(overbooked = there were too many (= I was robbed on the street)
passengers and not enough seats) • The weather was miserable.
• My flight was delayed/canceled. • I got the runs.
• My luggage was lost. (= diarrhea)
• I was jet-lagged.(I felt tired because of • The place was a tourist trap.
the time zone difference between (= made only for tourists; not
my origin and destination) authentic)
• My hotel was in a seedy area. • I couldn’t wait to get back home.
(seedy = possibly unsafe)
Phrases for Drinking (Alcohol)
• It’s on me. ( I’ll buy you a drink)
• I’d like to make a toast. • He’s a bit tipsy. ( a little bit drunk)
(I’d like to honor a person/event/idea) He’s completely sloshed / wasted
• Here’s to… (your health / the /plastered. (completely drunk)
New Year / our success)! • She’s trying to drown her sorrows.
• Another round of drinks, please. (drinking alcohol for relief from
• Put it on my tab. (tab = bill to pay pain/sadness)
later, before you leave) • I’m the designated driver.
• I had a hangover. / I was hung over. (I’m not drinking alcohol because
(the bad feeling you have the I will drive other people home later)
morning after drinking too much)
Comparative Idioms

• It’s as light as a feather. • She’s as stubborn as a mule.

• It’s as dry as a bone. • He’s as proud as a peacock.
• It’s as flat as a pancake. • She’s as white as a sheet. (usually
• He’s as mad as a hornet. used when someone is very afraid or
• It’s as old as the hills. very sick)
• It’s as quick as lightning. • It’s as solid as a rock.
• She’s as sick as a dog. • It’s as good as new. (used after
• He’s as strong as an ox. something broken has been repaired)
• They’re as different as night and day. • It’s as clear as mud. (it’s not clear at all)
Phrases to Describe Offending or Upsetting People

• They got off on the wrong foot.
( when they first met,
they didn’t get along)
• He got on the teacher’s bad side.
• She took offense at his comment.
• He has a chip on his shoulder.
(he is easily offended)
• She got bent out of shape.
• He left in a huff.
• She got her panties in a wad.
• He has a short fuse.
(he gets angry easily)
• She dissed my mother.
(she insulted/disrespected
my mother)
• He got his nose out of joint.
1. HABITUAL AND RECURRING ACTIONS

In our day today life we do some activities are actions by habit and regular basis.
Actions that we do by habit are called habitual actions. Actions that we do on regular
basics are called recurring actions. The recurring actions for the actions that take place
“weekly, monthly, yearly, regularly, always, sometimes, many times, frequently, often
times” etc. Habitual and Recurring actions happen both in Present and Past.
Observe the following sentences
1. I do my Homework daily.
(It is present regular action )
2. I used to do my Homework daily.
(It is past regular action. But the action doesn’t happen presently)
3. I go to temple every Friday.
(It is present habitual action )
4. I used go to temple every Friday.
(It is past habitual action. But the action doesn’t happen presently)
1) In Example sentence 1 the verb “do” and the adverb “daily” tells us that the subject
“I” does homework every day so it is his daily action.
2) In Example Sentence 2 the verb, “used to” tells us that it’s a past habituated action
and the person did the homework daily in the past but now the regularity was broken
or it doesn’t have regularly.
3) In Example sentence 3 the verb “go” and adverb “every Friday” tells us that the
subject “I” goes to Temple on Friday. So it is a weekly habitual action.
4) In Example sentence 4 the verb “used to” tells us that it is a past habituated action
and the person had the habit of going to temple in the past but now it was broken or
it doesn’t happen in the present.
PRESENT HABITUAL AND RECURRING ACTIONS

Observe the following verb patterns for habitual and recurring actions
Sentence Verb Pattern Example

Positive V1 / V1 + S or es They watch funny movies.
She watches funny movies.
Negative Don’t V1 / Doesn’t V1 They don’t watch funny movies
She doesn’t watch funny movies.
Positive Do + Subject + V1 + ? Do they watch funny movies ?
Question Does + Subject + V1 + ? Does she watch funny movies ?
Negative Don’t + Subject + V1 + ? Don’t they watch funny movies ?
Question Doesn’t + Subject + V1 + ? Doesn’t she watch funny movies ?
Note: - To express habitual or recurring actions, we use V1 for “I, we, you, they”.
But for “He, She, It” or any singular person are thing, we add “S or es” to V1
Eg: I play chess - He plays chess
We play chess. - She plays chess
You play chess. - Raju plays chess.
They play chess. - My Dad plays chess.
Practice the following patterns to make sentences of present habits and recurring actions
Sub +ve -ve statements +ve question -ve question
statements
I I + V1 I + don’t +V1 Do + I +V1 Don’t+I+V1
We We + V1 We + don’t +V1 Do + we +V1 Don’t + we +V1
You You + V1 You + don’t +V1 Do + you +V1 Don’t + you +V1
He He + V1+s He + doesn’t +V1 Does+ he +V1 Doesn’t + he +V1
She She + V1+s She+ doesn’t +V1 Does + she +V1 Doesn’t + she +V1
It It + V1+s It + doesn’t +V1 Does + it +V1 Doesn’t + it +V1
They They + V1 They + don’t +V1 Do + they +V1 Don’t + they +V1
Noun Noun + V1+s Noun + doesn’t +V1 Does + noun +V1 Doesn’t + noun +V1
Plural Noun Plural noun+ V1+s Plural noun + don’t Do + plural noun Don’t+plural noun
+V1 +V1 +V1
By above table it is clear that we use V1, do, don’t for plural subjects i.e,
(I, we, you, that, plural noun) we use V1+s does, doesn’t for singular subjects i.e.

(he, she, it, noun)
Icing on the cake

• She cooks food daily - It is her daily work to cook food.
• She doesn’t cook food daily - It is not her daily work to cook food.
• Does she cook food daily? - Is it her daily work to cook food?
• Doesn’t she cook food daily? - Is it not her daily work to cook food?
• She eats chocolates - It is her habbit to eat chocolates.
• She doesn’t eats chocolates - It is not her habbit to eat chocolates.
• Does she eats chocolates? - Is it her habbit to eat chocolates?
• Doesn’t she eats chocolates? - Is it not her habbit to eat chocolates?
• They meet us daily. - It is their regular activity to meet daily.
• They doesn’t meet us daily - It is not their regular activity to meet daily.
• Do they meet us daily ? - Is it their regular activity to meet daily?
• Don’t they meet us daily? - Is it not their regular activity to meet daily?
How to frame questions and negative sentences for present habitual or recurring
actions.
To frame questions for daily or habitual activities the helping verbs “Do / Does” are
placed just before the subject. ‘Does’ is placed before ‘He, She, It’ and singular nouns.
To frame negative statements, we place ‘Not’ between the helping verb ‘Do or Does’
and the main verb.
Observe the following examples:-
+ve statement -ve statement +ve question -ve question
I play games daily. I don’t play games Do I play games daily? Don’t I play games daily?
daily.
We go to temple We don’t go to temple Do we go to temple Don’t we go to temple
monthly. monthly. monthly? month?
You clean your room You don’t clean your Do you clean your Don’t you clean your
weekly. room weekly. room weekly? room weekly?
He reads stories He doesn’t read stories Does he read stories Doesn’t he read stories
always. always. always? always?
She listens songs of She doesn’t listen Does she listen songs Doesn’t she listen songs
ten. songs often. often. often?

It follows my orders. It doesn’t follow my Does it follow my Doesn’t it follow my

orders. orders? orders?
They water the plants They don’t water Do they water the Don’t they water the
regularly. plants regularly. plants regularly? plants regularly?
Ram attends closes Ram doesn’t attend Does Ram attend Doesn’t Ram attend
every week. classes every week. classes every week? classes every week?
Boys always disturb Boys don’t disturb the Do Boys disturb the Don’t boys disturb the
the class. class always. class always? class always?
Usage:
1. We generally use the words daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, regularly, always, often,
seldom, every + noun, on + plural form of the day to represent habitual actions and
recurring actions of present.
• They seldom break the rules.
• We wear civil dress on Saturday.
• Roopa takes hasty decisions always.
• He devours biryani every Tuesday.
2. The professional activities are also considered as habitual actions.

• Doctor treats the patients.
• Teacher teaches the lessons.
• Lawyer takes up the cases.
• Soldiers protect our country.
3. Scheduled future actions are expressed by this verb pattern

• The CM starts from the office at 9 A.M tomorrow.
• He reaches to Kurnool by 10 A.M. Later he attends the public meeting.
• After that he inaugurates a new project.
• Later it takes a breakfast and returns to CMO.

PAST HABITUAL AND RECURRING ACTIONS
Past habitual actions are the actions which people did in the past by their habbit.
Past recurring actions are those actions which people did repeatedly in the past.
But these actions were stopped in the past. We use the pattern “Used to + V1” to
express past habitual and recurring actions of the past. Observe the following sentences
Eg:-
I used to climb trees in my childhood. - It was my habbit in the past but not now.
She used to study well. - It was her habbit in the past but not now.
I used to meet my friends. - It was my habbit in the past but not now.
Observe the following verb pattern to make the sentences of past habbits.
+ve statement -ve statement +ve question -ve statement
Sub + used to + V1 Sub + didn’t + use Did + sub + use to + Didn’t + sub + use
 to + V1 V1 to + V1
  
He used to He didn’t use to Did he use to Didn’t he use to
support friends. support friends. support friends ? support friends ?
She used to She didn’t use to Did she use to Didn’t she use to
prepare at nights. prepare at nights. prepare at nights ? prepare at nights ?
Let us understand better by reading the following example

• He used to sing songs - It was his habbit to sing songs in the past.
• He didn’t use to sing songs - It was not his habbit to sing songs in the past.
• Did he use to sing songs? - Was it has habbit to sing songs in the past ?
• Didn’t he use to sing songs? - Wasn’t it habbit to sing songs in the past ?
• They used to eat junk foods - It was their habbit to eat junk foods in the past.
• They don’t use to eat junk food - It was not their habbit to eat junk foods in the
past.
• Did they use to eat junk food - Was it their habbit to eat junk foods in the
past?
• Didn’t they use to eat junk food - Wasn’t it their habbit to eat junk foods in the
past ?
Note: We can use the adverbs daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, every + noun with
“used to” to say past habituated action.
Eg:-
• They used to avoid classes daily.
• She used to go for a treatment monthly.
• We used to plan a trip yearly.
• He used to pick up quarrel
Note: If we use “always” before used to emphasizes the meaning.
• He always used to pick up quarrels.
• She always used to criticize me.
• They always used to waste time.
• My friend always used to fight with others.
Compare and Contrast the following sentences
Present Habitual and Regular Actions Past Habitual and Regular Actions
She speaks rudely. - She used to speak rudely.
My mom helps me in home work. - My mom used to help me in homework.
We go for walking every day. - We go used to for walking every day.
My brother works hard. - My brothers used to work hard.
My friend always scolds me. - My friend always used to scold me.
I eat more vegetables than rice. - I used to eat more vegetable than rice.
We get together every week. - We used to get together every week.
I visit best places every year. - I used to visit best places in the past.
Note:- We use ‘Be + used to’ to express the idea that we are presently well trained
or well habituated to do something easily. This pattern tells about only the
present ideas.
Eg:-
• I am used to fast writing. - I am habituated to write fast .
• She is used to fast typing. - She is habituated to type fast.
• He is used to stand many hours. - He is habituated to stand many hours.

SOME SYNONYMS IDEAS OF HABITUAL AND RECURRING ACTIONS

Synonyms Ideas are the ideas that can replace one sentence with other sentence
to convey the same meaning relating to the situation practice the following synonyms
sentences for habitual and recurring ideas activities.
• I wake up early daily. • I wake up early daily.
It is my routine wake up early daily. It is my routine wake up early daily.

I have the habbit of waking up early I have the habbit of waking up early
daily. daily.
Waking up early is my habbit. Waking up early is my habbit.
I am habituated to wake up early daily. I am habituated to wake up early daily.
• She reads at nights. • She takes vegetable juice.
It is her routine to read at nights. She has the habbit of taking vegetable
juice.
She has the habit of reading at nights.
Taking vegetable juice is her habbit.
Reading at nights is her habbit.
She is used to take vegetable juice.
She is habituated to read at nights.
• He criticizes others.
• I meet my friends in every week.
He has the criticizing others.
It’s my routine to meet my friends
Criticizing others is habbit.
every week.
It is customary for him criticize others.
I am used to meet my friends
• He walks 5km.
every week.
He has the habbit of walking 5kms.
Meeting my friends every week is
Walking 5kms is habbit.
my habbit.
He is used to walk 5kms.
It is his habbit to walk 5kms.

STROME YOUR BRAIN
The following are regularly used questions about habitual and recurring actions.
Try to memorise every question model and write the answer in your practice work book.
1. Do you play cricket ? 21. How do you go to school ?

2. With whom do you play 22. Does your dad beat you ?
cricket? 23. When does your father generally
3. Do you watch TV ? beat you ?
4. What do you watch on TV 24. Does your mom scold you ?
usually ? 25. Why does your mom scold you ?
5. When do you watch TV ? 26. Does your brother fight with you ?
6. Do you visit your friends house ? 27. What does your brother fight for ?
7. How often do you visit your 28. Do you like the fruits ?
friends house ? 29. Which fruits do you like the most ?
8. Do you read books ? 30. Do you hate others ?
9. What kind of books do you read 31. Why do you hate others ?
usually ? 32. Does he attend the regularly ?
10. Do you trust your friends ? 33. Do you take a leave ?
11. Whom do you trust the most ? 34. How often do you take a leave ?
12. Do you eat veg curries ? 35. Does your teacher scolds you ?
13. What kind of Harish do you eat the 36. Why does your teacher scold you ?
most ? 37. Does your sister argue with you ?
14. Do you have soft drinks ? 38. Why does your sister argue
15. Which drinks do you like the most ? with you ?
16. Do you go to malls frequently ? 39. What does your sister argue for ?
17. Which Mall do you frequently go to? 40. Do you spend money to buy things ?
18. Do you meet your friends every day? 41. For what kind of things do you spend
19. Where do you meet your friends money?
every day ?
20. Do you go to school on time?

EXERCISE ON CONVERSATION FORMS

REGULAR AND HABITUAL ACTIVITIES
Create the other form of sentences from the given sentences which express
regular and habitual activities.
Eg:-
• She learns quickly. (Positive)
• She doesn’t learn quickly. (Negative)
• Does she learn quickly? (Interrogative)
• Doesn’t she learn quickly? (Interrogative Negative)
Simple Present
I play cricket regularly Boys make noise usually.
Do you read novels She doesn’t like sweets.
Don’t they ask doubts? He treats the patients well.
We don’t publish fake news. Does Ram buy this?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
I. SIMPLE PRESENT
1) Do you like sweets?
A. _____________________________________
2) What do you do in your free time?
A. _____________________________________
3) Where do you spend your holidays?
A. _____________________________________
4) How often does he call you?
A. _____________________________________
5) When do you wake up daily?
A. _____________________________________
6) Where does your dad buy your clothes?
A. _____________________________________
7) How often do you watch movies?
A. _____________________________________
8) What do you have for your breakfast on Sundays?
A. _____________________________________
9) How often does Ram call you?
A. _____________________________________
10) How many hours do you watch T.V ?
A. _____________________________________
11) Why does she fight with you always?
A. _____________________________________
12) Do you have two pens?
A. _____________________________________
13) What does he buy in the market every day?
A. _____________________________________
14) Which vegetables improve your eyesight?
A. _____________________________________
15) Which soft drink do you prefer most?
A. _____________________________________

MODAL CONVERSATION
Ram : Do you watch movies?

Raj : Yes, I watch quite often.
Ram : How often do you watch movies?
Raj : I watch once in a month.
Raj : Which movies do you prefer to watch?
Ram : That’s nice do you like to read novels?
Raj : Hardly I find time to read them.
Ram : What are your hobbies?
Raj : My hobbies are watching T.V playing games what about you?
Ram : Oh that’s great Do you write stories regularly?
Ram : Yes whenever I have time.
Raj : Ok its nice meeting you. I have to go to class.
Ram : Ok then Bye!
EXERCISES ON SIMPLE PRESENT
Oral
1. Let you conversate with your friend about his habitual actions.
(Frame Proper Questions) (by using correct interrogative adverbs)
2. Compare yours daily routine with your father’s daily routine.
Writing
1. Conjugate any 3 verbs for all subjects.
2. Write a Discription of any profession. By using Simple Present.

2. PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS
Actions which are going on at a particular point of time are called progressive
actions.
Observe the following examples.
1. a) She is reading a book now.
b) She was reading a book at 8p.m. last night.
c) She has been reading a book for 4hrs.
Now let us try to understand the above sentence
1. a) In the first example tells us that the subject “She” is reading book at the
moment of speaking.
b) The second example tells us that the subject “She” was reading book at the
same moment in past but not now.
c) The third example tells us that the subject “She” started reading a book four
hours before and she is still reading it.
2. a) They are playing a match.
b) They were playing a match when I saw.
c) They have been playing a match since morning.
1. a) The first example says that the subject “they” are playing a match at present.
b) The second example says that the subject “they” were playing a match in
past when I saw them.
c) The third example says that the subject “they” started playing match at
morning and they are still playing it now.
3. a) I am earning well these days.
b) I was earning well those days.
c) I have been earning well since 2021.
1. a) The first example says that the subjects “I “ is earning well now a days that
is at Present.
b) The second example says that the subject “I” was earning well in the past
but not now.
c) The third example says that the subject “I” started to earn well in 2021 and
it’s still going on in present else.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS

The present progressive actions are the actions which are happening at the
moment of speaking or before our eyes. Given below is the sentence pattern for
Present Progressive Actions. For this we use Present Continuous Tense. Observe
the following examples.
Structure: Sub + am / is / are + ing form
Observe the underlined part of the sentences to understand the verb pattern
I am writing We are writing
He is writing You are writing
She is writing They are writing
It is writing The children are writing
The student is writing The students are writing
How to frame questions and negative sentences for present progressive actions.
To frame a question for present progressive action we must place the helpingwords
“is, are, am” just before the subject of the action. Observe the following sentences.
To frame a negative sentence we just use the word not between the helping and
main verbs.
She is writing. (Positive Statement)
She is not writing. (Negative Statement)
Is she writing ? (Positive Question)
Isn’t she writing ? (Negative Question)
Let us observe some more examples to understand well.
• She is writing exam - Her writing exam is going on now.
• She is not writing exam - Her writing exam is not in progress now.
• Is she writing exam ? - Is her writing exam in progress now ?
• Isn’t she writing exam ? - Isn’t her writing exam in progress now ?
• They are collecting money - Collecting money is going on now. (By them)
• They aren’t collecting money - Collecting money is not going on now. (By them)
• Are they collecting money? - Is collecting money going on now? (By them)
• Aren’t they collecting money? - Isn’t collecting money going on now? (By them)

Some More Similar Examples
• We are drinking tea. • You are learning on the bench.

• We aren’t drinking tea. • You aren’t learning on the
• Are we drinking tea? bench.
• Aren’t we drinking tea? • Are you learning on the bench?
• Aren’t you learning on the
• He is complaining against me. bench?
• He isn’t complaining against me.
• Is he complaining against me? • She is cheating us.
• Isn’t he complaining against me? • She isn’t cheating us.
• Is she cheating us?
• It is grazing grass. • Isn’t she cheating us?
• It isn’t grazing grass.
• Is it grazing grass? • They are quarrelling.
• Isn’t it grazing grass? • They aren’t quarrelling.
• Are they quarrelling?
• Ram is asking doubts. • Aren’t they quarrelling?
• Ram isn’t asking doubts.
• Is Ram asking doubts? • Boys are making noise.
• Isn’t Ram asking doubts? • Boys aren’t making noise.
• Are Boys making noise?
• Aren’t Boys making noise
Practical Usage:
1. The Structure sub + am / is / are + ing form (Present Continuous Tense) is
used to express the actions which are progress now. The add verbs “now, at
present, right now, at this movement” are commonly used in this tense.
Eg:- She is learning music at present.
He is learning English now.
My Father is travelling at this movement.
I am Watching TV right now.

2. We use this structure to talk about temporary actions which may break
shortly.
Eg:- I am doing a private job. (It is not permanent)
She is attending music classes. (She stops attending after the course is over)
We are living in Adoni now. (We may shift to some other place shortly)
3. Present continuous is used to say the future actions which are going to
happen shortly.
Eg:-
• I am watching a movie tomorrow.
• My friends are coming next week.
The above sentences clearly tell the future actions which are going to happen
shortly.
Note:- To say the future action which has been planned already we use
“going to” along with present continuous.
Eg:-
• I am going to watch a movie tomorrow.
• We are going to start a new business.
• He is going to get his visa.
• They are going to clear the debts.
• She is going to get married.
The above examples say that the actions are pre planned that will happen
in future .

Create the other form of sentences from the given sentences which express regular
and habitual activities.
Eg:-
• She is cooking. (Positive)
• She isn’t cooking. (Negative)
• Is she cooking? (Interrogative)
• Isn’t she cooking? (Interrogative Negative)

She is doing the work now. They are painting the wall.
Are you cheating me? I am preparing for exams.
We aren’t inviting him. Is he taking rest?
Boys are dancing.

Ram isn’t responding.
Aren’t they scolding you? Am I washing clothes?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) What are you doing now?

A. _____________________________________
2) Are you driving a bike?
A. _____________________________________
3) When is he going to finish this?
A. _____________________________________
4) What are you planning this Sunday?
A. _____________________________________
5) Where are they staying now?
A. _____________________________________
6) When is she coming here?
A. _____________________________________
7) What are you looking forward to?
A. _____________________________________
8) How are you doing today?
A. _____________________________________
9) What are you planning for dinner?
A. _____________________________________
10) Where are you going in your holidays?
A. _____________________________________
11) Which dress are you going to buy?
A. _____________________________________
12) Why are you arguing with him always?
A. _____________________________________
13) How is she writing her exams?
A. _____________________________________
14) When are they going to announce the results?
A. _____________________________________
15) How much is she earning now?
A. _____________________________________

MODAL CONVERSATION
Sita : Are you going to Hyderabad Tomorrow?

Geeta : I planned it but tickets are not available.
Sita : Why don’t you try in tatkal?
Geeta : Hari is trying to book the tickets in tatkal.
Sita : Which app is he using to book tickets?
Geeta : He is using ITCTC app.
Sita : Oh, the server is too busy and its not responding properly now a days.
Geeta : I don’t know it what should I do now?
Sita : I think its better to go for station to go for station and book
the tickets directly.
Geeta : I don’t know it what should I do now?
Sita : I think its better to go for station and book the tickets directly.
Geeta : Now a days all are upgrading themselves and using the technology
I don’t think it’s a good idea.
Sita : It’s my opinion and it’s your wish.
Geeta : Ok Ok don’t be angry with me. I will try in others if not I so to station.
Sita : Ok I am leaving as I have some work.
Geeta : Ok Bye!
Sita : Bye!
Exercises on Present Continuous
Oral
1) Describe the happenings of the class. (Atleast 10 sentences)
2) Frame atleast 10 questions to question the happenings of present and 10 questions
to question the future happenings.
Writing
1) Write the conjugation for any 3 verbs for all subjects.
2) Prepare a table to show the difference about habitual actions and Present
happening actions by using correct adverbs.

PAST PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS
Past Progressive Actions are the action which your happening or going on at a
point of time in the past. For this we use Past Continuous Tense. Observe the
following examples.
Eg:-
• I was watching the T.V. at - Watching T.V. was in progress at
8 P.M. yesterday 8 P.M. yesterday.
• She was washing clothes - Washing clothes was in progress
in the afternoon. in the afternoon.
Structure: Sub + was / were + V1 + ing form
I was writing We were writing
He was writing You were writing
She was writing They were writing
It was writing The children were writing
The student was writing The students were writing
How to frame questions and negative sentences for past progressive actions.
To frame a question for past progressive action we must place the helping words
“was, were” just before the subject of the action. Observe the following sentences.
To frame a negative sentence we just use the word “Not” between the helping and
main verbs.
• They were taking the lunch at 1 P.M - Taking lunch was happening at 1 P.M
• They weren’t taking the lunch at 1 P.M - Taking lunch wasn’t happening at 1 P.M
• Were they taking lunch at 1 P.M? - Was taking lunch happening at 1 P.M ?
• Weren’t They taking lunch at 1 P.M? - Wasn’t taking lunch happening at 1 P.M ?
• She was waiting for friends. - Waiting for friends was in progress.
• She was not waiting for friends. - Waiting for friends wasn’t in progress.
• Was she waiting for friends ? - Was waiting for friends in progress ?
• Wasn’t she waiting for friends ? - Wasn’t waiting for friends in progress ?


• I was washing clothes.
• I wasn’t washing clothes. • He was wasting the time.
• Was I washing clothes? • He wasn’t wasting the time.
• Wasn’t I washing clothes? • Was he wasting the time?
• Wasn’t he wasting the time?
• You were paying the bill.
• You weren’t paying the bill. • We were painting the wall.
• Were you paying the bill? • We weren’t painting the wall.
• Weren’t you paying the bill? • Were we painting the wall?
• Weren’t we painting the wall?
• She was cleaning the dishes.
• She wasn’t cleaning the dishes. • It was working.
• Was she cleaning the dishes? • It wasn’t working.
• Wasn’t she cleaning the dishes? • Was it working?
• Wasn’t it working?
• They were drawing the pictures.
• They weren’t drawing the pictures. • Ram was stitching clothes.
• Were they drawing the pictures? • Ram wasn’t stitching clothes.
• Weren’t they drawing the pictures? • Was Ram stitching clothes?
• Wasn’t Ram stitching clothes?
Note:- We use adverbs “then, those days, at that time” for past progressive actions.
Eg:- a) He was crying then
b) Boys were disturbing the class those days.
c) It was raining at 7 p.m. yesterday.
Practical Usage:
1. The past progressive actions require a time phrasel time clause to know when it
was going on.
Eg:- a) She was reading a paper at 8 a.m. yesterday.
If we ask a question “when was she reading a paper” the answer is “at 8a.m. yesterday”.
b) He was crossing the road when I saw him.
When was he crossing the road? - When I saw him.
c) They were working in the office at the time all were leaving.
When were they working in the office? - at the time all were leaving.
2. If the action was going on when somebody did something are when something happen.
Eg:-
• They were fighting when I saw.
• She was crying when I came.
• They were discussing when I went.
• My Dad was sleeping when I came out of my house.
3. If two actions were progressing at the same point in past we will use “while” to tell
the progressive status of two actions.
Eg:- a) I was doing my H.W while my sister was watching T.V.
In the above example two subjects “I “ and “She” were doing two different
actions at the same moment in past.
• They were playing outside while it was raining.
• He was serving the food while she was cooking.
• I was writing the notes while she was learning the lesson.
4. When we want to say the progressive actions which continued for entire day / week /
Month / year we use the expression “whole of ”.
• He was singing whole of yesterday.
• They were digging the canal whole of last month.
• She was studying hard whole of last year.
• We were roaming in Delhi whole of last week.
5. We use adverb “always” in the past progressive to talk about repeated unplanned (or)
undesired actions which made you vexed in the past.
Eg:- a) He was always crying.
The above sentence says that you got vexed with his crying in the past.
• My boss was always commanding me so I left the job. (I was vexed with my boss)
• They were always avoiding me. (I was vexed with their behaviour)
• Ram was always shouting at me. (I was vexed with his shouting)
• She was always criticizing me. (I was vexed with his criticism)


Create the other form of sentences from the given sentences which express regular and
habitual activities.
• She was dancing. (Positive)
• She wasn’t dancing. (Negative)
• Was she dancing? (Interrogative)
• Wasn’t she dancing? (Interrogative Negative)
I was explaining this to him. We were packing our luggage.
Was he sleeping then? You weren’t planning well.
Ram wasn’t travelling.

Were they arguing with him?
It was waving its tail.

Boys were riding bikes.
Wasn’t he spreading rumors?

Weren’t you following me?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) When were they reading?

A. _____________________________________
2) Was she cleaning the floor?
A. _____________________________________
3) What was he doing then?
A. _____________________________________
4) Where was she working in 2010?
A. _____________________________________
5) Were you making the noise in the class?
A. _____________________________________
6) What was teacher teaching then?
A. _____________________________________
7) Who was painting the wall?
A. _____________________________________
8) Were they running in the ground?
A. _____________________________________
9) Was she sleeping ?
A. _____________________________________
10) Why were you waiting there?
A. _____________________________________
11) Was he watching T.V?
A. _____________________________________
12) Were you eating for while I called you?
A. _____________________________________
13) How was she preparing then?
A. _____________________________________
14) Where were they hiding?
A. _____________________________________
15) What were you planning then?
A. _____________________________________

MODAL CONVERSATION
Anil : Where were you going yesterday?

Sunil : I was going to temple.
Anil : Why didn’t you call me?
Sunil : I was busy at that time suddenly. The programme was fixed.
Anil : You were along with Ravi right.
Sunil : He met me while I was going there.
Anil : How was the crowd at temple?
Sunil : It was jam packed all were josting on each other.
Anil : How terrible it was!
Sunil : It was just their curiosity to see the almighty.
Anil : Why didn’t you so for special darshan?
Sunil : I tried but all were trying the same so I didn’t get it.
Anil : Ok now it’s time for me to leave.
Sunil : Liar I saw you in the temple while you were eating the laddu.
Anil : You are such an intelligent
Sunil : Oh! Thanks for the compliment.
Anil : I have to leave now.
Sunil : Ok we will meet next week. Bye!
Anil : Bye!
Exercises On Past Continuous

Oral
1) Make the student to tell what he was doing at the present time on yesterday, last week,
last month.
2) Ask the students to prepare a questionnaire about happening of past.
Writing
1) Write a story of your own. By the combination of Simple Past and Past Continuous.
2) Write atleast 20 sentences by using conjunctions “While and When”.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS

Present Perfect Progressive Actions are the actions which began in the past and still
continue up to the moment of speaking and also may be in progress in future. For
this we use Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Observe the following examples.
Structure: Sub + have been / has been +V1 + ing form
I have been waiting since morning He has been waiting since morning
We have been waiting since morning She has been waiting since morning
You have been waiting since morning It has been waiting since morning
They have been waiting since morning Rupa has been waiting for 3hrs.
My Parents have been waiting for 3hrs.
Practical Usage: This tense is used to say an action started in past and it is
still continuing in present.
How to frame questions and negative sentences for present

progressive actions.
To frame a question for present perfect progressive action we must place the
helping words “have / has ” just before the subject of the action and after the
subject we place ‘been’.
Observe the following sentences.
To frame a negative sentence we just use the word not between the helping verb
‘have / has’ and ‘been' main verbs.
Eg:- He has been waiting since morning.
The above example says that the subject “he” started waiting in the morning
and his waiting still in progress.
• He has been guiding me for 10 years - His guidance began in the past and still
it is going on
• He hasn’t been guiding me for 10 years. - guide 
• Has he been guiding me for 10 years? - guide
• Hasn’t he been guiding me for 10 years? - guide 
• You have been waiting since morning. - 

• You haven’t been waiting since morning. -

• Have you been waiting since morning? - 
• Haven’t you been waiting since morning? - 
• Was she waiting for friends? - Was waiting for friends in progress?
• Wasn’t she waiting for friends? - Wasn’t waiting for friends in progress ?
• I have been eating for 2 hrs.

• I haven’t been eating for 2 hrs. • It has been raining since yesterday.
• Have I been eating for 2 hrs. • It hasn’t been raining since yesterday.
• Haven’t I been eating for 2 hrs. • Has it been raining since yesterday?
• Hasn’t it been raining since yesterday?
• He has been acting since 1990.
• He hasn’t been acting since 1990. • Women have been struggling for many
• Has he been acting since 1990. years.
• Hasn’t he been acting since 1990. • Women have been struggling for many
years.
• They have been disturbing sweets. • Women have been struggling for many
• They haven’t been disturbing sweets. years
• Have they been disturbing sweets. • Women have been struggling for many
• Haven’t they been disturbing sweets. years
• She has been dancing for 10 hrs.
• We have been reading since Monday. • She hasn’t been dancing for 10 hrs.
• We haven’t been reading since • Has she been dancing for 10 hrs.
Monday. • Hasn’t she been dancing for 10 hrs.
• Have we been reading since Monday?
• Haven’t we been reading since
• Raj has been crying for 3 hrs.
Monday?
• Raj hasn’t been crying for 3 hrs.
• Has Raj been crying for 3 hrs.
• You have been neglecting your studies.
• Hasn’t Raj been crying for 3 hrs.
• You haven’t been neglecting your
studies.
• Have you been neglecting your studies?
• Haven’t you been neglecting your
studies?

Add fuel to your knowledge:-

We use “since” to say point of line and “for” to say period of time.
Point of time:
All years - since 1990, since 2020, since 1989
All months - since January, since February, since December
All days - since Monday, since Tuesday, since Sunday
Seasons - since Summer, since Winter, since Autumn
Stages of life - since childhood, since school age, since marriage
Exact time - since 11 a.m, since 12:30 p.m, since morning
Period of time:
Number + years - for 10 years, for 15 years, for 6 years
Number + month - for 1 month, for 2 months, for 3 months
Number + days - for 3 days, for 5 days, for 7 days
Number + week - for 4 weeks, for 5 weeks, for 3 weeks
Number + hours / minutes – for 6 hours, for 40 min, for 10 hours

Eg:-
• He has been writing. (Positive)
• He hasn’t been writing. (Negative)
• Has he been writing? (Interrogative)
• Hasn’t he been writing? (Interrogative Negative)
She has been singing for 3 hrs.
I have been waiting learning answers.
Has he been trying to get a job?
You haven’t been learning answers.
Hasn’t Ram been working here since

2015?
Have they been driving for 10 hours?
I It has been troubling us since we bought

it? Haven’t we been warning you?
He has been mending this.

Boys haven’t been paying attention.
BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) How long have you been waiting here?
A. _____________________________________
2) How long has she been studying here?
A. _____________________________________
3) How long have they been cleaning it?
A. _____________________________________
4) How long have you been working in this firm?
A. _____________________________________
5) How long has Ram been staying with you?
A. _____________________________________
6) How long have you been cheating me?
A. _____________________________________
7) How long have you been trying this?
A. _____________________________________
8) How long have you been training them?
A. _____________________________________
9) How long has it been raining?
A. _____________________________________
10) How long have you been suffering from this problem?
A. _____________________________________
MODEL CONVERSATION
Ajay : How long have you been waiting here?
Vijay : I have been waiting for 3 hrs.
Ajay : Has he called you?
Vijay : No he hasn’t called me yet.
Ajay : He has been neglecting the works for years.
Vijay : It’s all his arrogance.
Ajay : It’s because we have been tolerating him.
Vijay : We should warn him seriously this time.
Ajay : I have been warning him ever since I knew him.
Vijay : Then we have to inform to higher authorities.
Ajay : Ok lets go and do that.
Vijay : Come on lets proceed.


The following modal sentences are given for the better understanding of three
progressive actions. Observe the examples carefully so that you can feel free
to make the similar sentences in your daily life.
+ve statements
Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect
Actions Actions Progressive Actions
She is weaving a saree now. She was weaving a saree last She has been weaving a saree
 week. for 1 month. 

They are involving in our They were involving in our They have been involving in our
matters. matters. matters since childhood.
We are sharing our problems We were sharing our problems We have been sharing our
with them. problems with them.
with them.
I was preparing for exams last I have been preparing for
I am preparing for exams. exams since January.
month.
-ve statements
She is not calling them. She was not calling them. She has not been calling them
call call since Monday. 
Sita isn’t working here. Sita wasn’t working here. call
You aren’t focusing now. You weren’t focusing then. Sita hasn’t been working here.
They aren’t driving. They weren’t driving. You haven’t focusing since last
year.
They haven’t been driving.
+ve questions
Is he riding a cycle? Was he riding a cycle. Has he been riding a cycle for 2
 cycle cycle hrs? cycle
 
Are they preparing the food? Were they preparing the food? Have they been preparing the
food?
Is Ramesh drinking? Was Ramesh drinking? Has Ramesh been drinking?
Are you finding the solution? Were you finding the solution? Have you been finding the
solution since afternoon?

-ve questions
Present Progressive Past Progressive Actions Present Perfect
Actions Progressive Actions
Aren’t they practicing it? Weren’t they practicing it? Haven’t they been practicing it
practice practice for 6 hrs?

Aren’t boys following the Weren’t boys following the Haven’t boys following the
lesson? lesson? lesson since starting?
Isn’t she climbing the tree? Wasn’t she climbing the tree? Hasn’t she been climbing the
tree?
Fortify our language:
Generally people say Rain is falling / coming (x)
Blood is coming (x)
Eyes are rounding (x)
Fan is rotating (x)
The correct sentences are It’s raining (✓)
Its bleeding (✓)
I am feel giddy (✓)
Fan is running / working (✓)
Fact to be known: Generally some verbs don’t have ing forms.
Feelings Senses Communication Thinking
Hate Appear Agree Believe
Like Feel Deny Imagine
Love Hear Mean Know
Prefer Seem Satisfy Mean
Want Smile Surprise Realize
Understand
Recognize
Remember
The above mentioned verbs are not used in continuous form. So we should not
use them with ‘ing’ form.
I am loving this (x)
I love this (✓)
She has been knowing me for 4 years (x)
She has known me for 4 years. (✓)
She is remembering my name. (x)
She remembering my name. (✓)
He was denying my proposal. (x)
He denied my proposal. (✓)

COMPLETED ACTIONS
Actions done “Just now, Today, This week, This month” If the action has been
completed just now or today itself or this week or this month, we use present perfect
structure “Have / Has + V3”. If the action was finished last night, yesterday, day befor
yesterday, last week, last month, last year, we use the structure “Sub + V2”. If the action
was finished at the exact clock time to the past or any action that was finished just
before the other actions. We use past perfect structure “Had + V3”.
• I have seen him today. (Action happened today)
• I saw him yesterday. (Action happened yesterday)
• I had seen him exactly at 9:00 AM. (Action happened at exact clock time)
• He had left before the director came. (Action done before the other action
happened)
1. In the first sentence, the action belongs to present day but it is in completed status.
2. In the second sentence, the action belongs to past and no way related to
present situation but it was incompleted status.
3. In the third sentence, the action belongs to past but it expresses the exact
clock time at which something was done.
4. In the fourth sentence, the action belongs to past but it expresses that something
was done before the other action happened.
Now study the following to learn to use the structures of the completed actions
Actions done today, this week, this month, this year, just now, already, recently
Structure: Sub + have / has + V3
I have + V3 She has + V3
We have + V3 He has + V3
They have + V3 Raju has + V3
Eg:-
• I have met him today.
• We have visited the temple two times this month.
• They have gone out just now.
• She has recently completed her course.

