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 Copyright © 2020 by Caleb
Warnock
All rights reserved.
Published by Familius LLC,
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PO Box 1249 Reedley 93654
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Inherent dangers existReproduction
when ingesting of wild
this book
plants.
in The
any
manner,
materialin whole
in this or
book
in part,
is presented
without for
written
general
permission
information
of the
purposes only. Thepublisher
publisherisand
prohibited.
author accept no liability of
Special
any kind. thanks to theofWashington
Any application Department
the information in this book is
at of
theEcology for the use
sole discretion and of their image of Typha
responsibility the user.
Library of Congress glauca.
Control Number:
2019953190
Print ISBN 9781641702423
Ebook ISBN 9781641702829
Printed in China
Edited by Peg Sandkam and Kaylee Mason
Cover design by Carlos Guerrero
Book design by Emma Hiatt
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
CALEB
WA R N O C K
 CONTE
NTS
Welcome to the World of Wild Foods
.............................................................1
PART ONE : THE
PL ANTStheophrasti 25 Barbarea
1 Abutilon
26 Barbarea
Species
2 Acer negundo (box elder
(velvetleaf)
vulgaris (garden
3 Achillea millefolium (Western
maple) 27 Barbarea orthoceras
yellowrocket)
4 Aegilops cylindrica (jointed
yarrow)
5 Agastache foeniculum (American
goatgrass) 28 Brassica
(blue giant hyssop) yellowrocket)
29 Brassica
Species juncea
6 Amaranthus 30 Brassica napus
(brown mustard)
7 Amaranthus
Species albus 31 Brassica nigra
(grape mustard)
8 Amaranthus blitoides
(tumble pigweed) 32 Brassica rapa
(black mustard)
(mat amaranth,
Amaranthus
9 prostrate hybridus 33 Bromus
pigweed)
(field mustard)
10 Amaranthus 34 Bromus
Speciesjaponicus
(slim amaranth)
powellii (Powell’s (Japanese brome,
11 Amaranthus retrofl 35 Bromus secalinus
amaranth) field brome)
exus (redroot 36 Bromus tectorum
(cheat, rye brome)
12 Amaranthus
pigweed, redroot (downy brome, cheat
37 Calypso bulbosa
tuberculatus
13 Amelanchier
amaranth) grass) slipper)
38 Calystegia
(fairy sepium
(roughfruit amaranth)
alnifolia (Saskatoon 39 Camelina
(hedge bindweed)
14 Arctium minus
serviceberry) 40 Camelina
Species microcarpa
15 Argentina anserina
(lesser burdock)
(lesser gold of
(silverweed 41 Camelina sativa
16 Artemisia frigida pleasure)
cinquefoil) 42 Campanula
(gold of pleasure)
17 Asclepias
(fringed sagebrush)
18 Asclepias rapunculoides
Species incarnata 43 Capsella bursa-
19 Asclepias syriaca
(swamp milkweed) (creeping bellflower)
pastoris (shepherd’s
44 Cardamine pensylvanica
20 Asclepias
(common milkweed)
purse)
(Pennsylvania
verticillata
21 Asclepias viridifl ora 45 Cardaria draba
(whorled bittercress)
(green comet 46 Carduus
(whitetop,nutans
hoary cress)
22 Avena
milkweed) 47 Carum
milkweed) (musk carvi
thistle)
23 Avena
Speciesfatua 48 Celtis occidentalis
(common caraway)
24 Avena sativa
(wild oat) 49 Cenchrus
(hackberries)
(common oat) longispinus
(longspine sandbur)
 82 Cyperus schweinitzii
50 Centaurea cyanus
51 Chamerion Species (Schweinitz’s
(garden cornflower) 83 Cyperus
52 Chamerion flatsedge)
squarrosus
53 Chamerion (fireweed)
angustifolium latifolium 84 Daucus carota (wild
Chenopodium (bearded
54
(dwarf fireweed) Species
55 Chenopodium album 85 Descurainia Species
carrot)
flatsedge)
86 Descurainia pinnata
(lamb’s-quarters, wild (Western tansy
56 Chenopodium 87 Descurainia sophia
spinach) mustard)
berlandieri (goosefoot, (flixweed, herb
57 Chenopodium
netseed lamb’s- Digitaria sanguinalis
sophia)
88
murale (nettleleaf
quarters)
Chorispora tenella
58goosefoot) 89 Elaeagnus
(hairy crabgrass)
Cichorium
(blue
59 mustard)intybus 90 Elaeagnus angustifolia
Species
Cirsium Species
(chicory)
60 91 Elaeagnus
(Russian olive)commutata
61 Cirsium arvense
92 Eleusine
(silverberry) indica
62 Cirsium vulgare 93 Elymus repens (harsh
(Canada thistle) (goosegrass)
(common thistle, bull Indian paintbrush)
63 Cleome serrulata (Rocky
thistle) 94 Equisetum
Mountain bee plant) 95 Equisetum arvense
Species
96 Equisetum
64 Convolvulus arvensis
(horsetail grass)
65 Conyza
(field canadensis
bindweed) laevigatum (smooth
Cornus 97 Equisetum hyemale
(horseweed)
66 horsetail)
Species canadensis
67 Cornus (scouringrush
98 Equisetum
Cornusdogwood)
(creeping
68 sericea horsetail)
pratense
99 Equisetum
(meadow
Corylus
(Western
69 cornuta
dogwood)
70 Crataegus horsetail) (dwarf
scirpoides
(beaked hazelnut)
71 Crataegus chrysocarpa 100 Equisetum variegatum
Species scouringrush)
(redCrataegus
72 haw tree)succulenta (variegated
101 Erodium cicutarium
Crepis
(fleshy
73 hawthorn) scouringrush)
(redstem filaree, stork’s
74 Crepis capillaris
Species 102 Fragaria
Crepishawksbeard)
nana (dwarf bill)
103 Fragaria
75
(smooth
76 Cycloloma Species vesca
alpine hawksbeard) (woodland, alpine, or
atriplicifolium 104 Fragaria virginiana
77 Cynoglossum officinale wild strawberry)
(winged pigweed) (Virginia
(houndstongue, 105 Galium aparine
Cypernus
78gypsyflower) strawberry)
106 Gaultheria hispidula
(cleavers, goosegrass)
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Species
79
(creeping
Cyperus
(redroot
80 esculentus
flatsedge) 107 Geranium bicknellii
Cyperus odoratus snowberry)
(yellow
81 nutsedge) (Bicknell’s
(fragrant flatsedge) cranesbill)
 108 Helianthus 138 Morus alba (white
109 Helianthus annuus
Species 139 Nasturtium officinale
mulberry)
(common 140 Opuntia Species
(watercress)
110 Helianthus
sunflower)maximiliani 141 Opuntia humifusa
(Maximilian Opuntia
(devil’s
142 tongue)
sunflower)
111 Helianthus pauciflorus 143 Oxalis
(prickly Species