How to frame Negative Interrogative sentences for the above situations.

To frame a negative sentences, we place “Not” between have / has and V3.
To make a Interrogative sentence we place the helping verb have / has
before the subject. For Interrogative negative sentence we just add short
form of “Not” to the helping verbs like “Hasn’t / Haven’t.
• She has passed the exam. (Positive)
• She hasn’t passed the exam. (Negative)
• Has she passed the exam? (Interrogative)
• Hasn’t she passed the exam? (Interrogative negative)
• They have supported well. (Positive)

• They haven’t supported well. (Negative)
• Have they supported well? (Interrogative)
• Haven’t they supported well? (Interrogative negative)
BASIC USAGE
1st usage: It is used to represent the just now completed actions i.e the actions
which are completed within the time gap of 10 to 20 minutes.
Eg: I have reached here just now. She has left just 10min before
Clue : when we find the adverbs "just, just now " we have to use present perfect
2nd usage: we use present perfect to represent recent actions i.e the actions
which have happened last in every field
Eg: He has completed M.B.A.
This example tells us his latest or his recent qualification is "M.B.A"
• I have taken my breakfast.
This example tells that my last intake of food is breakfast.
Clues: when we find the adverbs " recently, this +noun , today" we have to use
present perfect.
• She has shifted here recently
• They have started the program me this week.
• I have paid the fee today.

Note :- I am watching movie this Sunday.

It implies you are going to watch movie on coming Sunday.
I have watched movie this Sunday.
It implies that you have already watched movie on previous Sunday.
Special case : When the adverb last+ noun represents event other than time we have
to use present perfect.
• He has got less marks in last test
Here the adverb “last test” represents the recent test he appeared so we used present
perfect.
• She has met me in the last marriage.
Here the adverb “last marriage” represents the recent marriage I attended so
we used present perfect.
3rd usage: It is used to represent the action which is started in past and continued
up to present if.
• We have played for 3hrs
This example tells that we started playing cricket before 3hrs and played till Now
Clues: If we find the words like " since, for, till now , until now , yet , ever,
already" we have to use present perfect
• They have done it since morning.
• You have said it 10 times till now
• I have already posted it
• She has already completed it
• She hasn’t completed the work yet
Note: "yet" is always used with present perfect negative.
• Ram hasn’t come yet .
• They haven’t paid yet.
• Haven't you gone yet?
Note: while using ever and never in present perfect tense in assertive sentences
we will use ever with negative never with positive.
• She has never done the H.W .
• She hasn’t ever done the H.W.
• They have never paid the fee.
• They haven’t ever paid the fee.
But while in interrogatives we use ever with positive never with negative
Eg:
Have you ever watched it? Haven’t you never watched it?
Has she ever danced? Hasn’t she never danced?
4th usage: It is used to represent the action which is completed in past but its
result is in present
Eg: I have booked a ticket so I can travel comfortably now.
Here the action booking ticket happened in the past but its result that is
travelling comfortably is linked to present.
Eg:-
• They have done their work so they are free now.
• We have prepared well so we wrote well.
• She has met with in accident so she is in hospital now.
5th usage: it is used to recollect past memories
Eg: I saw Taj Mahal
Here we are giving importance for action i.e seeing
• I have seen Taj Mahal
Here we give importance for the memory of seeing Taj Mahal


Eg:-
• He has driven a car. (Positive)
• He hasn’t driven a car. (Negative)
• Has he driven a car? (Interrogative)
• Hasn’t he driven a car? (Interrogative Negative)
I have purchased a car this week. It hasn’t worked properly
Have you ever watched a movie? Ram has drawn a master piece.
Boys have broken the panes Hasn’t she filed a complaint?
She has danced for two hours. Has he finished the project?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) Have you ever met a film star?

A. _____________________________________
2) Have you taken lunch?
A. _____________________________________
3) Has she ever done her homework?
A. _____________________________________
4) What have you done today?
A. _____________________________________
5) Why haven’t you completed the work yet?
A. _____________________________________
6) How long Have you studied in this school?
A. _____________________________________
7) Who has stolen my pen?
A. _____________________________________
8) Have you seen my book?
A. _____________________________________
9) Hasn’t she reached here yet?
A. _____________________________________
10) Have you paid the fee?
A. _____________________________________
11) When has she last called you?
A. _____________________________________
12) Why has he been absent to the school today?
A. _____________________________________
13) Haven’t you never told a lie?
A. _____________________________________
14) How many times has she watched the movie till now?
A. _____________________________________
15) How many World Cups has India won untill now?
A. _____________________________________

MODAL CONVERSATION
Hari : Have you got the message about the tomorrow schedule?
Sharvani : I haven’t got any information yet.
Hari : When I called Ravi. He informed me he has already sent it
Sharvani : Then why haven’t we got it?
Hari : May be some technical issue. Have you never faced this type of delay?
Sharvani : Till now I haven’t but we will wait up to evening.
Hari : It’s better to wait when have you last participated in any event?
Sharvani : I think it’s in last month
Hari : It has been 3 years I ever participated in any event?
Sharvani : I think it’s in last month
Hari : It has been 3 years I ever participated in any event.
Sharvani : It’s very long time. Let’s rock tomorrow.
Hari : Ok then meet you in the evening Bye!
Sharvani : Bye!
Exercises On Present Perfect

Oral
1) Ask the students to tell their just now, actions, recent actions. The actions which they
have never done. (atleast 10 – 15 sentences for each)
2) Create a situation and make them to frame a appropriate question by using Present
Perfect.
Writing
1) Write a story of your own with a moral note story should be only in combination
of Present tenses.
2) Prepare a list of activities that you have done up to now and that you haven’t done
up to now by using adverbs till now, untill now, never, ever, yet.

Completed actions in past

Actions done yesterday, last week, last month, last year, ago
Structure: Sub + V2 / did + V1

Eg:-
• I met him yesterday.
• She participated in the game last week.
• They went out 5 hours ago.
• She got the job last month.
• We celebrated school day grandly last year.
To frame a negative sentences, we place “Not” between “did“ and V1. To make
a Interrogative sentence we place the helping verb “did” before the subject.
For Interrogative negative sentence we just add short form of “Not” to the
helping verb like “Didn’t”.
• She prepared well for the exam. (Positive)
• She didn’t prepared well for the exam. (Negative)
• Did she prepared well for the exam? (Interrogative)
• Didn’t she prepared well for the exam? (Interrogative negative)
• She got a chance. (Positive)

• She didn’t get a chance. (Negative)
• Did she get a chance? (Interrogative)
• Didn’t she get a chance? (Interrogative negative)


Eg:-
• He found a purse yesterday . (Positive)
• He didn’t find a purse yesterday. (Negative)
• Did he find a purse yesterday ? (Interrogative)
• Didn’t he find a purse yesterday? (Interrogative Negative)
I knew the exact fact.
She didn’t accept this.
They didn’t call us last Monday.
Did he inform us yesterday?
We passed the test

It barked at me.
Did you apply to the post?

Ram fought for his rights.
Did she tell the truth? Didn’t girls perform well?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) Did you finish the work?

A. _____________________________________
2) How did he pass the test?
A. _____________________________________
3) When did she call you?
A. _____________________________________
4) Why did you scold him?
A. _____________________________________
5) Where did she buy that dress?
A. _____________________________________
6) Did they water the plants?
A. _____________________________________
7) Did he post the letter?
A. _____________________________________
8) What did she tell you?
A. _____________________________________
9) Why did you miss the class?
A. _____________________________________
10) Did you write the notes?
A. _____________________________________
11) How did she get the information?
A. _____________________________________
12) Did India win the match?
A. _____________________________________
13) Where did you put that box?
A. _____________________________________
14) Did she cook the food well?
A. _____________________________________
15) How much did you pay for this?
A. _____________________________________

MODEL CONVERSATION
Pooja : Where did you keep my book?

Sreeka : I kept it on the bench in the class.
Pooja : I didn’t find it there
Sreeja : Perhaps you haven’t searched properly
Pooja : I searched it properly
Sreeja : Why didn’t you find it?
Pooja : Because you kept it somewhere and you forgot it.
Sreeja : I clearly remember that I put it on the bench.
Pooja : I just made a prank I got it.
Sreeja : You made me a fool.
Pooja : Ok yaar! Please forgive me.
Sreeja : It’s ok come. Let’s have some fee.
Pooja : Ok the bill is mine.
Exercises On Simple Past

Oral
1) Narrate your yesterday’s / last week / last month / last year activities.
2) Take two students and plan a questionire between them about past activities.
Writing
1) Write a Brief description about any one of your ancestors by collecting information
from your parents.
2) Prepare a presentation of yourself by differentiating your past habitual actions
and present habitual actions.
Actions done at the exact time in the past and action done just before
the actions other happened
Structure: Sub + had + V3

Eg:-
• The flight had landed exactly at 8:00 PM.
• He had died exactly at 6:00 AM.
• I had started the programme before she came.
• We had reached the spot before the police came.


To frame a negative sentences, we place “Not” between “had“ and V3. To make
a Interrogative sentence we place the helping verb “had” before the subject.
For Interrogative negative sentence we just add short form of “Not” to the
helping verb like “hadn’t”.
• She had felt bored. (Positive)
• She hadn’t felt bored. (Negative)
• Had she felt bored? (Interrogative)
• Hadn’t she felt bored? (Interrogative negative)
Eg:-
• He had cut vegetables. (Positive)
• He hadn’t cut vegetables. (Negative)
• Had he cut vegetables? (Interrogative)
• Hadn’t he cut vegetables? (Interrogative Negative)
I had locked the door. She had cleaned the floor.
We hadn’t called you It hadn’t jumped the wall.
Hadn’t they got clarity? Hadn’t Ram ignored this?
Had Girls faced the problems? He hadn’t believed it.

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) What had he asked you?

A. _____________________________________
2) Had they written the exam well?
A. _____________________________________
3) Why had you gone there?
A. _____________________________________
4) Had she submitted the report?
A. _____________________________________
5) Had you finished your dinner?
A. _____________________________________
6) How had Sita cleared the debts.
A. _____________________________________
7) Had we got the right information?
A. _____________________________________
8) When had he asked you?
A. _____________________________________
9) Where had you kept the keys?
A. _____________________________________
10) Had they paid the fee?
A. _____________________________________
11) Had you called me?
A. _____________________________________
12) What had she written in the letter?
A. _____________________________________
13) Where had she met Sita?
A. _____________________________________
14) Had the train left from the station?
A. _____________________________________
15) Had the movie been started?
A. _____________________________________

MODEL CONVERSATION
Swathi : Had you reached there before they reached?

Shanthi : No I hadn’t
Swathi : Why hadn’t you been there in time?
Shanthi : I was struck in traffic.
Swathi : Why couldn’t you start early?
Shanthi : I had started early but the luck was not ours.
Swathi : You will always have a reason for your mistakes.
Shanthi : I had done my best but it wouldn’t happen that’s all.
Swathi : Ok, No problem. Anil had been there before all.
Shanthi : You had your plan then your fooled me.
Swathi : We had just taken a safety measure not to insult you.
Shanthi : Ok I can understand.
Swathi : Let’s finish the work.
Shanthi : For sure.
PAST PERFECT EXERCISES
Oral
1) Make the students to represent sequential actions and ask others to tell them
In sentences by using adverbs after, before.
Writing
1) You witnessed an accident write a descriptive of it by using Simple Past and
Past Perfect.
2) Prepare a table to point out the difference between Present Perfect
(Just now / recent) and Simple Past (completed) and Past Perfect
3) Prepare a conjugation of all 4 tenses of Past all subjects with atleast 2 verbs.


Done Just now, Today, This Done Yesterday, Last Done before the other
week, This month, This year, week, Last month, Last action happened
Already, Recently year, Ago
She has come just now. She came 2 hours ago. She had come before her
husband came.
We have met him today. We met him yesterday. We had met him before
the programme started.
She has written the exam She wrote the exam twice She had written the exam
twice this year. last year. before she took meals.
She has joined with us She joined with us last She had joined with us
recently. week. before you joined.
They have recently bought a They bought a new house They had bought a new
new house. last month. house before I bought.

FUTURE ACTIONS
“The actions which happen in future are called future actions. They can be expressed
by using the verbs “Will, Can and May”. The helping verb ‘Will’ is used in a case of
certainty of doing something in future. ‘Can’ is used in a case of possibility of doing
something both in Present and Future. ‘May’ is used in a case of uncertainty of doing
something both in Present and Future.
Observe the following examples
• I will do it tomorrow. - I am sure that I will come tomorrow.
• I can do it tomorrow. - It’s possible for me to come tomorrow.
• I may do it tomorrow. - My coming tomorrow is uncertain
or doubtful.
• She will come here next month. - It is certain that she comes next month.
• She can come here next month. - It is possible for her to come next month.
• She may come here next month. - It is not certain or it is doubtful of
he coming.
FUTURE ACTIONS WITH WILL AND SHALL
For casual future actions we use ‘Shall’ with first person ‘I and We’. We use ‘Will’
with remaining all persons. But then we use ‘Will’ with first person it gives certainty
of future actions.
Structure: Sub + will / shall + V1

I shall help you next time. - It is not promise but if possible I may help.
I will help you next time. - It’s my promise that I would help you.
How to frame questions and negative sentences for future actions.

To frame a questions for future actions we must place the helping words “will / shall”
just before the subject of the action. To frame a negative sentence we just use the
word “Not” between the helping and main verb. For negative questions we place
“Won’t” just before the subject.

Observe the following sentences.

He will write the exam. (Positive Statement)
He will not write the exam. (Negative Statement)
Will he write the exam? (Positive Question)
Won’t he write the exam? (Negative Question)
• She will go to temple on Sunday. • He will go to temple tomorrow.

• She will not go to temple on Sunday. • He will not go to temple tomorrow.
• Will she go to temple on Sunday? • Will he go to temple tomorrow?
• Won’t she go to temple on Sunday? • Won’t he go to temple tomorrow?
• You will teach a new lesson. • Prasad will buy a new car tomorrow.
• You will not teach a new lesson. • Prasad will not buy a new car
• Will you teach a new lesson? tomorrow.
• Won’t you teach a new lesson? • Will Prasad buy a new car tomorrow?
• Won’t Prasad buy a new car tomorrow
• We shall speak in English.
• We shall not speak in English. • Hampi will play chess next week.
• Shall we speak in English? • Hampi will not play chess next week.
• Shall we not speak in English? • Will Hampi play chess next week?
• Won’t Hampi play chess next week?
• They will play cricket tomorrow
morning. • Baby will drink bournvita tomorrow
• They will not play cricket tomorrow night.
morning. • Baby will not drink bournvita
• Will they play cricket tomorrow tomorrow night.
morning? • Will Baby drink bournvita tomorrow
• Won’t they play cricket tomorrow night?
morning? • Won’t baby drink bournvita tomorrow
night?


Eg:-
• She will call you. (Positive)
• She won’t call you. (Negative)
• Will she call you? (Interrogative)
• Won’t she call you ? (Interrogative Negative)
I shall pay the fee. She can’t solve this.
We shan’t need this. Will he sing a song?
Won’t you like the gift? It will ring twice.
Can Boys lift this? Ram will win the prize.
He can help you.

Will they submit this?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) Will you take rest?

A. _____________________________________
2) How can she solve this?
A. _____________________________________
3) When will you return the book?
A. _____________________________________
4) Where will she stay in Hyderabad?
A. _____________________________________
5) What will she say?
A. _____________________________________
6) Will they talk to you?
A. _____________________________________
7) How will you reach here?
A. _____________________________________
8) What will he do now?
A. _____________________________________
9) Will he pay the bill?
A. _____________________________________
10) Where will you park your bicycle?
A. _____________________________________
11) When will they announce the results?
A. _____________________________________
12) How many will attend the party?
A. _____________________________________
13) How much sugar will you put in tea?
A. _____________________________________
14) When will she come here?
A. _____________________________________
15) Will you ask him?
A. _____________________________________

MODEL CONVERSATION
Rajesh : Will you come to Dmart with us?
Ramesh : I will try my best.
Rajesh : When will you be free?
Ramesh : I will be free at 10:00 AM
Rajesh : We will start at 10:30 AM can you join us then?
Ramesh : Yes I can. I will finish all my works by 10 itself.
Rajesh : We may spend 2 – 3 hours there.
Ramesh : I have class at 2 I should attend.
Ramesh : Don’t worry we will be back by that time.
Rajesh : Ok, definitely I will join with you.
Ramesh : Bye! Let us have for tomorrow.
Rajesh : Ok, Bye!
Exercises On Simple Future

Oral
1) Narrate your tomorrow/ next week/next month/next year activities.
2) Make the students to describe what will happen if all the trees disappear.
Writing
1) Write conjugation for any 3 verbs for all subjects.

FUTURE POSSIBILITY
To talk about actions which might happen in short or distant future, we

use the auxiliary verb “Can”.
Structure: Sub + Can + V1

• He can cheat you in future. (Possibility of cheating)
• He can succeed next time. (Possibility of succeeding)
• We can reach by 7 P.M. (Possibility of reaching)
• Walk carefully, you can fall. (Possibility of falling)
• Observe carefully otherwise you can forget. (Possibility of forgetting)
How to frame questions and negative sentences for future actions.
To frame a questions for future possibilities, we must place the helping
words “can” just before the subject of the action. To frame a negative
sentence we just use the word “Not” between the helping and main verb.
For negative questions we place “Can’t” just before the subject.
• They can submit the – It is possible for them to
project next month. submit next month.
• They can‘t submit the – It is not possible for them
project next month. to submit next month.
• Can they submit the – Is it possible for them to
project next month? submit next month?
• Can ‘t they submit the project? – Isn’t it possible for them to
submit next month?

FUTURE POSSIBILITY WITH DOUBT
To talk about actions which might happen in short or distant future but
having doubt we use the auxiliary verb “May”.
Structure: Sub + May + V1
• She may pass the test. (There is a possibility of passing but doubtful)
• He may get first rank. (There is a possibility of getting first rank but doubtful)
• They may help you. (There is a possibility of helping you but doubtful)
• You may get the promotion shortly. (There is a possibility of getting
promotion)
• It may affect your life. (There is a possibility of affecting your life)
+VE STATEMENTS
They will announce the They can announce he They may announce he
result tomorrow. result tomorrow. result tomorrow.
He will get good result in He can get good result in He may get good result in
the next exam. the next exam. the next exam.
She will crack the civils. She can crack the civils. She may crack the civils.
You will make the You can make the You may make the
difference. difference. difference.
-VE STATEMENTS
She won ‘t wait till Friday. She can ‘t wait till Friday . She may not wait till
Friday
I won ‘t receive the I can ‘t receive the parcel I may not receive the
parcel. parcel
Sita won ‘t like this gift Sita can ‘t like this gift Sita may not like this gift
You won ‘t invite him You can ‘t invite him You may not invite him

+VE QUESTIONS
Will he cook the food on Sunday? Can he cook the food on Sunday?
Will they drive to that place? Can they drive to that place ?
Will she accept this? Can she accept this?
Will ram listen this? Can ram listen this?
-VE QUESTIONS
Won’ t he commit a mistake? Can ‘t he commit a mistake?
Won ‘t she be there tomorrow? Can ‘t she be there tomorrow?
Won ‘t boys finish the assignment? Can ‘t boys finish the assignment?

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Future progressive actions are the actions which will be in continuous status
at some moments in future.
Structure: Sub + will / may + be + ing form
1. She will be listening songs tomorrow

The above sentence states that by this time tomorrow she will be listening to
songs
Note: we always take present time reference in future in future progressive.
1. They will be travelling next year
This sentence says that on this date next year they will be travelling
2. Ram may be giving a party next month.
This sentence says that on this date next month Ram may be giving a
partner.
Some more similar examples for better understanding
• Ravi will be repairing the car next week.
• They may be playing a match tomorrow.
• She won‘t be riding a bike.
• He may not be discussing this on Monday.
• Will he be packing the luggage next Tuesday.
• Ram may be shifting the house on Sunday.
Note: May + be+ ing form is also used to express the guess of action happening
somewhere in the present time itself.
1. He may be dancing now.
The sentence mean that you are just making a guess at this moment he may be
dancing and you are not there at that time.
2. She may be taking conference now.
The sentence mean that you don‘t know for sure but you are just making a
guess about her taking conference at this moment.
1. He may be driving a car now.
2. She may be doing her homework now.
3. They may be doing the experiment.


Eg:-
• He will be buying vegetables. (Positive)
• He won’t be buying vegetables. (Negative)
• Will he be buying vegetables? (Interrogative)
• Won’t he be buying vegetables? (Interrogative Negative)
I will be watching a movie. Will he be reading a novel?
He will be giving a presentation.

Will you be drinking tea?
It will be raining.
Staff will be correcting the papers.
Won’t Ram be decorating the room?

We won’t be leaving for Hyderabad.
Girls will be practising skit.

She won’t be doing her homework.

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) Will you be cooking food?
A. _____________________________________
2) What will you be doing tomorrow?
A. _____________________________________
3) Which programme will you be watching?
A. _____________________________________
4) Will it be raining at 5?
A. _____________________________________
5) Will you be writing notes?
A. _____________________________________
6) When will she be cooking food?
A. _____________________________________
7) Will you be ordering the food?
A. _____________________________________
8) What will teacher be teaching?
A. _____________________________________
9) Will you be singing songs?
A. _____________________________________
10) Will he be dancing?
A. _____________________________________
MODEL CONVERSATION
Anitha : What will you be cooking for dinner?
Sunitha : I will be cooking Biryani.
Anitha : Why will you always prefer Biryani?
Sunitha : It’s my favourite.
Anitha : If it goes on like this with in five years you will be suffering from obesity.
Sunitha : No problem till then I will enjoy my food as I like.
Anitha : Who can change you?
Sunitha : What will you be doing in the evening?
Anitha : I will be watching a movie.
Sunitha : Ok enjoy the movie and come to room to devoir the Biryani.
Anitha : Ok for sure Bye!

Sunitha : Bye!
FUTURE PERFECT ACTIONS
Future Perfect Actions are the actions which are expected (or) planned
to be completed at some point of time in future.
Structure: Sub + will / shall + V3

1. He will have submitted the report by 10:00 AM tomorrow
The sentence says that the subject “He” will finish submitting work before 10:00
AM tomorrow or submission will be completed before 10:00 AM tomorrow
3. They will have completed their studies by this month next year.
The sentence implies that their studies will be finished by this month next year.
• I will have completed my exams by next week.
• She won‘t have returned home by next month.
• Won‘t you have reached there by Monday?
• They will have completed painting work by 7:00 PM today.
• She will have received the amount by next Monday.
How to frame questions and negative sentences for future perfect actions.
To frame a questions for future perfect actions, we must place the helping
word “Will” just before the subject of the action followed by “Have+V3”.
To frame a negative sentence we just use the word “Not” between the helping
and main verb. For negative questions we place “Won’t” just before the subject.
• They will have constructed a new house by this time next year. (Positive)
• They will not have constructed a new house by this time next year. (Negative)
• Will they have constructed a new house by this time next year. (Positive
Question)
• Won’t they have constructed a new house by this time next year. (Negative
Question)


Eg:-
• He will have finished the work. (Positive)
• He won’t have finished the work. (Negative)
• Will he have finished the work? (Interrogative)
• Won’t he have finished the work? (Interrogative Negative)
I will have reached there by She will have cooked the dinner by
10:00 AM 9:00 PM
Won’t you have finished it?

He won’t have taken the parcel.
Will they have helped you?

It will have bitten you.
Girls will have written it.

Won’t Ram have done it?
Won’t you have gone there?

Will he have sent the letter?

BASIC QUESTIONIRE
1) Will you have cooked the food?

A. _____________________________________
2) What will she have purchased in the market?
A. _____________________________________
3) Can they have reached in time?
A. _____________________________________
4) Will you have sent the letter by the time they close the office?
A. _____________________________________
5) Where will they have hidden the tressure?
A. _____________________________________
6) When will she have met him?
A. _____________________________________
7) Can he have completed the notes?
A. _____________________________________
8) What will teacher have taught in the class?
A. _____________________________________
9) Will you have won the prize?
A. _____________________________________
10) Will he have painted the wall?
A. _____________________________________
MODEL CONVERSATION
Ramesh : Can we have completed the work before evening?

Suresh :Yes, we can have completed the work.
Ramesh : It should happen or else it will be a problem.
Suresh : I told Kiran He will have booked the tickets for the match already.
Ramesh : What a confidence you have! Surely we will be enjoying the match
in evening.
Suresh : It will happen when we finish the work.
Ramesh : Come on let’s speed up the work.
Suresh : Let’s work like horses.

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
So, to put it simply, Conditional sentences are the ‘Possibility’ or ‘Impossibility’

of a happening. The possibility or impossibility depends on the condition fulfilled
or not. Conditional sentences depends on what the speaker presents as
‘Imagination’, ‘Contrary to the fact’, ‘Hypothetical’. Conditional sentences are
the sentences that express.
Examples:
• If I work hard, I will succeed.
• When the rain stops, we do our routine.
• If I were the prime minister of the country, I would make conditions better.
• If the earth rotates, then the sun rises and sets.
Moreover, Conditional sentences come in the examination in the type of

questions such as, ‘Error spotting’, ‘Fill in the blanks’, ‘Sentences improvement’.
To know, the correct answer to these type of questions, it become mandatory for
us to know the concept, rules and basic usage of Conditional sentences.
So, let’s start with them!
Types of Conditional expressions / Sentences
Imaginative:
These type of conditionals deal with the situation imagined to be. The time and
opportunity to perform an actionn has passed and the subject wishes and
imagines the action to be done in given time only. This type is also known as
‘Predictive conditional’.
Example:
1) If I studied every day, I would pass with filling colors.
2) If I listen to my parents when I was eight, I would be successful as a human.
Contrary to the fact:

It is also known as ‘Counterfactual’. These type of conditionals deal with the situtations
against the reality. The subject imagines or wishes something about that cold have
been possible within time limits but now it cannot be.
Example :
1) If Sam arrived, He would brighten things up!
2) If I went on vacations, I would explore many places.
Hypothetical :
These type of conditionals, the subjects imagines to be but can never be a
possibility.
Example:
1) If I were Mahatma Gandhi, I would have governed the administration well.
2) If I were my friend, I would have always been loyal.
Factual :
These type of conditionals deal with the generic statements that happen or
bound to happen as a routine. These can also be a ‘Universal truths’.
Example:
1) If the earth rotates, then the hours of the day change.
2) If the earth revolves, then the seasons change.
3) If the ice melts, then it changes into the liquid state.
Parts of Conditional Sentences
Conditional by the name itself means clauses which have conditions given in them.
It consist of two clauses:
1) Clause (if clause) 2) Effect (main clause)
Example : If the sun shines, then we will go for shopping.
In this example, If the sun shine is : If clause
We will go for shopping is : main clause

The First Conditional:

If the clause or cause is given in present tense, result / effect will always be in future tense.
This is because we always think or do the action in present and the result for any
action is in future.
Rule – 1 :
If condition is given in simple present tense then result is always in simple future tense.
Condition : Simple Present Tense (No helping verb + V1)
(do / does + V1)
Result : Simple Future Tense (will / shall + V1)
Example : If the sun shines, we will go in the town.
In this example, if the sun shines (Condition is in present tense)
We will go in the town (Result is in simple future tense)
Testbook Trick
How to identify Simple Present Tense
• Positive Sentence : No helping verb + V1 with “s or es”
• Negative / Interrogative sentence : do / does + V1
How to identify Simple Future Tense
• Positive Sentence : will / shall
• Negative / Interrogative sentence : will not / shall not + V1
IF CLAUSE
First Type: Possible condition
Structure : If + Sub + V1 / V1 + S + Sub + Will / Shall I can / May + V1

Examples:
1) If you sleep early you will wake up early.
2) If you eat well you will be healthy.
3) If you are careful you will avoid dangers.
4) If you read well you will get good marks.
5) If you get good marks teacher will praise you.
6) If you do yoga you will be healthy.
7) If you drive slowly you reach safely.
8) If you ask him he will help you.
9) If you are discipline you will be successful.
10) If you come late to school you will stay out of the class.
11) If teacher teaches well students will understand well.
12) If you know the procedure you will solve this problem.
13) If you meditate your mind will be refreshed.
14) If you waste time you will regret.
15) If you save some money it will be helpful.
16) If you drink more water you won’t be dehydrated.
17) If you believe in God he will help you.
18) If you rectify your mistakes you will reach your goal.
19) If you perform well you will get a prize.
20) If you start now you will catch the train.
Exercise
Write the remaining part of the sentence according to the given.
1) ____________ you can get a job.
2) If he argues with others ___________

3) If she calls me ____________

4) ___________ we will clear the debt.
5) ___________ the crops will grow well.
6) If they come in time __________
7) __________ she won’t get less marks.
8) If you eat more sugar _________
9) If we order her ___________
10) __________ she will get the reward.
The Second Conditional:

Rule – 1:
If condition is given in simple past tense then result is always would + first form of the
verb.
Example :- If I had money, I would purchase that dress
(had + money : here we can see money is a noun)
Testbook Trick
How to identify Simple Past Tense
• Positive Sentence : No helping verb + V2
• Negative / Interrogative sentence : Did + V1 / had + noun
Second Type: Impossible / Imaginary condition

Structure : If + Sub + V2 + Sub + Would / Should / Could + V1
Examples:
1) If you passed the test Dad would praise you.
(You don’t pass the best Dad doesn’t praise you)
2) If he caught the thief he would get the reward.
(He doesn’t catch the thief. He won’t get the reward)
3) If you played well you would win it. (You don’t play well you don’t win it)
4) If I had a car. I would be there in time. (I don’t have a car. I can’t be in time)
5) If he got good result he would give a party.
(He doesn’t get good result he doesn’t give a party)
6) If you asked the teacher. Teacher would explain you.
(You don’t ask the teacher. Teacher won’t explain)
7) If you knew the answer you would tell.
(You don’t know it, you don’t tell it)

8) If she had money she would help me.
(She doesn’t have money she doesn’t help me)
Exercises:
1) ________________ I would bark at strangers.
2) ________________ I would pass the test.
3) If she cooked well _____________
4) If you listened my advise _____________
5) _____________ I would climb the tree.
6) If they complained well ________________
7) If sun set in eat _____________
8) _____________ I would float on water.
The Third Conditional:
Rule – 1:
Past Perfect Tene + would have + V3
If condition is given in past perfect tense then result is always would have + third form of
the verb.
Example :- If I had purchased Testbook test series, I would have cracked the
SBI PO had purchased : Past Perfect Tense
would have cracked : result of thi condition
Testbook Trick
How to identify Past Perfect Tense
• Positive Sentence : had + V3
• Negative / Interrogative sentence : would hav + V3
Third Type: Past unfulfilled condition

Structure : If + Sub + had + V3 + Sub + Would + have + V3
Examples:
1) If you had come in time I would have allowed you.
2) If you had started early you wouldn’t have missed the bus.
3) If she had passed the test she would have got the job.
4) If we had won the match we would have qualified for finals.

5) If you had consulted a doctor you wouldn’t have suffered a lot.

6) If you hadn’t teased him he wouldn’t have given a complaint.
7) If she had been careful she wouldn’t have lost her purse.
8) If they hadn’t been negligent they wouldn’t have failed.
9) If you had been late the movie would have been started.
10) If you had applied for the job you would have got it.
11) If I had called her she would have helped me.
12) If he hadn’t told alie they wouldn’t have punished him.
13) If we hadn’t known it we would have faced the problem.
14) If you had informed the police they would have taken an action.
15) If she hadn’t learn it would have punished her.
16) If you had taken medicines regularly you would have been cured.
17) If she hadn’t learn it teacher would have punished her.
18) If I hadn’t scolded him he would have done a mistake.
19) If he had been in time he wouldn’t have missed the bus.
20) If I had been negligent I would have lost my job.
Exercises
Write the remaining part of sentence according to the given.
1) If he had followed the traffic rules ___________________
2) _______________ I would have caught cold.
3) If you had booked a cab__________________
4) If he hadn’t broken the vase _________________
5) __________________ I would have passed the test.

6) If she had written well _______________
7) If they hadn’t searched for it _______________
8) If it had rained ___________________
9) _______________ we would have achieved a medal.
10) ________________ the patient wouldn’t have been dead.
The Fourth Conditional:

Rule – 1: Were + would + V1
If the clause or cause is given in imaginary state (were), result / effect will always use
would + first form of the verb.
Example : If you were in place of me, you would understand my situation.
Structure : If + Sub + Were + State + Would / Could + V1
Examples:
1. If I were a bird. I would fly.
2. If you were c.m you would cancel the exams.
3. If I were you I would wake up at 6:00 AM.
4. If she were a cook she could cook.
5. If he were intelligent he would solve this.
6. If I were a elephant I could lift this.
7. If she were a dancer she could dance.
8. If I were mechanic I would fix it.
9. If he were a doctor he would treat.
10. If they were negligent I would scold them.
11. If she were nightingale she could sing.
Exercises:
1. If he were 6 feet _____________
2. If he were policeman _____________
3. _______________ he could climb the tree.
4. If they were rich _____________
5. If I were rabbit _____________
6. ______________ I would ask doubt to teachers.

Condition Result
First Conditional word + subject + V1 / V5 Subject + will + V1 + object
Conditional + object
Second Conditional word + subject + V2 + Subject + would + V1 + object
Conditional object
Third Conditional word + subject + V3 + Subject + would + V1 + object
Conditional object
had + subject + V3 + object
Fourth Conditional word + Imaginary (were) Subject + would + V1 + object

Conditional + object
Here, conditional words can be if, until, unless, as soon as, when, while, since, etc.
Practice Questions
Q. Find out which part has an error and mark it as your answer. If there is no error, mark
‘No error’ as your answer.
(A) Iran has recently threatened / (B) that if the Europeans would take / (C) the case to UN,
it will withdraw from the nuclear treaty.
A. If two / events are in future back to back, and the second event is dependent on the
firt event, then the firt event is in Simple Present Tense and second work is in Simple
Future Tense.
Here, Iran’s withdrawal from the nuclear treaty is said to an after effect or dependent
on the event of Europeans’ approaching the UN. Thus, (B) must
be replaced with ‘that if Europeans take’.
Q. Find out which part has an error and mark it as your answer. If there is no error,
mark ‘No error’ as your answer.
(A) In Trump’s impeachment case, if the majority / (B) of senators agree to let both sides
/ (C) call their witnesses, Chief Justice Roberts issues a subpoena for them.
A. If two / events are in future back to back, and the second event is dependent on the
firt event, then the firt event is in Simple Present Tense and second work is in Simple
Future Tense.
Subpoenas will be issued only if the senators’ votes are in the majority.
The Second event is dependent on first. Thus, ( C ) must be replaced with ‘Chief Justice

Roberts will issue a subpoena for them.’

Correct Sentence : In Trump’s impeachment case, if the majority of senators agree to let
both sides call their witnesses, Chief Justice Roberts will issue a subpoena for them.
If you keep your eyes and (A) / ears open, you might find (B) / plenty of things to write
about (C) / in the instant Essay writing competition. (D) / No error (E)
A. The correct sentence is ‘If you keep your eyes and ears open, you will find plenty of
things to write about in the instant Essay writing competition’.
This is a conditional sentence and in this type of sentence one sentence depends
upon others because of cause and effect. This type of sentence follows a special
structure i.e. ‘Conditional word +subject+V1 / V5 + object, subject + will + V1 + object’.
Therefore, replace ‘might with ‘will’ to satisfy the structure.
If sleep – inducing capsules will help (A) me fall asleep then I will take (B) /
a couple of capsules tonight (C) / as I am suffering from Insomnia./(D) No error (E)
A. The above sentence is a conditional sentence. Generally, the simple
future should be used only in the main clause but one exception is when
the action in the if clause will take place after the action in the main
clause. So, the sentence is correctly structured and
has no error.
AUXILIARY VERBS
Along with the knowledge of tenses, you must have the idea about the usage of
auxiliary verbs which play a major role in communication. In our day to day life we
come across a situation where we have to express “suggestions, orders, polite
request, obligations, moral responsibilities, unfulfilled ideas, suppositions,
certainties, doubts and hopes etc..”
Auxiliaries are of two types:
1. Primary auxiliary verbs

2. Modal auxiliary verbs

1. Primary Auxiliary verbs: be, do, have
Usage of ‘Be’: Be means “is , are , am and was were”
These primary auxiliaries can act as the main verbs to express the ideas of existence.
Eg:-
• He is here now.
• He was here yesterday.
• I am the principal.
• I was the principal last year.
• They are with us.
• They were with us last night.
TALKING ABOUT EXISTENCE
Many times we talk about the existence of people or things at a place with somebody
or in a condition. In other words, being at a place, with somebody or being in a
condition is called the existence.
Study the examples given the following tables
BEING AT A PLACE
PRESENT EXISTENCE PAST EXISTENCE FUTURE EXISTENCE
I am at the party I was at the party. I will be at the party.

I am with my dad now I was with my dad I will be with my dad

yesterday tomorrow
He is at the work now He was at the work one He will be at work this
hour ago afternoon
BEING IN A CONDITION

I am in trouble I was in trouble last I will be in trouble if you don’t
year support
She is in poverty She was in poverty She will be in poverty if she
some years ago doesn’t work.
He is in riches now He was in riches He will be in riches if he works
hard
BEING WITH A QUALITY

He is a kind man He was a kind man He will be a kind person if
(not now) you respect him
She is hussy She was hussy She will be hussy
It is hot It was hot sometime ago It will be hot.

Sub + be forms (am/is/are/was/were) + adjective
I am hungry. I was hungry It is dark. It was dark

He is thirsty. He was thirsty This is cheap. This was cheap.
She is angry. She will be angry if Lata is wise. Lata was wise at
you break the glass. that time.
We are happy. We will be happy if The girl is sad. The girl was sad.
he gets good marks.
You are dull. They were weak. They are They were
intelligent. intelligent.
They are weak. I was hungry She is dangerous. She was dangerous.
Some more examples

Present Past Future

I am in Tirupati. I was in Tirupati. I shall be in Tirupati.
You are in the theatre. You were in the theatre. You will be in the theatre.
We are in the temple. We were in the temple. We will be in the temple.
They are in school. They were in school. They will be in school.
She is at home. She was at home. She will be at home.
He is in Pune at present. He was in Pune last year. He will be in Pune next year.
I am a teacher. I was a teacher. I will be a teacher.
He is an MLA. He was an MLA He will be an MLA.
Uncle is a head constable. Uncle was a head constable. Uncle will be a head constable.
“Be” as modal auxiliary verb
1. Asmodal auxiliary “Be” along with infinitive i.e. (is, are, am + to + V1 ) expresses present
obligation , suggestion, necessity and ideas of duty.
E.g: You are to attend the classes = You have to attend the classes. (Suggestion)
She is to look after her parents = She have to look after her parents. (Obligation)
He is to verify the files carefully = He have to verify the files carefully. (Duty)
I am to practice more and more = I have to practice more and more. (Necessity)
2. The usage of the structure “Was/ were + to + V1” expresses the ideas that “I know that
somebody had a duty to do something but I don’t know whether he did it or not”
E.g:
1. He has to attend the meeting yesterday.
(I know that he had meeting but I don’t know whether he attended it or not)
2. She has to write the exam last year.
(I know that she had exam last year but I don’t know whether she wrote the exam or not)
Note: as a modal auxiliary “Be” is used to form continuous tenses. You can go through the
study of tenses for this.

EXPRESSING POSSESSION
“Have, has, had” these verbs are used to express the ideas of possession in present, past
and future. Study the following table and practice the sentences
given in the table.
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I have two houses I had two houses till last year I will have two houses in future
He has own car He had own car He will have own car
She has a bank balance She had a bank balance She will have a bank balance
MODALS
Modals are used to modify the meaning of the main verb and give new meaning to the
sentence.
Eg: She works hard (It’s a general truth)
If we use modals with above sentence its meaning differs
Eg: She can work hard.
This sentence shows the ability of her to do the work and she is capable of it.
Eg: She must work hard.
The above sentence shows it is the compulsion of her to workhard.
Eg: She should work hard
The above sentence shows the necessity of her to work hard.
Eg: She may work hard.
The above sentence shows the possibility of her doing hard work.
By observing above examples you can understand that the verbs “can, must, should, may”
add different meanings to the main verb when they used along with it so they are modal
verbs.
There are lot of uses of modals in our communication as we use them to.
express certainity, futurity, opinion, confidence, ability, possibility, compulsion, necessity,
obligation, doubt, limitation.
Ask permission
make proposal, predication, guess
pose request
Give warning, advise, suggestion

Now let us learn more about each thing certainty, possibility, prediction & guess
These four come under the same group
Certainty: If you are expressing certainty you are sure about happening of action it can be
expressed by “will”.
• He will get visa this time.
This sentence tells that he surely gets the visa this time.
• He won’t tell lies to me.
This sentence tells that you are sure that he does tell lies to you.
• She will win the prize surely.
• I won’t accept their proposal.
• We will reach there by loan
Tit bits: 1) If use “will” with subject “you” it express certainty and also gives assurance to the
subject “you”.
Eg: Ravi : There is a exam tomorrow.
Raj: You will pass the test will good marks.
In the above situation Raj is confident that Ravi passes the test with good marks so he used
“will” and it in turn give assurance to Ravi not to worry about it.
2) If we use “won’t” with subject you it says that it is certain that the action will not happen.
• You won’t get the prize.
The above example says that it is sure that subject “you” don’t get a prize.
If we use it in the communication as it seems harsh so we use the phrase.
“I think” before it to reduce the intensity.
• I think you won’t get the prize.
Now the intensity is reduced and it’s ok to be heard.
Note: So whenever you want to use won’t with any other subjects except
“I and we” its better to use “I think” before it.
Eg:
• I think he won’t tell the answer.
• I think she won’t help you.
• I think they won’t attend the party.
Possibility : It says that there is a chance for that action to happen in the future. We can
express this by modal verbs “can, would, may, might”.
Eg: She can write the notes by tomorrow.
The above sentence says that there is a strong possibility for her to write the notes for
tomorrow.
• She could write the notes by tomorrow
The above sentence says that there is a moderate possibility for her to the write the notes by
tomorrow and you are not sure about it.
• She may write the notes by tomorrow.

The above sentence says that there is a less possibility for her to write the notes by
tomorrow and you are not sure about it.
• She might write the notes by tomorrow.
The above sentence says that there is a slight possibility for her to write the notes by
tomorrow and you are very doubtful on it.
Possibility chances of can, could, may and might
Can 70%
Could 60%
May 50%
Might 30%
So if we want to express strong possibility we will use “can” if we want to say moderate
possibility we will use “could” if we want to say less possibility we will use “may” if we want
to say very slight possibility we will use “might”.
Can > Could > May > Might
A fact to be known: To express past possibility we use
“Could + have + V3”
• I could have studied hard.
The above example says that I had a possibility of studying hard in the past.
• She could have given a complaint.
The above example says that she had a possibility of giving complaint in the past
• They could have prepared well.
The above example says that they had a possibility of preparing well in the past
Prediction
It is to make a guess about the future actions based on the
Present happenings. This can be expressed by using “will, may, might”
Eg:- Times now says that India’s GDP will raise to 6 % this year.
The above example says that basing on the present conditions times now predicted that in
the coming time India’s GDP will raise to 6 % and they are sure about it.
• There are dark clouds it will rain.
The above example says that basing on the present weather you predicted that within few
hours it will rain and you sure about it.
• He may attend the function as he is free.
The above example says that but present he is free so you predicted that he may come but
you are not sure about it.
• Ram is intelligent he might answer this.
The above example says that Ram is intelligent now so you predicted that he might solve it
but you are doubtful about it.
To make negative predictions we will use the phrase “I think”
• I think it will not rain.

• I think he may not help you.
• I think she might not start her business.
Note: By observing all the above examples you can come to know the predictions can be
done only with 3rd persons.
Guess: It’s about saying on action which happened in past (or) happening at that moment
but you are not sure about it can be expressed by using “may be, might be, would + have +
V3”
Eg: He may be watching a movie.
So the above sentence says that you are not sure what is he doing now so you made a guess
that he is watching a movie as you know it well.
• She might be late so teacher punished her.
The above sentence says that you know that teacher punished her but you don’t know the
reason so you made a guess that he might be late.
• Kohli would have scored a century.
The above sentence says that you don’t know for sure that Kohli scored a century or not and
you are making guess about it.
Observe the following table:
Structure Guess about
May / Might + be + ing form Present action happening some where
She may be dancing
They might be crying
Might + be + adj Present situation which you aren’t sure
He might be sick
She might be clever
Would + have + V3 The completed action in Past / Present
You would have known the truth
A fact to be known: To make a guess about to thing which you are 100% sure and confident
we use should + be.
• You should be Ram’s friend.
The above sentence says that you are very confident that the person is Ram’s friend and
there is no doubt about it.

Exercise
Frame atleast ten sentences by taking the first sentence as a model.
He will finish it by tomorrow. They may be in the party.
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
She may write a poem. He could have done that.

_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
She would have cooked the food. She might go there.

_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________

Prepare a table for the same action as certainty, possibility.
Certainty Possibility
I will watch a movie tomorrow. I can / could / may watch movie tomorrow.
Permission, request, offer, proposal: These four come under one group.
Permission : If you ask someone that you will do a work and the benefit will be for yourself
then it’s a permission.
Eg: Shall I drink water?
The above example says that the subject “ I “ is asking someone consents to drink water and
the benefit is for the subject “ I “ only so it’s a permission.
Types of Permission: There are two types of permissions.
1) Formal permission 2) Informal permission
1) Formal permission: These are the permissions asked to the superiors (or) officials
regarding an official work these can be expressed by using ”May, could”.
Eg: May I come in sir?
Could I check the file sir?
May I leave early sir?
Could I use your p c?
Could and may symbolize politeness so we use them to ask formal permissions.
2) Informal permission: These are the permissions asked to the family members friends and
relatives these can be expressed by using “shall, can”.
Eg: Shall I watch T.V Dad?
Can I use your bike brother?
Shall I go out and play mother?
Can I switch on the fan sister?

so we use “can” to our siblings and friends as it locks less formal than shall.
Add more fuel to the knowledge:
We can use “shall” for our superiors to ask an informal permission.
Eg:- Shall I use your bike sir?
This permission asked for your superior but the action which you asked
(i.e using a bike) is not official so we can use “shall”.
• Shall I bring you a glass of water sir?
Note : We can’t use shall for formal permissions
• Shall I come in sir? (x)
• May I come in sir? (✓)
• Shall I take leave now? (x)
• Could I take leave now? (✓)
Titbits: We can accept any body permission with “can” and deny it by “can’t”.
Eg: -
• May I have this book sir? (permission)
• You can take this book. (acceptance)
• Could I park my car here? (permission)
• You can park your car here. (acceptance)
• Shall I change the channel? (permission)

• You can’t change the channel. (denial)
• Can I sleep here sister? (permission)

• You can’t sleep here. (denial)
Note: Even we ask the permission with “could”. The acceptance (or) denial
should be said within can (or) can’t.
Eg: - Could I solve the problem sir?
• Yes you can solve it (✓)
• You can’t solve it. (✓)
Could I submit the report?
• You could submit the report. (x)
• You can submit the report. (✓)
• You couldn’t submit the report. (x)
• You can’t submit the report. (✓)
Request: If we ask someone to do a work for you by which you will be benefited
it’s a request.
Eg: Will you tell this address?

In the above example you are asking someone to do a work (i.e telling the address) by which
you will be benefited.
There are four types of request
1) Less polite request 2) Polite request
3) More polite request 4) Most polite request
1. Less Polite Request: It’s just a casual way of asking a request for our
friends, family members and relatives it can be expressed by “will, can”.
Eg: Will you give me Rs.100 dad?
Can you help me in homework brother.
Will you give me your pen?
Can you repair this?
2. Polite Request: It’s a request posed with politeness for our superiors (or)
Strangers. This can be expressed by may (or) could.
Eg: May you give me your mobile?
Could you keep this box up?
May you show the way to railway station?
Could you explain my duty sir?
3. More Polite Request: It’s a request posed with more politeness for our
superiors (or) strangers. It emphasizes the necessity it can be expressed by
“could you please”.
Eg: Could you please grant me a leave?
Could you please tell me which bus goes to Hyderabad?
Could you please clarify my doubt?
Could you please give me a side?
4. Most Polite Request: This is the request which is passed with most
politeness to our superiors, strangers and it has least chance of denial.
It can be expressed by using “would you mind”.
Eg: Would you mind hiking my salary sir?
Would you mind closing the door?
Would you mind helping me in the homework?
The pattern of “would you mind” is
Would you mind + ing form of the action
Add fuel to your knowledge: We use the expression “I am afraid” to refuse

the request politely.
Eg:
Ravi : Could you please let me in?
Raju : I am afraid I can’t
Pooja : Would you mind helping me in this work?

Roopa : I am afraid I can’t
Ramesh : Could you allow me to consult him right now as I have

some urgent work?
Waiter : I am afraid you have to wait.
Offer: If you ask someone that you will do a work which they will be benefitted it
is called as offer.
• May I help you?
In the above example you are asking someone consent to do an action
(i.e, helping) by which they will be benefitted.
We can give offers by using modal verbs, “shall, can, may, could”.
Eg: Shall I carry you luggage? (less polite)
Can I cook food for you? (polite)
May I assist you in this? (more polite)
Could I give my bike to you? (polite)
May I drop you at your have sir? (more polite)
Add fuel to your knowledge: If we want to help anyone without his consent then we can
give offers in affirmative sentence only then we will use “will, would, can, could”.
Eg: I will pick you up after the school.
In the above sentence we are directly helping the person i.e picking him up
at school without asking for his consent.
Eg: I would do this for you.
I could prepare tea for you.
I can get you out of this.
Let us observe some more examples
• Shall I lend you money? (offer seeking consent)
• I will lend you money. (direct offer)
• Can I pack your luggage? (offer seeking consent)
• I can pack your luggage. (direct offer)
• Could I clean your room? (offer seeking consent)
• I could clean your room. (direct offer)
• May I finish this work for you. (offer seeking consent)
• I can finish this work for you. (direct offer)
Proposal: If we ask someone that you both do a work together by that you both are
benifited.
Eg: Shall we go for a walk?
In the above example you are asking someone that you both to go for a walk by which you
both are benefited.
We express the proposals by the modal verbs “shall, may”.
Eg: Shall we play a match? (less polite)

May we have a meeting tomorrow? (polite)
Shall we go for a trip? (less polite)
May we share the food? (polite)
Add fuel to your knowledge: We use the expression “let us” to make a proposal.
• Let us arrange a party.
• Let us work together.
• Let us write the notes.
• Let us finish the notes.
Tit bits: If we include listener and speaker than “shall we” becomes proposal
if we don’t include listener “shall we” becomes permission.
Eg: The three students asked teacher.
“Shall we go and drink water sir”
In this case listener “teacher” is not included so it is a permission.
In the same class if teacher says
“Shall we have a test tomorrow ? ”
They have the listener students and teacher is involved so it’s a proposal.
Let us observe the following examples:
• Shall we do our homework mom? (permission)
• Shall we have our dinner mom? (proposal)
• Shall we play a with our friends dad? (permission)
• Shall we play a game dad? (proposal)
Exercise
Frame atleast ten sentences by taking the first sentence as a model.
Shall I watch T.V dad? May / Could I come in?

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________

Will you bring a glass of water? Could you please tell the answer?
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
Would you mind closing the door? Shall we watch a movie?

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
Activity: Make one student to ask permission and also make another student to accept or
deny it in the models we discussed.
Eg:- Could I come in?
Yes, you can
No, you can’t
I am afraid you can’t
Necessity, Compulssion, Obligation:

These 3 come under one group
Necessity: This expresses the need for an action to be done this can be expressed by the
modal verbs “have, has to, had to, must, should”.
Eg: He should consult a doctor.
I have to wait for some time.
She has to take his advice.

Add more fuel to our knowledge:

Let’s get clarity about the verb “need” ‘Need’ is a semi modal verb because
in some ways it is like a modal verb and in other ways like a main verb.
Eg: He needs rest.
No one need know the same.
In the first example “Need” is a main verb and so it takes the “S” form for singular subject
“He” and expresses that there is a necessity of taking rest for him.
In the second example it’s a modal verb as it comes along with another verb “know” and
expresses that there is no need for everyone to know the same.
Note: The negative sense is represented by the pronoun “no one”

• I need a helping hand. (main verb)
• You needn’t worry about this. (modal verb)
• She needs proper planning. (main verb)

• She needn’t talk to him. (modal verb)
When we want to say the necessity of an action to happen we use “to infinity” form along
with main verb “need”.
Eg: I need to ask his help.
She needs to concentrate on her studies.
You need to improve your handwriting.
Ram needs to clear his debts.
Tit bits: The modal verb “Need” is only used in affirmative (+ve statement)
with negative pronouns like no one, no body, nothing.
Eg: No one need think that we are doing this.
Nothing need change on this page.
Nobody need read this.
The negative form of the verb is ”need not” its contracted form is “needn’t”.
Eg: I needn’t tell this.
She needn’t give a complaint.
The express past necessity we can use “needed”.
Eg: He needed to rest at that time.
I needed to scold him.
They needed to apply for the leave.
Note: Instead of “needed to” we use “had to” to express past necessity.
He had to rest at that time.
I had to to scold him.
They had to to apply for the leave.
To express the actions which had no necessity to happen in past we use didn’t need to.
Eg: I didn’t need to explain him.

She didn’t need to buy a new dress.
You didn’t need to sing song.
A fact to be known:
To represent an unnecessary action which happened in past we use the expression “needn’t
+ have + V3”
• You needn’t have wasted the food.
The above example says that you unnecessarily wasted the food.
• He needn’t have some there.
The above example says that there was no need for him to go there but he went there.
Some More Examples
• They needn’t have cancelled the programme.
• We needn’t have insulted him.
• Ram needn’t have beeten him
Compulssion: This expresses the high necessity of the action to happen which can’t be
avoided we use “should, must, ought to” to express this.
Ex: You should apply ointment to it (in a harsh tone)
They must get ready before 5 PM.
He ought to inform them.
Obligation: An obligation is an action which a person is morally (or) legally bound to
it’s nothing but a duty. It can be expressed by using “should, must, ought to”.
Ex: We should respect our elders

You ought to pay the taxes.
We must follow traffic rules.
Let us learn more about necessity, compulsion, obligation through comparision.
I need to pay the fine I should pay the fine or it’s a I ought to pay the fine it’s
(Necessity) problem. (Compulsion) my duty. (Obligation)
You need to listen to your You must listen to your You must listen to your
elders. (Necessity) elders. (Compulsion) elders its manners.
(Obligation)
We need to obey police. We must / should obey the We should / ought to
(Police Station) police. (Compulssion) obey the police its law.
(Obligation)
Add more fuel to your knowledge:-

Lets learn more about “must” and “ought to”

Must
Must expresses strong obligation and necessity.
• You must wear seat belts while driving.
The above example says that it’s a law and compulsory to wear seat belts so you have to
follow it which is nothing but “strong obligation”
• I must talk to her right now.
The above example says that it’s the need of me to talk to her and its very urgent
which I can’t skip so it’s a compulsion.
• She must come to school tomorrow. (strong compulsion)
• We must believe in God. (strong obligation)
• They must win the cup. (strong compulsion)
• You must follow teacher’s orders. (strong obligation)
Tit bits: There is a small difference between “have to” and must if we use
“have to” it symbolizes the external obligation i.e., you are forced by someone.
• I must shift my house as it is long.
The above sentence says that it’s the personal opinion of you and felt the need and you want
to shift the house.
• I have to shift my house as my owner ordered .
The above sentence says us that it’s not your intention to shift the house but dye to some
external factor i.e., owner’s order is forcing to shift your house.
• I must consult a doctor. (self)
• I have to consult a doctor. (external obligation)
The first example says that it’s your own intention that you feel to consult a doctor.
The second example says that due to some external factors you are forced to
consult a doctor.
Rules and Laws: We use must to talk about rule (or) a law.
• A child must be educated (rule)
• You must not room at midnights (rule)
• Drunken drivers must be punished. (rule)
• 100 criminals can escape but one innocent must not be punished. (law)
• You must not leave your footwear here. (rule)
• We must maintain silence here. (rule)
• You must provide proper identity proof.
Deductions and Conclusions: Must is used to make deductions and conclusions based on the
present sceneraio.
Eg: He’s so small. He must be below four years.
In the above example based on the present sceneraio i.e., being small we deducted (or)
concluded that the boy will be below four years old.
He says asleep in the class. He must be watching TV up to late night.
Based on his facing asleep in the class we deducted a reason for that i.e., watching TV up to
midnight.
• She hasn’t come to school. She must be sick.
• They are playing well. They must be practiced well.
• Ram can easily catch it. He must be tall.
Titbits: To make a negative deduction we will use “can’t” but not mustn’t”.
• The news is so strange. It can’t be true.
• She looks innocent. She can’t be the thief.
• The shoes are not fit for me. They can’t be made properly.
A fact to be known:
We use the pattern “must + have + V3” to talk about deductions in the past.
I called Raj yesterday but Raj must have been busy.
The above example says that he subject “I” called Raj but Raj didn’t lift here can so she
deducted a reason for it that he might have been busy.
Ram: We want for a trip to Nallamala.
Raj : It must have been exciting.
So have Raj made a deduction about the past trip that it would be exciting.
• The defeated us they must have known our weakness.
• She got 96 marks. She must have copied in the exam.
Note: “Must have + V3” should be used to make past deductions but not past obligations.
Invitations and encouragement: We use must to express polite invitations (or)
encouragement.
• You must attend my birthday party. (invitation)
• You must try this once. (encouraging)
• You must come and stay in my village or atleast 4 days. (invitation)

• You must visit Kulumanali in winter to enjoy its beauty. (encouraging)
• You must watch a move with us tomorrow. (invitation)

• You must watch this movie which is very interesting. (encouraging)
Criticism: We use the question form of must to criticize someone.

• Must you keep singing with your voice?
• Must you draw this diagram?

• Must you bat in this game?

• Must Surya be in the team?
Ought to and should: We use “ought to” and “should” to talk about obligations.
• We ought to respect our National flag.
• You should take a bath before you go to temple.
• We ought to help the poor.
• We should pay tribute to all the freedom fighters.
We use “these both” to express compulsion.
• I ought to meet him at any cost.
• You should cook the dinner. (with a harsh tone)
• They ought to take this matter to higher authorities.
• You should take the medicines on time.( with a harsh tone)
What is desired or ideal: We use “these both” to talk about things which are desired (or)
ideal.
We ought to eat more fruits every day.
The above sentence says that it’s very ideal (or) it’s desired to eat more fruits.
• Government should built more hospitals and schools.
• They should to renovate the temples.
• Doctors ought to be more compassionate than others.
Titbits: We use ought to / should + have + V3 to talk about things that were ideal in past but
which didn’t happen simply the past necessity.
• The Government ought to have reduced the corruption so they lost.
The above statement says that the previous government had to be focused on reducing
corruption which was ideal but it didn’t happen that’s the reason for their defeat.
• I should have stopped with 5 idlis.
The above statement says that during breakfast.
I had to be careful to restrict myself for 5 idlies but I didn’t do it.
• We should have locked the door property then thief wouldn’t have entered.
The above example says that we should have been careful in locking the door properly then
the thief wouldn’t enter and looted it.
What is likely?
We use both to say the things that are likely to happen i.e., the actions which are planned
and going to happen in short time.
• The guest ought to come in 15 min they will start the function.
The above example says that they have the information about chief guest arrival and they
will short it as soon as he comes.
• There should be some good movies this weekend.

The above example says that you have a hope on new movies as trailers and teasers look
promising (or) you heard a nice talk a but them.
• She ought to go to a party as she has dressed well.
• He should finish his work in 10 min so I pack my luggage.
A fact to be known: We use negative forms i.e., ought not to shouldn’t to say which is not
correct or bad.
• You ought not to tease others.
• She shouldn’t be on high cloud for little things.
• We ought not to neglect our studies.
• You should not drink and drive.
Exercise
Prepare a table for the same action as necessity, compulsion, obligation for all subjects.
Necessity Compulssion Obligation

I need to go there. I should / must go there. I ought to go there.
Express the past necessities and Unnecessities of you

I needed to take rest. __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
I had to finish that.

I didn’t need to call him. _________________________

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
I didn’t have to go there.
Frame atleast ten sentences using the expressions “needn’t have + V3”.
You needn’t have given a complaint.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Express ten ideals / what should be done using ought to, should.
Government should provide education for You ought to do exercise daily.
kids. ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ __________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
Advise suggestion: There will be a lot of confusion about these two first let’s have a clarity
about the both.
Advice: An opinion that someone of fars you about what you should do (or) how you should
act in a particular situation.
• You should wear helmet while riding a bike so it’s the opinion of the speaker that you

will be careful if you wear a helmet so he advised you.

Advice can be given by experienced (or) express so we have to follow them
if you neglect them you have to face problems.
Suggestions: It’s just an idea (or) plan to guide you what to do in a particular situation.
• Call the store and ask them.
The above example says that the speaker is just giving an idea to you to call the store and to
clear your doubts and he is also not sure about its success.
Suggestion can be given by anybody and it can be neglected as there will be no harm if we
don’t follow it also.
Tit bits: Generally suggestions are given without the help of modal verbs.
Eg: Do the work carefully.
Take his help.
You better stay at home.
Take a taxi to reach early.
Note: All proposals are considered as suggestions.
Eg: Shall we work together?
Actually it’s a proposal but indirectly you are giving an idea (or) plant to be listener to make
to work easier so it can be a “suggestion”.
• Shall we have a cup of coffee?
Actually it’s a proposal but indirectly you are giving idea to listener to spend
some time with you so it can be a “suggestion”.
A fact to be known: So as we express proposal with the phrase “Let us” indirectly it also
becomes suggestion.
Eg: Let us go out
Let us celebrate
Let us buy a gift
Let us clean the room
In the same way whatever we express with “shan’t we” becomes suggestion.
• Shan’t we return these books?
• Shan’t we request him?
• Shan’t we write the notes?
Advice
We can give advice in various formats.
1. Advice without modals: Advice can be given without any modals.
Eg:-
• Wear Helmet while riding
• Always keep left.
• Don’t neglect your studies
• Lock the door properly

• Wear the seat belt while driving

• Don’t reveal your secrets to others.
2. Advice with modals: We use modal verbs “should”, “ought to” to give advices.
Eg:-
• You should take medicines regularly.
• You ought to be careful at night.
• You should go for a morning walk.
• You ought to go to bed early.
Note: We use “shouldn’t” to advise someone to avoid doing something.
• You shouldn’t make false promises
• You shouldn’t insult others
• You shouldn’t cut trees
• You shouldn’t wake up till midnight.
Advice with “If, I, Were, You, ……..”: The best way to give advice is
If I Were You + I would / wouldn’t + V1

• If I were you I would do Yoga daily.
• If I were you I wouldn’t said him.
• If I were you I would speak in English.
• If I were you I wouldn’t drive fast.
Advice with It’s time: The modern way of giving advice is
It’s time + Sub + V2
• It’s time you went to bed.
This implies that he has been working for a longtime and it would be better if he takes rest.
• It’s time we went home.
This implies that it is already late and it would be better if we go home.
Advice with “Had better”: We use had better to talk about actions we think people should
do (or) which are desirable in specific situations or else it leads to adverse effects.
• You had better stay here or you will get wet.
The above example says that your staying there is much safe if you don’t do that you have to
get wet.
• You had better start now or you will struck in traffic jam.
The above example says that your starting now is much desirable or else you have to struck
in traffic jam.
• You had better not to share your secrets or else you will face the problems.
The above example says that it would be better for you not to share the secrets if not you
have to face problems.

• She had better not to come or else they will insult her.
The above example says that it would be better for her not to come. If not she has to face
their insult.
Exercise
Frame atleast ten sentences for the advice pattern taking first one as an example.
You should consult a doctor.

__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
It’s time you went to bed.
__________________________ _________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
If I were you I would do yoga.

You had better leave early or
__________________________ you will miss the train.
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
Frame atleast ten suggestions using let us and shall we.

Let us go out now. Shall we have a cup of coffee

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ _______________
DOUBT
We can express doubt by using below pattern
Will + Sub + V1?
• Will I jump the wall?
• Will he pass the test?
• Will they reach in time?
Note: When we use this pattern with subject “You” it expresses request not doubt.
We can express doubt by using “can” also.
• Can I climb the tree?
• Can he repay the loan?
• Can we understand this topic?
• Can you solve this problem?
Exercise
Frame atleast 10 sentences to ask doubts by using will/can
Wll he pass the test? __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
__________________________ Can she dance well?
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ _________________________
LIMITATION
It is just a restriction of a person to do a thing generally it can be expressed by using
“shouldn’t”.
• I shouldn’t accept this.
The above example says that I am restricted to accept that as It’s not right in my opinion.
• He shouldn’t make a call.
The above example says that he is restricted from making a call.
We shouldn’t reveal this news as management ordered.
The above example says that we are restricted by management from revealing the news.
Note: We also can use “must not” to express limitation.
• She must not dance
• They must not go there
• I must not show my answers to you.
• I must not show this

• She must not attend the party
• He must not go out now
• You must not drink
Exercise
Frame atleast 10 sentences of limitations using shouldn’t/mustn’t
You shouldn’t eat this . I must not lift heavy things.

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ _________________________
CONFIDENCE
It is to say that we are able to do something we can express it by questioning with can’t
• Can’t I repair this?
The above example says that you are expressing to others that you have
capacity to repair this.
• Can’t I take the risk?

The above example shows that you are confident about your ability to take risk.
• Can’t we win the match?
The above example expresses that subject “we” are sure about their capacity to win the
match.
A fact to be known: We also can use the question form of “won’t” to express confidence.
• Won’t I make a perfect plan?
• Won’t I file a case?
• Won’t I defeat him?
• Won’t we control him?
Exercise
Frame atleast 10 sentences of expressing confidence using won’t/can’t
Won’t I solve this problem? Can’t I get first rank? .
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
OPINION
We can express our opinion by using question form of “won’t” with third person.
• Won’t he stay here?
The above sentence says that you are expressing your opinion about his staying there
when we question like this it implies that there is a chance for it which he can utilize.
• Won’t they announce the winner?
• Won’t she singer a song?
• Won’t Ram work hard?
Tit bits: We use the expression “I think” to express our opinion.
• I think he will convince her.
• I think you won’t laugh for this.
• I think he can’t be here in time.
• I think we can stop him.
Exercises
Frame atleast 5 sentences of expressing confidence using won’t/ I think
Won’t he stay here? I think he can’t pass
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _______________________
CHOICE
We could express our choice by using modal verb “would” with different expressions like
“would rather’ “would refer”.
Eg: I could prefer coffee to tea.
In the both my choice is “coffee”.
The above expression clearly says that in the Dos and Idli my choice is Dosa.
• I would prefer watching movies to serials.
The above example says that my choice rests with movies than serials.
• I would rather play cricket than football.
The above example says that my choice goes with cricket than football.
Add more fuel to our knowledge: When we want to express the choice between two
actions. The pattern’s of “would prefer” and “would rather” are
Would prefer
I + would + prefer + V1+ing + to + V1+ing

Eg: I would prefer playing games to watching T.V.

So the above example says that when come to playing games (or) watching T.V. my choice
goes with playing games.
• I would prefer reading book to listening songs.
• I would prefer cooking to ordering the food.
• I would prefer asking teacher to referring the material to clarify my doubt.
The above example says in clarifying my doubt my first choice is asking teacher than referring
a material.
Would rather
I + would rather + V1 + than + V1
Eg: I would rather sit in house than go out in rain.
The above example says that I prefer to stay inside than to get wet in rain.
• I would rather take rest than go to school as I am sick.
The above example says that due to my sickness I prefer to take rest than to go to school.
Let us observe:
• I would prefer doing yoga to going to gym.
• I would rather do yoga than go to gym.
• I would prefer listening class to making noise.

• I would rather listen class than make noise.
• I would prefer failing to copying in the exam.

• I would rather fail than copy in the exam.
A fact to be known:
We use the question form “What would you like to?” to ask for choice.
• What could you like to eat poori (or) pongal?
• What would you like to watch movies (or) serials?
• What would you like to do singing songs (or) playing music?
• What would you like to say truth (or) lie?
• What would you like to do MBBS (or) BTech?
Note:- We use “How would you like to” to express a choice in the quality and manner of
doing.
Eg:-
• How would you like to be wise (or) foolish?

• How would you like to be brave (or) timid?

• How would you like to be good (or) evil?
Manner
• How would you like to write neatly (or) worse?
• How would you like to speak frankly (or) cunningly?
• How would you like to study hard (or) negligently?
Titbits: We use the expression “would you like to” without any question word to ask for a
opinion.
• Would you like to take some food?
• Would you like to play cricket?
• Would you like to cancel the ticket?
• Would you like to be silent?
Keep an eye on this:
Ram : What would you like to drink orange (or) mango?
Raj : I would drink orange.
In the above Ram asked Raj choice about juices Raj expressed his choice as orange.
Ram : Would you like to wear Jeans?
Raj : Yes I would
In the above example Ram asked the opinion of Raj about wearing Jeans Raj said he would
like it.
Raj : What would you like to do driving a car (or) riding a bike?
Ram : I would drive a car.
Ram : Would you like to drive a car?
Raj : No I wouldn’t
Frame atleast 10 sentences for each taking first one as a model
Would you like to eat dosa? serials or movies?

__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
What would you like to watch I would prefer watching news
to reading news paper I would rather cook food

__________________________ than order in swiggy
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
Some More Uses of Modals
Modals can be used to tell decisions intentions promises modals are used to express faith.
Decissions: The instant decisions are told by using “will”
• Ram went to house and he observed the cock is broken then
He said, “I will call the police”.
In the above example “I will call the police” is the decision taken by Ram immediately at that
instant.
• Pooja got less marks in the exam then she said, “I will study hard from now”.
In the above example “I will study work hard from now” tells the instant decision
taken by her after seeing the result.
• Ravi was teased by Ramesh then Ravi said, “I will give a complaint to principal”.
In the above example “I will give a complaint to principal” tells the instant taken by Ravi as
he can’t bear their teasing.
• You are continuosly suffering from fever then your decision is.
I will consult a doctor now.
• You are alone in the house then your decision is.
I will watch a movie.
• You are unable to solve problem then your decision is.
I will ask her help.
INTENTION: We use the modal verb “will” to express the intention.

• I will wash my clothes today.
The above example says that today I kept a small goal i.e., washing the clothes.
• I will become doctor.
The above example says that your aim (or) long term intention is to become doctor.

Let us observe:
• We will repay the won next month.
• I will learn this answer for sure.
• I will get first rank this time.
• We will win the cup this year.
• I will build a house in future.
Tit bits: A strong intention can be expressed by using should (or) must.
Eg: I will clear the debts next year.
It express your intention to clear the debts generally and it’s not mandatory.
• I should clear the debts next year.
The above example says your strong intention to clear the debts and it is also mandatory /
compulsory same condition applies for.
• I must clear the debts next year.
• I will get 590+ in SSC exams.
The above says your intention to get 590+ in SSC exams generally and it’s not mandatory.
• I should get 590+ in SSC exams.
(or)
I must get 590+ in SSC exams.
The above examples says the strong intention of you to get 590+ marks and its also
mandatory.
Let us observe:
• We will go for trip next month. (general)
• We should go for trip next month. (strong)
• I will teach her a lesson for sure. (general)

• I must teach her a lesson for sure. (strong)
I will become an actor. (general)

I should become an actor. (strong)
Promises: We can express a promise with modal verb “will”.
• I will be there tomorrow for sure.
The above example says that you are giving assurance (or) a promise to other about your
presence there.
• I will help you.
The above example says that you are assuring (or) promising some one that you will help
than.

Let us observe:
Ram : I need some workers to make arrangements.
Raj : Don’t worry I will arrange them.
In the above example Ram is in need of workers than Ram assured him (or) promised him
that he will arrange them.
Ram : I don’t have car to go there.
Raj : I will give my car to you.
In the above example Ram is need of a car and Raj promised him that he will give his car.
Expressing faith: We can express faith on somebody by using the modal

verb “can”.
• Rohith can bring the cup.
In the above example you are expressing your faith / confidence on Rohith’s capacity to bring
the cup.
• She can win this elections.
In the above example you are expressing your faith / confidence on her capacity to will the
elections.
• I will become an actor.
Let us observe:
• This year can change my fate.
• These seeds can yield me profit.
• India can be the super power in future.
• She can reach for heights.
Tit bits: We use the expression “can’t be” to express our faith that the event wouldn’t have
been happened.
Dare: Dare is a model verb which is used to challenge somebody and to give warning and to
express confidence, ability.
• I dare you to hold this.
The above example says that you are challenging someone to hold that.
• I dare you to be alone in grave yard.
The above example says that you are challenging someone to be alone in the graveyard.
He dares me to swim for 5 hours. The above example says that he challenged me to
swim for 5 hours.
Let us observe:
• I dare him to hit a six.
• She dares us to finish the work by Monday.

• We dare you to eat this.

• He dares Sita to ride a scooty.
Warning: We can give warning by adding not to dare i.e dare not
• You daren’t test my patience.
In the above example you are giving a warning to someone not to test your patience.
• You daren’t fight with me.
In the above example you are giving warning to someone not to fight with you.
Let us observe:
• You daren’t argue with teachers.
• You daren’t park your car here.
• You daren’t watch this movie alone.
• You daren’t make noice in the class.
Tit bits: If we use daren’t with other subjects except you it expresses the inability.
• He daren’t talk to her.
• I daren’t scold him.
• We daren’t win this.
• I daren’t complete the work.
• I daren’t ask a doubt.
• She daren’t cook the food.
• They daren’t stop him.
Note:- In the case of third person (He, She, It, They, Noun) it can also an advise given by you
to them if we take it in a positive sense.
• He daren’t come here.
If you take it in a positive sense it is the advice you are giving to him not to come there.
• They daren’t disturb him.
In the positive sense you are giving an advice for them not to disturb him.
A fact to be known:
If dare is used as main verb then we can express confidence (or) ability with
a to + infinity attached to it.
• I dare to accept my mistakes.
It shows your confidence / ability to accept the mistakes.
• He dares to kill the snake.
The above sentence expresses his ability and in turn your confidence on him to kill the
snake.
• We dare to catch the thief.