pear)
Helianthus petiolaris 144 Oxalis corniculata
(stiff sunflower)
112
113 Helianthus tuberosus (creeping
(prairie sunflower)
(sunchokes, Oxalis stricta (yellow
145woodsorrel)
Hibiscus trionum
114Jerusalem artichoke) 147 146 Panicum Species
woodsorrel)
115 Hordeum jubatum Panicum
(Venice mallow)
(foxtail barley, dichotomiflorum
148 Panicum miliaceum
Juglans nigra
116squirrel-tail grass) (fall panicum)
Kochia
(black
117 scoparia
walnut) (wild-proso millet)
118 Lactuca pulchella 149 Phragmites australis
(kochia)
150 Physalis Species
(common
(blueLamium
119 lettuce)Species 151 Physalisreed)
120 Lamium
heterophylla
Lamium purpureum
amplexicaule
121 (henbit) 152 Physalis longifolia
122 Lathyrus latifolius (clammy
(purple dead nettle) (longleaf
(everlasting peavine, groundcherry)
Plantain Species
123 Lepidium perfoliatum 153groundcherry)
wild sweet pea) 154 Plantago lanceolata
(clasping (narrowleaf
Lolium perenne
124pepperweed)
Plantago major
155plantain)
125 Lycium
(Italian barbarum
ryegrass)
126 Lythrum salicaria (purple 156 Polygonum
(broadleaf Species
plantain)
(gojiberry, wolfberry) 157 Polygonum
loosestrife, purple
amphibium (willow
Malus domestica
127lythrum) 158 Polygonum
128 Malvaapple)
neglecta grass, water
(common arenastrum (small-
Matricaria
(common
129 discoidea
mallow) knotweed)
leafed knotweed,
159 Polygonum
Burclover
(pineapple
130 Species
weed) oval-leaf
cuspidatum knotweed)
(Japanese
131 Medicago lupulina 160 Polygonum
132 Medicago knotweed)
(black medic) lapathifolium
polymorpha (snooth 161 Polypogon
(curlytop knotweed)
monspeliensis
133hawksbeard)
Medicago sativa
162 Polygonum
(rabbitfoot
134 Sweetclover
(alfalfa) polypogon)
persicaria (spotted
135 Melilotus albus (white163 Portulaca
Species oleracea
136 Melilotus
sweetclover) indicas (Indian ladysthumb)
(common
137 Melilotus officinalis
sweetclover) Prunus Species
164purslane)
(yellow sweetclover)
165 Prunus americana 195 Sagittaria cuneata
(American wild (wapato,
166 Prunus pumila 196 Salsola tragus
plum) persica arumleaf,
197 Sambucus
167 Prunus
(sandcherry) (Russian thistle)
168 Prunus arrowhead)
(peach)serotina 198 Sambucus
Species nigra (blue
169 Prunus virginiana 199 Sambucus
(black cherry) elderberry) racemosa
(Western 200 Secale cereale
(red elderberry)
170 Additional Prunus 201 Setaria pumila
chokecherry, (cereal rye)
171 Pyrus communis
Species 202 Sowthistle
black (yellow foxtail)
172 Raphanus
(common pear) 203 Sonchus
Species arvensis
chokecherry)
173 Raphanus
Species 204 Sonchus asper (spiny
(sowthistle)
raphanistrum (wild 205 Sonchus oleraceus
sowthistle)
174 Raphanus sativus
radish) 206 Sorbus scopulina
(common sowthistle)
175 Rhus glabra
(garden radish)
176 Ribes (European mountain
(smooth sumac) 207 Sorghum
177 Ribes aureum
Species ash)
208 Sorghum
Species bicolor (wild
178 Ribes americanum
(golden currant) 209 Sorghum halepense
grain sorghum)
(American black 210 Stellaria media
(johnsongrass)
179 Ribes lacustre (prickly
currant) Ribes 211 Taraxacum
180 Additional (chickweed) officinale
black currant)
181 Rose
Species (common
212 Thlaspi arvense (field
182 Rosa rubiginosa
Species dandelion)
213 Tragopogon
pennycress)
183 Rosa woodsiirose) 214 Tragopogon
(sweetbriar dubius
Species
184 Rubus
(Western wild rose) 215 Tragopogon pratensis
(yellow salsify)
185 Rubus
Speciesflagellaris (goat’s beard, meadow
(Northern 216 Tragopogon
salsify)
186 Rubus allegheniensis217 Trifolium
dewberry) porrifolius (salsify)
(allegheny 218 Trifolium
Species hybridum
187 Rubus armeniacus
blackberry) 219 Trifolium incarnatum
(alsike clover)
(Himalayan
188 Rubus idaeus (wild 220 Trifolium
(crimson repens
clover)(white
blackberry)
189 Rubus clover, Dutch clover)
raspberries) 221 Trifolium pratense
occidentalis 222 Additional
190 Additional Rubus (red clover)
(black
191 Rumex 223 Typha
Trifolium Species
Species
raspberries)
192 Rumex
Speciesacetosella 224 Typha
Speciesangustifolia
193 Rumex
(sheepcrispus
sorrel) 225 Typha glaucacattail)
(narrowleaf
(curly dock, yellow 226 Typha
(hybridlatifolia
cattail)
194 Rumex
dock) obtusifolius 227 Urtica dioica
(broadleaf cattail)
(broadleaf dock) (stinging nettle)
228 Vaccinium Species
229 Addtional
(blueberries)
230 Viola canadensis
Vaccinium Species
(Canadian white
231 Vitus
violet)
232 Vitis aestivalis
Species
233 Vitis riparia
(summer grape)
234 Addtional
(riverbankVitis
rape)
Species
PART TWO:
USEFUL
235 Important for
236 Wild
FoodEdibles
Value I
LISTS,
237 Fruits &
AND
Eat Most
Q&A
238 Significant
Berries Grains
239 Nuts
& Seeds
240 Significant Roots
241 Trees / Shrubs /
& Tubers
242 Poisons
Bushes
243 Questions and
Answers
 INTRODUCTION:
WELCOME TO
THE WORLD OF
WILD FOODS!
A s I write this introduction, I am at Cecret Lake, a
crystal-clear alpine pool atand 10,000-foot elevation
slow-moving tiger salamanders surrounded by
hundreds in the Rocky Mountains.
of species of wild flowers The and icy water is
wild edibles.
The hike populated
here is likewithwalking down one long aisle in
Mother Nature’s grocery store—berries, grains, seeds,
flowers. It takes me awhile to arrive at the lake because
In about
I taste my way ten up
days,theittrail.
willSeveral
be time species
to makeof
serviceberry
honeysuckle jam once
berries again
burst with because
juice in themy mountains
mouth. The will
be teeming withare
thimbleberries trees loaded
delicate and with millions
better than any of sweet
berry in
purple
any store.candy drops.
Seeing meThe elderberries
picking and eating, are just ripening. I
an older
will
couplebe stops
making to elderberry
ask me if I jam, knowsyrup, whereand thetinctures
wild
from the berries
raspberries and leaves,