The above sentence expresses our confidence (or) ability to catch the thief.
Note: If we use the expression dares to with the pronoun “no one” it shows your confidence
that it can’t be done.
• No one dares to stay there.
• No one dares to restrict him.
• No one dares to eat food cooked by her.
Exercise
Frame atleast 10 sentences for each taking first one as a model
I daren’t disturb her .
__________________________ Dare not to play with fire
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________
I dare you to play cricket. He dares to kill the snake.
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
__________________________ __________________________
Perfect Modals and Unfulfilled Actions
These are types of hypothetical statements that are used to talk about a past event (or)
situation that did not actually happen. It is often used to describe a different version of the
past.
Eg: I should have told the truth before they purchased it.

The above sentence says that there is a necessity in the past to tell the truth but I didn’t say
it and they purchased it. If I had told the truth
They wouldn’t purchased it.
• He needn't have scolded her as it was a small mistake.
The above example says that there was no need to scold her as it was a small mistake but he
did it.
• They could have won the match but they dropped the catches.
The above example says that there was a possibility for them to win the match but they
spoiled it by dropping the catches.
• They ought to have prepared well to solve this paper.
The above example says that it is ideas (or) necessity for them to prepare was to solve the
paper but it didn’t happen i.e they didn’t prepare well and they didn’t solve the paper.
Let us learn more about these by going through them individuality.
Would have + V3: It is used to express about something happened (or) didn’t happen do in
the past because a certain condition is not satisfied.
Eg: If you had asked me I would have helped you.
The above example says that in the past. If the condition of asking you had been fulfilled
then you would have helped him this means that the both conditions didn’t happen i.e
someone didn’t ask you so you didn’t help him.
• If she hadn’t been late. She wouldn’t have missed it.
The above example says that in the past. If the condition of her not being late had been
fulfilled then she wouldn’t have missed the bus this means that both conditions didn’t
happen i.e she was late and she missed the bus.
Let us observe the following examples:

• If he hadn’t learnt well he would have failed.
• If I had informed him he wouldn’t have gone there.
• If you had listened my words. You would have been safe.
• If you hadn’t insulted him he would have come.
• If she had eaten less she wouldn’t have get stomachache.
• If he had paid the fee they would have allowed him.
• If we had practiced well we would have played.
• If you hadn’t cried a lot you wouldn’t have got headache.
• If she had been careful they wouldn’t have looked the money.
A fact to be known: If we use “would + have + V3” alone without any “If clause” with the
second and third persons (you, he, she, it, they, noun) it expresses
guess.
Eg:

• She would have struck in the traffic.

• You would have got the news.
• He would have reached these.
If we use would have + V3 alone with subjects I and we then it expresses the past possibility.
• I would have finished this.
The above examples says that there was a chance for me to finish it but I didn’t do it.
• We would have been in time.
The above examples says that there was a chance for us to be in time but we didn’t do it.
Note: If we use wouldn’t have + V3 with I and we. It expresses a doubt of doing that action
(or) regret of doing that.
• I wouldn’t have told this.
We can take it in two ways 1st case you are expressing a doubt that you told this in the 2nd
case it shows your regret that it shouldn’t be told by you.
• We wouldn’t have passed the information.
We can it in two ways 1st case you are expressing a doubt to that you passed the information
the 2nd case it shows your regret of passing the information.
Let us observe some more examples:
• I wouldn’t have eatten this.
• We wouldn’t have neglect.
• I wouldn’t have called him.
• We wouldn’t have cheated them.
• I wouldn’t have missed the class.
• We wouldn’t have revealed it.
Tit bits: If we use wouldn’t + have + V3 with 2nd person (you) (or) 3rd person
(He, She, It, Noun, They) it expressions your faith that it wouldn’t have happened. like that.
• She wouldn’t have done a mistake.
The above sentence expresses your faith on her that she wouldn’t have done it.
• They wouldn’t have reacted like that.
The above sentence expresses your faith on them that they wouldn’t have reacted like that.
Observe the following:
• He wouldn’t have said this.
• She wouldn’t have concealed the facts.
• Ram wouldn’t have broker this.
Could + Have + V3: We use this to express a past possibility i.e there would be lot of chances
to happen in the past but it didn’t happen.
• I could have settled in us.

The above example says that there were lot of chances in past for me to settle in USA but I
didn’t utilize it.
• He could have taken a taxi.
The above example says that there were lot of possibility for him to take a taxi but he didn’t.
• You could have studied well.
The above example says that there was lot of possibility for you to study well but you didn’t.
A fact to be known: We can also use could+have+V3 to make a guess.

Ram : Where is John?
Raj : He could have gone to movie.
In the above example we used could+have+V3 to make a guess that John would be in a
movie.
Ram : Why is the ground wet?
Raj : It could have rained.
In the above example we used could+have+V3 to make a guess that it would be rained.
Ram : Why am I so happy?
Raj : You could have got a promotion.
In the above example we used could+have+V3 to make a guess that the other would have
got a promotion
Couldn’t + Have + V3: It is used to express that there was no possibility in the past to do that
condition.
• We couldn’t have driven fast.
The above example says that there was no possibility for us to drive fast.
• I couldn’t got the visa.
The above example says that there was no possibility for me to get visa.
Note: If we use couldn’t have + V3 with second person (you) or 3rd person
(He, She, It, They noun) it expresses the guess / confidence that the action wouldn’t have
been done.
• He couldn’t have tried this.
The above example says your guess that he wouldn’t have tried this.
• You couldn’t have accepted this.
The above example shows your confidence that other person wouldn’t have accepted this.
• She couldn’t have said this.
The above example says that your guess that she wouldn’t have said it.
Should + Have + V3: We use this to say the necessity of the action to be done in the past it
shows our regret.
• I should have planned well.
The above example shows the necessity of planning well in the past and it also shows your
regret for not doing it.

• We should have saved some money.

The above example shows that in the past there was necessity to save some money and it
also shows our regret for not saving it.
• He should have been careful.
The above example shows that there was a necessity for him to be careful.
• She should have written well.
The above example shows that there was a necessity for her to write well.
Let us observe:
• We should have passed the test.
• They should have informed before.
• I should have carried my licence.
• Ram should have taken rest.
• She should have performed well.
• We should have continued our journey.
Titbits: If we use should + have + V3 with subject “ you” it express your concernt advise for
that person.
• You should have given a complaint.
The above example shows your advice to that person that he / she would have given a
complaint then the condition would not be like this.
• You should have locked the door.
The above example shows your advice to that person that he / she would have locked the
door then the condition wouldn’t be same.
Note: If you say this in a serious tone it would become scolding / expressions your answer
about it.
• You should have sung was.
If you say this in a harsh tone that express your answer on another person for not performing
well.
• You should have started early. (harsh tone)
If you say it in a harsh tone it expresses your answer on other person for has starting early.
• You should have reduced extras. ( extras reduce )
A fact to be known: This pattern is also used to say what is ideal in past but it was not done.
• Government should have built more hospitals.
The above example says that it was ideal (or) necessity for government to build hospitals but
they didn’t do it.
• He should have donated some money.
The above example says that it was ideal for him to donate the money but he didn’t do it.
• Police should have enquired properly.

The above example says that it was ideal for polite to enquire properly but they didn’t do it.
Shouldn’t + Have + V3
It is used to say that a action happened without its necessity in the past. It also shows our
regret as it shouldn’t be done.
• I shouldn’t have argued a lot.
The above example says that these was no necessity for you to argue a lot but you did it and
you are regretting now.
• We shouldn’t have been absent.
The above example says that we were absent unnecessarily and now we are regretting for
that.
• He shouldn’t have added more salt.

The above example says that she added more salt unnecessarily which spoiled
the dish.
• She shouldn’t have arrived late.
The above example says that there was a need for her to be in time but she came late.
Add more fuel to our knowledge:
If we use shouldn’t have + V3 with second person you it expresses your dissatisfaction with
the other.
• You shouldn’t have left from there.
The above example expresses your dissatisfaction on other for leaving from there.
• You shouldn’t have ignored this work.
The above example expresses your dissatisfaction on other for ignoring this work.
• You shouldn’t have got less marks.
The above example expresses your dissatisfaction on other for getting less marks.
Tit bits: We use you shouldn’t have + V3 to thank someone who has unexpectedly done
something generous such as given you a present to mean that they did not need to do it for
you.
• Ram : I brought this present for you
• Raj : You shouldn’t have brought it. It’s so kind of you.
The above example says that Raj is expressing a friendly gratitude to Ram by saying that
there is no need to bring a present.
• Siri : I ironed your clothes.
• Sailu : You shouldn’t have done it.
The above example says that Sailu is expressing a friendly gratitude to Siri by saying that
there is no need to iron her clothes.

Let us observe some examples:

You shouldn’t have bought this dress.
You shouldn’t have scolded him.
You shouldn’t have lent the money to him.
Kiran : I cleared your loan

Kanth : You shouldn’t have done it. It’s so nice of you.
Koushik : I brought a pizza for you.
Vishwak : You shouldn’t have done it.
Karan : I ordered a mobile for you as a birthday gift.

Kiran : You should have done it you are so generous to me.
Let’s know this:
We can use “ought to + have+V3” in the place of “should+have + V3”
and “needn’t+have+V3” in the place of “shouldn’t have+V3” as they both mean same.
• I should have co-operated with him.
• I ought to have co-operated with him.
The above two expressions the same that it was necessary (or) ideas for me
to cooperate with him but I didn’t and it shows my regret.
• He should have fought for his rights.
• He ought to have fought for his rights.
The above two examples says that it was necessary (or) ideal for him to fight
for the rights but he didn’t
• She shouldn’t have run too much.
• She needn’t have run too much.
The above example says that there was no necessary for her to run too much but she did it.
• They shouldn’t have cancelled it.
• They needn’t have cancelled it.
The above example says that there was no necessary for them to cancel it but they did it.
Let us observe some examples.
• We should have watered the plants.
• We ought to have watered the plants.
• Ram shouldn’t have opened it.

• Ram needn’t have opened it.
• You shouldn’t have taken the rest.

• You ought to have taken the rest.
• She shouldn’t have cried a lot.

• She needn’t have cried a lot.
• They should have listened to my words.

• They ought to have listened to my words.
• I shouldn’t have praised him.

• I needn’t have praised him.
• It shouldn’t have been huge hit.

• It ought to have been huge hit.
• He shouldn’t have vacated the house.

• He needn’t have vacated the house.
Must + Have + V3
We use must have + V3 to talk about our strong opinions based on evidences, facts.
Eg: He must have got first class as he worked hard.
The above example says your strong opinion that he got first ranks as you know that he
worked hard.
Ram : Do you know what happened in the interview?
Raj : You must have got selected.
So the above example Raj expresses a strong opinion that Ram would have got selected as he
knows Ram’s talent.
Raj : Why can’t he come to ground?
Ram : He must have gone to movie you know his passion towards that.
So the above example expresses the strong opinion of Ram on him that he would have gone
to movie as his passion towards it is evident.
Let us observe:
1. I wish I had planned it.
2. I wish India had won the cup.
3. I wish you had been more helpful.
4. I wish I had saved some money.
5. I wish we had driven slowly.
6. I wish she had cooked well

7. I wish we hadn’t been there.

8. I wish they hadn’t revealed the fact.
9. I wish I hadn’t been late.
10. I wish I hadn’t tasted this.
11. I wish she hadn’t cooked it spicy.
12. I wish you had joined the party.
13. I wish you had utilized my vote properly.
14. I wish Teacher hadn’t conducted the test.
15. I wish I had got good marks in.
16. I wish I hadn’t dvg my own pit.
17. I wish we had listened the announcement.
18. I wish I had called him.
19. I wish he hadn’t disturbed me in the class.
20. I wish I hadn’t slept early.
The unfulfilled actions can be expressed by using by using had+sub+V3.

• I had you prepared well you would have passed.
The above example states that there is a chance of passing be test when you
prepared well but the both didn’t happen i.e you didn’t prepare well you didn’t pass the test.
• If had she get up early she could have caught the train.
The above example says that there was a probability of catching train for her when she got
up early but both didn’t happen i.e she didn’t get up cary and she didn’t catch the train.
• Hadn’t you accepted this he would have been angry.
The above example says that there was a chance for him to be angry when you didn’t
accepted it but you accepted it so he wouldn’t be angry.
• Hadn’t he informed me I would have left.
The above example says that there was a chance for me to leave when he didn’t inform me
but he informed me so I wouldn’t leave.
Let us observe:
1. Had I taken my lunch I wouldn’t have eaten this.
2. Hadn’t I been close with you I wouldn’t have known your cunning nature.
3. Had she answered well she would have got good marks.
4. Hadn’t you suggested me I wouldn’t have purchased them.
5. Had they done a mistake teacher wouldn’t have punished them.
6. Hadn’t she danced well she wouldn’t have got the prize.
7. Had Doctor arrived in time patient would have been saved.
8. Hadn’t I informed this matter they would have misunderstood him.

9. Had you watched the news you would have known this.
10. Hadn’t we invited her she wouldn’t have been happy.
11. Had he choosen this he wouldn’t have been happy.
12. Had I climbed the tree I would have got the fruit.
13. Hadn’t I learnt it teacher would have scolded me.
14. Had he rectified his mistake he would have achieved this.
15. Had she told the truth she would have been praised.
EXPRESSIONS WITH GERUNDS
A gerund is one of the non-infinite verb forms that function as a verbal noun.
As such, it is formed by using a verb as its base form and adding the suffix “-ing” on its end to
function as a noun. In short a gerund follows the formula ‘Verb + ing’ and takes the function
of a noun in a sentence. They are used in the
Place of subject or object in a sentence.
Eg:- 1. Swimming is a good exercise.
Gerund (Subject)
2. She likes swimming.
Gerund (Object)
Let us see few more examples:
• Walking everyday keeps you healthy.
• Sleeping is her favourite activity.
• Cooking is my hobby.
• Smoking is injurious to health.
• Reading books entertains her.
• Eating leafy vegetables keeps your healthy.
• Diving can be dangerous if not done correctly.
• Lying is a bad habit.

• Painting makes me to feel relief.

• Raging with anger doesn’t help box.
• Boasting is her favourite activity.
• Playing chess improves mental ability.
Expressions with gerunds as object

• Seeta loves singing.
• She stopped writing.
• He learnt swimming very easily.
• James gave up smoking.
• Please stop shouting.
• She should avoid talking to them.
• The baby loves running.
• She continued watering the plants.
• I love baking cakes.
• He prolonged boasting.
• We learnt stitching.
• Children stopped quarrelling.
Verbs followed by Gerunds

We can use “hear, listen, notice, see” + object + Gerund to talk about an action in progress, an
action that is longer and incomplete.
Eg:-
• I saw you crossing the road.
• We heard her singing a song.
• They observed him copying in the exam.
• He saw me eating the ice cream.
• We noticed them quarrelling with each other.
• I saw him stealing the money.
• We heard the old man muttering something.
• They noticed her preparing a building plan.
• We saw him talking to his friend.
• I saw him buying groceries.
• Ramu observed David swimming in the proof.

• They listened to her reading aloud.

• Seeta observed Geeta painting a picture.
• We saw the boy playing cricket.
• We observed them discussing something.
• We saw the children running in the ground.
• We heard the cat mewing.
• We listened to the lady speaking fluently.
• I saw him opening the cupboard.
• I observed him taking your pen.
• He noticed his brother setting a computer.
• We heard them shouting loudly.
• She saw me walking along the road.
• I observed him travelling by a bus.
• Seema heard her father scolding someone.
EXPRESSIONS WITH PARTICIPLES
Participles are of two types. One is present participle which is formed by adding "ing" to
the base form of the verb. Like " reading, listening, sleeping" .The present participle is
used in progressive tenses as given in the following examples
Eg: I am waiting for your response
I was waiting for your response at that time
I will be waiting for your response
The second one is past participle also known as V3. This form of the verb is used to form
perfect tenses as given in the following examples.
Eg. I have waited for you
I had waited for you
I will have waited for you
Note: A part from the above uses, the present participles can be used as the adjective to
qualify the noun. In this case the present participle indicate partly progressive action
and act partly as an adjective to describe the noun.
Eg:
He got into moving train

I like to swim in flowing water.

I saw crying child.
He bought a talking doll.
He jumped of running train.
Don’t touch the moving fan.
He shot the flying bird.
The past participles also can be used as the adjective to qualify the noun. In this case the
past participle indicates partly completed action and act partly as an adjective to
describe the noun. Observe the following examples.
Eg:
• I saw a broken bycycle.
• Don't eat partially cooked food.
• I need a printed notes.
• She is asking for recorded program.
• Broken biscuits are thrown out.
• Painted pictured are sold here.
• Boiled potatoes are good for energy.
• Repaired cars are sold at low prices.
SIMPLE PARTICIPLE FOR COMPLETED IDEA
We use V1 + ing form to frame a phrase to say that somebody did something before doing
the other thing.
Eg:-
• Living the shoes outside, they went into the temple.
• Mixing all the ingredients well, I packed.
• Making a detailed enquiry, I bought the property.
• Finishing all my homework, I went for playing.
• Practising everything properly, she went to write the exam.
• Introducing myself to everybody, I distributed the posters.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE

Having + V3 is called perfect participle which is used to form a phrase that shows
something has been done before something else has been done.
Eg: Having collected the reports, I went to meeting.
(First I collected the reports. After that I went to meeting)
Eg:-
• Having finished their training, they left the academy.
• Having discussed everything with my boss, I resigned my job.
• Having completed my work, I went to the movie.
• Having bought the books, I started to attend the classes.
• Having conducted the meeting, he closed the company.
• Having examined the clues, the police has arrested him.

TALKING ABOUT ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIONS
To talk about action done by the subject we use active statements. In other words when
the subject of the sentence does some actions, those sentences are called active
statements. Such kind of statement is called Active Voice.

• People speak English. • We sell Old books here.
• Bharadwaj conducts music • A student steals pens & pencils.
classes. • Some one plucks the flowers.
• They decorate the room. • Some one makes a noise.
• S.S.C. Board releases 10th results.
In the above sentences the underlined parts are the subjects of some actions and those
actions caused by the subjects. So all the above sentences come category of
Active Voice now observe the following sentences
• Music classes are conducted (by Bharadwaj)
• The room is decorated (by them).
• 10th results are released (by SSC Board).
• Old books are sold (by us).
• Pens & pencils are stolen (by a student).
• The flowers are plucked by (someone).
• A noise is made by (someone).
In the above sentences the underlined parts of the sentences are called Passive subjects
and something is done to these subjects by someone else. Such kind of
sentences are called passive statements. (Passive Voice)

PURPOSE OF PASSIVE VOICE
In our daily life they are many situations where we do not express actions done by the
subject rather we have to express the passive ideas to show what is done to the
subject and many times we do not mention “by” phrase.
• Daily the sweepers clean the roads. (Active idea)
• The roads are cleaned daily. (Passive idea)
(Here we need not mention by whom the work is done)
• He paints the cars here. (Active idea)
• Cars are painted here. (Passive idea)
• Carpenters make furniture here. (active idea)
• Furniture is made here. (Passive idea)
• The boss suspended him. (Active idea)
• He was suspended. (Passive idea)
• The police arrested the psyco. (Active idea)
• The Psyco was arrested. (Passive idea)
Rules for changing Active voice in to Passive voice
1. The subject of the active voice becomes object in passive voice and object of the active
voice becomes subject in passive voice.

2. Past participle form of the verb (V3) must be used in every passive sentence.
3. The subjective pronouns are changed into objective pronouns.
Subjective Pronouns Objective Pronouns

I me
we us
you you
they them
he him
she her
it it
4. Tenses are changed into the following way.
Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple present Sub+V1+object Sub + am/is/are + v3 + by +
object
Simple past Sub + v2 + object Sub + was/were + v3 + by +
object
Simple future Sub + shall/will +V1 + object Sub + shallbe/willbe+ v3 +
by + object
Present continuous Sub +am/are/is +ing form + Sub+am/are/is +being+v3+
Past continuous Sub object
+was/were + ing form + by+object +being+v3+
Sub+was/were
object. by + object
Future continuous Sub + shall be/will be + ing No passive voice
form + object
Present perfect Sub + have/has + v3 + Sub + have/has + been + v3
object + by + object
Past perfect Sub + had + v3 + object Sub + had + been + v3 + by
+ object
Future perfect Sub + shall have/will Sub+will have/shall have +
have+v3+object been+V3 + by + object
Present perfect Sub + have / has+been+ing No passive voice
continuous form+object

Past perfect Sub + had + been + ing form No passive voice

continuous + object
Present Perfect Sub + shall have / will have No passive voice
continuous + been + ing form +
object
PRESENT HABITUAL OR RECURRING PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Habitual or Recurring Passive expressions are the actions done regularly, everyday,
manytimes, sometimes, often times, frequently, daily.
Study the following table for better understanding
Active Voice Passive Voice

Structure : V1 or Do or Does + V1 Structure : Is or Am + V3
They lock the door at night. The door is locked at night.
Mother boils the water daily. The water is boiled daily.
He waters the plants daily. Plants are watered daily.
We clean the rooms every day. Rooms are clean everyday.
She collects money everyweek. Money is collected everyweek.
He repairs cars here. Cars are repaired here.
PAST PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Past Passive Expressions are the actions done by somebody yesterday, last month, last
week, last day, last year, somedays ago.

Structure : V2 or Did + V1 Structure : Was / Were + V3
He secured 90% marks in science. 90% marks in science was secured.
The president visited Fort Agra. Fort Agra was visited by the president.
The Minister planted a tree. A tree was planted by the minister.
The actor arranged the press The press meet was arranged by the
meet. actor.
Galileo invented telescope. Telescope was invented by Galileo.
He secured 90% marks in science. 90% marks in science was secured.
FUTURE PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS

Future Passive Expressions are the actions done by somebody after sometime, tomorrow,
or at some time in future.

Structure : Will / Shall + V1 Structure : Will / Shall be + V3
I shall invite them. They will be invited by me.
We shall build a new house. A new house will be built by us.
The committee will decide the The matter will be decided by the
matter. committee.
Madam will congratulate him. He will be congratulated by madam.
The students will pay the fee. The fee will be paid by the students.
She will make chapathi. Chapathi will be made by her.
One man cannot do this. This cannot be done by one man.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Present Progressive Passive actions are the actions which are being done at the movement
or now.

Structure : Is / Are / Am + V1 + Structure : Is / Are / Am + being + V3
ing
She is watering the plants now. The plants are being watered by her
now.
Rama Naidu is producing a film A film is being produced by Rama Naidu
now. now.
President is giving the opening The opening speech is being given by the
speech now. President now.
Watchman is ringing the bell The bell is being rung by the watchman
now. now.
He is watering the plants now. The plants are being watered by him
now.
Aunt is washing the clothes now. The clothes are being washed by aunt
now.

PAST PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS

Past Progressive Passive actions are the actions which were being done at some
movement or certain time in the past.
Structure : Was / Were + V1 ing Structure : Was / Were + being + V3
form
He was posting the letters at The letters were being posted by him at
9:00 A.M 9:00 A.M
She was cooking food when I saw. Food was being cooked by her when I
saw.
Mother was kneading flour. Flour was being kneaded by mother.
Aunt was cooking chicken. Chicken was being cooked by Aunt.
Sister was plucking the flowers The flowers were being plucked by
when I came. sister when I came.
Baby was tearing the note book. The note book was being torn by baby.
PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Present Perfect Passive actions are the actions which have been done just now, just
before, already, today, this week, this month.
The police have arrested the thief The thief has been arrested by the
just now. police just now.
She has shut the door now itself. The door has been shut by her now
itself.
Baby has broken it today morning. It has been broken by the baby today
morning.
The teacher has already explained This has already been explained by

this. the teacher.

The auditors have checked the The accounts have been checked by
accounts. the auditors.
PAST PERFECT PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Past Perfect Passive actions are the actions which had been done at a particular point of
time in the past or done before some other action took place.
The Principal had interviewed the The candidates had been interviewed
candidates. by the principal.
Mother had prepared some Some delicious dishes had been
delicious dishes before I reached prepared by mother before I
home. reached home.
Our MLA had inaugurated the bus- The bus station had been inaugurated
station at 9:00 A.M. in the by our MLA at 9:00 A.M. in the
morning. morning.
Latha had finished the work. The work had been finished by Latha.
The workers had cleaned the tank. The tank had been cleaned by the
workers.

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS
Future Perfect Passive actions are the actions which will have been done at are by
sometime in future.
I shall have taught all the topics by All the topics will have been taught by
December. me by December .
We shall have verified all the All the records will have been verified
records by tomorrow. by us by tomorrow.
They will have completed the The building work will have been
building work by next month. completed by them by next
month.
She will have achieved it by next It will have been achieved by her by
year. next year.
Uncle will have bought a car by next A car will have been bought by uncle
year. by next year.
Father will have sent the money by The money will have been sent by
Monday. father by Monday.
Change the below sentences from Active voice to Passive voice:

1) The carpenter built the house.
2) The reckless driver drove the car.

3) My grandmother baked the cake.

4) The committee wrote the report.
5) The manager sent the email.
6) The chef is preparing a delicious meal.
7) The engineers constructed a new bridge.
8) She will complete the assignment today.
9) People speak Portuguese in that colony.
10) The tide damaged the old dam.
11) The girls are solving maths problems.
12) A thief stole my car from the garage.
13) My mother planted beautiful flowers on the lawn.
14) The school awarded Bhavana the first prize.
15) Softtech Solution has developed a new software program.
INTERROGATIVE PASSIVE EXPRESSIONS

Do you lock the door? Is the door locked by you?
Does she keep the house clean? Is the house kept clean by her?
Did Babitha celebrate the party? Was the party celebrated by Babitha?
Will you do it? Will it be done by you?
Is she watering the plants? Are the plants being watered by her?
Are they digging the pits? Are the pits being dug by them?
Was sister plucking the flower? Were flowers being plucked by sister?
Have you kept the book on the Has the book been kept by you on the
table? table
“WH” Questions
What do you write? What is written by you?
What does she prepare? What is prepared by her?
Where do you bring vegetables? Where are the vegetables brought by
you?
Why is mother grinding rice? Why is rice being ground by mother?

When will they celebrate college When will college day be celebrated by
day? them?
How can she solve the problem? How can the problem be solved by
her?
How was he teaching the lesson? How was the lesson being taught by
him?
WHO (BY Whom + Helping Verb + V3)

Who teaches English? By whom is English taught?
Who wrote the Githanjali? By whom was the Githanjali Written?
Who will do it? By whom will it be done?
Who is washing the clothes? By whom are the clothes being washed?
Who has given it? By whom has it been given?
16) Who brought you here?

17) How can one attain such accomplishment?
18) What do you say about it?
19) Where did you find the mobile?
20) Why have you written such a letter?
21) When will the doctor attend the patient?
22) Will you teach cricket to my son?
23) Has anyone informed you about your result?
24) Do you play soccer?
25) Have you seen a lion?
26) Do you like mangoes?
27) Was he playing cricket?
28) May I take your pen?
29) Has he finished his work?
30) Shall 1 know the result?
31) Do the Muslims burn their dead?
32) Had Martina Hingis defeated Monica Seles?
33) Did the teacher punish Mohan?
34) Should I take exercise?

35) Should we obey the elders?
36) Can you lift this box?
37) Must you cross this river?
38) Had you beaten your brother?
39) Will he write a letter?
40) Who broke this slate?
41) How many people attended the lecture?
42) When did you buy this shirt?
43) Where did you see the snake?
44) What things did you see?
45) Why should you do this work?
46) Why did the teacher punish the students?
47) When will you write the letter?
48) When does the postman deliver
Imperative sentences (Commands, Orders)

Structure : Let + Object + be + V3
Heat the pan. Let the pan be heated.
Do it now. Let it be done now.
Make it fast. Let it be made fast.
Clean the room. Let the room be cleaned.
Finish the work Let the work be finished.
Requests and Advices

Structure : Is, Are, Am requested / adviced to + V1
Please help her. You are requested to help her.
Please drop me at bus stop. You are requested to drop me at bus
Please grant me leave for 3 stop.
days .
Please sign here. You are requested to grant me leave
for
3 days.
Please sing a song. You are requested to sign here.
Please help her. You are requested to sing a song.
Better prepare very seriously. You are advised to prepare very
seriously.
Wait until the results comes. You are advised to wait the results comes.
Change the below sentences from Active voice to Passive voice:

• Shut the door.
• Post the letter at once.
• Always speak the truth.
• Do not starve the cow.
• Let him help his brother.
• Clean your room.
• Learn your lesson.
• Please do me a favour tonight.
• Get out of my house.
• Kindly do not smoke in public place.
Transform the passage from Passive voice to Active voice:

Geography is taught by the teacher every Thursday morning. Lessons about civilizations
are presented during these classes. The whiteboard is used for explanations, and
questions are encouraged to be asked by the students. The teacher is respected
and admired by the class due to their knowledge and engaging teaching methods.
Overall, Geography is considered an important subject by the school and is taught
with enthusiasm and dedication.
Some model passive ideas we use in our daily life

• Rooms are cleaned daily. (Daily or regularaly)

• Roads are cleaned daily. (Daily or regularaly)
• Vegetables are sold here. (Daily or regularaly)
• Cars are repaired at Bheema’s circle. (Daily or regularaly)
• Bills payment is received in e-seva centres. (Daily or regularaly)
• Cheques are cleared in the banks. (Daily or usually)
• Duster is used to clean the board. (Daily or usually)
• She was cheated. (Past passive idea)
• He was supported in a exam hall. (Past passive idea)
• Ram was encouraged to dance on the stage. (Past passive idea)
• I will be promoted next year. (Future passive idea)
• He will be beaten. (Future passive idea)
• They will be given opportunity next time. (Future passive idea)
• The building was demolished last year. (Past passive idea)
• This road was widened last year. (Past passive idea)
• Telangana was formed on 2nd June 2014. (Past passive idea)
• Exam notification was issued last week. (Past passive idea)
• This mobile was repaired two times. (Past passive idea)
• Meeting was conducted for collectors. (Past passive idea)
• The lesson was started yesterday. (Past passive idea)
• Exam will be conducted after teaching is over. (Future passive idea)
• Results will be sent to parents through SMS. (Future passive idea)
• Counseling class will be conducted for students next week. (Future passive idea)
• This can be adjusted (possible to adjust).
• It can be bent. (possible to bend)
• The table can be moved. (moving facility is there)
• The program can be locked. (Locking facility is there)
• Stains can be cleaned. (Cleaning the stain is possible)
• Notification may be issued next week. (Expressing uncertainity)
• The patient may be discharged this evening. (Expressing uncertainity)
• The program may be started next month. (Expressing uncertainity)
• He may be suspended. (Expressing uncertainity)
• The program has been cancelled. (Just before)

• The result has been uploaded to the net. (Just before)

• The files must be submitted by Monday. (Dead line to be done)
INDIRECT EXPRESSIONS
(DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH)

Direct Speech: When we quote the actual words of the speaker is called direct speech.
Indirect speech: When we express the substance of the speaker I'll words in our own
words is called indirect speech.
Note:
1. When we convey the ideas spoken by one person to the other person, it is quite
common in almost all languages to convey the ideas into indirect way.
2. sometimes when the situation demands we convey the actual words of speaker to the
other person in direct way.
Study the following rules to change the direct statement into indirect statement
Rules for making Indirect speech
• The reporting verb is not followed by a comma but by the conjunction “that”
Inverted commas are left out.
3. The words expressing time place are changed as the following. Read the following.
Now then
today that day
Last night the previous night
this that
these those
here there
now then
thus so
ago before
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day
hereby there by
yesterday the previous day
last week the previous week
last month the previous month
last year the previous year
next week the following week
4. The reporting verb should be converted as the following
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

say say
says says
said said
say to tell
says to tells
said to told
5. The modal auxiliary verbs should be converted as the following.
Modal Auxiliary verbs

Direct Indirect
will would
shall should
may might
can could
must must
need had to
6. Tenses are changed into the following way

Simple present Simple Past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Past perfect Unchanged
Past perfect continuous Unchanged
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Study the following examples given in the table and try to understand how the
regular activities are converted to Indirect expressions.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
He said, “I am busy now”. He said that he was busy then,
She said, "I am happy now” She said that She was happy then.
Uncle said, “your aunt is ill” Uncle said that my aunt was ill.
They said,"We are busy now". They said that they were busy then.
Baby said, “I need some money” Baby said that she needed some money.
Madam said, “I want to go home” Madam said that she wanted to go home.
Sister said, ‘'1 don't know.about it" Sister said that she did not know about it
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

progressive activities are converted to Indirect expressions.
Mother said, “I am baking a cake for Mother said that she was baking a
my son’s birthday”. cake for her son’s birthday.
Rekha said, “I am going to Mumbai Rekha said that she will be going to
next .week” Mumbai the following week.
They said, “We are preparing for They said that they were preparing
competitive exams” for competitive exams.
Baby said, “It is drinking milk” Baby said that it was drinking milk.
Sister said, “mother is kneading Sister said that mother was
flour for chapathi” kneading flour for chapathi.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

perfect actions (completed actions) are converted to Indirect expressions.
He said to me “I have already seen He told me that he had already seen
the film”. the film.
Brother said, “Sister has drunk the Brother said that sister had drunk
milk” the milk.

Sekhar said, “I have never borrowed Sekhar said that he had never
the money” borrowed the money.
The clerk said, “We have already The clerk said that they had already
sent your application”. sent my application.
Mahesh said, “My friend has helped Mahesh said that his friend had
me with my homework” helped him with his homework.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

perfect progressive actions are converted to Indirect expressions.
They said, “We have been working They said that they had been
in the factory for 5 years”. working in the factory for 5
years.
She said, “I have been waiting for She said that she had been waiting
you for 2 hrs”. for me for 2 hrs.
Aunt said to uncle, “Baby has been Aunt told uncle that baby had been
crying for 30 minutes”. crying for 30 minutes.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE

completed actions in the past are converted to Indirect expressions.
They said, “We helped Sunitha”. They said that they had helped
Sunitha .
She said, “I passed the exam”. She said that she had passed the
exam.
Krishna said, “My father bought a Krishna said that his father had
new dress for me” bought new dress for him.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
past progressive actions are converted to Indirect expressions.

He said, “I was waiting for you He said that he had been waiting for
yesterday at this time”. me the previous day at that
time.
My friend said, “A lady was taking My friend said that a lady had been
your book”. taking my book.
They said, “We were decorating the They said that they had been
rooms”. decorating the rooms.
SIMPLE FUTURE
future actions are converted to Indirect expressions.
Mohan said to Swapna, “I will marry Mohan told Swapna that he would
you”. marry her.
They said, “We shall visit Tirumala They said that they would visit
next week”. Tirumala the following week.
The station master said, “The train The station master said that the
will be late”. train would be late.
NOTE-1: If the reporting verb is in simple present (or) simple future tense or
present perfect tense, the tense of the reported speech should not be changed.

He says, “I don’t get up at 5’0 clock.” He says that he does not get up at 5’0 clock.
They say, “We are not going .” They say that they are not going.
Sister says, “I have prepared biryani.” Sister says that she has prepared biryani.
Baby will say, “I like icecream.” Baby will say that she likes ice cream.
She will say, “This is my pen.” She will say that is her pen.
She has said to him, “I can help you.” She has told him that she could help him.

NOTE-II: If the reported speech expresses a habitual action or a universal truth, the
tense of the reported should not be changed.

The teacher said, “The Sun rises in The teacher said that the Sun rises
the east" in the east.
My friend said, “Cow gives us milk”. My friend said that cow gives us
milk.
Father said, “Most of the people have Father said that most of the people
a walk daily” have a walk daily.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
• The reporting verb “said to” is changed into asked, enquired, wanted to know
etc.
• Change the question form into assertive form.
• Remove conjunction “that” and use “Whether” or “if’ to introduce direct speech.
• Change the words expressing nearness into distance.

The doctor said to me, "Do you go The doctor asked me when do I go
for a walk every morning?" for a walk every morning.
Uncle said, “Are you happy now?” Uncle asked me whether I was
happy then.
“Do you know who has broken this She asked me whether I knew who
mirror?" had broken that mirror.
“Are you hungry, my son?”, said Mother asked her son whether he
mother. was hungry.
The teacher said to the students, The teacher enquired the students
“Does it rain?” whether it rained.
Father said to sister, “did you pay Father asked sister whether she had
the fee?” paid the fee.

My friend said to me, “Did they win My friend enquired me whether

the match?” they had won the match.
N.B: If question begins with question word , You should not use Whether” or “if’.
He said to me, “How long have you He asked me how long I had been
teaching spoken English?” teaching spoken English.
Uncle said to baby, “What are you Uncle asked baby what was she
studying” studying.
The teacher said to sister, “When is The teacher asked sister when was
your birthday?” her birthday
She said to the Principal “When will She enquired the principal when he
you finish the syllabus?” would finish the syllabus.
Father said to me, “Where did you Father enquired me where I had
go”? gone.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
The reporting verb “said to” is changed into ordered, commanded, warned,
threatened, urged, advised, requested etc, The verb in the direct speech should
be changed into
infinitive (to+V1)
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
“Get out”, he said He ordered to get out
“Tell the truth” she said to him She commanded him to tell the truth.
The teacher said to us, “Make it fast”
The teacher warned to make it fast.
“Be quiet boy” said the Librarian The Librarian ordered the boy to be quiet.
The principal said, “Don’t come late” The principal warned me not to be
late.
Change the below sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech

1) Sahil said to me, “When are you returning? “

2) “What is the time?” the stranger asked Ashna.