are. They haven’tasnoticed well asthey freezing whole
are standing
I
fresh eat wild
berries edibles
and drying almost every
othertwo day
batches of
of ofthe year,
berries for
less than ten feet away from species
wherever
winter I go—locally,
use. There are plentyacross the
of ripe country, and across
serviceberries, which are among myedible
favorite wildflowers
berries of
the
to globe. I have eaten wild purslane in Portugal, happy
alltaste—fireweed,
time. mountain geranium, several species
to
of see
To make
its cheerful
onions. sure greens
Salad I yellow
have aare supply
flowers. ofI clean,
have eaten
everywhere—nettle, organic wildwild
German
foods available
dandelions, chamomile when
cress, atI the
fireweedwant German
them, IEven
leaves. border.
growthe wild
I eat edibles
cattails
extensively
in my in
lower garden
theout spring,
of my
canyon summer,
backyard
have and
not become andfall,my and
farm
fibrous infields,
my The
yet. in
the
geothermal
deep desert,
gooseberries greenhouses
andtheir
have in the inyards
winter—and
stripes ofthey
but students, notstill
are just
clients,
for a
green,
and Globally,
eating,
friends.
because roughly
asaway 10
you from percent
will see of all plants
in these pages, aretheya few
couple
consideredof weeks
edible. Archeology harvesting.
and written There are
history
have
last other valuable
cleavers of the uses too.
season in I have
the shade tackled
of the full have
a aspens.
proven
discussion repeatedly
of how that most ifand
and when notwhat
all ofherbs this 10 percent
to use as
was widely
Mostmedicine
natural eaten
books oninwildat some point.
edibles
another book, Since
focus
buton the
I do advent
greens. of
I on
highlight
industrialization,
wanted
these pages book the
this some to
of be number
the the of
inmost species
running
important forwe theeat
and has
most
popular
fallen
As dramatically.
a permaculture
comprehensive
medicinal herbs,book Knowledge
expert,
on
berries, wild Iedibles
and roots do
ofproperty
what
that everIisuse
edible—
printed—a
regularly.
knowledge
consultations,
book ourvisiting
that could ancestors
be usedpeople’s three
for generations
homes toSalad
generations. help
agothem
held
greens
deeply—has
design
are great,thebutbest
slipped
gardens
roots away
and andwith
grains landscapes
astonishing
and seedsfor andtheir
speed.
nutsspecific
are
needs. I eat “weeds” at almost every home I visit. I
sustenance.
and acceptable and wonderful to eat wild. For
most people, this simple matter of having
permission from someone is key. Not long ago, a
“I was hoping you would say that,” I said,
client—a woman and her children— walked me
picking a handful of purslane. The flavor, I
through their garden, abandoned to weeds. I asked
explained as I munched, is like crunchy romaine
about “Doheryou eat like
goals. Onethisgoal, a lot?” she asked,
she said, smiling
was backyard
lettuce with a built-in lemon vinaigrette. I also
at the
greens lemony sensation.
for smoothies.
Introducing people to “You are going to
the vitamin-rich,
picked wild spinach (lamb’s-quarters), flixweed,
outlive us all.” flavorful organic greens, which
nutrient-dense,
clover, and others. She and the kids followed my
cost
lead,nothing
pickingand andare already growing at their
eating.
doorstep, has given me a lot of pleasure over the
years. On another occasion, a young family hired
meI’m also pleased
to assess the yardwhen no one
of their newishomeimpressed
in the
when
desert.I As feast
weonwalked
wild foods. On several
the property, occasions
I picked and
Iate
have beguna to
roughly eat aweed
dozen “weed” in a client’s
species, explainingyard,
hoping
each. forhusband
The a reaction
Occasionally, of delight
mytasted
efforts them and A couple
backfire.
tentatively. Later,
astonishment,
in a crowded
years ago, I took only
class Itowas
a group be teaching,
told, “Oh the
of people yeah,
intoman wetold
the eat
Great
that
Basin inDesert
our green
my students, “This smoothies
to explore
guy came every
a cave. morning.”
outWhen
to mywe houseAnd and
sometimes
just started
finished, weclients
eating
decided even
the introduce
toweeds.
go wildwalk
onIacouldn’t
short edibles
to atoit
believe
me Only half
thatnow paying
I didn’t know attention,
about. I peripherally heard
—and
nearby pond. I eat
Along
themthe allway,
the time
I wastoo!”
pickingTheseandare
him say, “This flower is edible too.” But I hadn’t
the moments
eating wild edibles,
teachers showing
live for.off what the desert
shown anyone an edible flower that day, nor had I
had to offer. My eleven-year-old grandson,
seen any. Xander had picked a flower that he
Xander, who has been eating wild edibles with
imagined was edible, but it wasn’t. I cautioned
meWhile
since birth,
the focuswas ofwalking
this book behind me,
is not onshowing
him, and he put it down. Xander had seen me eat
the greens plants,
poisonous to the kidsthis his
storyage.always rings in my
so many wild things over the years, I think he had
memory as a reminder to us all that caution is the
gotten the idea in his head that we can eat
rule of the day. A book like this is a starting point.
anything wild. Ever since that day, I have been
I teach
Seeing classes
pictures ofina plant
whichdoes students are taught
not qualify you toto
careful to teach him and everyone that you never,
identify
begin wild wild edibles. IfAyou
harvesting. can’t get of
photograph to aone of my
plant
ever put anything into your mouth unless you
classes,
records justfindonesomeone
moment in your local
in time, butarea
thewhoway isa an
know with surety the identity of the plant and that
expert.
plant looksThe changes
most dangerous
every single thingdayyouofcanits do
lifeis
it is safe to eat.
rely
cycle, onand
photos
dependsfromheavily
a quickon Google search before
environmental
wandering
conditions such outside to startofpicking
as hours sunlight plants. In my
per day,
considerable experience, photos of wild edibles
 However, while caution is important, being
immobilized by fear is a mistake. When we go to
the grocery store, we don’t pause to consider
whether a carrot is poisonous or not. This is
because
Somewe knowpaid
of them peoplewithwho theirhave eaten
lives, butcarrots
it is
and not died.
important We know
to note that verythatfewcarrots areare
plants commonly
deadly
eaten. But somewhere, in the history
poisonous. Most plants that are not edible may of the world,just
there
make was yourastomach
day when people
upset. When did not
youknowthink about it,
whether wild carrots were food
our ancestors’ experience of learning the hard or medicine orway
poison. All theisknowledge
what is edible not as foreignthat to weushaveas we today
might
about what is edible or not edible
want it to be. Today, every day, people put comes directly
from our ancestors,
pharmaceutical drugs,who experimented
chemicals, and to find out.
We If you learn
owe them afoods just one
debt in thing
oftheir from
gratitude thepassing
for book, please
manufactured mouths, thinkingthis they
let it be
knowledge this: wild food is for everyday living.
must be safetobecause us. they are in stores, only to
Most people think of Mother Nature’s buffet as
discover later that the cumulative, long-term effect
“survival” food—a last resort to be used in a day
of these drugs or fake foods results in permanent
of need, with fingers crossed that the day will
damage to our bodies. Few people realize there is
never come. But if you pay quiet, careful attention,
no government oversight for the long-term effects
you will notice something startling: That day is
of what isI sold,
Whathere. know and testing for long-term effects is
already Payfor sure is to
attention that thewhat we eat
number of this
people
not required.
month In myour view, we are of all
lifeprobably yearmuch
aroundwill you impact
whose health quality
is deteriorating, next who and
are
safer
beyond. eating
There known wild edibles,
is nothing on Earth filled with as
as amazing
on an ever-increasing number of pharmaceutical
beneficial
the properties, than many of the so-called
andhuman body. The drugs.
over-the-counter world is
Pay filled with
attention the
to the
processed
nutrition “foods” inneed.
the grocery store. Wild
number of people around you whose lives areharder
our bodies But nutrition gets
edibles,
to find infor example,
stores are not
each year. goingthat
Notice to give you type
crippled by autoimmune disorders. As almost
a diabetes
2everything
diabetes—but in thethe vast majority
grocery aisles is of the stuff not
a product, on
and autoimmune nutrition specialist, I see this a
store shelves
simple, true will. A
food.
trend first hand. Everyday I use the principles of
correct nutrition to help people come off or reduce
insulin to quel its side effects, get off their diabetes
medications with their doctor’s permission, arrest
autoimmune symptoms, lose weight, control blood
pressure, and more.
product is created by someone and requires
advertising for attention and dollars. True food
does not require advertising or fancy packaging or
patents or trademarks or intense processing. The
products are designed to feed short-term highs, to
encourage emotional eating and sugar addiction to
benefit corporate coffers. Products encourage our
children and their parents to be obese, diabetic,
andThis
dependent
book isonallpharmaceuticals.
about natural health. ThanksI’veto
modern technology,
written many books Ionwork with sick
gardening andpeople
self-
across
reliance. I’ve taught thousands of students on save
the nation. I have helped many people the
their
same subjects. I own an heirloom seed company,I
toes and feet from amputation. For others,
work
Caleb to prevent further (mention
SeedRensaissance.com amputation, anystroke,
of my tooth
books
loss, and
toWarnock, heart attacks. I have a deep knowledge
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of what
August
book, food
you choices
2019
can have fun doand
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with the
me say outdoor
natural once again:
world natural foodagain
all over is forwhile
everyday
you do
living.
it. If people would eat a little more from the
wild, from gardens, and from the farmers markets,
 PART ONE:
THE
PL ANTS
 Abutil
on
1 (VELVETLE
theoph
AF)
U.S.: Found in all states except
rasti
Canada:andFound
Alaska Hawaii.in Alberta,
British Columbia, Manitoba, New
Edible parts:
Brunswick, NovaImmature seeds
Scotia, Ontario,
Prince Edwardseed
and immature Island, Quebec,
pods, which
and Saskatchewan.
can be cooked or eaten raw.
When to harvest: Late
Mature pods and seeds are hard
Form: Summer annual
spring.
and inedible,
Habitat: so bedry
Sunny, sure to get
growing 3–7 feet tall
them at the soft, immature stage.
locations. Nutty and mild, like
Flavor:
Notes:
wild The leaves
sunflower of velvetleaf
seeds.
are heart-shaped and can grow as
large as dinner plates in some
cases. Seeds can be up to one-third
oil and the leaves are as soft and
velvety as the name implies. This
plant was reportedly brought to the
U.S. in the seventeenth century
and grown for its useful fibers
used in making cord and cloth.
Today’s wild population has
escaped that cultivation and the
plant now has a reputation among
campers and survivalists as being
useful for emergency toilet paper.
Acer negundo
( B OX E L D E R M A P L E )