3) The professor said to Shipra, “Why are you quiet? “
4) Dhronacharya said to Arjun, “Aim at the fish’s eye. “
5) “Bring the witness,” said the judge.
6) “Ring the Fire-brigade,” said the woman.
7) Bobby said to me, “I must do the homework.”
8) My brother told me, “You were right.”
9) Sharma told me, “Please sit here till I come back.”
10) The coach said, “Bravo! You have performed excellently.”
11) Raju said, “Alas! My kitty got injured.”
12) Romi said, “I may come to the seminar”
13) Bunny said to Sunny, “Do you see me?”
14) The little kid said, “Let me sit here.”
15) Grandpa said, “May God bless you.”
16) “Call the first convict,” said the jury.
17) “Call the ambulance,” said the man.
18) Bruce said to me, “I shall do the work.”
19) My mother said to me, “You were wrong.”
20) Mr Richard said to me, “Please wait here till I return.”
21) The captain said to me, “Bravo! You have played well.”
22) Raj said, “Alas! My pet died.”
23) Ruchi said, “I may go there.”
24) Bucky said to Steve, “Do you hear me?”
25) The boy said, “Let me come in.”
Report the following conversations

Mother: Where were you?
Daughter: I was on the terrace playing.
Mother: Please do not go without prior permission.
Daughter: This was the first time ever that I went on the terrace.
Mother: Remember, do not go there alone.

Master: How are you feeling now?

Worker: I am feeling better but I am not completely fine.
Master: Do you need more rest?
Worker: It is okay. I will report tomorrow
Rajesh: Where are you going, Rohan?

Rohan: I am going to the temple to offer flowers.
Rajesh: Do you worship everyday and go to the temple?
Rohan: Yes, I go to the temple everyday to worship Lord Shiva.
Teacher: I want all students to quietly do the work.

Students: Will you allow us to go for games after this?
Teacher: First, all of you have to finish your work.
Students: We promise that we will finish our work first
Father. Why did you go to the market today?

Son: I had to buy some material to do my project.
Father: Who gave you the project?
Son: My science teacher gave the project.
Father: Do you need any money for it?
Exclamatory Sentences
• The reporting verb “said to” is changed into exclaimed, wished, regretted,
declared, wondered, shouted, prayed, cried etc.
• Remove all interjections (Alas! What pity! Hey! Hurrah! Wow! etc).
• Use conjunction “that” to introduce direct speech.
• Phrases like with sorrow, with delight, with regret etc are used in indirect speech.
Direct speech Indirect speech
She said, “What beautiful flower it is!” She exclaimed that it was a beautiful
flower.

“What beautiful scenery it is!”, Lavanya said Lavanya exclaimed that it

was a beautiful scenery.
“How selfish is she!” he said He exclaimed that she was selfish.
The beggar said, “Alas! I am ruined” The beggar regretted that he was ruined.
Change the below sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech
1) She said,"What a happy ending!"

2) He said to me,"How marvelous painting it is!"
3) He said,"What a lovely fish is it!"
4) They said to him,"How strange person you are!"
5) The boy said,"How well does he listen!"
6) I said to my brother,"What a tasty meal you have bought!"
7) He said to us,"What a goal!"
8) I said to him,"How intelligent you are!"
9) Our master said,"What a fine picture you have bought!"
10) She said,"What a lovely bouquet it was!"
11) I said to my friend,"How fast you ran!"
12) My sister said,"What an adorable girl she is!"
13) His younger brother said to him,"What a long black car you have!"
14) They said to me,"How beautifully she sings!"
15) My father said, "What an exciting football match it is!"
Typical Sentences
Direct speech Indirect speech
Lakshmi said, “Good Morning” Lakshmi wished me Good Morning.
The principal said to Chinna, The principal congratulated Chinna.
“congratulations”
Uncle said to me “Best of luck” Uncle wished me best of luck
Study the following model indirect statements

Habitual indirect statements:
Sometimes even the reporting verb is in the past when the statement used habitual

ideas, regular activities and universal truths we should not change the tense of
the statements.
• My teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. (universal truth)
• My brother said that he likes cold coffee rather than hot coffee. (habitual idea)
• The science teacher said that water freezes. (universal truth)
• Ramu said that her mother does not support him in times of need. (habitual
idea)
• Roopa said that her friend studies at nights. (habitual idea)
• Sailaja said that her brother eats raw vegetables daily.
• Ravi said that he practices music daily.
• Bharath said that his father plays cricket with him on Sundays.
EXPRESSIONS WITH COMPARISIONS
In our day today life many times the situations demands us to compare one person
with other person or one object. That means we have to talk about the quality
or quantity or size or condition or number and colour of a persons, places,
things. To describe anything the word adjective is necessary without which we
cannot describe or compare the things or people, Observe the following
examples
• The water is cold.
• The tree is tall.
• The wall is blue in colour.
• He is a boorish fellow.
• She is a bold lady.
• He is industrious.
• There are twenty students in the row.
• This is a sweet fruit.
In the above examples we used the word “cold” to say how the water is. In the
similar way the other adjectives highlighted in the sentences say how the
person or the thing is.
But in our daily life we come across many situations where we have to compare the

quality of one thing with that of other thing or the nature of the quality of one
person with that of other person. In such a situation we must have the
knowledge of framing sentences of comparisions by the use of adjectives.
To get the knowledge of comparisions in different degrees study the following
notes very carefully.
There are three types of Degrees in comparison. Degree means ‘the rank or grade
given according to the quality.
1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree
Positive Degree: The Positive Degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simplest
form.
lt is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about.
Ex: Rama’s mango is sweet.
Comparative Degree: The Comparative degree of an adjective denotes the higher
degreeof the quality than the positive: and is used when two things or two set
of things arecompared.
Ex: Hari’s mango is sweeter than Rama’s.
Superlative Degree: The Superlative Degree of an adjective denotes the highest

degree
of a quality and is used when more than two things are used.
Ex: Govind’s mango is the sweetest of all.
Formation of Comparative and Superlative adjectives:
More Adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one form the
comparative
by adding ‘_er’ and the Superlative by adding ‘_est’ to the Positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet sweeter sweetest
Small smaller smallest
Tall taller tallest
Kind kind kindest
Young younger youngest
Great greater greatest
Clever cleverer cleverest
Old older oldest

Tough tougher toughest
Thick thicker thickest
When the Positive ends in ‘e’, only ‘-r’ and ‘-st’ are used.
Brave braver bravest
Fine finer finest
White whiter whitest
Able able able
Wise wiser wisest
When the Positive ends in ’y’, preceded by a consonant the ‘y’ is changed into ‘i’
before adding er’or ‘-est’.
Happy happier happiest
Easy easier easiest
Heavy heavier heaviest
Merry merrier merriest
Wealthy wealthier wealthiest
When a Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant,
preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding ‘-er’ and '-
est'.
Red red red
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Thin thinner thinnest
Sad sad saddest
Fat fat fattest
Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of those with two, form the
comparative by using the Adverb more with the Positive, and the Superlative by
using the Adverb ‘most’ with the Positive.
Splendid more splendid most splendid
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Proper more proper most proper
Important more important most important
Courageous more courageous most courageous

Learned more learned most learned
Industrious more industrious most industrious
Popular more popular most popular
Populous more populous most populous
Useful more useful most useful
Helpful more helpful most helpful
Perfect more perfect most perfect
Nutritious more nutritious most nutritious
Famous more famous most famous
Precious more precious most precious
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
Good, well better best
Bad, evil, ill worse worst
Little less, lesser least
Much more most
Many more most
Far farther farthest
Fore former foremost, first
In inner innermost
Out outer outer most
Late late latest
Let’s us start to learn how to use comparisions

1. When we say that somebody is not as we expected or something is not as we
feel when compared with the other thing or the person, we can express such
ideas through either of the following patterns.
Structure: subject + not so Pos Adj + Structure: subject + Comp Adj +
as + noun/pronoun than + noun/pronoun
Ram is not as clever as Ravi. Ravi is cleverer than Ram.
Rupa is not as kind as Ramya. Ramya is more kind than Rupa
Soumya is not as tall as Richitha. Ricthitha is taller than Soumya
Sushma is not as happy as suma. Suma is happier than Sushma

Sheela is not as beautiful as Keerthi. Keerthi is more beautiful than

Sheela
Krupa is not as brave as Kavitha. Kavitha is brave than Krupa
Raj is not as fat as Ramu. Ramu is fat than Raj
Smitha is not as short as Chinni. Chinni is shorter than Smitha.
2. When there is only one thing of its kind available or only one person of quality
are
of nature. We must express the idea through the following model patterns.
Structure: No other + sing noun + as Positive Adj + as + noun/pronoun
• No other lady is as husy as you are.

• No other person is as kind as your brother.
• No other teacher is as efficient as Mr.Roy.
• No other stone is as hard as diamond.
• No other metal is as precious as Platinum.
• No other country is as popular as china.
• No other language is as tough as Latin.
• No other hotel is as expensive as Taj Banjara in Hyderabad.
• No other administrator is as strong as Mr. Reddy.
• No other fruit is as delicious as Mango.
• No other vegetable is as bitter as bitter guard.
• No other snake is as poisonous as King Cobra.
• No other building is as large as Indian Parliament.
• No other wall is as long as the great wall of china.
• No other boy in the class is as clever as Ram.
• No other novel I have ever read is as interesting as this.
• No other country in the world is as rich as America.
• No other flower is as beautiful as Rose.
• No other story book is as popular as “The Arabian Nights”.

• No other physician is so well known as Dr.Hayer.

• No other girl is so pretty as Rani.
• No other building in the world is as famous as this.
• No other man was so strong as Bhima
• No other drama in Sanskrit is so good as Shakuntala
• No other diamond I have ever seen was so big as this.
3. When there are some or few of the same kind of things or same kind of persons.
We must express the idea through the following model patterns
Structure: Very few + Plur noun + as Positive Adj + as + noun/pronoun
• Very few ladies are as husy as you are.
• Very few persons are as kind as your brother.
• Very few teachers are as efficient as Mr. Roy
• Very few stones are as hard as diamond.
• Very few metals are as precious as platinum.
• Very few countries are as popular as China.
• Very few languages are as tough as Latin.
• Very few hotels are as expensive as Taj Banjara in Hyderabad.
• Very few administrators are as strong as Mr. Reddy.
• Very few fruits are as delicious as Mango.
• Very few vegetables are as bitter as bitter guard.
• Very few snakes are poisonous as King Cobra.
• Very few buildings are as large as Indian parliament.
• Very few walls are as long as the great wall of china.
• Very few boys are in the class as clever as Ram.
• Very few novels I have ever read are as interesting as this.
• Very few countries in the world are as rich as America.
• Very few flowers are as beautiful as Rose.
• Very few story books are as popular as “The Arabian nights”
• Very few physicians are so well known as Dr. Hayer.
• Very few girls are so pretty as Rani.

• Very few buildings in the world are as famous as this.

• Very few men were so strong as Bhima.
• Very few dramas in Sanskrit are so good as Shakuntala.
• Very few diamonds I have ever seen were as big as this.
4. When we want to express the idea that something is more or greater when it is
compared to other of its kind.
Structure: subject + comp adj + than any other + sing noun
• Ram is cleverer than any other student.
• India is richer than any other country in Asia.
• Suma is husier than any other lady in the village
• Ooty is colder than any other place.
• Modi is more efficient than any other leader
• He is more dangerous than any other employee
• Kavitha is more generous than any other lady.
• China is more popular than any other country.
• Gold is our more precious than any other metal.
• Mr. Rao is stronger than any other man in the town.
5. When we want to express the idea that few things are more or greater when
they are compared to the other things of their kind.
Structure: subject + comp adj + than many other + plur noun

• Ram is cleverer than many other students
• India is richer than many other countries in asia.
• Suma is husier than many other ladies in the village
• Ooty is colder than many other places.
• Modi is more efficient than many other leaders
• He is more dangerous than many other employees
• Kavitha is more generous than many other ladies.
• China is more popular than many other countries.

• Gold is our more precious than many other metals.

• Mr. Rao is stronger than many other men in the town.
5. When we want to express the idea that something or somebody is the top,
person in quality or nature of their kind. (that means there is no person or
no thing of their kind available)
Structure: subject + superlative adj + noun/pronoun
• America is the richest country
• India is the most popular country
• She is the cleverest student in the class.
• Akbar was the ablest ruler of India
• Bombay is the richest city in India
• Samudra Gupta was the greatest Indian king
• ‘The Hindu’ is the best news paper.
• Srilanka is a big island in the world
• Kalidasa is the greatest dramatist
• Russia is the largest country in the world
• Delhi is the biggest city of India
• Latif is the most industrious boy
• Ooty is the coolest place in India
6. When we want to express the idea that something or somebody is one of the
top, persons in quality or nature of their kind. (that means when there are
few persons or things of same kind available )
Structure: subject + one of the + superlative adj + plural noun
• America is one of the richest countries
• India is one of the most popular countries
• She is one of the cleverest student in the class.
• Akbar was one of the ablest rulers of India
• Bombay is one of the richest cities in India.
• Samudra Gupta was one of the greatest Indian kings.
• ‘The Hindu’ is one of the best news papers.
• Sri Lanka is one of the biggest islands in the world.

• Kalidasa is one among the greatest dramatists
• Russia is one of the largest countries in the world.
• Delhi is one of the biggest cities of India.
• Latif is one of the most industrious boys.
• Ooty is one of the coolest places in India.
Rewrite as directed
1. John is as tall as Sam. (Comparative degree)
2. Platinum is the most expensive of all the metals. (Positive degree)
3. Ravi is smarter than Raju. (Positive degree)
4. Russia has a larger area than Canada. (Positive degree)
5. Sana is the most intelligent girl in the class. (Positive degree)
6. Bhopal is the greenest city in India. (Comparative degree)
7. Very few students in the class are as diligent as Rina. (Superlative degree)
8. This pencil is not as sharp as the other. (Comparative degree)
9. Ramesh is the most athletic of all the boys. (Positive degree)
Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of comparison.

1. Health is ___ than wealth. (important)
2. Ashoka was one of the ____ emperors of India. (wise)
3. This book is ____ than that. (interesting)
4. Silver is ___ than iron. (heavy)
5. The roads of Chandigarh are much ___ than the other cities of India. (wide)
6. Mona is the ____ girl I’ve ever met. (friendly)
7. The peacock is one of the ____ birds. (beautiful)
8. Einstein was the ____ scientist of his time. (intelligent)
Write the other two degrees of the following sentences.
1. Malacca is the oldest town in Malaysia.

2. Peter is cleverer than any other boy in the class.
3. Jupiter is the biggest of all planets.

4. Very few boys are as industrious as John.

5. India is the largest democracy in the world.
6. Shakespeare was greater than any other playwright.
7. Asoka was one of the greatest Indian kings.
8. Greenland is the largest island in the world.
9. Lead is heavier than any other metal.
10.Very few animals are as useful as the cow.
1. Choose the correct transformation from positive to superlative of the comparison

in given sentence.
Few athletes in sports are as fast as Tabu.
a) Tabu is faster than any other athlete in sports.
b) Only a few athletes are fast like Tabu.
c) Tabu is one of the fastest athletes in sports.
d) Tabu is fast than most of the athletes in sports.
2. Identify the correct transformation of the sentence from comparative to

superlative degree of comparison.
Siddharth is brighter than any other student in the class.
a) Only a few students in the class are as bright as Siddharth.
b) Siddharth is brighter when compared to the other students in his class.
c) No other student in the class is as bright as Siddharth.
d) Siddharth is the brightest student in the class.
3. Pick the correct transformation of the degree of comparison from superlative to

positive in the sentence given.
He is the tallest man in the army.
a) He is as tall as anyone in the army.
b) He is taller than most of the men in the army.
c) No other man in the army is as tall as him.
d) He is taller when compared to others in arm.
4. Which one among the given the correct transformation of the degree of
comparison from superlative to comparative?

Pizza is not the most consumed of all foods in the world.

a) Pizza is one of the foods in this world that is consumed more.
b) No other food in the world is as consumed as pizza.
c) Pizza is not more consumed than the other foods are in this world.
d) Pizza is consumed than any other food in this world.
5. The correct transformation of the degree of comparison from superlative to

comparative given sentence is _____
This saree is the most wonderful one that I have ever seen.
a) This saree is wonderful than any other dress I have seen.
b) This saree is as wonderful as the dresses I have seen.
c) No other saree I have seen is wonderful than this one.
d) This saree is more wonderful than any other that I have ever seen.
6. Pick the correct transformation of the degree of comparison from comparative

to positive in given sentence.
Graphite is more reactive than any other non-metal.
a) Graphite is as reactive as any other non-metal
b) No other non-metal is as reactive as graphite.
c) Graphite is the most reactive non-metal.
d) Graphite is the reactive non-metal unlike the others.
7. Which is the correct transformation of of the degree of comparison from

superlative to positive in given sentence?
Delhi is one of the most populated cities in India.
a) Delhi is more populated than any other cities in India.
b) Delhi is populated than any other city in India.
c) A city in India cannot be as populated as that of Delhi.
d) Few cities in India are as populated as Delhi.
8. State whether the following sentence is true or false.

‘Candies are sweeter than Chocolates’ is transformed from comparative to
positive degree as ‘Chocolates are not as sweet as Candies’.
a) True b) False

9. Choose the correct transformation of the degree of comparison from comparative

to superlative of sentence given.
Dharshan is faster than most other members in his team.
a) Dharshan is the fastest member of the team.
b) Few members in Dharshan’s team are faster than him.
c) Dharshan is as fast as any other member in his team.
d) Dharshan is one of the cleverest members of his team.
10. Identify the correct transformation of the degree of comparison from positive to
comparative among the given sentences.
No other girl is as pretty as Rashmi.
a) Rashmi is prettier than any other girl.
b) Rashmi is so pretty than the other girls
c) few girls are prettier than Rashmi.
d) Rashmi is one of the prettiest girls.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS
The Indian people always feel difficult to find the right preposition for a particular
verb and also often the commit mistakes in using the prepositions. The following
are the list of certain verbs which are followed by specific prepositions. Practise
them to make your language perfect.
Verbs Followed By ‘To’
1. Adapt to - Adjust , to make suitable

• I can't adapt to this summer.
• Children should adapt to the school environment.
2. Add to - join , attach , add on
• Add sugar to tea.
• He bought another rare coin to add to his collection.
3. Agree to - to have the same opinion about something
• she agreed to come with us for picnic.
• My mother agreed to buy me a bicycle

4. Apologise to - excuse for, asking sorry

• Ask an apology to your sister
• I asked an apology to my teachers for the mistake I made
5. Belong to - be owned by
• This book belongs to me
• She belongs to our team
6. Consent to - agree to
• my friend consented to me in my studies
• we should consent to the rules
7. Devote to - dedicate to something or somebody
• students should be devoted to their studies
• She was dedicated to her career
8. Happen to - to affect
• what happend to her ?
• This miracle happend to her
9. Lead to - to result in something
• Their negligence led to failure
• His investigation led to the discovery of the bulb
10. Listen to - to give attention to something
• Children should listen to their teachers
• I like to listen to music
11. Object to - refuse , disagree
• many people object to the new rules
• He objected to take the pictures in the museum
12. React to - in response to
• He reacted angrily to her comments
• I don't know how she will react to my idea
13. Refer to - to mention or speak about somebody or something
•please refer to the dictionary for more meaning
• she often refers Oxford books
14 Reply to - response to
• my friend replies to my letters
• please reply to the mail
15. Speak to - to discuss our or comment on a topic

•speak to the manager about this

• I have spoken to him m about this matter
16. Talk to - to have conversation with some one
• Have you talked to your teacher about this project
• My friend talked to me after a long time
17. Turn to - advice , to go to somebody for help
• I turned to her for my career
• I have always been able to turn to my parents when I have problems
Verbs Followed By ‘For’
1.Admire for - to feel respect

• I admired flute gotta presentation
• they all admired for her courage
2.Apologies for - to tell someone that your sorry for something
• she apologized for her mistake
• what should I apologize for
3. Apply for - to request for something
• I applied for a leave
• she applied for a scholarship to Oxford
4. Ask for - to request to see or to talk to someone
• there's someone asking for you
• what are you asking for
5. Blame for -to make someone responsible for something
• you can't blame others for your mistake
* don't blame for silly matters
6. Care for -to protect someone or something
• she cares for her parents
• the doctor care for elderly patients
7. Excuse for - to forgive someone or something
• please excuse me for arriving late
• I can't excuse you for your negligence
8. Head for - proceed or go in certain direction.
• I am heading for school

• their arguments is heading for a big quarrel

9. Long for - to have an Ernest wish to enjoy
• I long for the summer holidays
• I long for my birthday
10. Pay for - to punish someone or to be suffered
• we all pay for our mistakes
• he is going to pay for his ignorance
11. Pray for - ask God for something
• I will pray for you to recover from your illness
• she prayed for my success
12.Prepare for - to make yourself ready to do something
• the whole class is preparing for exam
• you should prepare yourself for the presentation
13. Scold for - to reproach angrily
• his mother scolded him for breaking the window
• she was scolded for not doing the homework
14. Search for - to look for something or somebody
• I am searching for books
• what are you searching for
15. Vote for - to choose somebody for a position
• the whole class voted for him to be the class monitor
• we should vote for Justice
16. Wait for - to look forward for someone
• I was waiting for you
• she was waiting for her results
17. Wish for - to express a desire for something
• students wished for their best results
• he wished for a new bicycle
18. Work for - to perform work
• she worked for 8 hours
• we should work hard for our success

Verbs Followed By ‘In’
1. Abosorb in - to take something in

• the clothes Abosorb in the water.
• he absorbed himself in the video games after the school
2. Arrive in - coming to
• the train will arrive the station in a minute
• I will arrive in by the Time you reach
3.Be engrossed in - giving all your attention to something
• she was engrossed in the book
• students should be engrossed in their studies
4. Believe in - to trust someone
• believe in yourself
• do you believe in god
5. Confide in - to share your secrets with someone
• she often confides in me
• I don't feel I can confide in her
6. Involve in - to make somebody experience something
• don't involve in this matter
• everyone should involve in this project
7. Participate in- to become involved in some thing
• I participated in several competition
• students should participate in every event to enhance their knowledge
8. Result in - to cause something to happen
• carelessness may result in failure
• a small mistake may result in a disaster
9. Spealise in- to have skills more than any others , expert
• I was specialized in medicine
• he specializes in making pottery
10. Succeed in - to achieve something
• she succeeded in her career
• he succeeded in building his business

11. Trust in - to have confidence in somebody or something

• she need to trust more in her ability
• we should have trust in our work
Verbs Followed By ‘From’
1. Abstain from : not to do or have something
• I am trying to abstain from sweets .
• You should abstain from using mobile while driving.
2. Borrow from : to get or receive something from somebody
• I had to borrow a pen fromy friend.
• She borrowed money from me.
3. Escape from : to get free from something, or to avoid something
• She escaped from the tunnel
• People escaped from the fire
4. Graduate from:a person who has successfully completed a course of study or
training, especially a person who has been awarded an undergraduate or first
academic degree.
• She was graduated from Oxford University
• I was graduated from this college
5.Hide from: put or keep out of sight
• Please hide this from her
• Hide this gift from her it's a surprise
6. Infer : deduce or conclude
• I inferred from his silence that he was angry about my decision
• I inferred from his silence that he was angry about my decision
7. Prevent from : to keep from happening or existing
• This tablet prevents from cold
• Her diet is supposed to prevent her from vomiting
8. Prohibit from : prevent or stop
• We prohibited from drinking alcohol
• The tourists are prohibited from getting on the island.
9.Protect from : to save something or somebody
• Protect this plant from Wind
• I protected this small puppy from rain

10. Recover from : to regain or bring back to normal
• She quickly recovered from her illness
• He is fully recovered from the virus
11.Rescue from: save (someone) from a dangerous or difficult situation.
• The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat
• I rescued my friend from getting drowned in pool
12. Resign from : to quit or retire from a position
• I resigned from my job
• The senator was forced to resign his position
13. Save from :keep safe or rescue
• Please save me from this misery
• She saved from an accident
14. Separate from: to divide
• Separate rice from sugar
• She separated the good and bad peas
15. Stem from: to start or develop as the result of something
• Her problems stem from her difficult childhood
• Their disagreement stemmed from a misunderstanding.
16. suffer from: to undergo or feel pain or distress
• I suffered from migraine
• We had to suffer from illness for more than a month
Verbs Followed By ‘At’

1. Aim at: to target
He aimed at the mango.
She worked hard to aim at her success
2. Arrive at : to reach
The train arrives at 6:00am
They arrived at a conclusion.
3. Glance at : to take a quick look at something
I glanced at a new watch.

I took a glance at the newspaper this morning.

4. Guess at : try to imagine something
We can only guess at what really happened.
We can't guess at his appearance.
5. Laugh at : make fun of , mock
We laughed at his jokes.
They stopped laughing at him when he proved himself correct.
6. Look at : notice, observe carefully.
I haven't had time to look at the papers .
She looked at me hopefully.
7. Marvel at : something that causes feeling of wonder.
We paused to marvel at the view.
Sometimes you marvel at things you read.
8. Peer at : to look closely and carefully at something or somebody .
The child peered at me for a while in a strange way.
The owl peered at the snake for a moment before grabbing it.
9. Smile at :to regard with pleasure or amusement, as with a smile
I smiled at the child.
The photographer told us to smile at the camera.
10. Stare at : to look steadily at
We just sat and stared at each other
The dog stared at the cat
11.wink at : to pretend not to have seen or noticed (something)
He winked and said that he understood
The puppy was winking in the bright sun
Verbs followed by ‘About’

1.Argue about : to contend or disagree in words
They are always arguing about money.
Don't argue about this matter now
2.Ask about : say something in order to obtain an answer or some information
I asked my teacher about verbs
We asked the guide about the places
3.

4.Boast about: to praise oneself extravagantly in speech

Carol boasted about her costume
They boasted to their friends about their son's salary.
5. Care about : you feel that it is important and are concerned about it
He doesn't care about us anymore
They don't care enough about their pet's needs
6. Concern about :to become involved with something, or worried about something
They have expressed concern about the cost of the project.
I share your concern about these problems.
7. Decided about :
to choose something or someone after careful thought
We have already decided about this matter.
She is having difficulty deciding about the offer.
8. Dream about : to think about something that you want very much
He had a dream about climbing a mountain
I dreamt about going to dudhsagar
9. Forget about : to think about something that you want very much
I forgot about my friends birthday
I forgot about my homework
10. Know about : to get information about someone or something
I have known about the top secret
We should know about our duties
11.protest about : to express disagreement or to go against something
Students protested about the civil rights
They protested about using plastic
12. Think about : to consider doing something
I was thinking about the trip late night
We must think about it
13. Worry about : to think about problems or fears
She was worrying about her results
We are worrying about tomorrow's match
Verbs followed by ‘On’

1.Base on : to use an idea or fact
The maps are based on satellite data

The film was based on humanity
2. Blame on : to find fault with
She unnecessarily blamed on me
He tried to pin the blame on someone else
3. Comment on : give your explanation about it
I commented on her project
Their comments on me were unfair
4. Concentrate on :
She concentrated on her problems
We must concentrate on our studies
5. Congratulate on : to praise someone
I congratulated her on wining the race
He congratulated me on my success
6. Depend on : to rely on
Try to depend on yourself
We depend on our parents
7. Impose on : to force someone to accept something to do
The government imposed on very high taxes recently
The public imposed strict controls on media
8.Insist on : to demand something
She insists on doing everything her own way
We insisted on giving proper rights for labours
9.Play on: to continue to play
The referee told them to play on
Don't play on others emotions
10. Pride on : to be proud on something
She prides herself on something
He prides himself on his loyalty
11. Work on : to try hard to improve or achieve something
You need to work on your pronunciation a bit more
I'm not working on this project

Common Phrasal Verbs For Better Language Expressions
1 back up : to support or defend someone

Eg: When the class was making fun of me, only the teacher backed me up.
2 break down : to stop working, especially in reference to machines
Eg: The ice cream machine at McDonald’s often breaks down.
3 call around : to contact multiple people
Eg: Roy called around to find a nearby mechanic.
4. call off : to cancel a planned event
Eg: We called the party off. / We called off the party.
5 calm down : to relax after an energetic or irritated state
Eg: I need a few minutes to calm down after that match.
6 check out : to examine a person or thing; when used in reference to a person,
can cannot looking at them with romantic or sexual interest
Eg: I’ll check the contract out. / I’ll check out the contract.
7 cheer up : to make someone happy, especially if they were previously sad.
Eg: Reading always cheers me up on a rainy day.
8 clean up : to be extremely successful in an endeavor such as business, sports, or
gambling.
Eg: Our hockey team cleaned up at the tournament and went home undefeated.
to stop engaging in questionable behavior, such as consuming drugs or alcohol
Her boss said she had to either clean up or find a new job.
9 clean up : to tidy an area
Eg: John cleaned the living room up. / John cleaned up the living room.
10 come around : to change one’s opinion or see a new point of view
Eg: I never liked seafood but came around after trying fried calamari.
11 come between : to interfere with a relationship between two people
Eg: After more than fifty years of partnership, nothing could come between them.
12 come down with : to catch an illness
Eg: After traveling, Chandra came down with a cold.
13 come out of : to happen as a consequence of another event
Eg: We missed a day of school, so at least some good came out of our boring class
trip.
14 come up : to arise as a topic of discussion or receive attention

Eg: Everyone talked about how much they enjoyed the movie, but the run time
never came up in the conversation.
to approach : to present itself or occur, as of an event or situation
Eg: While I was walking along the fence, a cow came up and licked my face.
Don’t worry about a problem until it comes up.
15 come up with : to think of an idea, especially as the first person to do so, or to
produce a solution.
Eg: Sahar comes up with her best story ideas at night, so she writes them down
before she forgets them.
16 count on : to rely or depend on someone or something)
If I’m ever making a mistake, I can count on my friends to warn me.
17 crack down on : to attack or punish someone harshly; to penalize a behavior
Ever since last month’s accident, police have been cracking down on drunk driving.
18 dive into : to eagerly begin a pursuit or activity
I’ll dive into that new TV show later tonight.
19 dress up : to put on nice clothes
Abed dressed up for the award ceremony.
20 end up : to eventually reach some conclusion or destination
After thinking for a day, he ended up taking the job.
21 fall apart : to break into pieces
My new dress completely fell apart after just two washes.
`to experience acute mental or emotional distress
He endured all kinds of harassment at work without flinching but fell apart when
his cat got sick.
22 fill up : to put into a container as much as it can contain
Bruce filled his water bottle up to the brim. / Bruce filled up his water bottle to the
brim.
23 find out : to discover or learn something
We didn’t find out the news until we got back from dinner..
24 get across : to successfully communicate or explain something
Eg: The professor spoke for hours, but they didn’t get anything across to the
students.
25 get ahead : to succeed or progress
You’ll never get ahead at this company unless you follow the rules.
26 get along with : to be on harmonious terms with someone

Eg: My dog gets along with everyone as long as they’re not a cat.
27 get around : to travel from place to place
In this city, it’s impossible to get around without a car.
28 get around to : to do something eventually
I’ll get around to that project after the playoffs.
29 get at : to reach or gain access to something, to indicate or suggest something
I can’t quite get at this itch on my back.
These graphs are getting at the fact that we’ll be bankrupt by next week.
30 get away : to escape or depart
Lucio liked to go to the lake every weekend, just to get away.
31 get away with : to commit a crime or misdeed without incurring any negative
consequences
The boss’s nephew gets away with things that none of the other employees would.
32 get back : to retrieve something
Rodger got his pencil back from Greta. / Rodger got back his pencil from Greta.
33 get back at : to take revenge on someone
Laila promised herself that she would get back at whoever had started the rumor.
34 get by : to survive or manage at a minimum level
When Sheila lost her job, the family got by with only their savings.
35 get down : to enjoy oneself without inhibitions, especially with music or dancing
Vicente may be formal at work, but he sure knows how to get down to hip-hop.
36 get down : to depress or discourage someone, to record something by taking
notes
Kima always gets everyone down with her stories from the hospital.
The president spoke quickly at the press conference, and reporters were struggling
to get all his comments down. / The president spoke quickly at the press
conference, and reporters were struggling to get down all his comments.
37 get down to : to begin or start something, especially something basic or
fundamental
Once everyone arrives, we’ll get down to picking teams.
38 get in on : to join an activity
After the value of Bitcoin started going up, lots of people wanted to get in on
cryptocurrency.
39 get into : to discuss something thoroughly
I don’t want to get into our finances now; we’ll talk after our guests leave.
40 get out of : to take some benefit from a situation
Babysitting the Cohles was a nightmare, but at least Jabar got some money out
of it.
41 get over : to recover from or overcome something
Drinking a lot of water helps in getting over an illness.
42 get through : to complete or endure an unpleasant experience
Alessandra can’t get through a morning without coffee.
43 get to : to annoy or bother someone
People who don’t clean up after their dogs really get to me.
44 get together : to gather socially
The volleyball team is getting together for dinner after practice.
45 give away : to donate something or give something for free
Mindy gave her prized doll collection away. / Mindy gave away her prized doll
collection.
46 give up : to accept defeat, quit, or surrender
Carin felt like giving up every time she saw the scoreboard.
47 give up : to stop consuming or doing something, often a habit
Minh gave chocolate up because of his migraines. / Minh gave up
chocolate because
of his migraines.
48 go against : to disobey, contradict, oppose, or fight something
A group of students went against the school dress code yesterday and wore ripped
jeans.
49 go ahead : to proceed or move forward
Because of the snow, we can’t go ahead with the festival.
50 go along with : to agree with or pretend to agree with
Even though Cedric hated weight lifting, he went along with it because his coach
suggested it.
51 go for : to try to achieve something
Carlos trains so hard because he is going for an Olympic gold medal.
52 go on : to continue
The workers will go on digging until they hit a water pipe.
53 go over : to review or look at something
Marie went over the study guide one last time before the test.
54 hand in : to submit something, especially an assignment

The teacher wants us to hand in our essays by email.
55 hold back : to prevent someone from doing something
I wanted to become an architect, but my bad grades held me back.
56 keep up : to continue doing something
Keep this pace up and you’ll set a new record!
57 leave out : to omit something
Orna left the graph out of the presentation. / Orna left out the graph from the
presentation.
58 let down : to disappoint someone
Kamal let Marco down when he arrived late. / Kamal let down Marco when he
arrived late.
59 let go of : to release or free something
Don’t let go of the rope until I’m safe.
60 let in : to allow something or someone to enter
Close the door or you’ll let the flies in! / Close the door or you’ll let in the flies!
61 let know : to tell someone something
Let me know as soon as Leslie texts back.
62 look after : to take care of someone or something
Thank you for looking after me when I was sick.
63 look up to : to admire or idolize someone
I looked up to this YouTuber until I read about their scandal.
64 mix up : to confuse two or more things with one another
It’s easy to mix up Chris Pine and Chris Pratt.
65 pull up : to retrieve or bring something nearer
Eugene pulled the document up on his computer. / Eugene pulled up the
document
on his computer.
66 put on : to dress oneself in
I always put my backpack on before leaving the house. / I always put on my
backpack before leaving the house.
67 put up with : to tolerate or condone something
Somehow Paz could put up with Janice’s cynical attitude.
68 run out of : to use all of or drain the supply of something
Isabella ran out of toilet paper at the worst possible time.
69 see to : to make sure something is done

I’ll see to watering the plants while you’re gone.
70 set up : to arrange or organize something
Since no one had invited me to join their study group, I set a group up myself. /
Since no one had invited me to join their study group, I set up a group myself.
71. show off - to display abilities or accomplishments in order to impress others
Panya didn’t need to shoot so many three-pointers; she was just showing off.
72 shut off - to turn off, especially a machine
Don’t forget to shut the water off after your shower. / Don’t forget to shut off the
water after your shower.
73 take after - to resemble someone, especially of children about their parents
Li takes after his father when it comes to politics.
74 take out : to move something outside
Please take the garbage out before dinner. / Please take out the garbage before
dinner.
75 think over : to consider something
When his parents suggested selling his Pokémon cards, Yosef thought the idea
over. /
When his parents suggested selling his Pokémon cards, Yosef thought over the
idea.
76 throw away : to dispose of something
Could you throw that old burrito away? / Could you throw away that old burrito?
77 top off : to refill something to the top; to complete something in a special or
spectacular way
May I top your beverage off? / May I top off your beverage?
78 turn down : to reject or say no to someone
My crush turned me down after I asked them out.
79 wait on : to serve someone, especially at a restaurant
Billie eagerly waited on the table of new customers, hoping for a big tip.
80 wait out : to wait until an even to or period is over
They decided to wait out the rain before going on a walk.