U.S.: Found in all states except

Found
Canada:and
Alaska in Alberta, British
Hawaii.
2
Columbia, Manitoba, New
Edible parts:
Brunswick, Sap of the
Northwest tree, also
Territories,
Nova
calledScotia,
maple Ontario,
water. Prince
Boiled or raw.
When to
EdwardPerennial
Island, Quebec, and
Form:
harvest: Springtree, growing
Saskatchewan.
feet Slopes,
Habitat:
sixty tall. mountainsides,
plains. color: White or greenish or
Flower
Flavor:
sometimes Slightly
pale yellow.
Notes:
sweet. Sap is tapped by wounding the
tree in late winter, early spring. Sap is
collected in a container and can be
used raw but must be clean to be a
safe drink. Raw sap is believed by
many to have health benefits because
of its mineral content. Sap is boiled to
make syrup. Sap varies in sugar
content by species. A. saccharum, A.
Unique Characteristics: This tree
nigrum, and A. rubrum are most
hosts boxelder bugs, which many
sought after because their tsap
homeowners find to be pests. This tree
contains between two percent and five
species is different than most maples
percent sugar and are thus easier to
in two ways: the tree is either entirely
boil down for syrup. But all maples
male or entirely female, and it has
produce drinkable sap. There are
odd-pinnate compound leaves with
numerous online resources that can
three
teach to
youfive
howtoothed
to tapleaflets. Leaves
maple trees for
3 Achill
ea
(WESTERN
millef
YARR OW)
U.S.: Found in all states.
olium
Canada: Found in all provinces
Edible parts: Leaves, which
and territories.
are best cooked. Historically it
was a popular “pot herb,”
When to harvest: Spring,
meaning it was simmered and
Form:
summer, Perennial plant
eaten withautumn.
other edibles and
growing twelve
Rocky tosoils
thirty-six
Habitat:
game meats as a sort ofinfast
a wide
inches tall.
food for
range of settlers.
areas including fields,
roadsides, meadows, plains, and
Flower White,inand
color:Grows
mountainsides. both
Flavor:
moist
Notes: and
sometimes desert
shades
Yarrow areas. Once you
of pink.
flower is
Grass-like.
learn to recognize this plant, you
widely used medicinally and
will begin to see it everywhere.
has become especially popular
in recent years for tincturing
and using in the wild for stings,
bites, itching, and other
external wounds. The juice of
the leaves is used to calm these
wounds. Yarrow is sold in
health food stores, in dried
Aegilo 4
ps
(JOINTED
cylind
G OAT G R A S S )
U.S.: Found in all states except
ricaConnecticut, Delaware,
Alaska,
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii,
Maine,
Canada:Maryland,
Not found in Canada.
Massachusetts,
Edible parts: Minnesota,
The grain is
Mississippi, New Hampshire,
typically hand-ground to create
New Jersey,
a course North
flour, whichCarolina,
can be
When
Rhode to harvest:
used toIsland, South Carolina,
make anything you can
Form: Summer
Mid-summer. annual growing
Vermont,
make withand Wisconsin.
modern flour,
eighteen to twenty-four inches
including Open,
Habitat: sunny, cakes,
small savory and dry
tall.
stew thickener,
disturbed areas hard tack
suchthe for
asedible
Notes: Separating
travel, gruel,
roadsides, andedges,
field more.and
grain from the chaff is difficult,
sometimes plains.
which reduces the usefulness of
this grain. Historically, chaff
was removed by rubbing the
seed heads and then winnowing
with the wind. It is my personal
belief that historic grains were
roughly winnowed, meaning
that some chaff was retained
 Agastac
he
5 (BLUE GIANT HYSSOP)
foenicul
U.S.: Found in Alaska,
um Connecticut, Idaho,
Colorado,
Illinois, Maine, Michigan,
Minnesota,
Canada: Found Montana,
everywhere
Nebraska,
except Nova New Hampshire,
Scotia,
Edible
New parts: Leaves
York, North Dakota, and
Nunavut.
flowers,
Ohio, which can beNew
Pennsylvania, cooked
or eatenSouth
Jersey, raw. However, they
Dakota, Vermont,
have a to
When strong
Washington, licorice
harvest:
and (anise)
Wyoming.
Form: Summer
flavor and
Mid-summer. so theannual growing
main use of
this planttois twenty-four
eighteen for tea and for
inches
Habitat: Open, sunny, and dry
sparing use in salads as
tall.
disturbed
flavoring.
Notes: areas
ThisCookingsuchlike
plant, as most
does not
roadsides,
significantlyfield edges, and
reduce the strong
hyssop, is a popular
sometimes plains.
flavor. garden flower.
perennial
Amaranthus
Species
U.S.: Found in all states. 6
Canada: Found everywhere in Canada
except Nunuvat and Yukon territory.
Edible parts: The seeds of all
Amaranthus species are edible; typically
they are toasted and ground up as flour,
When to harvest: Leaves are
according to Lawrence E. Steckel of the
harvested
Weed SciencefromSociety
May through August.
of America. Most
Seeds are harvested in September
Amaranthus also have edible leaves that and
October. Leaves
are best when have a mild flavor that
cooked.
is goodAnnual
Form: for salad,plants ranging
green from low
smoothies, or
eating
ground
Habitat:raw.
coverOne
Open,to of the aerial
taller
sunny benefits
wasteweeds.of this
spaces
plant
Floweris that the leaves
color: Variesstay tender even
by species but
and disturbed earth.
when
Seed they reach mid-size or larger, so
typically green to pale yellow.
Leaf
they flavor:
can
flavor: be harvested for many weeks.
Notes:
The
Mild Doare
seeds notharvested
assume every
after species
they have in
Grain.grass.
the genusdried
naturally is edible. Never
on the planteat
in aautumn.
wild
EDIBLE
edible unlessSPECIES
you have specific
EXAMPLES:
Amaranthus albus the species first.
information about
U . S . : Found in all states except Hawaii.
C a n a d a : Found in Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward
Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan.
Amarranthus
U . S . : Found in all states except Hawaii.
bilotides
C a n a d a : Found in Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, and
Saskatchewan.
Amaranthus hybridus
U . S . : Found in all states except
Alaska, Utah, and Wyoming.
C a n a d a : Found in Manitoba,
Nova Scotia, Ontario, and
Quebec.
Amaranthus powellii
U . S . : Found in all states except
Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Georgia,
C a n a d aMaryland,
Hawaii, : Found inNorth
Alberta, British
Dakota, and
Columbia,
Tennessee. Ontario, Prince Edward
Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan.
Amaranthus
U . S . : Found in all states.
retroflexus
C a n a d a : Found in Alberta, British
Columbia, Manitoba, New
Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Northwest Territories,
Amaranthus
Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward
U . S . : Quebec,
Island, Found inand
all states except
Saskatchewan.
tuberculatus
Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland,
C a n a d aOregon,
Nevada, : Found Utah,
in Manitoba,
and West
Ontario,
Virginia. and Quebec.
Amaranthus
U . S . : Found in all states except
tuberculatus
Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland,
Nevada,
C a n a d aOregon,
: Found Utah, and West
in Manitoba,
Virginia.
Ontario, and Quebec.
7 Amaranth
us albus
(TUMBLE PIGWEED)

See Amaranthus Species for

details.
Amaranth 8
us
(MAT AMARANTH,
bliotides
PROSTATE
PIGWEED)
See Amaranthus Species for
details.
9 Amaranth
us
(SLIM AMARANTH)
hybridus
See Amaranthus Species for
details.
Amaranth 1
us powellii 0
(P OWELL’S AM AR AN TH)

See Amaranthus Species for

details.
1 Amaranth
1 us
(REDROOT
retroflexu
PIGWEED, REDROOT
A MAmaranthus
A R A N T HSpecies
)
sdetails.
See for
Amaranth 1
us 2
(ROUGHFRUIT
tuberculat
AMARANTH)
See Amaranthus Species for
us
details.
 Amelanchi
1
3 er alnifolia
(SASKATOON
SERVICEBERRY)
U.S.: Found only in north
Canada:andFound
central in Alberta,
northwest states.
British Columbia, Manitoba,
New Brunswick,
Edible Northwest
parts: Berries, or
Territories, Ontario, Quebec,
leaves for tea. The fruit on all
Saskatchewan, and Yukon.
Amelanchier species are edible,
When to harvest: Late July,
according to the U.S. Extension
August.Shrub tree with multiple
Form:
Service.
stems growing
Habitat: Moistfive to fifteen
shady
feet tall.
mountainsides. Commonly found
in aspen and maple groves on
Flower
hiking trails, campgrounds,
Berry
color: color:
White.
meadow edges, and creek banks.
Purple. Absolutely one of my
Flavor:
Prefers to grow in the shade of
most favorite wild berries.
larger trees.
These have been called
mountain blueberries, and with
good reason. I actually like them
better than blueberries. They are
sweet and fleshy and larger than
most blueberries from the
grocery store. The flavor is
fantastic, and for that reason
ripeness, harvest when the
berries are soft and dark purple
but before the berries have
begun to desiccate. One of the
great things about this tree is
that the fruit does not all ripen
at once, so you can hand-
harvest the berries over several
weeks. When these berries are
in season, I drive to the local
canyon weekly to pick them
and eat them fresh, on the spot.
The berries are irresistible. One
downside is that these trees do
not produce in prolific amounts.
We have even harvested enough
to make serviceberry jam, but
this required finding a dense
grove of trees in the woods.
 Articum
1 minus
(LESSER BURDOCK)