CORRECTION OF ERRORS
1. We received no informations. (Incorrect)
We received no information. (Correct)
2. Where are my luggages? (Incorrect)
Where is my luggage? (Correct)
Comment: Some nouns are used only as singular. They have no plural forms.
Ex: Alphabet, luggage, furniture, paper, news, poetry, machinery, bread,
soap, advice, scenery etc.
3. Mathematics are his favorite subject. (Incorrect)
Mathematics is his favorite subject. (Correct)
4. Measles have broken out in our area. (Incorrect)
Measles has broken in our area. (Correct)
Comment: Some nouns are plural in form but they are used as singular.
Ex: a) Games & sports: Billiards, gymnastics etc.
b) Diseases: Mumps, measles etc.
c) Branches of learning: Linguistics, Economics, Physics, Statistics,
Mathematics, Politics, etc.
5. His spectacles is new. (Incorrect)
His spectacles are new. (Correct)
6. My friend bought shoe yesterday. (Incorrect)
My friend bought shoes yesterday. (Correct)
Comment: Some nouns are used only as plural. They have no singular forms.
Ex: Shoes, shorts, scissors, spectacles, savings, thanks, trousers, tongs, alms, assets,
binoculars, liabilities, riches etc.
7. She bought five dozens apples. (Incorrect)
She bought five dozen apples. (Correct)
Comment: Words dozen, score, hundred, thousand, lakh, million, etc. do not take
plural when preceded by a numeral.
8. I have two brother-in-laws. (Incorrect)
I have two brothers-in law. (Correct)
Comment: Plurals of Compound nouns are formed by adding ‘S’ to the main word.
Father-in-law — Fathers-in-law
Sister-in-law — Sisters-in-law
Passer-by — Passers-by
Commander-in-chief — Commanders-in-chief
9. The conductor said that there was no place in the compartment. (Incorrect)
The conductor said that there was no room in the compartment.
Comment: In this context, the proper word is room. It is used to convey the
meaning ‘space to occupy’.
10. Jyothi is cousin sister. (Incorrect)
Jyothi is my cousin. (Correct)
11. He is my cousin brother. (Incorrect)
He is my cousin. (Correct)
Comment: Do not add brother or sister to the word cousin.
12. Gopal is running sixteen. (Incorrect)
Gopal is sixteen. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Running’ is not used with age.
13. There are twenty females in the class. (Incorrect)
There are twenty women in the class. (Correct)
14. Two hundred males attended the meeting. (Incorrect)
Two hundred men attended the meeting. (Correct)
Comment: Men and female are used as nouns but not as adjectives.
15. This is my friend’s Sarath’s car. (Incorrect)
This is my friend Sarath’s car. (Correct)
Comment: When two nouns are in apposition ‘S’ is added to the second noun.
16. That book is your’s, not mine. (Incorrect)
That book is yours, not mine. (Correct)
Comment: Apostrophe ‘s is not used to pronouns.
17. I and Gopal went to the exhibition. (Incorrect)
Gopal and I went to the exhibition. (Correct)
18. Both he and you must attend the function. (Incorrect)
Both you and he must attend the function. (Correct)
19. She is invited you and me to dinner. (Incorrect)
She invited you and me to dinner. (Correct)
Comment: The first person comes last. The second person is placed third.(II,III&I)
20. Every player must bring their bat. (Incorrect)
Every player must bring his bat. (Correct)
21. One must love his parents. (Incorrect)
One must love one’s parents. (Correct)
Comment: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent.

22. They who have not brought their books should stand up. (Incorrect)
Those who have not brought their books should stand up. (Correct)
Comment: ‘They’ must not be used as an antecedent to ‘who’ or ‘that’. ‘Those’ is
used.
23. The boys enjoyed during the holidays. (Incorrect)
The boys enjoyed themselves during the holidays. (Correct)
They availed the opportunity. (Incorrect)
They availed themselves the opportunity. (Correct)
Comment: The verbs ‘enjoy’ and ‘avail’ take a Reflexive pronoun if there is
no other object.
24. Sarala is more taller than her sister. (Incorrect)
Sarala is taller than her sister. (Correct)
25. He is more younger than I. (Incorrect)
He is younger than I. (Correct)
26. Mount Everest is the most highest peak in the world. (Incorrect)
Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct)
Comment: Double Comparative or double Superlative should not be used.
27. It is the most unique work. (Incorrect)
It is a unique work. (Correct)
Comment: Some adjectives have no Degrees of Comparison.(Round, perfect,
unique, eternal etc.)
28. Gopal is the cleverest of the two brothers. (Incorrect)
Gopal is cleverer of the two brothers. (Correct)
Comment: The Superlative Degree is not used when two persons are two things are
compared, then comparative Degree is used.
29. The population of Chennai is greater than Hyderabad. (Incorrect)
The population of Chennai is greater than that of Hyderabad. (Correct)
Comment: Here the Comparison is between the population.
30. Raju went to America for farther studies. (Incorrect)
Raju went to America for further studies. (Correct)
31. Let us not walk for any further. (Incorrect)
Let us not walk any further. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Further’ refers to something additional and ‘farther’ refers to distance.
32. Have you heard the last news? (Incorrect)
Have you heard the latest news. (Correct)

33. The umpire is the latest person to leave the ground. (Incorrect)
The umpire is the last person to leave the ground. (Correct)
Comment: ‘latest’ denotes time and ‘last’ denotes position or order.
34. Her older brother is an engineer. (Incorrect)
Her elder brother is an engineer. (Correct)
35. Neetu is elder than Geeta. (Incorrect)
Neetu is older than Geeta. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Eldest & elder’ are used to refer to one’s family relations. ‘Older &
oldest’ refer to persons and things denote age.
36. They do not sell fewer than ten bags of rice. (Incorrect)
They do not sell less than ten bags of rice. (Correct)
Comment: ‘less’ refers to quantity and ‘fewer’ to number.
37. We were present on both days. (Incorrect)
We were present on both the days. (Correct)
Comment: When ‘both’ is used as an adjective, it should be followed by ‘the’.
38. Frank is an European. (Incorrect)
Frank is a European. (Correct)
39. It is an one-rupee note. (Incorrect)
It is a one-rupee note. (Correct)
Comment: ‘A’ is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. The words
university, unit, uniform, union, European etc. (Before ‘U’ prolonged sounds)
40. He is a honest man. (Incorrect)
He is an Honest man. (Correct)
Comment: ‘An’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound. The words
honest, heir, honor, hour etc. with a vowel sound. (‘H’ silent words)
41. Vijayawada is on Krishna. (Incorrect)
Vijayawada is on the Krishna. (Correct)
42. She reads Mahabaratha. (Incorrect)
She reads the Mahabaratha. (Correct)
Comment: ‘The ‘ is used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and holy books.
43. My uncle lives in United Kingdom. (Incorrect)
My uncle lives in the United Kingdom. (Correct)
44. The culprit was sent to Andamans. (Incorrect)
The culprit was sent to the Andamans. (Correct)
Comment: ‘The’ is used before the names of groups of islands and descriptive
names of countries.
45. The higher you climb colder it gets. (Incorrect)
The higher you climb the colder it gets. (Correct)
Comment: ‘The’ is used as an Adverb before comparatives.
46. The iron is a useful metal. (Incorrect)
Iron is a useful metal. (Correct)
47. The Delhi is the capital of India. (Incorrect)
Delhi is the capital of India. (Correct)
48. The honesty is the best policy. (Incorrect)
Honesty is the best policy. (Correct)
Comment: No article is used before Material, Proper and Abstract nouns.
49. The man is mortal. (Incorrect)
Man is mortal. (Correct)
Comment: Article is not used before ‘man’ used in wider sense.
50. What kind of a man is he? (Incorrect)
What kind of man is he? (Correct)
Comment: Article is not used before the noun following ‘kind of.
51. Mary goes to the church daily. (Incorrect)
Mary goes to church daily. (Correct)
Comment: No article is used before places visited for primary purpose:
School, College, Church, Market, Bed, etc.
52. The secretary and the correspondent is in the office. (Incorrect)
The secretary and the correspondent are in the office. (Correct)
Comment: When two nouns refer to different persons, ‘the’ is used before both
noun,
if they refer to the same person, ‘the’ is used for the first person only.
53. She is taking milk daily. (Incorrect)
She takes milk daily. (Correct)
Comment: Simple Present is used to express a habit.
54. They working here since 1990. (Incorrect)
They have been working here since 1990. (Correct)
55. He lives in Tenali for many years. (Incorrect)
He has been living in Tenali for many years. (Correct)

Comment: The Present Perfect and Present perfect Continuous are used with ‘for’
and ‘since’.
56. The apple is tasting sweet. (Incorrect)
The apple tastes sweet. (Correct)
57. I am having a problem. (Incorrect)
I have a problem. (Correct)
58. This book is belonging to me. (Incorrect)
This book belongs to me. (Correct)
Comment: Some verbs are not used in the continuous tense.
Ex: Taste, smell, hear, feel, love, hate, have, own, possess, belong etc.
59. They have left for Chennai yesterday. (Incorrect)
They left for Chennai yesterday. (Correct)
Comment: Simple Past is used with words and phrases of past time: Ago, then, at
that time, yesterday, last week, last month, last year.
60. It is time they start. (Incorrect)
It is time, they started. (Correct)
Comment: past tense is used after. It is time’.
61. I shall inform you when my father will arrive here. (Incorrect)
I shall inform you when my father arrives here. (Correct)
62. Your father will punish you if you will misbehave again. (Incorrect)
Your father will punish you if you misbehave again. (Correct)
Comment: In clauses of time and condition, the Simple Present is used for a future
action.
63. If I went to Chennai, I would brought you the book. (Incorrect)
If I went to Chennai, I would have brought the book. (Correct)
Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past tense the verb in the main clause
must be in the perfect conditional clause.
64. If I had known your arrival, I would meet you. (Incorrect)
If I had known your arrival, I would have met you. (Correct)
Comment: If the verb in the If-clause is in the Past Perfect tense, the verb in the
main clause must be in the perfect conditional tense.
65. He was late and so he is scolded by the teacher. (Incorrect)
He was late and so he was scolded by the teacher. (Correct)
66. She said that she is going to Chennai. (Incorrect)
She said that she was going to Chennai. (Correct)
Comment: If the verb in the Min-clause is in the past tense, the verb in the
Sub-ordinate clause must also be in the past tense.
67. Let them lay there. (Incorrect)
Let them lie there. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Lay’ means to place there.
‘Lie’ means to be in a resting position.
(Lay - laid - laid)
(Lie - lay - lain)
68. The criminal was hung two days ago. (Incorrect)
The criminal was hanged two days ago. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Hanged’ means death punishment. (Hang - hanged - hanged)
‘Hung’ means show publicly. (Hang - hung - hung)
Ex: The pictures were hung in her room.
69. I avoid to speak to her. (Incorrect)
I avoid speaking her. (Correct)
70. We cannot help to listen her. (Incorrect)
We cannot help listening her. (Correct)
Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verb: Avoid, imagine, enjoy, finish,
miss, practice, can’t bear, can’t stand, with a view to, look forward, etc.
71. He wants that I should do it. (Incorrect)
He wants me to do it. (Correct)
72. They ordered me wait. (Incorrect)
They ordered me to wait. (Correct)
Comment: Plain infinitive is used after certain verbs: Allow, command, request,
wish, want, permit, encourage forbid etc.
73. I let the boy to go. (Incorrect)
I let the boy go. (Correct)
Comment: Plain infinitive is used after verbs: Make, let, suggest, bid etc.
74. When she will solve the problem? (Incorrect)
When will she solve the problem? (Correct)
Comment: In Interrogative sentences the verb is placed before the subject.
75. He went to market, is he? (Incorrect)
He went to market, didn’t he? (Correct)
76. They have lost the way, isn’t he? (Incorrect)
They have lost the way, haven’t they? (Correct)
Comment: A tag question contains a verb and a pronoun. An affirmative statement

takes a negative tag. A negative statement takes an affirmative tag.
77. Being it a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Incorrect)
It being a hot day, the old man did not go out. (Correct)
Comment: The phrase ‘being a hot day’ is left unrelated. It has no subject.
The subject of the main-clause is different. So it must have its own subject.
78. He is not superior than you. (Incorrect)
He is not superior to you. (Correct)
Comment: ‘To’ is used after superior, inferior, inferior, senior, junior elder.
79. He is awaiting for you. (Incorrect)
He is awaiting. (Correct)
Comment: Preposition is not used after ‘await’.
80. I ordered for coffee. (Incorrect)
I ordered coffee. (Correct)
81. John married with Mary in the church. (Incorrect)
John married Mary in the church. (Correct)
82. We are discussing about the subject. (Incorrect)
We are discussing the subject. (Correct)
Comment: Preposition is not used before some verbs: Order, describe, discuss,
marry, meet, attend, tell etc.
83. They entered into the room. (Incorrect)
They entered the room. (Correct)
Comment: preposition is not used after ‘enter’ in the sense of ‘go’ into.
84. We consider him as a great leader. (Incorrect)
We consider him great leader. (Correct)
Comment: 'As’ is not used after the following verbs in the pattern.
Call, consider, elect, select, name etc.,
85. He sat besides me. (Incorrect)
He sat beside me. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Beside’ means by the side of. ‘Besides’ means in addition to'.
86. They will return in this month. (Incorrect)
They will return this month. (Correct)
Comment: Time expressions beginning with ‘this, that, next, last’ are used without
a preposition.

87. The boy goes to college by walk. (Incorrect)

The boy goes to college on foot. (Correct)
Comment: We go by bus, by train, by air or on foot.
88. Sarala is suffering with fever. (Incorrect)
Sarala is suffering from fever. (Correct)
89. They stared to Kumool. (Incorrect)
They started for Kumool. (Correct)
90. We got down the bus. (Incorrect)
We got down from the bus. (Correct)
91. Adams is good in English. (Incorrect)
Adams is good at English. (Correct)
92. I agree with your proposal. (Incorrect)
I agree to your proposal. (Correct)
93. They agree to me. (Incorrect)
They agree with me. (Correct)
Comment: Agree with a person, agree to a thing.
94. Gopal is angry on his brother. (Incorrect)
Gopal is angry with his brother. (Correct)
95. I am angry with her behavior. (Incorrect)
I am angry at her behavior. (Correct)
Comment: Angry with a person, angry at a thing.
96. She gave a speech. (Incorrect)
She made a speech. (Correct)
97. The chief guest made an interesting lecture. (Incorrect)
The chief guest gave an interesting lecture. (Correct)
Comment: Make a speech; give a lecture.
98. The thief ran away lest he will be caught. (Incorrect)
The thief ran away lest he should be caught. (Correct)
99. Though I advised him but he continued to misbehave. (Incorrect)
Though I advised him, he continued to misbehave. (Correct)
100. This book will not only be liked men but also by women. (Incorrect)
This book will be liked not only by men but also by women. (Correct)

FURTHER EXAMPLES
Referring to Nouns:
1. He doesn’t have a beautiful furniture in his house. (Incorrect)
He doesn’t have any beautiful furniture in his house. (Correct)
Comment: Furniture, news, luggage, etc. are uncountable nouns. Indefinite
article is not used before them. Singular verb is used after them.
2. The news are interesting today. (Incorrect)
The news is interesting today. (Correct)
3. This premises appears to be attractive. (Incorrect)
This premises appear to be attractive. (Correct)
4. The measles have broken in this area. (Incorrect)
The measles has broken in this area. (Correct)
Comment: The word ‘premises’ is plural.
5. The old is generally wiser than the young. (Incorrect)
The old are generally wiser than the young. (Correct)
Comment: ‘The old man’ is generally singular; but when the noun after the
adjective in the Positive degree is preceded by the Definite Article
‘the’, then it is treated as a plural.
6. The committee are decided upon this matter. (Incorrect)
The committee is decided upon this matter. (Correct)
Comment: When it is referred to singular body, it is singular; when it refers
to the different members, we use the plural.
7. Daughter-in-laws now-a-days have no love for mother-in-laws. (Incorrect)
Daughters-in-law now-a-days have no love for mothers-in-law. (Correct)
8. My room’s number is at the front-door’s side. (Incorrect)
The number of my room is at the side of the front door. (Correct)
Comment: As ‘room’ and ‘door’ are lifeless things, they form the Possessive with
the help of the preposition ‘of’.
9. Our ancestors worshipped the nature. (Incorrect)
Our ancestors worshipped nature. (Correct)
Comment: Nature is uncountable noun.
10. The scissors is broken. (Incorrect)
The scissors are broken. (Correct)
11. Swift’s Gulliver’s travels are very interesting. (Incorrect)
Swift’s Gulliver’s travels is very interesting. (Correct)
Comment: It is the name of a book, which is singular.

ON PRONOUNS
12. They who go by train can go now. (Incorrect)
Those who go by train can go now. (Correct)
13. This is the instrument that told you. (Incorrect)
This is the instrument that I told you of. (Correct)
14. He was the best singer who I ever loved. (Incorrect)

He was the best singer whom I ever loved. (Correct)
15. That is the girl whom we all agree is beautiful. (Incorrect)
That is the girl who we all agree is beautiful. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Whom’ can be used when it is the object of its clause.
16. Reddy and myself will come. (Incorrect)
Reddy and I will come. (Correct)
Comment: Reflexive pronoun by itself can not be the object of a verb.
17. None of these students are here. (Incorrect)
None of these student is here. (Correct)
18. She and her four sisters love each other very much. (Incorrect)
She and her four sisters' love one another very much. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Each other’ for two, and ‘One another for more than two.
19. Please give me any of your two pencils. (Incorrect)
Please give me either of your two pencils. (Correct)
Comment: None, any - for more than two; either, neither - with two persons or
things.
ON ADJECTIVES & ARTICLES
20. He has saved carefully and has little money. (Incorrect)
He has saved carefully and has a little money. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Little & few’ give negative meaning; ‘ A little & a fewer’ refer to
a small quantity and a small number.
21. A man is mortal. (Incorrect)
Man is mortal. (Correct)
Comment: No article is used before a Common Noun in its wider range.
22. A common sense is a great virtue. (Incorrect)
Common sense is a great virtue. (Correct)
Comment: No article before Abstract noun.
23. Ramayana describes the beauty of Ganges. (Incorrect)

The Ramayana describes the beauty of the Ganges. (Correct)
24. Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Incorrect)
Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Correct)
Comment: No article before the names of single mountains. Definite article should
be used before adjectives in the Superlative Degree.
25. Peter is an European. (Incorrect)
Peter is a European. (Correct)
26. He is the older of the two brothers. (Incorrect)
He is the elder of the two brothers. (Correct)
Comment: Elder and eldest are used only for family members.
27. This short story is the best of the two. (Incorrect)
This short story is better of the two. (Correct)
Comment: No Superlative is used when the comparison is between two
persons or two things.
ON VERBS & TENSES
28. I have visited the Taj last April. (Incorrect)
I visited the Taj last April. (Correct)
Comment: Simple Past is used when the time is mentioned.
29. The sun rose in the east. (Incorrect)
The sun rises in the east. (Correct)
Comment: Simple present is used for universal truths.
30. I am suffering from fever since Monday. (Incorrect)
I have been suffering from fever since Monday. (Correct)
Comment: Use the Present Perfect Continuous and no the Present
Continuous with ‘since’ when referring to an action that begins in the past
and continues up to the present second.
31. The hungry man finished his dinner now. (Incorrect)
The hungry man has finished his dinner now. (Correct)
32. She will come when she will be ready. (Incorrect)
She will come when she is ready. (Correct)
Comment: Future tense is not used after Temporal Conjunctions like until, before,
after etc.
33. Will I give you a cup of tea? (Incorrect) .
Shall I give you a cup of tea? (Correct)
Comment: We don’t use ‘will’ for questions in the first person.

ON ADVERBS
34. He works hardly. (Incorrect)
He works hard. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Hardly’ means ‘not any’.
35. It is so hot to go out now. (Incorrect)
It is too hot to go out now. (Correct)
Comment: The usage ‘ So that.... not’ or ‘to .... to’ is correct.
36. The boy sat alonely. (Incorrect)
The boy sat lonely. (Correct)
37. He comes late often to school. (Incorrect) .
He often comes late to school. (Correct)
38. He only married her for her money. (Incorrect)
He married her only for her money. (Correct)
39. Your hair needs cutting badly. (Incorrect)
Your hair badly needs cutting. (Correct)
40. He passed away his examination. (Incorrect)
He passed his examination. (Correct)
ON PREPOSITIONS
41. He was born in Mettupalyem at Andhra. (Incorrect)
He was born at Mettupalyem in Andhra. (Correct)
Comment: ‘At’ is used before villages and small towns; ‘in’ is used before big towns
and countries.
42. She is fond at tea. (Incorrect)
She is fond of tea. (Correct)
Comment: Fond is followed by ‘of.
43. I have not slept from Sunday. (Incorrect)
I have not slept since Sunday. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Since’ is used to denote point of time.
44. I slept to 9 A.M. (Incorrect)
I slept till 9 A.M (Correct)
45. Gandhiji was born in 2 October, 1869 in Porbandar. (Incorrect)
Gandhiji was born on 2 October at Porbandar. (Correct)
46. Recently, many people died with plague. (Incorrect)
Recently, many people died of plague. (Correct)

47. The interview will be held between 10 to 11 A.M. (Incorrect)
The interview will be held between 10 and 11 A..M. (Correct)
(Or)
The interview will be held from 10 to 11 A.M. (Correct)
48. His poetry is remarkable with its nature description. (Incorrect)
His poetry is remarkable for its nature description. (Correct)
ON CONJUNCTIONS
49. The guests could either take coffee or tea. (Incorrect)
The guests could take either coffee or tea. (Correct)
50. He is neither a teacher in theory nor in practice. (Incorrect)
He is teacher in neither in theory nor in practice. (Correct)
51. Whether it rains, I will not come. (Incorrect)
If it rains, I will not come. (Correct)
52. No sooner did the tiger appear, soon he shot it dead. (Incorrect)
No sooner did the tiger appear than he shot it dead.
53. Scarcely had I reached the station, than the train left. (Incorrect)
Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left. (Correct)
54. It looks like it might rain. (Incorrect)
It looks as if it might rain. (Correct)
55. He asked me what was my name. (Incorrect)
He asked me what my name was. (Correct)
56. He care lest you do not fail. (Incorrect)
Take care lest you should fail. (Correct)
MISCELLANEOUS
57. We had better to go. (Incorrect)
We had better go. (Correct)
58. Sleeping in the garden, a snake bit him. (Incorrect)
Sleeping in the garden, he was bit by a snake. (Correct)
59. The climate of India is better than Africa. (Incorrect)
The climate of India is better than that of Africa. (Correct)
60. To forgiving is divine. (Incorrect)
To forgive is divine. (Correct)
61. As a husband, your duty is supporting her. (Incorrect)

As a husband, your duty is to support her. (Correct)

62. I want to really understand his motives. (Incorrect)
I really want to understand his motives. (Correct)
63. She is thinking to visit Tirupathi. (Incorrect)
She is thinking of visiting Tirupathi. (Correct)
64. Dr. Reddy shall be back in August. (Incorrect)
Dr. Reddy will be back in August. (Correct)
Comment: ‘Will’ expresses Simple Future.
65. Should you like a cup of coffee? (Incorrect)
Would you like a cup of coffee? (Correct)
WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
Certain Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs are followed by particular Prepositions.

The following is a list of some important words followed by
appropriate Prepositions.
The native speak of English use certain preposition with certain word. So in the
Indian competitive exams and also test of English as foreign language follow the
same in case of particular preposition words. So it is compulsory for every
Indian students to practise the appropriate prepositions.
Nouns followed by Prepositions
Acquaintance with : I have no acquaintance with Maria.
Affection for : Raman has a strong affection for that poor girl.
Apology for : She offered him an apology for her conduct.
Assurance of : Mr.Desai gave us no assurance of his support.
Blame for : Advani accepted blame for the accident.
Candidate for : Raman is a candidate for the post.
Capacity for : Aftab has no capacity for mastering facts.
Care of : Take care of your health.
Cause for : There is no cause for anxiety.
Cause of : She is the cause of the whole trouble.
Claim on : I have every claim on you.

Complaint against : Why don't you lodge a complaint against your noisy
neighbours?
Confidence in : I hope she will justify my confidence in her.
Control over : Miss Helen has no control over her class.
Disgrace to : She is a disgrace to her family.
Duty to : We owe a duty to our country.
Excuse for : He has no excuse for remaining absent.
Fondness for : His fondness for her is natural.
Freedom from : Health means freedom from care.
Grief at : He felt grief at the death of his son.
Hatred for : Her hatred for him was very great.
Heir to : The prince is heir to the throne.
Influence with : I have no influence with the Magistrate.
Interest in : I have no interest in music.
Invitation to : She has sent us an invitation to dinner.
Leisure for : I have no leisure for amusement.
Limit to : There is no limit to his ambition.
Longing for : Her longing for her son is great.
Match for : Peter is no match for Abraham.
Need of : Raman is always in need of money.
Obedience to : I praise her obedience to her husband.
Objection to : I have no objection to your going there.
Peace with : I am always at peace with my neighbours.
Pity for : The king felt pity for the poor.
Pride in : Her great pride in her wealth is foolish.
Progress in : Jack had made no progress in her studies.
Quarrel with : I know nothing of his quarrel with her.
Regard for : I have a great regard for him.
Remedy for : Quinine is a remedy for malaria.
Respect for : The young have no respect for old age.
Slave to : A drunked is a slave to drink.
Slave of : You musn't make a slave of your servant girl.
Subscription to : What is your subscription to the Famine Relief Fund?
Sympathy for : All the people felt great sympathy for her in her troubles.
Sympathy with : I have no sympathy with her foolish views.

Taste for : Kamala has no taste for music.
Victim of : She is the victim of her own foolishness.
ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS

Accused of : Ghulam was accused of theft.
Acquainted with : Are you acquainted with her?
Addicted of : Tom is addicted to gambling.
Afraid of : Don't be afraid of telling the truth.
Amazed at : I was amazed at her impudence.
Angry with : The teacher was very angry with us.
Annoyed at : Raman was annoyed at her behaviour.
Anxious for, about : 1) He is anxious for(about) her safety.
2) She is very anxious about her son's health.
Appropriate to : The Prime Minister made a stirring
speech appropriate to the occasion.
Ashamed of : Mary is ashamed of her conduct.
Backward in : John is backward in his studies.
Beneficial to : Fresh air and good food are beneficial to the health.
Blessed with : May you always be blessed with good health.
Blind in : The carpenter is blind in the right eye.
Blind to : Rashida is blind to her own faults.
Born of : Gandhiji was born of rich parents.
Busy with : Jack is busy with his lessons.
Capable of : She is capable of improvement.
Careful about : She is very careful about her dress.
Charged with : The beggar was charged with theft.
Confident of : Peter is confident of success.
Conscious of : Shakuntala is conscious of her faults.
Contented with : She is contented with her lot.
Contrary to : The boys acted contrary to my instructions.
Convenient for : Will the 4.50 train be convenient for you?
Deaf to : He was deaf to all her entreaties.
Deficient in : She is deficient in common sense.
Dependent on : She is dependent on her parents.

Desirous of : Raman is desirous of going abroad.
Different from : His religious views are different from hers.
Disgusted with : I am disgusted with her conduct.
Due to : The accident was due to careless driving.
Eligible for : He is not eligible for promotion.
Engaged to : Shiela is engaged to Harry.
Equal to : Sikander was equal to the occasion.
Essential to : Health is essential to happiness.
Faithful to : The dog is very faithful to his master.
Familiar to : Her name seems quite familiar to me.
Familiar with : I am not familiar with her tricks.
Famous for : He is famous for his learning.
Fit for : Saqlan is fit for the job.
Fond of : Girls are fond of dolls.
Free from : No one is free from faults.
Full of : This book is full of mistakes.
Good at : She is good at Mathematics.
Good for : This medicine is good for headache.
Greedy for : Arsalan is greedy of gain/honours.
Guilty of : The beggar was found guilty of theft.
Honest in : Sami is not honest in his dealings.
Hopeful of : Is she hopeful of success?
Ignorant of : The Headmaster is ignorant of facts.
Ill with : Manorama is ill with fever.
Infested with:- This house is infested with rats.
Injurious to : Alcohol is injurious to health.
Intent to : He was intent on winning a scholarship.
Interested in : Why are you interested in Maria?
Introduced to : I was introduced to the Collector.
Jealous of : He is jealous of his friend's success.
Lame in : The beggar was lame in the left leg.
Lost to : Tom is lost to all sense of shame.
Loyal to : The princes were loyal to the Government.
Married to : Sheila was married to Raman.
Negligent in : He was negligent in his work.

Negligent of : He was negligent of his duties.
Obedient to : Aftab is obedient to his parents.
Obliged to : I am obliged to her for kindness.
Occupied by : This house is occupied by his fiance.
Occupied with : He is just now occupied with the translation of a French novel.
Occupied in : He is occupied in translating a French novel.
Open to : She is not open to conviction.
Partial to : We are all partial to our friends.
Peculiar to : This is a custom peculiar to the Japanese.
Popular with : Mr George is popular with his neighbours.
Preferable to : Health is preferable to wealth.
Proficient in : John is proficient in Mathematics.
Proud of : He is proud of his wealth.
Quick at : This boy is quick at inventing excuses.
Related to : Is she related to you?
Repentant of : Mary is repentant of her folly.
Respectful to : Good boys are respectful to all.
Satisfied with : I am satisfied with her conduct.
Sensitive to : She is sensitive to praise and blame.
Shocked at : All of us were shocked at the news of his death.
Short of : Jack is always short of money.
Sick of : I am sick of being blamed for everything that goes wrong.
Similar to : Their customs are similar to ours.
Slow of : Slow of hearing ,slow to make up one's mind, slow at accounts,
Slow to anger.
Sorry for : The Headmaster was sorry for his mistake.
Suited to : His speech was suited to the occasion.
Sure of : Are you sure of your facts?
Can we be sure of his honesty?
Suspicious of : The policeman became increasingly suspicious of his
movements.
Sympathetic to : She is sympathetic to(towards) suffers.
Thankful for : We ought to be thankful to God for His small mercies.
Tired of : Everyone is tired of doing nothing.
True to : Abraham is true to his friends.

Useful for : Salt is useful for many purposes.
Vain of : She is vain of her beauty.
Vexed at : He was vexed at his failure.
Weak in : My daughter is weak in Mathematics.
Worthy of : He is worthy of our reverence and esteem.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITION
CONVERSATIONS IN SCHOOL
1) You haven’t done your home work and your teacher questioned you write a possible
conversation between you and your teacher include the apology also
2) Your friend took your book but he hasn’t returned it yet now write a possible
conversation between you and your friend explaining the importance of the book and
requesting him to return the book the next day
3) you have to be away from school for four days and your exams are near by write a
possible conversation between you and your teacher asking for the permission and
also giving assurance that you will prepare well and write exams well
4) your friend is always disturbing you while lesson is going on write a possible
conversation between you and your teacher complaining about him focusing more on
tour problem
5)you have to pay the fee its already late write a possible conversation between you and
your teacher in this context giving a reason for the delay and also asking him a week
time to clear the fee
6) you missed the classes due to health issues now write a possible conversation between
you and your teacher requesting him to tell the missed topics again for you in free
time
7) you got less marks in maths in the test now write a possible conversation between you
and your teacher giving him the reason and asking an apology and assuring that you
will improve in the next exam
8) you lost your costly pen gifted by your uncle now write a possible conversation
between you and your friend focus more on your anguish and also your friend should
advise you to be careful
9) your friend is irregular to school write a possible conversation between you and your
friend advising him to be regular and also explaining him the benefits of being regular
10) you bet your friend he gave a complaint to teacher now write a possible conversation
between you and your teacher giving an explanation and also ask an apology and
giving assurance that it won’t be repeated
11) you always get poor marks in one subject but this time you have got very good marks
in that your teacher wants to appreciate you now write a possible conversation
between you and your teacher in this context and express your gratitude to your
teacher
12)you haven’t come to school in proper attire now write a possible conversation between
you and your teacher in this context focus more on importance of discipline in the
school
13) one of your friends stole the money you came to know that now write a possible
conversation between you and your friend excusing him and advising him not to do it
again
14) you were absent to school for 5 days you have to complete the notes so write a
possible conversation between you and your friend requesting him to give the notes
and also asking him to assist you in clarifying your doubts.
15) You found one cycle key in the ground you took it to the teacher now write
a possible conversation between you and your teacher in the context focus more on
teacher appreciating you.
16) You paid the amount for the books but we haven’t received them yet now write
a possible conversation between you and your teacher complaining about this and
explaining your need of textbooks.
17) You visited your school after the completion of your schooling now write a possible
conversation between you and your teacher in this context focus more and teacher
advising about your career.
18) You got State level first prize in Science Olympiad now write a possible conversation
between you and your teacher in this context focus on teachers appreciation and
expressing your gratitude to him.
19) Your friend gifted you a costly present on your birthday write a possible conversation
between you and your friend in this context rejecting the gift politely and also
thanking him for that.
20) Your friend is distressed as teacher scolded him now write a possible conversation
between you and your friend consoling him and also explaining him the teacher’s
intention and advising him to be attentive next time.
CONVERSATION AT HOME
1) You have to go to excursion organized by the school now write a possible

conversation between you and your father asking him the permission and also
money to go for it and giving him assurance that you will return safely.
2) You want to eat Biryani on Sunday now write a possible conversation between
you and your mom requesting her to cook it and assuring her that you will help
her.
3) You got less marks let’s your father is angry with you now write a possible
conversation between you and your father giving an explanation and also asking
an apology.
4) Your teacher has given you homework but it’s very tough to understand now write
a possible conversation between you and your elder sister asking her to assist you
in the homework and also explain her the difficulty in it.
5) Your brother always fights with you now write a possible conversation between
you and your mother complaining about him and also focus on the problem
faced by you
6) Your favourite programme is running on the TV you want to watch it but your
mother ordered you to finish the homework now write a possible conversation
between you and your mother requesting her and also assuring her that you will
complete the homework.
7) Your Father ordered you to go to market and buy some things but you have lot of
works to finish now write a possible conversation between you and your father
explaining him your condition and requesting him to send your brother.
8) You have to go to your friends house to bring a notes now write a possible

conversation between you and your brother requesting him to give his bicycle and
also assuring him that you will ride it safely.
9) You have got very high marks in science in which you are very poor now write a
possible conversation between you and your father giving him the reason for that
and also explaining your teacher cooperation.
10) You want to go to movie along with your friends now write a possible conversation
between you and your mother asking her permission and assuring her you will be
back in time.
11) Your sister tour some of your important project papers news scolded her she
was depressed friends now write a possible conversation between you and your sister
consoling her and explaining the mistake she did.
12) Your friend invited you for combined studies now write a possible conversation
between you and your father seating permission and also assuring him that you
will study well not waste time.
13) You are using social media your mom advised you not used it more now write a
possible conversation between you and your mom in this context focus more on
demerits of social media.
14) You took your dads bike without his permission now write a possible conversation
between you and your dad in this context focus more on the problems arose by
that and asking an apology.
15) Your sister is eating more junk food now write a possible conversation between
you and your sister in this context focus on effects of junk foods and advising her
to take healthy foods.
16) You are awake till with midnight everyday now write a possible conversation
between you and your dad in this context advising you to go to bed early and its
benefits.
17) Your mother is working hard to make all your life comfortable now write a possible
conversation between you and your mother expressing your gratitude to her
assuring that you will be helping hand to her.
18) You have to bike some important material for your project now write a possible
conversation between you and your dad asking money for it and also explaining
the necessity of the material.
19) You got selected for school cricket team now write a possible conversation
between you and your dad seeking permission and assuring him that you will not
neglect your studies.
20) You got a first prize in singing competition now write a possible conversation
between you and your mom appreciating you and also focus on the point of your
interest in singing and express your wish to join music classes.
Picture Descriptions
1. Describe the picture by using following hints.
Hints: Tea – Mug – Dog – Girl with umbrella – Lamp post – Pen
– Meadow – Lane - Parachute – These all are writer thoughts
Hints: Accident – Police – Media – First aid

Hints: Vacation – Forest camp – Unexpected guest
Hints: Vacation – Safari – Thrilled – Majestic appearance of Lion

Hints: Net – Oar – Round – Pull – Horizon – Wave – Clear - Sand
Hints: Tricycle – Meteor – Trail – Grass – Storm – Field – Watch – Smoke

Hints: Hot – Air Balloon – Crescent – Lean – Moon – Float - Flock
Hints: Dolphin – Bottle – Cracked – Grass – Earth – Burn - Shadow

THE ACTION WORDS
Action words are called the verbs. The verb is a word that tells what is done by
the subject or what is done to the subject. It gives the idea of action that happens
or happened or will happen when combined with the helping verbs. (Practise of
Tenses) And also when combined with auxiliaries we can derived a special
situation regarding the action that happen.
1. WRITE:- Past form : Wrote

Past Participle : Written
Present Participle : Writing

To make letters or numbers on a surface, especially using a pen or a pencil.

• He writes short stories.
• Please write carefully.
2. RECORD:- [Recorded,Recorded,Recording]
To set down in writing, to store something in written form.
• The salesman recorded the accounts.
• I recorded all the answers in the file.
3. DRAFT :- [Drafted,Drafted,Drafting]
To write the first rough version of something such as a letter, speech, etc., (Rough Copy)
• I will draft a letter for you.
• She is drafting her speech.
4. REWRITE :- [re wrote,re written,re writing]
To write something again in a different way, usually in order to improve it or because
there is some new information.
• Rewrite this essay
• He started to rewrite the speech with new aspects.
5. SCRIBBLE:- [Scribbled,Scribbled,Scribbling]
To write something quickly and carelessly, specially because you don’t have much time.
• He scribbled a note to his sister before leaving.
• I scribbled down the shopping list.
6. SKETCH:- [Sketched,Sketched,Sketching]
To make a quick drawing of somebody/something. (Making Outline)
• He quickly sketched the view from the window.
• She sketched her plan.
7. COMPOSE:- [Composed, Composed, Composing]
To write a letter, music etc usually with a lot of care and thought.
• She composed fine music.
• He composed wonderful poems.
MEMORISE
8. MEMORISE:- [Memorized, Memorized,Memorizing]
Learn something by heart (or) Learn something carefully so that you can remember it
exactly.
• The boy can memorize the data easily.
• She memorized all the important things.