4 U.S.: Found in all states

except Alaska, Florida, and
Canada: Found
Hawaii.
everywhere
Edible except
parts: Root, leaves,
Northwest
When
flower to Territories,
harvest:
stalks, Spring,
leaf stems.
Form: Herbaceous
Nunavut,autumn.
and Yukon. biennial
summer,
growing
Habitat:2–3 feetwidely
Found tall. in
calcareous
Flavor: Mysoils in mountains,
favorite part of this
deserts, residential areas, and
plant is the stems, which are
roadsides.
high in water and have a flavor
like celery when they’ve had
good access to water and some
shade. Otherwise the stems can
be bitter. The young stems can
Notes: If I were looking for
be eaten whole, raw, or cooked.
water in the desert, the stems of
To eat older stems, I usually
this plant would be one of the
only scrape out the inside of the
first places I would go to.
stem because the outside is
Burdock is also gaining
fibrous. The root has a mild and
popularity as a medicinal herb,
slightly sweet flavor and is
and I dry the roots for this
easiest to eat when it is thinly
purpose. Root should be
sliced. The young leaves have a
harvested in early summer,
bitter flavor that is eliminated
when cooked.
Argenti
na 1
( S I LV E R W E E D
anserni
CINQUEFOIL)
U.S.: Found in all states except
5
a
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas,
Canada: Found
Kentucky, everywhere
Louisiana, except
Mississippi,
Edible
Missouri,
Nunavut. NorthThe
parts: roots and
Carolina,
root nodules,
Oklahoma, which
South can haveTexas,
Carolina, a
nutty flavor
Virginia, andwhen
Westthey are at
Virginia.
When to harvest: Spring,
their peak. The plants often
Form:
summer,Herbaceous
autumn.andperennial
Habitat:6 inches tall.can
grow in
growing
clumps
produce a bountiful supply of
Flower
Mountainsides.
roots andStarchy
Flavor:
color: nodules.and nutty,
especially
Yellow. This
Notes: in plant
spring. Roots are
produces
generally small.
runners (a trait shared with
strawberry plants, which are its
cousins) that can make it quite
aggressive and invasive in the
right conditions. The plant is
also used medicinally, but not as
commonly as it once was. It is
said a poultice of the leaves can
have pain-relieving qualities,
1 Artemisia
6 (FRINGED
frigida
SAGEBRUSH)
U.S.: Found in all states except
Alabama, Arkansas, California,
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii,
Indiana,
Canada:Kentucky, Louisiana,
Found everywhere
Maryland, Mississippi,and
except Newfoundland North
Edible
Carolina, parts:
Ohio, Leaves
Oklahoma, as a
used
Labrador
When and
toSouth Nunavut.
harvest: Spring,
condiment
Oregon, for flavoring.
Carolina,
Form:
summer, Shrub typically three to
autumn.
Tennessee,
Habitat: Virginia, and West
Desert, alkaline soils.
four feet tall.
Virginia.
Flower
color: The leaves have a
Flavor:
strong
Yellow.spearmint gum flavor that
can be useful for bringing
moisture to your mouth on a hot
day or if you are thirsty, but the
strong flavor makes it less useful
for food. A tiny bit of leaf goes a
long way. Some people use the
leaves to make a simple sauce or
as a garnish for lamb or pork. To
me, this makes the food taste like
chewing gum, but some people
like it.
Ascelpi 1
as 7
Species
Edible parts: Flowers;
unopened flower buds; seeds;
When seed pods;July,
to harvest:
immature brown
Form: Native
sugar from
August, herbaceous
flowers, roots, and
September.
perennial or annual, typically
young sprouts.
Habitat: Disturbed sunny
two to five feet tall.
locations,color:
Flower especially
Pink upper
roadsides and field edges.
petals with dark pink to red
lower petals, with exotic color
Flavor: The flowers, buds, and
variations by species ranging
young pods have
from greens a delicious
to pinks, reds to
sugary flavor that is both
purples, and even splotches a of
surprise
black. and a treat. Eat just the
flowers and not the flower
stems to avoid the milk of the
plant. I pop the flowerheads off
one at a time. The young flower
Other uses: The mature,
pods delightfully pop in your
cottonywhen
mouth downeaten.
of theHowever,
seed pods
has beenand
flowers widely
otherused
partsasofa the
cotton-like
plant stuffing
that are for and
not young
mattresses,
tender may cloth
have adolls,
bitterpillows,
flavor.
parts of the plant also have
medicinal uses. Milkweed is
also a dye plant. The dry seed
pods naturally split on their own
and areThis
note: plant may
a favorite be high
toy boat for
children.
in alkaloids A type
and, of likepaper can be
all plants
made
in thisfrom book,the processed
should fiber
be eaten
of the stalks.
sparingly. A type
Avoid eatingof rubber
the
EDIBLE
can
milky besap.made SPECIES
Dofrom the milk of
not assume
Ascelpias
EXAMPLES: incarnata
the
U . plant,
every butinpeople
S . :species
Found in
all the may
genus
states have
exceptis a
skin
edible.contact
Alaska, Neverallergy
Arizona, to the
California,
eat a wild milk.
Hawaii,
edible
C
Mississippi,
a n a d a : Found
Oregon,
in Manitoba,
and Washington.
New
unless
Brunswick,you Nova
haveScotia,
specificOntario,
information
Prince
Asclepias Edward about
Island,
syrica
U . S . : Found the
and species
Quebec.
in all states except
first.
Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New
Mexico,
C a n a d a Utah, Washington,
: Found andNew
in Manitoba,
Wyoming. Nova Scotia, Ontario,
Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and
Asclepias
Saskatchewan. verticillata
U . S . : Found in all states except
Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii,
Idaho, Maine, Nevada, New Hampshire,
C a n a d aUtah,
Oregon, : Found
andinWashington.
Manitoba, Ontario,
and Saskatchewan.
Asclepias verticillata
U . S . : Found in all states except
Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho,
Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, New
Hampshire,
C Oregon,
a n a d a : Found Rhode Island,
in Alberta, British
Utah, Vermont, and Washington.
Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and
Saskatchewan.
Ascelpi 1
as
( S WA M P M I L K W E E D )
8
incarna
See Ascelpias Species for
ta
details.
1 Asclepi
9 as
(COMMON
syriaca
M ILKWEED)
See Asclepias Species for
details.
Asclepi 2
as
(WHORLED
0
verticill
M ILKWEED)
See Asclepias Species for
ata
details.
 Asclepi
2 as
1 (GREEN COMET
viridiflo
M ILKWEED)
See Asclepias Species for
ra
details.
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Polyuria in cerebral syphilis,