9. RECALL:- [Recalled, Recalled, Recalling]

To remember something. [Syn. Recollect]
• The old man recalled all his memories.
• She could not recall his name.
10. Remember:-[Remembered, remembered, remembering]
To have or keep an image in your memory of an event, a person, a place etc from the
past.
• I don’t remember my first day in school.
• She can’t remember phone numbers.
11. Recognise:-
To know who somebody is or what something is when you see or hear them or it, because
you have seen or heard them or it before.
• Do you recognize this tune?
• I recognized the voice immediately.
12. Identify:- [Identified, Identified, Identifying]
To recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are.
• Have you identified your belongings?
• She identified the thief.
CLEAN
13. Clean:- [Cleaned, Cleaned, Cleaning]
To remove the dirt or dust from something.
• She cleans her kitchen everyday.
• Clean the glass with a soft cloth.
• Ceramic tiles can be easily cleaned.
14. Sweep:- [Swept, Swept, Sweeping]
To clean a room, surface etc. using a broom (broom = a type of brush on a long handle)
• The maid sweeps the floor.
• She swept all the dust in the room.
15. Scrub:- [Scrubbed, Scrubbed, Scrubbing]
To clean something by rubbing it hard, especially with a brush and usually with soap and
water.
• She was scrubbing the kitchen floor.
• The woman scrubbed at her face with a tissue.
16. Mop:- [Mopped, Mopped, Mopping]

To clean something with a mop.

(Mop = A tool for washing floors that has a long handle with a bunch of thick strings at the
end.)
• Have you mopped the floor?
• She sweeps and mops the floor daily.
17. Wash:- [Washed, Washed, Washing]
To make something/somebody clean using water, soap or detergent.
• He usually washes his car on Sundays.
• Wash the fruit thoroughly before eating.
18. Rinse:- [Rinsed, Rinsed, Rinsing]
Wash [Something] with clean water to remove soap, detergent or dirt.
• Rinse your hair properly.
• Rinse the cooked pasta with boiling water.
19. Dust:- [Dusted, Dusted, Dusting]
To clean furniture, a room etc by removing dust from surfaces with a cloth.
• Could you please dust the sitting room?
• Dust the table cleanly.
COOK
20. Cook:- [Cooked, Cooked, Cooking]
To prepare food by heating it like by boiling, baking or frying it.
• My mom cooked delicious pulav.
• I need some vegetables to cook food.
21. Bake:- [Baked, Baked, Baking]
Cook by dry heat without direct exposure to a flame specially in an oven.
• They bake bread and cakes.
• I am baking a birthday cake.
22. Fry:- [Fried, Fried, Frying]
Cook food in hot fat or oil.
• Fry the onions until they are soften.
• She fried the bread crumbs until golden brown.
23. Steam:- [Steamed, Steamed, Steaming]
Cook food by heating it in steam from boiling water.
• My mom steamed idli for breakfast.
• Steam the vegetables until just tender.

24. Boil:-[Boiled, Boiled, Boiling]

To cook something in boiling water.
• Boil the potatoes.
• She boiled the eggs.
25. Simmer:- [Simmered, Simmered, Simmering]
To cook something by keeping it just below the boiling point.
• Simmer the sauce gently for 10 minutes.
• Leave the soup to simmer.
26. Roast:- [Roasted, Roasted, Roasting]
1. To cook food without liquid in an oven or over a fire.
2. To cook nuts beans etc in order to dry them and turn them brown.
• Roast the bread lightly.
• She roasted meat.
27. Grill:- [Grilled, Grilled, Grilling]
To cook food over fire on hot coals, usually on a metal frame.
• Dad was grilling chicken in the back yard.
• I’ll grill the bacon rather than fry it.
28. Toast:- [Toasted, Toasted, Toasting]
To make something especially bread turn brown by heating it in a toaster or close to heat.
• Toast the bread lightly on both sides.
• She toasted the buns.
29. Brew:- [brewed, brewed, brewing]
To make (tea or coffee) by mixing it with hot water.
• I have just brewed some coffee.
• Always let tea brew for a few minutes.
COOKING PROCESS
30. Filter:- [Filtered, Filtered, Filtering]
To pass liquid through a special device especially to remove something that is not wanted.
• Filter the tea into a cup.
• She filtered water.
31. Chop:- [Chopped, Chopped, Chopping]
To cut something into pieces with a sharp tool such as a knife.
• My mom chopped onions.
• Chop the meat into small cubes.

32. Peel:- [Peeled, Peeled, Peeling]

To take the outer layer off fruit, vegetable etc.
• Have you peeled the potatoes?
• Peel the bananas and oranges.
33. Grate:- [Grated, Grated, Grating]
To rub food against a grater in order to cut it into small pieces.
• Grate the carrots to make halwa.
• Grate the cheese and sprinkle it over the tomatoes.
34. Slice:- [Sliced, Sliced, Slicing]
To cut something easily with a sharp knife.
• He sliced the bread into thin loaves.
• Scrape the carrots and slice them thinly.
35. Mince:- [Minced, Minced, Mincing]
To cut food, into very small pieces using a special machine.
• Mince the meet and then cook it.
• The cook minced onion and added garlic.
36. Stir:- [Stirred, Stirred, Stirring]
To move a liquid (or) substance around using a spoon or something similar, in order to
mix it completely.
• Stir the sauce gently until it begins to boil.
• She used a teaspoon to stir the tea.
37. Seasoning:- [Seasoned, Seasoned, Seasoning]
To add salt, pepper etc to food in order to make it tastes better.
• She seasoned the curry.
• Have you seasoned the soup?
38. Garnish:- [Garnished, Garnished, Garnishing]
To decorate a dish of food with a small amount of another food.
• The chef attractively garnished the pulav with coriander leaves.
• She sliced the carrots and onions to garnish the food item.
39. Squeeze:- [Squeezed, Squeezed, Squeezing]
To get liquid out of something by pressing (or) twisting it hard.
• I squeezed the lemons to prepare juice.
• Squeeze orange juice for the patient.
40. Knead:- [Kneaded, Kneaded, Kneading]

To press and stretch dough, wet clay etc, with your hands.
• I kneeded the dough to prepare rotis.
• lightly knead the mixture on a floured surface.
41. Blend:- [Blended, Blended, Blending]
To mix two (or) more substances together; to form a mixture with something.
• Beat the butter and sugar then blend in the egg.
• Blend heated butter in a little flour.
42. Grind:- [Ground, Ground, Grinding]
To break (or) press something into very small pieces between two hard surfaces (or)
using a special machine.
• Grind the sugar into powder.
• He ground all the cereals to make a fine powder.
43. Tossing:- [Tossed, Tossed, Tossing]
To shake (or) turn food in order to cover it with oil, butter etc.
• Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
• Pour the sauce over the salad and toss well.
44. Saute:- [Sauted, Sauted, Sauting]
To fry food quickly in a little hot fat.
• Saute the vegetables in olive oil and set aside.
• Saute the onion and peppers until the onions are golden.
FALL
45. Fall:- [Fell, Fallen, Falling]
To drop down from a higher level to a lower level.
• The rain was falling steadily.
• A cup fell off the shelf and broke.
46. Skid:- [Skidded, Skidded, Skidding]

To slide forward or to one side in a way that shows a loss of control.
• The taxi skidded to a halt just in time.
• Her foot skidded on the wet floor and she fell heavily.
47. Tumble :- [Tumbled, Tumbled, Tumbling]
i. To fall downwards, often hitting the ground several times, but usually without
serious injury.
ii. To fall suddenly and in a dramatic way.

• World records tumbled at the last Olympics.

• He slipped and tumbled down the stairs.
48. Stumble:- [Stumbled, Stumbled, Stumbling]
To hit your foot against something while you are walking (or) running and almost
fall.
• I stumbled over a rock.
• She stumbled to the door.
49. Slide:- [Slid, Slid, Sliding]
To move easily over a smooth or wet surface.
• A plane slid off the runway.
• The boys wanted to slide down the hill.
50. Slip:- [Slipped, Slipped, Slipping]
To slide a short distance by accident so that you fall or nearly fall.
• As I ran up the stairs, my foot slipped and I fell.
• The fish slipped out of my hand
• John slipped on the ice.
• She slipped on a banana peel.
51. Collapse:- [Collapsed, Collapsed, Collapsing]
To fall down or fall in suddenly, often after breaking a part.
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow.
• He collapsed on stage during the performance.
Laugh
52. Laugh:- [Laughed, Laughed, Laughing]
To make the sounds and movements of your face that show you think something is
funny or silly.
• He always makes me laugh.
• She laughed heartily after a long time.
53. Smile:- [Smiled, Smiled, Smiling]
To make a smile appear on your face.
[Smile – the expression that you have on your face when you are happy (or) you
think something is funny]
• He smiled at everyone.
• Smile for the photo please.
54. Cackle:- [Cackled, Cackled, Cackling]

To laugh in a loud unpleasant way.

• Don’t cackle infront of all.
• We cackled with his jokes.
55. Snigger:- [Sniggered, Sniggered, Sniggering]
To laugh in a quiet unpleasant way, especially at something rude (or) at
somebody’s problems or mistakes.
• They started sniggering at the clothes people were wearing.
• What are you sniggering at?
56. Giggle:- [Giggled, Giggled, Giggling]
To laugh in a silly way because you are embarrassed (or) nervous (or) you think that
something is funny.
• She giggled with delight.
• The children giggled excitedly as they assemble on stage to receive their
awards.
57. Grin:- [Grinned, Grinned, Grinning]
To smile widely
• Stop grinning and tell me what happened?
• They grinned with delight
Choose
58. Choose:- [Chose, Chosen, Chosing]
1. To decide which thing or person you want out of the ones that are available.
2. To prefer or decide to do something.
• She chose her words carefully.
• I chose to join in this company.
59. Select:- [Selected, Selected, Selecting]
To choose somebody/something from a group of people or things, Usually
according to a system.
• We selected her as our team leader.
• Select poems of T.S. Eliot.
60. Pick:- [Picked, Picked, Picking]
Choose[Someone or Something] from a number of alternatives.
• Pick a number from one to twenty.
• It was picked as the best film in the competition.
61. Opt:- [Opted, Opted, Opting]

To make a choice especially to decide in favour of something.

• Most people opt for buying their own house rather than renting them.
• These are the clothes which you can opt for.
62. Elect:- [Elected, Elected, Electing]
To choose somebody to do a particular job by voting for them.
• He was elected to parliament in 2002.
• The party first elected leader in 2017.
63. Prefer:- [Preferred, Preferred, Preferring]

To like one thing or person better than another.
(or)
To Choose one thing rather than something else because you like it better.
• She prefers coffee to tea.
• I prefer quality to quantity.
FOLLOW
64. Follow:- [Followed, Followed, Following]
1. To come or go after or behind somebody/ something.
2. To accept advice, instructions, etc and do what you have been told or shown
to do.
• Shyam followed James to the office.
• The dog followed its master obediently.
65. Adapt:- [Adapted, Adapted, Adapting]
To change your behavior in order to deal more successfully with a new
situation.
• The company was able to adapt to the conditions and enhance its position.
• We have to adapt quickly to the new system.
66. Pursue:- [Pursued, Pursued, Pursuing]
1. To follow or go after somebody/ something especially in order to catch them.
2. To do something or try to achieve something over a period of time.
• She wishes to pursue a medical career.
• Police pursued the car at high speed.
67. Chase: [Chased, Chased, Chasing]
To run, drive etc., after somebody in order to catch them or it.
• The kids chased each other around the kitchen table.

• We were chased by a bull while crossing the field.

68. Tag along:- [Tagged, Tagged, Tagging]
To go somewhere with somebody especially when you have not been asked or
invited
(or)
Follow someone repeatedly.
• Do you mind if I tag along with you to the party?
• My brother is such a tag along.
69. Run after: [Ran, Run, Running]
To run to try to catch somebody/ something.
• Two police ran after the robber.
• Stop! Don’t run after the car.
70. Hunt:- [Hunted, Hunted, Hunting]
To look for something that is difficult to find.
(or)
To go after wild animals to catch them for food or to make money.
• Lions sometimes hunt alone.
• Animals are hunted for their fur.
71. Track:- [Tracked, Tracked, Tracking]
To find somebody/ something by following the marks, signs, information etc
(or)
To follow the movements of somebody/ something, especially by using special
electronic equipment.
• They continued tracking the plane on radar.
• They tracked the herd for mile.
THROW
72. Throw:- [Threw, Thrown, Throwing]
To send something from your hand through the air by moving your hand or arm
quickly
(or)
To put something in a particular place quickly and carelessly.
• The boy threw the ball into the bushes.
• Why did you throw your things here?
73. Push out:- [Pushed, Pushed, Pushing]

i) To make somebody leave a place or an organization.

ii) To produce something in large quantities.
• James was pushed out of the room by his companions.
• They pushed him out of the office.
74. Flip:- [Flipped, Flipped, Flipping]
To turn over into a different position with a sudden quick movement.
• He flipped the lid open and looked inside the vessel.
• Her heart was flipped with excitement
75. Hurl:- [Hurled, Hurled, Hurling]
To throw something violently in a particular direction.
• He hurled a brick through the window.
• Some one had hurled stones into the house.
76. Pelt:- [Pelted, Pelted, Pelting]
To attack somebody by throwing things at them.
• The children pelted him with snowballs.
• They were pelted with rotten tomatoes.
77. Toss:- [Tossed, Tossed, Tossing]
To throw something lightly or carelessly.
• I tossed the book aside and got up.
• The umpire tossed the coin.
78. Drive out:- [Drove, Driven, Driving]
1. To make somebody/ something disappear or stop doing something.
2. To cause or force someone/ something to leave.
• New fashions drive out old ones.
• We drove them out of the meeting.
79. Drive away: [Drove, Driven, Driving]
To make somebody not want to stay or want to go somewhere.
• Terrorists threats are driving away tourists.
• The store’s high prices are driving away customers.
ACCEPT
80. Accept:- [Accepted, Accepted, Accepting]
To take something willingly that is offered (offer, invitation, decisions etc.,)
• The board of directors accepted our proposal.
• She accepted my invitation.

81. Approve:- [Approved, Approved, Approving]

To think somebody/ something is good, acceptable or suitable.
• The committee unanimously approved the plan.
• This medicine was not approved for use in children.
82. Agree:- [Agreed, Agreed, Agreeing]
1. To have the same opinion as somebody
2. To approve of something because you think it is morally right.
• We agreed to work for it.
• I agree entirely with what you have said.
83. Admit:- [Admitted, Admitted, Admitting]
To agree often unwillingly, that something is true (and ) to say that you have done
something wrong.
• He refused to admit his guilt.
• It was a stupid thing to do, I admit.
84. Permit:- [Permitted, Permitted, Permitting]
To allow somebody to do something or to allow something to happen.
• They permitted us to take photographs inside.
• Mobile phones are not permitted into the examination hall.
85. Consent:- [Consented, Consented, Consenting]
To agree to something or give your permission for something.
• She finally consented to answer our questions.
• I am sure she wouldn’t consent.
86. Acknowledge:- [Acknowledged, Acknowledged, Acknowledging]
Accept or admit the existence or the truth of something
• The art world has acknowledged his talent
• They readily acknowledged their mistake
REJECT
87. Reject:- [Rejected, Rejected, Rejecting]
To refuse to accept or consider something.
• The proposal was firmly rejected.
• Don’t reject him repeatedly, give him a chance.
88. Refuse:- [Refused, Refused, Refusing]
1. To say or show that you will not do something that somebody has asked you
to do.

2. To say that you do not want something that has been offered to you.
• I politely refused their invitation.
• My brother refused to allow anyone to help him.
89. Deny:- [Denied, Denied, Denying]
1. To say that something is not true.
2. To refuse to admit or accept something.
• He denied what I have said.
• She has denied any involvement in the incident.
90. Decline:- [Declined, Declined, Declining]
To refuse politely to accept or to do something.
• I offered to give them a lift, but they declined.
• We politely declined her invitation.
91. Dismiss:- [Dismissed, Dismissed, Dismissing]
To decide that somebody/ something is not important and not worth thinking or
talking
about or to officially remove somebody from their job.
• She dismissed their arguments as irrelevant.
• He dismissed her from his mind.
92. Prohibit:- [Prohibited, Prohibited, Prohibiting]
To stop something from being done or used especially by law.
• Smoking is prohibited.
• Photography is prohibited inside the temple.
• Hunting is prohibited in national parks.
• Children are prohibited to play here.
93. Ban:- [Banned, Banned, Banning]
1. To decide or say officially that something is not allowed.
2. To order somebody not to do something, go somewhere etc officially.
• He was banned from driving for six months.
• Chemical weapons are banned internationally.
CONSTRUCT
94. Construct:- [Constructed, Constructed, Constructing] [Syn- Build]
To build or make something such as road, machine, or building.
• They started to construct a new house.
• There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river.

95. Erect:- [Erected, Erected, Erecting]

Put together and set up right
• The police had to erect barriers to keep crowds back.
• They erected a tent.
96. Setup:- [Set, Set, Setting]
To build something or put something somewhere.
• The police setup road blocks on routes out of the city.
• She set up shop as a book seller.
97. Renovate:- [Renovated, Renovated, Renovating]
To repair and paint an old building (or) a piece of furniture etc so that it is in good
condition again.
• They are going to renovate the old furniture.
• We decided to buy an old house and renovate it.
98. Modernize:- [Modernized, Modernized, Modernizing]
Adapt to modern needs (or) habits and buildings.
• The company is investing millions to modernize its factories.
• The doctors decided to modernize the equipment.
99. Restore:- [Restored, Restored, Restoring]
i) To bring something back to a former condition, place (or) position.
ii) To repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture etc., so that it looks as
good
as it is originally.
• Her job is restoring old paintings.
• The buildings have been restored attractively to their former glory.
100. Rebuild:- [Rebuilt, Rebuilt, Rebuilding ]
i) To build (Or) put something together again.
ii) To make something complete and strong again.
• After the earthquake, people started rebuilding their houses.
• He rebuilt the engine using parts from the car.
DEMOLISH
101. Demolish:- [Demolished, Demolished, Demolishing]
i) To pull or knock down a building.
ii) To destroy something.
• The factory is going to be demolished next year.

• The car has skidded across the road and demolished the part of the wall.
102. Ruin:- [Ruined, Ruined, Ruining]
To damage something so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure etc.
• Covid-19 pandemic is ruining the economic conditions of many people.
• The country was ruined after the war.
103. Bulldoze: [Bull dozed, Bull dozed, Bull dozing]
To destroy buildings, trees etc with a bull dozer.
• They bulldozed the old building.
• Many trees were bull dozed to construct the apartment.
104. Collapse: [Collapsed, Collapsed, Collapsing]
To fall down or fall in suddenly.
• Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.
• The bridge may collapse at any moment.
105. Damage: [Damaged, Damaged, Damaging]
To have a bad (or) harmful effect an something.
• Our car was damaged beyond repair under the crash.
• Many homes were damaged in the fire.
106. Dismantle: [Dismantled, Dismantled, Dismantling]
To take apart a machine or structure so that it is in separate pieces.
• The mechanic dismantled the engine to repair it.
• When will they dismantle the old bridge?
107. Defile:-
Damage the purity or appearance of something/ to spoil something
• The tomb had been defiled and looted
• Ancient forts have been defiled
108. Destruct:- [Destructed, Destructed, Destruting]
To damage something so badly that it no longer exists, work etc.
• Failure started destruction of confidence.
• He wanted revenge on the man who had destructed his life.
SMASH
109. Smash: [Smashed, Smashed, Smashing]
To break something, To be broken, violently and noisily into many pieces.
• He could smash the stones into million pieces.
• Firemen had to smash the lock to get in.

110. Shatter: [Shattered, Shattered, Shattering]

Break or cause to break suddenly and violently into pieces.
• The bullet shattered the glasses.
• The rock shattered the window.
111. Crash: [Crashed, Crashed, Crashing]
1. To hit something hard while moving, causing damage.
2. Hitting an object or vehicle, causing damage.
• I was terrified that the plane would crash.
• He crashed his car into a wall.
112. Collide: [Collided, Collided, Colliding]
Hit by accident when moving.
• The car and the van collided in thick fog.
• Two trains collided head on.
113. Blow off: [Blew, Blown, Blowing]
To remove and destroy something by shooting it or making it explode.
• James lets his blow off steam first.
• She blew off the fire.
114. Thrash:- [Thrashed, Thrashed, Thrashing]
1. To hit a person or something many times with a stick etc as a punishment.
2. To move or make something violently.
• My father thrashed me as I got low grade.
• She thrashed the boy across the head and shoulders with a heavy stick
115. Spoil: [Spoiled (or) Spoilt, Spoiled (or) Spoilt, Spoiling]
1. To change something good into something bad, unpleasant.
2. To become bad so that it can no longer be eaten or used.
• Frost spoils the flowers.
• The architecture of the building was spoiled.
116. Wreck: [Wrecked, Wrecked, Wrecking]
1.Destroy or severly damage (a structure, vehicle or similar)
2.To cause something to fail completely.
3.To damage a ship so much that it sinks or can no longer sail.
• A bomb completely wrecked the building.
• The weather wrecked all our plans.
117. Deform:- (Deformed, deformed, deforming)

To change or damage the usual or natural shape of something.

• The trees had been completely deformed by the force of the wind.
• Her face is deformed.
118. Adulterate:- (Adulterated, Adulterated, Adulterating)
To make food or drink less pure by adding another substance to it.
• He adulterates food material.
• Poppy seeds oil was used to adulterate olive oil.
ANSWER
119. Answer:- [answered, answered, answering]
To say, write or do something as a reaction to a question or situation.
• Please answer honestly.
• Have you answered all the four questions?
120. Reply:- [Replied, Replied, Replying]
To say or write something as answer to somebody/something.
• She simply replied with a smile.
• He was quick to reply.
121. Respond :- [Responded, Responded, Responding] [Syn: Reply]
To give a spoken or written answer to somebody/something.
• She never responds in time.
• James responded politely to my questions.
122. Resolve :- [Resolved, Resolved, Resolving] [Syn ]
To find an acceptable solution to a problem or difficulty.
• She tried to resolve the conflict between her friends.
• We hope to resolve the matter as soon as possible.
123. React:- [Reacted, Reacted, Reacting]
To change or behave in a particular way as a result of or in response to something.
• She reacted violently.
• We never know how he is going to react.
WARN
124. Warn:- [Warned, Warned, Warning]
1) To tell somebody about something, especially something dangerous or
unpleasant that is likely to happen.
2) Advise somebody to do or not to do something in order to avoid danger or
punishment.

• He warned us against pickpockets.

• I must warn you that some of these animals are extremely dangerous.
125. Predict :- Predicted, Predicted, Predicting]
To say that something will happen in the future.
• Nobody could predict the outcome.
• We cannot predict the weather with absolute accuracy.
126. Caution:- [Cautioned, Cautioned, Cautioning]
1. To warn somebody about the possible danger or problems of something.
2.To warn somebody officially that they will be punished if they do something
wrong again.
• Shyam cautioned me to be careful with them.
• Have you cautioned your sister about this?
127. Threaten :- [Threatened, Threatened, Threatening]
1. To say that you will cause trouble, hurt somebody etc if you do not get what you
want.
2. To seem likely to happen or cause something unpleasant.
• People have threatened his life.
• A storm was threatening.
128. Clue:- [Clued, Clued, Clueing]
To provide someone with information about someone or something.
• He has already clued me about it.
• Nobody has clued him.
129. Frighten :- [Frightened, Frightened, Frightening]
To make somebody suddenly feel afraid.
• This film frightened me a lot.
• Stop it! You’re frightening me.
130. Make Alert:-
To warn someone to be prepared to deal with something dangerous.
• The government alerted fishermen not go into the sea because of the bad
weather.
• Alert him about the situation.
TOUCH
131. Touch:- [Touched, Touched, Touching]
An act of touching with hand.

• I touched the rabbit’s soft fur.

• Touch the baby gently.
132. Rub:- [Rubbed, Rubbed, Rubbing]
To move your hand, a cloth etc, backwards and forwards over a surface while pressing
it.
• She rubbed her chin thoughtfully.
• Rub the surface with sand paper before painting.
133. Tap:- [Tapped, Tapped, Tapping]
To hit somebody/something quickly and lightly.
• Someone tapped the door.
• Tap the icon to open the app.
134. Dab :- [Dabbed, Dabbed, Dabbing]
To touch something lightly usually several times.
• He dabbed at the cut with his hand kerchief.
• The makeup man dabbed the powder on the face of the artist.
135. Caress :- [Caressed, Caressed, Caressing]
Touch or Stroke gently or lovingly.
• The mother caressed the baby.
• A warm breeze caressed us.
APPLY
136. Apply:- [Applied, Applied, Applying]
To put or spread something as paint, cream etc. onto a surface.
• Apply the butter on both sides of the bread.
• I carefully applied the creamy foundation.
137. Smudge :- [Smudged, Smudged, Smudging]
1. To make a dirty mark on a surface.
2. To touch or rub something especially with ink or paint, so that it is no longer
clear.
• Tears had smudged her makeup.
• The mirror was smudged with fingerprints.
138. Smear:- [Smeared, Smeared, Smearing] [Syn: Daub]
To spread an oily or soft substance over a surface in rough or careless way.
• His face was smeared with blood.
• The child had smeared jam all over her face.

139. Coat :- [Coated, Coated, Coating]

To cover something with a layer of a substance.
• The cookies were thickly coated with chocolate.
• The furniture was thickly coated with dust.
140. Spread :- [Spread, Spread, Spreading]
To put a layer of a substance onto the surface of something.
• They spread manure in both spring and autumn.
• Please spread butter on the piece of toast.
141. Grease :- [Greased, Greased, Greasing]
To rub grease or fat on something.
• Place the cakes on a lightly greased baking tray.
• Grease the wheels properly.
ARRANGE
142. Arrange :- [Arranged, Arranged, Arranging]
1. To plan or organize something in advance.
2. To put something in a particular order: to make something neat or attractive.
• The party was arranged quickly.
• She arranged a loan with the bank.
143. Furnish :- [Furnished, Furnished, Furnishing]
1. Provide (a house or room) with furniture and fittings.
2. To supply something to somebody.
• The room was furnished with antiques.
• The Inn is beautifully furnished.
144. Organise :- [Organised, Organised, Organising]
To make all the arrangements for something to happen. (or) arrange systematically.
• He helped me to organize various events.
• She organizes lessons in a planned way.
145. Conduct :- [Conducted, Conducted, Conducting]
To organize and do a particular activity.
• The school conducted elocution competition.
• They conduct workshops on various topics every year.
146. Set:- [Set, Set, Setting]
1. To arrange or fix something; to decide on something.
2. To prepare or arrange something so that it is ready for use or in position.

• Have you set the alarm clock?

• Could you please set the table for dinner?
147. Equip :- [Equipped, Equipped, Equipping]
To provide yourself/somebody/something with the things that are needed for a particular
purpose or activity.
• The car is fully equipped with all the latest gadgets.
• They travelled in a specially equipped medical jeep.
JERK
148. Jerk :- [Jerked, Jerked, Jerking]
To move or to make something move with a sudden short sharp movement.
• The bus jerked to a halt.
• She jerked her head up.
149. Blink :- [Blinked, Blinked, Blinking]
Shut and Open the eyes quickly (or) to shine with an unsteadly light ; to flash on and off.
• She blinked in the bright sunlight.
• Lucy blinked at her in astonishment (surprise)
150. Flutter :- [Fluttered, Fluttered, Fluttering]
Fly or move unsteadly by flapping the wings quickly and lightly.
• Butterflies fluttered around flowers.
• A silk scarf fluttered around her shoulders.
151. Twitch :- [Twitched, Twitched, Twitching]
To make a sudden quick movement sometimes one that you can’t control.
• Her fingers twitched nervously.
• The dogs watched each other twitching their tails.
152. Fluctuate:- [Fluctuated, Fluctuated, Fluctuating][Syn: vary]
To change frequently in size, amount, quality, etc especially from one extreme to another.
• Her moods fluctuate frequently.
• The price of gold is fluctuating.
GIVE
153. Give:- [Gave, Given, Giving]
To hand something to somebody so that they can look at it, use it or keep it for a time.
(or)
To hand something to somebody as a present.
• What are you giving your father for his birthday?

• I gave my friend a huge bouquet of flowers.

154. Grant :- [Granted, Granted, Granting]
To agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do
something.
• The bank finally granted me the loan.
• They granted us permission to visit the museum.
155. Donate :- [Donated, Donated, Donating]
1. To give money, food, clothes etc to somebody/something especially a charity.
2. To allow doctors to remove blood, a body organ etc in order to help somebody who
needs it.
• He donated thousands of pounds to charity.
• I have been donating blood regularly for a few years.
156. Hand Over :- [Handed over, Handed over, Handing over]
The act of moving power or responsibility from one person or group to another.
(or)
The act of giving a person or thing to somebody in authority.
• The company handed over this prestigious project to us.
• You must handover your passport before you leave.
157. Present :- [Presented, Presented, Presenting]
To give something to somebody especially formally at a ceremony like birthday, wedding
etc.
• On his retirement, colleagues presented him a gold ring.
• They presented me with an award.
158. Provide :- [Provided, Provided, Providing]
To give something to somebody or make it available for them to use.
• Place has been provided to write the answers.
• Refreshments will be provided to all the participants.
159. Supply:- [Supplied, Supplied, Supplying]
To provide somebody/something with something that they need or want, especially in
large quantities.
• The company supplied schools with sports equipment.
• Water was supplied from a tanker.
160. Cater :- [Catered, Catered, Catering]
To provide food and drinks for a social event.

• Who will be catering the wedding?

• They catered orange juice to the guests.
SHINE
161. Shine:- [Shone, Shone, Shining]
To produce or reflect light, to be bright.
• The sun shone brightly in a cloudless sky.
• The stars were shining and the moon was bright.
162. Glitter :- [Glittered, Glittered, Glittering]
To shine brightly with Little flashes of Light, like a diamond.
• The water glittered in the sunlight.
• Trees and grass glittered with dew.
163. Beam :- [Beamed, Beamed, Beaming]
To produce a stream of light or heat.
• The morning sun beamed down on us.
• Light beamed through a hole in the curtain.
164. Glaze:- [Glazed, Glazed, Glazing]
To fit sheets of glass into something (or) to cover something with a glaze to give it a shiny
surface.
• Glaze the pie with beaten egg.
• Windows are glazing with laminated glass.
165. Flash:- [Flashed, Flashed, Flashing]
1. To shine very brightly for a short time.
2. To appear on a television screen, computer screen etc, for a short time.
• Lightning flashed in the distance.
• Cameras flashed at celebrities.
166. SPARKLE:- [Sparkled, Sparkled, Sparkling]
To shine brightly with small flashes of light.
• Her jewellery sparkled in the candle light.
• The sky sparkled with brilliant stars.
RESPECT
167. RESPECT:- [Respected, Respected, Respecting]
Admire (someone/ something) deeply, as a result of their abilities, qualities or
achievements.
• She was respected by everyone she worked with.

• I respected his views.

168. HONOUR:- [Honoured, Honoured, Honouring]
1. To do something that shows great respect for somebody.
2. To give public praise, an award or a title to somebody for something what they have
done.
• The teacher was greatly honoured by the students.
• He has been honoured with an award for his charity work.
169. REGARD:- [Regarded, Regarded, Regarding]
To think/ look about/ at somebody/ something in a particular way.
• Her work is very highly regarded.
• The project was widely regarded as a success.
170. FELICITATE:- [Felicitated, Felicitated, Felicitating]
Congratulate or to praise someone and say that you are pleased about a special unusual
achievement.
• The award winner was felicitated by the cultural association.
• The poet was felicitated by the government.
171. APPRECIATE:- [Appreciated, Appreciated, Appreciating]
1. To recognize the good qualities of somebody/ something.
2. To understand that something is worthy and true.
• I appreciate your knowledge.
• He appreciated me for my cooperation.
172. REVERE:- [Revered, Revered, Revering]
1. To admire and respect somebody very much.
2. To regard as worthy of great honour.
• Her name is revered in spain.
• Dr. Dwarakanath Kotnis was revered in china.
173. RECOGNIZE :- [Recognized, Recognized, Recognizing ]
To identify and thought of someone as very good or important by people in general.
• The book is now recognized as a classic.
• She was recognized as the most efficient leader.
174. VALUE:- [Valued, Valued, Valuing]
To think that somebody/ something is important.
• I value her very highly as a friend.
• He values his parents a lot.

SING
175. SING :- [Sang, Sung, Singing]
To make musical sounds with your voice in the form of a song or tune.
• We all sang together in the party.
• Does she sing well?
176. HUM :- [Hummed, Hummed, Humming]
1. To sing a tune with your lips closed.
2. To make a low continuous sound.
• She was humming softly to herself.
• He began to hum along with the music.
177. RECITE:- [Recited, Recited, Reciting]
1. To say a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned especially to audience.
2. To say a list or series of things.
• She recited what she had learned.
• Teacher asked the children to recite the rhyme.
178. CHANT :- [Chanted, Chanted, Chanting]
To sing or say a religious song or prayer using only a few notes that are repeated many
times.
• The crowd chanted their hero’s name.
• The priest chanted a prayer and lit a stick of incense.
BEND
179. SQUAT:- [Squatted, Squatted, Squatting]
To sit on your heels with your knees bent up close to your body.
• Children were squatting on the floor.
• When we saw them we squatted down behind a wall.
180. KNEEL :- [Knelt (Kneeled), Knelt (Kneeled), Kneeling]
To be in (or) more into a position where your body is supported on your knee(s)
• People sometimes kneel to pray.
• We knelt down on the ground to examine the tracks.
181. CROUCH:- [Crouched, Crouched, Crouching]
To put your body close to the ground by bending your legs.
• The hare crouches low on the ground.
• The thief crouched down behind the sofa.
182. BEND :- [Bent, Bent, Bending]

i) To force something that was straight into an angle (or) curve.

ii) Make something lean, in a particular direction.
• The doctor told me to avoid bending and stretching.
• He bent down and tied his shoe lace.
183. STOOP :- [Stooped, Stooped, Stooping]
To bend your body forwards and downwards.
• She stooped down to pick up the child.
• The door way was so low that he had to stoop.
184. BOW :- [Bowed, Bowed, Bowing]
To move your head forwards (or) downwards (as a sign of respect (or) to say hello)
• He bowed low to the assembled crowd.
• The people all bowed down before the emperor.
BREATHE
185. GASP :- [Gasped, Gasped, Gasping]
To take a quick deep breath with your mouth open, especially because you are surprised
or in pain.
• The cold made her gasp.
• She was gasping with pain.
186. SNIFF :- [Sniffed, Sniffed, Sniffing]
To breathe air in through the nose in order to discover (or) enjoy the smell of something
• I sniffed the fresh morning air.
• The dog sniffed at my shoes
187. BREATHE :- [Breathed, Breathed, Breathing]
To take air into your lungs and send it out again through your nose (or) mouth.
• He breathed deeply before speaking.
• Breathe fresh air.
188. INHALE :- [Inhaled, Inhaled, Inhaling]
To take air into your lungs as you breathe.
• She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply.
• Inhale properly.
189. PUFF :- [Puffed, Puffed, Puffing]
To make smoke (or) steam blow out in clouds (smoking a cigarette, pipe etc.,)
• He puffed on his pipe.
• A fresh breeze puffed across the lake.

190. SMELL :- [Smelled, Smelled, Smelling]

To be able to notice and recognize smell.
Smell= (quality of something that people and animals sense through their noses)
• I can smell very well.
• This soup smells delicious.
CUT
191. CUT :- [Cut, Cut, Cutting]
1. To divide something into two or more pieces with a knife etc.
2. To make something shorter by cutting.
• He cut the apple perfectly.
• Cut the carrots into slices.
192. CARVE :- [Carved, Carved, Carving]
To make objects, patterns etc by cutting away material from a piece of wood or stone or
another hard material.
• The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.
• The beads were carved from solid Ivory.
• She carves in both stone and wood.
• I carved the vegetables attractively.
193. INSCRIBE :- [Inscribed, Inscribed, Inscribing]
To write or cut words, your name etc onto something
• His name was inscribed on the trophy.
• The names of the king and Queen were inscribed above the door.
194. CRACK :- [Cracked, Cracked, Cracking]
To break without dividing into separate parts.
• The ice cracked as I stepped onto it.
• He has cracked a bone in his arm.
195. SPLIT :- [Split, Split, Splitting]
To divide or to make something divide into two or more parts.
• Split the coconut into half.
• Each chapter is split into two parts.
196. BREAK :- [Broke, Broken, Breaking]
To be damaged and separated into two or more parts, as a result or force.
• She fell of a ladder and broken her arm.
• The glass broke into hundreds of pieces.

197. CLEAVE APART :- [Cleaved apart, Cleaved apart, Cleaving apart]

To separate or divide or cause something to separate or divide, often violently.
• They just cleave the stone along the cracks.
• They cleaved the way.
ARGUE
198. ARGUE :- [Argued, Argued, Arguing]
To speak angrily to somebody because you disagree with them.
• It is not good to argue with elders.
• He always argues with his sister.
199. QUARREL :- [Quarrelled, Quarrelled, Quarrelling]
To have an angry argument.
• The children quarrel all the time.
• I don’t want to quarrel with you.
200. BICKER :- [Bickered, Bickered, Bickering]
To argue about things that are not important.
• Will you two stop bickering?
• They kept bickering over who should answer the phone.
201. DISPUTE :- [Disputed, Disputed, Disputing]
To question whether something is true (or) legally and officially acceptable.
• The two parties disputed for a long time.
• The four friends disputed among themselves.
202. ADVOCATE:- [Advocated, Advocated, Advocating]
To publicly recommend (or) support.
• I don’t advocate doing such things.
• Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior.
ACT
203. ACT:- [Acted, Acted, Acting]
i) To perform a part in a play (or) film.
ii) To behave in a particular way.
• He acted excellently in the film.
• She acted like a queen in the play.
204. DRAMATIZE :- [Dramatized, Dramatized, Dramatizing]
To make something seem more exciting (Or) important than it really is.
• He is planning to dramatize the novel.