1009

in hemiplegia,

961

in tumors of the brain,

1044

Porencephaly,

777

Position, influence of, in cerebral anæmia,

780

Post-epileptic aphasia,
481

Post-febrile insanity in cerebral anæmia,

786

Post-mortem examination, methods of, in tumors of the brain,

1050

Post-paralytic chorea,

447

Posterior columns, lesions of, in tabes dorsalis,

840-847

Posterior spinal sclerosis,

826

Pregnancy, influence, on causation of chorea,

444

on recovery from epilepsy,

498

Simulation of, in hysteria,

254

Pregnant women, occurrence of hysteria among,

221

Preputial irritation as a cause of epilepsy,

473
Prevalence of insanity,

110

Prevention of insanity,

137

of intracranial hemorrhage, and apoplexy,

974

of tetanus neonatorum,

565

Priapism in tumors of spinal cord,

1096

Prodromal symptoms of acute simple meningitis,

717

of tubercular meningitis,

725

Prodromata of acute myelitis,

821

of disseminated sclerosis,

874

of epilepsy,

475

of general paralysis of the insane,

178

of infantile spinal paralysis,

1115
 of intracranial hemorrhage and apoplexy,

944-946

Prognosis of acute simple meningitis,

720

spinal meningitis,

751

spinal pachymeningitis,

748

of alcoholism,

639

of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,

869
 of apoplexy, cerebral hemorrhage, etc.,

972

of athetosis,

460

of catalepsy,

337

of cerebral abscess,

799

of cerebral meningeal hemorrhage,

715

syphilis,

1013

of chorea,

453
 of chronic hydrocephalus,

744

lead-poisoning,

684

687

689

spinal meningitis,

753

of constitutional affective mental disease,

142

of diffuse spinal sclerosis,

890
 of ecstasy,

343

of epilepsy,

496

of external pachymeningitis,

706

of general paralysis of the insane,

200

of hæmatoma of the dura mater,

709

of hypertrophy of the brain,

799

of hysteria,

272
 of hysterical insanity,

149

of hystero-epilepsy,

310

of hypochondriasis,

155

of infantile spinal paralysis,

1150

of insanity,

125

of labio-glosso-laryngeal paralysis,

1169

of melancholia,
159

of migraine,

410

1231

of multiple neuritis,

1198

of peripheral anæsthesia,

1201

of primary delusional insanity,

152

of progressive unilateral facial atrophy,

702

of spina bifida,
761

of spinal concussion,

916

of spinal meningeal hemorrhage,

755

of symmetrical gangrene,

1262

of tetanus,

553

of tetanus neonatorum,

565

of the chloral habit,

666
 of the opium habit,

660

of thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses,

988

of torticollis,

464

of tremor,

431

of tubercular meningitis,

735

of tumors of the brain,

1066

of the spine,

1106
 of unilateral spinal paralysis,

1168

of vaso-motor neuroses,

1255

of vertigo,

418

of writers' cramp,

530

Progressive muscular atrophy in chronic lead-poisoning,

688

ROGRESSIVE
U

NILATERAL

ACIAL

TROPHY

693

Definition, synonyms, and history,

693

Diagnosis,

700

Duration, termination, and complications,

699

Etiology,

693
 Symptoms,

694

Atrophy, seat and characters,

696

697

Perspiration, modifications of,

696

Pulsation of carotids, weakness of,

696

Sensation, modifications of,

696

Skin and hair, changes in,

695
 Special senses, state of,

697

Temperature of affected parts,

696

Treatment and prognosis,

702

Prophylaxis of abscess of the brain,

801

of alcoholism,

640

642

of cerebral hemorrhage and apoplexy,

974

of chronic lead-poisoning,

690

of hysteria,

274

of the chloral habit,

668

of the opium habit,

668

of thermic fever,

396

of thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses,

988
 of tubercular meningitis,

735

of writers' cramp,

530

Propulsion in paralysis agitans,

436

Psammomata in tumors of the brain,

1049

Pseudo-paralysis in nervous diseases,

44

Psychic causes of epilepsy,

472

symptoms of nervous diseases,

19

Psychical derangements of chronic alcoholism,

264

of the chloral habit,

664

symptoms of syphilis of the brain-cortex,

1017

et seq.

Psycho-neuroses (see

Mental Diseases