• It is unhealthy to dramatize life.

205. PRESENT :- [Presented, Presented, Presenting]
To produce a show, play, broadcast etc for the public.
• She presented her performance in the auditorium.
• This channel presents attractive and useful programmes.
206. PERFORM :- [Performed, Performed, Performing]
To entertain an audience by playing a piece of music, acting in a play etc.
• He and his team have performed very well in that area.
• She didn’t perform well.
207. DEMONSTRATE:- [Demonstrated, Demonstrated, Demonstrating]
i) To take part in a public meeting (or) march.
ii) To show by your actions that you have particular quality, feeling (or) opinion.
• The teacher demonstrated so many experiments.
• Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.
208. IMITATE :- [Imitated, Imitated, Imitating]
To copy the way a person speaks (or) behaves, in order to make people laugh.
• Teachers provide a model for children to imitate.
• Dolphins learn to imitate sounds very accurately and quickly.
209. PRETEND:- [Pretended, Pretended, Pretending]
To behave in a particular way, in order to make other people believe something that is
not true.
• She pretended as if she was a millionaire.
• I can’t pretend any longer.
CRASH
210. CRASH:- [Crashed, Crashed, Crashing]
To hit something hard while moving, causing noise (or) damage.
• He crashed his car into a tree.
• Be careful while driving, you may crash!
211. DASH:- [Dashed, Dashed, Dashing]
i) To go somewhere very quickly
ii) to push somebody or make something fall violently.
• I must dash (leave quickly) I’m late.
• She dashed off to keep an appointment.

212. RUSH:- [Rushed, Rushed, Rushing]

To move (or) to do something with great speed, often too fast.
• We’ve got plenty of time there’s no need to rush.
• The children rushed out of the school.
213. LASH:- [Lashed, Lashed, Lashing] (Syn: Beat)
To hit somebody/ something with great force.
• The rain lashed at the windows.
• Branches lashed at my face.
214. SLAM:- [Slammed , Slammed, Slamming]
To shut with a lot of force, making a loud noise.
• He slammed the door
• A window slammed shut in the wind.
215. Gush:- [Gushed, Gushed, Gushing]
To flow or pour suddenly and quickly out of a hole in large amounts.
• Water gushed out of the washing machine.
• Oil gushed from the well.
216. BUSTLE :- [Bustled, Bustled, Bustling]
To move around in a busy way or to hurry somebody in a particular direction.
• Tom bustled around the apartment.
• I was busting about the store trying to find a gift.
RELEASE
217. RELEASE:- [Released, Released, Releasing]
Allow something to move/ The act of making something public.
• The film is released in the month of june.
• The author released his book yesterday.
218. DISCHARGE:- [Discharged, Discharged, Discharging]
Tell someone officially that they can or must leave a place/ allow a liquid or gas to flow
from something.
• Industrial plants discharge highly toxic materials into rivers.
• The patient was discharged after his recovery.
219. FREE :- [Freed, Freed, Freeing]
Release from confinement or slavery, to set at liberty.
• The woman was freed from slavery.
• The birds which were in the cage have been freed.

220. DISPATCH:- [Dispatched, Dispatched, Dispatching]

To send a letter or package/ message somewhere/ send off to a destination for a
purpose.
• The parcel was dispatched on Monday.
• He dispatched messages back to base.
THINK
221. THINK:- (Thought, Thought, Thinking)
To have ideas, words or images in your mind.
To use mind to consider something to form connected ideas to try to solve problem
etc.
• Think carefully before you speak.
• I didn’t think about this.
222. GUESS:- (Guessed, Guessed, Guessing)
1. To try and give an answer or make a judgement about something without being
sure of all the facts.
2. To suppose that something is true or likely.
• I don’t really know. I’m just guessing.
• Can you guess his age?
223. CONSIDER:- (Considered, Considered, Considering)
1. To think about something, especially the feelings of other people, and be
influenced by it when making decision etc.
2. To think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision.
• We are considering various possibilities.
• You should consider other people before you act.
• The award is considered a great honour.
• He considers himself an expert on the subject.
224. ASSUME:- (Assumed, Assumed, Assuming)
To think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it.
• It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.
• Let’s assume the total profit as “X” .
225. IMAGINE:- (Imagined, Imagined, Imagining)
To form a picture in your mind of what something might be like.
• The house was just as she had imagined it.
• Close your eyes and imagine that you are in a beautiful forest.

226. SPECULATE:- (Speculated, Speculated, Speculating)

1. To form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts.
2. To buy goods, property, shares etc hoping to make profit when you sell them, but with
the risk of losing money.
• He likes to speculate on the stock market.
• It is useless to speculate why he did it.
227. ANTICIPATE:- (Anticipated, Anticipated, Anticipating)
1. To expect something.
2. To see what happens in the future and take action to prepare for it.
• We don’t anticipate any major problems.
• Try and anticipate what the interviewers will ask.
THE DESCRIBING WORDS
The describing words are called the adjectives. The adjective is word that tells the
quality, quantity, size, number and color of a person, place, thing or animal. The
following are the list of adjectives which have been carefully selected by observing
daily used language by various people. Each word is given with meaning and
examples. The more adjectives you learn the more beautifully language will be.
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE PERSONALITY/DRESSING SENSE/PERFORMANCE

1. Cute:-
i) Pretty and attractive
ii) Clever, sometimes in an annoying way because a person is trying to get an
advantage.
• She has a cute little baby
• Sheela looks cute in her birthday dress.
2. Dazzling:-
i) So bright that you cannot see for a short time.
ii) Brilliantly or showily bright, colourful or impressive.
• She gave a dazzling smile.
• The dazzling stars are wonderful.
3. Graceful:-
i) Behaving or moving in an attractive way that shows control, having a smooth,
attractive form.
ii) Polite and kind in your behaviour especially in a difficult situation.
• The dancers were all tall and graceful.
• She is slim and extremely graceful.
4. Elegant :-
i) Graceful and stylish in appearance or manner.
ii) Attractive and showing a good sense of style.
• She was tall and elegant
• The bride is attractive in her elegant dress.
5. Fair:-
i) Of pleasing appearance, especially because of a pure or fresh look.
ii) Light in colour (of skin) complexion
• She has a fair complexion
• He is fair and intelligent
6. Charming:-
Very pleasant or attractive
• She is a charming person
• He was gifted with a charming smile.
7. Fascinating:-
Extremely interesting and attractive
Note :- Personality/ performance/ appearance of things & persons etc.

• The book contains fascinating stories.

• She looked fascinating in her wedding dress.
8. Fine:-
i) Of high quality/ good.
ii) In good health.
iii) To say you are satisfied with something
iv) Pleasant to look at
• This is the finest quality of rice.
• Your dress is fine.
9. Gorgeous:- Very beautiful and attractive, giving great pleasure.
• You look gorgeous.
• The actress came out with gorgeous look.
10. Grand:- i) Magnificent and imposing in appearance, size or style.
ii) Denoting the largest or most important item of its kind
• She looked grand on the occasion of her birthday.
• I want to buy a grand dress.
11. Handsome:-
i) Good looking (of men);
ii) Having a pleasing and usually impressive or dignified appearance
• He is both handsome and sensible.
• Everyone likes him for his handsome looks.
12. Lovely:- Very pleasant, wonderful and attractive.
• She has got an obsolutely lovely face.
• We travelled through some lovely countryside.
13. Pretty:-
i) Attractive without being very beautiful.
ii) Attractive and pleasant to look without being large, beautiful or impressive.
• You look so pretty in that dress.
• She has a pretty face.
14. Beautiful:-
Having beauty; giving pleasure to the senses or to the mind.
• The scenery here is so beautiful.
• She didn’t need make-up. She was naturally beautiful.
15. Attractive:-

i) Pleasant to look at.

ii) Pleasing or appealing to the senses
• They built a house with an attractive garden
• The little baby has attractive eyes.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE PLACES
16. Ancient:-
Belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past.
• Archaeologists are excavating the ruined ancient buildings.
• The ancient Buddhist temple is ringed around with hills.
17. Beautiful:-
i) Having beauty; giving pleasure to the senses or to the mind.
ii) Attractive
• What a beautiful place!
• I will show you our beautiful village.
18. Boring:-
Not interesting or exciting, making us feel tired and impatient
• This is a boring village.
• I don’t go to their house It’s a boring place for me.
19. Bustling:-
i) Full of busy activity.
ii) Full of people moving about busy way.
• They moved to the bustling city centre .
• It is a bustling market in our town.
20. Charming:- Very pleasant or attractive
• What a charming street this is!
• I visited a charming shopping mall in Bangalore.
21. Contemporary:- Belonging to the present time
• He is looking for a contemporary building that was built in the last five years.
• The old bridge is soon to be replaced by a contemporary bridge
22. Cosmopolitan:-
i) Place containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by
their culture. Ii) Having or showing a wide experience of people and things from
many different countries.
• Jamaica is a very cosmopolitan island.

• She liked the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the city.

23. Crowded:-
i) Having a lot of people or too many people, with little place or packed.
ii) Full of something.
• We walked through the crowded streets.
• London is very crowded.
24. Exciting:-
Causing great interest or excitement
• Paris was an exciting new world.
• We enjoyed in the exciting beach.
25. Famous:-
Known about by many people
• Lochness is probably the most famous in scottland.
• It’s the most famous restaurant in our city.
26. Fantastic:-
Extraordinarily good or attractive; excellent.
• Manchester is a fantastic place to live and work.
• We had a fantastic trip to Europe.
27. Fascinating:-
Extremely interesting and charming.
• It’s my fascinating place.
• Boston is a fascinating city, rich in history and tradition
28. Huge:-
Extremely large in size; very big
• Their house is absolutely huge.
• They arranged a huge ground for the meeting.
29. Lively :-
i) Full of life and energy; active and enthusiastic.
ii) Full of interest or excitement.
• Many people prefer a livelier resort such as Malia.
• The hotel is situated next to the lively bustling port.
30. Popular:-
Liked or admired by many people.
• The Taj mahal is a popular tourist destination in India.

• This area is immensely popular with number of tourists.
31. Polluted:-
i) Contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances.
ii) Affected by pollution.
• Don’t swim in that polluted river.
• Delhi was highly polluted.
32. Touristy:-
Attracting or designed to attract a lot of tourists.
• Jersey is the most touristy of the islands.
• The beach was touristy in summer.
33. Impressive:-
Making you admire them, because they are very large, good and interesting.
• It is an impressive building with a huge tower.
• The portico provides a suitably impressive entrance to the museum.
34. Cosy:-
i) Comfortable, warm and safe, especially in a small place.
ii) Make someone feel comfortable or complacent.
• We stopped in a cosy little café for a cup of tea.
• The room was cosy.
35. Narrow:-
Measuring a short distance from one side to the other, especially, in relation to length
• It was a narrow street.
• Stray dogs wander in the narrow lanes of the old town.
36. Wide:-
Measuring a large distance from one side to the other.
• The road was fairly wide.
• The river was too wide to swim across
37. Spacious:-
Large and with plenty of space for people to move around in.
• The rooms in this hotel are spacious and comfortable.
• The villa is surrounded by spacious garden
38. Conjusted:-
Crowded, full of traffic

• Many of Europe’s airports are heavily congested

• The city streets were congested with vehicles
39. Vibrant:-
Full of life and energy
• Thailand is at its most vibrant during the new year celebrations
• The room looks vibrant with bright painting and lighting.
40. Mystical:-
Having spiritual powers or qualities that are difficult to understand or to explain
• That was clearly a deep mystical cave.
• Mount kailash in china is the most mystical place.
41. Magical:-
Wonderful; extremely pleasant; has a special quality that makes it seem wonderful and
exciting
• The beautiful island of Cyprus is a magical place.
• The garden turns out to be a magical place full of surprises.
42. Compact:-
Smaller than usual (or) using or filling only a small amount of space.
• Edinburgh is a compact city.
• The car is surprisingly powerful and has a very compact engine.
43. Expensive:-
Costing a lot of money
• We went to an expensive restaurant.
• This is an expensive shopping mall.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE HAPPINESS

44. Elated:-
Very happy and excited because of something good that has happened or will happen.
• They were elated at the result.
• I was elated with the thrill of success.
45. Jubilant:-
Feeling or showing great happiness because of a success.
• The fans were jubilant about India’s victory.
• The jubilant fans lifted the players up on their shoulders.
46. Merry:-

Happy and Cheerful.

• It is good to be merry at meal.
• The joy of the heart makes the face merry.
47. Cheerful:-
Showing happiness by the way that you behave.
• You are in a cheerful mood.
• He is always a cheerful, hard working employee.
48. Jovial:-
Very cheerful and friendly with everybody.
• I like jovial people.
• He was in a jovial mood.
49. Joyful:-
Very happy, causing or making people to be happy.
• She gave a joyful laugh
• It was a joyful reunion of all the family.
50. Chipper:-
Cheerful and lively.
• She greeted me in a chipper voice
• You are looking chipper this morning.
51. Overjoyed:-
Extremely happy or pleased.
• He was overjoyed at my success.
• We are overjoyed by this decision.
52. Blissful:-
Extremely happy, full of joy.
• We spent a blissful holiday.
• A blissful bright smile was fixed on the baby’s broad face.
53. Joyous:-
Very happy, causing people to be happy, full of happiness and joy.
• The Astronaut was welcomed with joyous mood.
• This is truly a joyous time.
54. Pleased:-
Feeling happy and satisfied about something.
• You’re looking very pleased about something.

• I am not pleased with what you do.

Extreme happiness or pleased very much, very pleasant.
56. Hopeful:-
i) Showing hope.
ii) Believing that something you want will happen.
• I feel hopeful that a peaceful solution will be found.
• The police are hopeful of catching the thief.
57. Funny:-
Making you laugh.
• The movie is full of funny movements.
• You should have seen it. It was terribly funny.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE BODY SHAPES
58. Obese:-
Very fat, in a way that is not healthy.
• Obese patients are given dietary advice.
• She is grossly obese.
59. Stout:-
Fat, physically or mentally strong.
• He was a tall, stout man with grey hair.
• She’s growing rather stout
60. Stocky:-
i) Fairly short and has a body that is wide across the shoulders.
ii) Short with a strong, solid body.
• He was short and stocky, and had a thick neck.
• The man was described as short and stocky and very strong.
61. Paunchy:-
Having a fat stomach (especially of men)
• Mr. steed was middle aged and paunchy, with deep shadows under his eyes.
• He is tall and a bit paunchy.
62. Big boned:-
Having large bones, large but not fat.
• He is tall and big-boned.
• She was a tall woman and big-boned
63. Chubby (syn: plumpy):-

Slightly fat in a way that people usually find attractive.

• The baby has chubby cheeks.
• Look at his chubby little hands.
64. Slender: (syn: slim) (of people or their bodies)
Thin in an attractive way.
• She is a slender woman.
• Many girls always eat like a bird in order to be slender.
65. Lanky:-
Having long, thin arms and legs and not moving in an easy way.
• He was thin, lanky and pale skinned.
• A lanky boy was walking towards the class.
66. Petite:-
Attractively small and thin.
• She was dark and petite.
• She was fair-haired and petite.
67. Stooped:-
Having the head and shoulders habitually bent forwards.
• She is small and slightly stooped.
• The man was tall with stooped shoulders.
68. Lean:-
Without much fat, thin and fit.
• He was tall, lean and handsome.
• The man looked tall and lean in a dark suit.
69. Pot bellied:-
Having a fat, round stomach.
• Who’s that pot bellied man sitting over there?
• Middle- aged men tend to be pot bellied and bald.
70. Flabby:-
Fat, covered with soft, loose fat.
• He’s got soft and flabby since he gave up running.
• This exercise is useful for getting rid of flabby stomach.
71. Burly:- (Syn: Brawny)
Big, strong and heavy.
• The burly wrestler proudly stood on the stage with his championship belt.

• When he attemped to escape, a burly police officer had caught him.

72. Skinny:-
Very thin, especially in a way that you find unpleasant or ugly.
• He was such a skinny kid.
• She was a quite skinny little girl.
73. Well-built:-
i) Physically strong or attractive
ii) With a solid, strong body.
• The officer was tall and well-built young man.
• Have you seen here a huge, well built man!
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE SADNESS
74. Gloomy:-
Sad and without hope.
• They sat in gloomy silence.
• She looks very gloomy.
75. Depressed:-
Very sad and without hope.
• She felt very depressed about the future.
• He lapsed into depressed silence
76. Worried:-
Thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen again and
therefore feeling unhappy and afraid.
• She was worried about her son.
• We were really worried about your health.
77. Tensed:-
Nervous or worried and unable to relax.
• He’s very tensed.
• I was a little tensed and restless.
78. Anxious:-
Feeling or showing worry, nervousness or unease about something.
• She was extremely anxious about her results.
• The bus was late and Ravi began to get anxious.
79. Grief-stricken:-
Feeling extremely sad because of something that has happened, especially the death of

somebody.
• There was no way of consoling her grief-stricken family.
• The Queen was grief- stricken over his death.
80. Downcast:-
Sad or depressed
• A group of downcast men stood waiting for food.
• I thought you were looking a little downcast this morning.
81. Distressed:-
Very upset and anxious
• He was too distressed and confused to answer their questions.
• I am just a bit distressed.
82. Unhappy:-
i) Not happy, sad
ii) Not pleased or satisfied with somebody/ something.
• This story has an unhappy ending.
• They were unhappy with their accommodation.
83. Hopeless:-
There is no hope that it will get better or succeed.
• It’s hopeless trying to convince her.
• The situation seemed completely hopeless.
84. Disappointed:-
Sad or displeased because someone or something has failed to fulfil one’s hopes or
expectations.
• They were bitterly disappointed at the result of the game.
• I was very disappointed with my performance.
85. Sorrowful:-
Very sad, feeling or showing grief (Greif = sadness)
• She looked sorrowful and dejected.
• His face was anxious and sorrowful.
86. Miserable:-
i) Very unhappy (or) uncomfortable.
ii) Unfriendly and in a bad mood
• He had a miserable childhood.
• She sat feeling thoroughly miserable.

87. Pensive:-
Thinking deeply about something, especially because you are sad (or) worried.
• She sat with a pensive expression on her face.
• The teacher is in pensive mood.
88. Agonized:-
Suffering or expressing severe pain or worry.
• She gave an agonized cry.
• He is in an agonized mood.
89. Mournful:-
Very sad, expressing regret (or) grief.
• We couldn’t bear the mournful look on her face.
• She sighed and looked mournful.
90. Heavy hearted:-
Feeling depressed.
• The king and Queen were heavy-hearted
• He saw a heavy hearted old woman at bus-station.
91. Heart broken:-
Suffering from over whelming distress
• The sad past is heart broken.
• Amy was heartbroken, when her puppy was lost.
92. Oppressed:-
Treated in a cruel and unfair way.
• I felt I was truly oppressed.
• The talented artist was oppressed.
93. Regretful:-
Feeling or showing that you are sad and disappointed.
• Mr. Rao is regretful for what he had done.
• Mr. Tom gave a regretful smile
94. Upset:-
Unhappy (or) disappointed because of something unpleasant that has happened.
• I was upset at missing all the excitement.
• She was upset with his behaviour.
95. Woeful:-

i) Very bad (or) serious

ii) Very sad
• She was looking very woeful.
• They displayed woeful ignorance of the safety rules.
96. Aggrieved:-
Feeling that you have been treated unfairly.
• The villagers felt deeply aggrieved by the closing of the railway station.
• He felt aggrieved at not being chosen for the team.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE SIZE/QUANTITY
97. Colossal:- Extremely large
• There is a colossal statue of Lord Hanuma.
• There are many colossal buildings in the city.
98. Gigantic:- Enormous, large.
• The bomb caused a gigantic explosion.
• He lives in a gigantic house.
Very large, ugly and frithtening
• His bearded face was monstrous in the gas light.
• The monstrous elephant trampled through the jungle crushing everything in its
path.
100. Mammoth:- Extremely large, very big in size
• The mammoth sized elephant wrapped his massive trunk around a tree.
• We saw a mammoth parrot.
101. Massive:-
Very big, very large, heavy and solid, serious.
• The massive walls of the castle are very strong.
• The explosion made a massive hole in the ground.
102. Immense:- Extremely large or great
• It is a project of immense importance.
• There is still an immense amount of work to be done.
103. Microscopic:-
Extremely small and difficult or impossible to see without a microscopic.
• The problems could be caused by microscopic organisms called blue-green
algae.
• There is a microscopic crack in the diamond.

104. Miniature:-
Very small, much smaller than usual.
• It looks like a miniature version of James Bond’s car.
• The child was playing with his miniature train.
105. Puny:-
Small and weak, not very impressive.
• He is a rather puny man.
• The plane made the others look puny.
106. Scrawny:-
Very thin in a way that is not attractive.
• He had long scrawny fingers.
• There were a few scrawny chickens in the yard.
107. Fat:-
(of a person’s or an animal body) Having too much flesh on it and weighing too much.
• I was sitting next to a big fat man
• Try to cut the foods that make you fat.
108. Huge:-
Extremely large in size or amount, great in degree.
• My friend’s house is absolutely huge.
• Huge amounts of data were lost.
109. Great:-
Very large, much bigger than average in size or quantity.
• A great crowd had gathered.
• There was a great big pile of books on the table.
110. Big:-
Large in size, degree, amount etc.
• Is this shirt big enough?
• They are constructing a big house.
111. Little:-
Not big, small, smaller than others.
• It was a tiny little room.
• We plucked some pretty little roses.
112. Large:-
i) Big in size or quantity.

ii) To describe sizes of clothes, food, products used in the house etc.
• Do you have these jeans in a larger size?
• That’s too large to fit in my suitcase.
113. Short:-
Measuring or covering a small length or distance, or a smaller length or distance than
usual.
• He had short curly hair.
• This girl is shorter than her brother.
114. Small:-
Not large in size, number, degree, amount etc.
• We live in a small town.
• He is too small for his age.
115. Tall:-
i) Having a greater height than average height.
ii) Used to describe the height of somebody/ something.
• How tall are you?
• He has grown taller since I last saw him.
116. Teeny:-
Very small
• He just gave me a teeny slice of cake.
• There was a teeny problem.
117. Long:-
Measuring or covering a great length or distance, or a greater length or distance than
usual.
• She had long dark hair.
• It was the world’s longest bridge.
118. Tiny:-
Very small in size or amount
• What a cute tiny baby!
• Don’t kill that tiny creature.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE ANGER
119. Annoyed:-
Slightly angry
• I was a bit annoyed with him.

• She was annoyed with her brother’s behaviour.

120. Furious:-
Extremely angry in an uncontrollable way.
• I am still furious with him.
• Don’t be furious at small issues.
121. Cross:-
Annoyed or quite angry.
• I was cross with him for being late.
• Please don’t get cross. Let me explain.
122. Irritated:-
Slightly annoyed or angry.
• She was getting more and more irritated at his comments.
• He was slightly irritated by her forgetfulness.
123. Fed up:-
Bored or unhappy, especially with a situation that has continued for too long.
• You look fed up, what’s the matter?
• People are fed up with all these traffic jams.
Feeling upset, annoyed or not satisfied.
• Are you displeased with my work?
• She was displeased at her daughter’s behaviour.
125. Resentful:-
Feeling bitter or angry about something that you think is unfair.
• She was resentful at having been left out of the team.
• They were resentful of the fact that they had to work such long hours.
126. Frustrated:-
Feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want.
• She was rather frustrated with continuous problems.
• We were frustrated by the long delays.
126. Impatient:-
Annoyed by somebody/ something, especially because you have to wait for a long time.
• I have been waiting for two hours and I was getting impatient.
• The children were growing impatient.
127. Sulky:-
In a bad mood or not speaking because you are angry about something.

• He put on a sulky expression.

• Katherine is in a sulky silence.
128. Bad tempered:-
i) Often angry, in an angry mood.
ii) Easily annoyed or made angry.
• She gets very bad tempered when she’s tired.
• Her husband was a bad tempered man.
129. Belligerent:
i) Hostile and aggressive (Hostile: Unfreindly and ready to argue or fight)
ii) Aggressive and unfriendly (aggressive = very angry)
• He is always very belligerent towards me.
• She had a belligerent aspect.
130. Bitter:-
Very serious and unpleasant, with a lot of anger and hate involved.
• I felt very bitter towards them.
• She is very bitter about losing her job.
131. Desperated:-
Feeling or showing a hopeless sense that a situation is so bad as to be impossible to deal
with.
• She had a desperate longing to go back
• Encourage that desperated woman.
132. Mad:-
Without thought or control, wild and excited very angry.
• He got mad and walked out.
• That noise is driving me mad.
133. Vexed:-
Upset or annoyed
• Are you vexed with me?
• She was vexed that I was late.
ADJECTIVES RELATED TO BOLDNESS
134. Brave:
Not afraid, willing to do things that are difficult, dangerous or painful.
• She is incredibly brave.
• The soldier is very brave.

135. Adventurous:-
i) Willing to take risks and try new ideas.
ii) Enjoying being in new exciting experience, brave.
• I can never forget that adventurous journey.
• He is an adventurous person by nature.
136. Courageous:-
i) Showing courage.
ii) Not afraid of danger or pain; brave.
• He is a very resourceful and courageous person.
• A courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend.
137. Daring:-
Very brave, willing to do dangerous, unusual things, involving danger or taking risks.
• He had grown more daring.
• He is daring enough to accept the challenge.
138. Fearless:- Not afraid, in a way that people admire.
• He is a fearless mountaineer.
• My friend is fearless and full of energy.
139. Heroic:-
Showing extreme courage and admired by many people.
• The two heroic sisters quickly headed off the panic striken ox.
• He has a heroic nature.
140. Confident:-
Feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful.
• She gradually grew more confident.
• I’m very confident in our ability to maintain leadership.
141. Dauntless:-
Not easily frightened or stopped from doing something difficult.
• They are dauntless soldiers.
• He is a dauntless aviator.
142. Strong:-
i) Having a lot of physical power.
ii) Having a powerful effect on the body or mind.
• She is mentally and physically strong.
• He’s strong enough to lift a car.

143. Powerful:-
i) (of people) being able to control and influence people and events.
ii) Having a strong effect on your thoughts, feelings etc.,
• He is a rich and powerful man.
• They are locally powerful land owners.
144. Bold:-
Brave and confident, not afraid to say what you feel or to take risks.
• He was a bold and fearless warrior.
• Fortune favours the bold people.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE CLEVERNESS
145. Intelligent:-
Good at learning, understanding and thinking in a logical way about things.
• She is clearly an intelligent.
• He asked many intelligent questions.
146. Bright:-
Intelligent, quick to learn.
• Ramya is the brightest student in the class.
• He is really a bright child.
147. Smart:-
Having or showing a quick-witted intelligence; clever.
• She is not smart enough to understand computers.
• Maddy’s teacher says that she’s one of the smartest kids in the class.
148. Brilliant:-
Exceptionally clever or talented, impressive, very intelligent or showing a lot of skill.
• He’s a brilliant young scientist.
• She’s brilliant at mathematics.
149. Talented:-
Having a natural ability to do something well.
• Some of these young musicians are incredibly talented.
• Suneetha is an extremely talented singer.
150. Gifted:-
With a lot of natural skill, ability or intelligence.
• He is very gifted at Maths.
• They are academically gifted children.

151. Capable:-
Having the ability or qualities necessary for doing something well.
• Sheela is a very capable trainer.
• Employees who prove themselves to be capable will usually get promoted.
152. Wise:-
Able to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and
knowledge that you have.
• He is the wisest man in the court.
• Let us consult our wise grandfather for suggestion.
153. Genius:-
Showing unusually great intelligence, skill or artistic ability, with great intelligence.
• He is a genius boy.
• She gave a genius idea.
154. Precocious:-
Having developed particular abilities and ways of behaving at a much younger age than
usual.
• From an early age she displayed a precocious talent for music.
• He is a precocious child who started her acting career at the age of 5.
155. Sharp:-
Quick to notice or understand things or to react. (of people of their minds, eyes, etc)
• Her mind is very sharp.
• Teena is sharper than her brother.
156. Skilful:-
i) Having or showing skill.
ii) Good at doing something especially something that needs a particular ability or special
training.
• I became skilful at drawing.
• That was a skilful operation.
157. Expert:- (syn: Master hand)
Having or involving great knowledge or skill.
• We need some expert singers.
• She has expert knowledge of child Psychology.
158. Resourceful:-
Good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems, etc.

• These women were strong and resourceful.

• She is a very resourceful manager.
159. Shrewd:-
i) Clever at understanding and making judgements about a situation.
ii) Showing good judgement and likely to be right.
• Mr. Janardhan is a shrewed businessman.
• She is a shrewd judge of character.
160. Savvy:-
Having practical knowledge and understanding of something, having common sense.
• My mom is a savvy shopper.
• He is very savvy investor.
161. Sensible:-
Able to make good judgements based on reason and experience rather than emotion;
practical.
• I think that’s a very sensible idea.
• She’s is a sensible sort of person.
162. Apt:-
Suitable or appropriate in the circumstances.
• The song would have been more apt for a base voice.
• You have taken an apt decision.
163. Keen:-
i) Enthusiastic about an activity or idea etc.
ii) Want to do something very much.
• John was very keen to write the test.
• Reema is keen to participate in the quiz.
164. Trained:-
Having been taught a particular skill or type of behaviour through practice and instruction
over a period of time.
• He is a trained pilot.
• Is she a trained nurse?
165. Witted:-
Having wit (wit: Intelligence)
• He is lively and quick-witted despite his age.
• Brady is witted and articulate.

166. Inventive:-
Able to think of new and interesting ideas.
• She has a highly inventive mind.
• His radio show is funny and inventive every day.
• He is an inventive writer.
• Her son is an inventive film director.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE QUANTITY/NUMBER
167. Substantial:-
Large in amount.
• The merchant had substantial stock of goods.
• He ate a substantial breakfast.
168. Abundant:- (Syn: Plentiful)
Existing in large qualities, more than enough.
• There are abundant fish in this lake.
• Our country is abundant in minerals.
169. Considerable:-
i) Notably large in size, amount, or extent.
ii) Great in amount size, importance etc.
• The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
• It was a considerable damage.
170. Bountiful:-
In large quantities, large.
• My mother prepared a bountiful feast that could have easily fed a hundred
people.
• We found a bountiful supply of coconuts on the Island.
171. Innumerable:-
Too many to be counted many
• Innumerable books have been written on the subject.
• The project has been delayed by innumerable problems.
172. Extensive:-
i) Covering a large area, great in amount.
ii) Including or dealing with a wide range of information.
• Her knowledge of music is extensive.
• He has extensive experience in computers.

173. Enormous:-
i) Extremely large
ii) Very large in size, quantity or extent.
• Their house is absolutely enormous!
• Germany produced enormous quantities of coal, iron and steel.
174. Measurable:-
i) That can be measured
ii) Able to be measured
• Both leaders seemed to expect measurable progress.
• Pain and suffering are not measurable.
175. Enough:- (Syn: Sufficient):-
As much as is necessary; in the amount or to the degree needed.
• Do you have enough courage to talk to him?
• There is enough food for all of us.
176. Large:-
Big in size or quantity.
• The plant has grown quite large.
• I grew up in a large family.
177. Great:-
i) Much more than average in degree or quantity.
ii) Very large
• This is a matter of great importance.
• He took great care of the old man.
178. High:-
i) Greater or better than normal in quantity or quality, size or degree.
ii) Containing a lot of a particular substance.
• Oranges are high in Vitamin – C.
• She has high knowledge in Sanskrit knowledge.
179. Countless:-
Very many; too many to be counted or mentioned.
• I’ ve warned her countless times.
• The sky was set with countless stars.
180. Heavy:-
i) More than usual in amount, degree etc.

ii) Large and solid, thick.

• There was heavy fighting in the capital last night.
• These was a heavy rain yesterday.
181. Plenty:-
A large amount, as much or as many as you need;
• There’s plenty of milk in the fridge.
• We had plenty to talk about.
182. Infinite:-
i) Without limits, without end.
ii) Very great, impossible to measure.
• We can see infinite variety of shades and designs here.
• You need Infinite patience for this job.
183. Immeasurable:-
Too large, great, etc to be measured.
• Her contribution was of immeasurable importance.
• The war has caused immeasurable damage.
184. Little:-
Not big; small,smaller than others
• It is a lovely little village.
• I was a little bit afraid.
185. Few:-
A small number, Not many
• Few people understand the difference.
• I need to buy few things here
186. Some:-
i) A small amount or number of something.
ii) Used with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns to mean “an amount
of”
or “a number of” when the amount or number is not given.
• I want to have some tea.
• She asked him some questions but he refused to answer.
187. Less:-
Used with uncountable nouns to mean “a small amount of”

• We have less time to complete the work.

• She finished the test in less time than her classmates.
188. Many (Used with plural nouns)
“A large number of “
• How many students are there in the class?
• We don’t have many copies.
189. Much:-
A great amount or quality.
• She doesn’t eat much.
• We don’t have much to spend now.
190. More:-
A greater or additional amount or degree of something.
• I want some more coffee.
• She spends more time alone in her room.
191. Vast:-
Extremely large in area, size, amount etc.
• She writes on a vast range of subjects.
• He has vast knowledge in financial management.
192. Bulk:-
The large size or quantity or number of something.
• The company has got bulk orders.
• It’s cheaper to buy in bulk.
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE DANGER
193. Dangerous:-
i) Likely to injure or harm somebody, or to damage or destroy something.
ii) Likely to cause problems or have a bad result.
• The situation is extremely dangerous.
• Fog and ice are making the roads very dangerous.
194. Deadly:-
i) Causing or likely to cause death
ii) Extreme, complete
• The Cobra is one of the world’s deadliest snakes.
• The missile found its target with deadly accuracy.
195. Unsafe:-

i) Not safe, dangerous

ii) In danger of being harmed
iii) Based on evidence that may be false or is not good enough.
• The roof was declared unsafe.
• He felt unsafe and alone.
196. Fatal:-
i) Causing or endling in death.
ii) Causing disaster or failure.
• The disease is potentially fatal.
• They were involved in a fatal accident.
197. Critical:-
Serious, Uncertain and possibly dangerous.
• The first 24 hours after the operation are the most critical.
• He’s at a critical point in his life.
198. Risky:-
Involving the possibility of something bad happening, dangerous.
• It is a risky decision.
• That was a risky operation.
199. Serious:- Bad or dangerous
• She is in a serious financial trouble.
• This situation could be very serious for her.
200. Insecure:-
Not safe or protected; Not confident about yourself.
• He is very insecure about his future.
• She felt nervous and insecure.
201. Vulnerable:-
Weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally.
• She is very sensitive and rather vulnerable.
• You must try not to appear vulnerable.
202. Hazardous:-
Involving risk or danger; especially to somebody’s health or safety.
• These toys may be hazardous to children.
• These chemicals are hazardous.
203. Harmful:-

Causing damage or injury to somebody/something, especially to a person’s health or to

the environment.
• Fruit Juices can be harmful for children’s teeth.
• These pesticides are harmful for environment.
Causing or likely to cause harm or damage.
• The frost is injurious to the plants.
• Self medication is injurious.
204. Poisonous:-
i) Extremely unpleasant or unfriendly.
ii) Causing death or illness.
• They are facing poisonous atmosphere in the office.
• Don’t follow his poisonous words.
205. Wicked:-
Dangerous, harmful, morally bad
• I read a story about a wicked witch.
• It is a wicked deed.

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I CAN SPEAK ENGLISH SENIOR COURSE

Ways to Say Hello and Goodbye

Ways to Ask How Someone Is

Ways to Say “Thank You”

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 1

Ways to Respond to “Thank You”

Phrases for Apologizing

Ways to Respond to an Apology

Phrases for Introductions

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 2

Ways to End a Conversation Politely

Phrases for Telephone Calls

Phrases for Asking for Information

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 3

Phrases for Agreeing

Phrases for Disagreeing

Phrases for Responding to Bad News

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 4

Phrases for Invitations

Ways to Make & Respond to an Offer

Phrases for Talking About Future Plans

Phrases for Asking / Talking about Jobs

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 5

Ways to Talk about Likes & Dislikes

Ways to Make a Suggestion

Phrases for Describing Relationships

Ways to Ask for Help

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 6

Ways to Check if the Other Person Understands You

Ways to Ask Someone Else to Do Something

Ways to Interrupt Someone

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 7

Ways to Encourage Someone

Phrases for Remembering, Reminding, & Forgetting

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 8

Phrases for Complaining

Expressions about Age

Phrases for Shopping

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 9

Phrases for Talking about Food

Phrases for Talking About TV

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 10

Ways to Talk About Price

Phrases for Hot Weather

Phrases for Talking about Rain

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 11

Ways to Say You’re Tired

Excuses for Being Late

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 12

Ways to Say Someone is Wrong

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 13

Ways to Say Someone’s Talented

Phrases for Telling Someone to Wait

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 14

Phrases for Estimating & Guessing

Phrases for Good Luck & Bad Luck

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 15

• That was a stroke of luck. • He’s down on his luck.

Phrases for Decisions

Phrases for Worries & Relief

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 16

Phrases for Talking about the Future

KIDDY’S ROOTS GLOBAL SCHOOLS Page 17

Ways to Say Something isInteresting / Boring