Electric Charges and Fields: Electrostatics

1
CHAPTER
Electric Charges and Fields
7. Charge cannot exist without mass, while mass can exist

ELECTROSTATICS without charge. e.g. neutron, neutrino, antineutrino all are
The branch of physics which deals with properties of charges at neutral particles having mass.
rest is called electrostatics. SI Unit: coulomb (C)
[1 coulomb = 1 ampere × 1 second]
ELECTRIC CHARGE C.G.S. unit: stat coulomb or franklin
1 coulomb = 3 × 109 stat coulomb
Charge is scalar physical quantity associated with matter due to
which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects. 1
1 coulomb = 3 × 109 esu of charge = emu of charge
The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives it a net 10
[esu = electrostatic unit]
charge. A negatively charged body has excess of electrons while a [emu = electromagnetic unit]
positively charged body has deficiency of electrons. 1 esu of charge = 1 franklin
Properties of Electric Charge Practical Units: 1amp × hr = 3600 coulomb and
1. Charges interact with each other i.e., they exert force on each 1 faraday = 96500 coulomb (charge on 1 mole of electrons)
other. Like point charges repel each other while unlike point
charges attract each other. METHODS OF CHARGING
2. Charge is of two kinds: Positive and negative.
3. Total charge of an isolated system is conserved Charging by Conduction
(Conservation of charge). Charging by conduction refers to the technique of charging an
4. Charge is quantised: Charge is an integral multiple of uncharged body by bringing it in contact with some other charged
electronic charge i.e., Q = Ne, where e = 1.6 × 10–19 C and N material.
is an integer. After conduction both the bodies acquire same type of charge if
5. Charge can be transferred: Charge can be transferred from one of the bodies involved is uncharged. However, if both bodies
one body to another. This occurs due to transfer of electrons are charged then final type of charge on both bodies will be of that
from one body to another. One of the common example of whose magnitude is larger.
transfer of charge is charging by friction. There are three types of materials in nature:
e – (i) Conductor: Conductors are the material in which the outer
+ – most electrons are very loosely bound to the nucleus, so they
Rubbing + Transfer –
A B
+ – are free to move (flow). So in a conductor, there are large
+ – number of free electrons.

Neutral Neutral Example: Metals like Cu, Ag, Fe, Al.

(ii) Insulator or Dielectric or Non-conductor: Non-conductors
Frictional Electricity: When two bodies are rubbed with
each other, they are found to attract each other. This is so are the materials in which outer most electrons are very
because, on rubbing, transfer of electrons takes place from tightly bound to the nucleus, so that they cannot move
one body to another. One of them acquires a positive charge (flow). Hence in a non-conductor there are no free electrons.
and other acquires a negative charge. Example: plastic, rubber, wood etc.
6. Charge is invariant: Charge of a particle is independent of (iii) Semiconductor: Semiconductors are the materials which
its speed. have free electrons but very few in number.
Now lets see how the charging is done by conduction. In this Step 2: Bring a charged rod near it. Due to the charged rod,
method, we take a charged conductor ‘A’ and an uncharged charges will induce on the conductor.
conductor ‘B’. When both are connected, some charge will –– +
–– +++
flow from the charged body to the uncharged body. If both ++ ++ + +
++ ++ + + –––
––– +
+
the conductors are identical and kept at large distance and –––+++
connected to each other, then charge will be divided equally
Step 3: Connect another neutral conductor with it. Due to attraction
in both the conductors otherwise they will flow till their
of the rod, some free electrons will move from the right conductor
electric potential becomes same. Its detailed study will be
to the left conductor and due to deficiency of electrons positive
done later.
charges will appear on right conductor. On the left conductor, there
+
+ + ++
++ ++++ will be excess of electrons due to transfer from right conductor.
++ + + ++ +
+ +
A B
Charged Uncharged ++
++
body body ++ ++ ++
A B + Step 4: Now disconnect the connecting wire and remove the
rod. One body becomes negatively charged while second body
Charging by Friction becomes positively charged.
When two bodies are rubbed together, electrons are transferred
from one body to the other. This makes one body positively
charged while the other negatively charged, e.g., when a glass

rod is rubbed with silk the rod becomes positively charged while
the silk becomes negatively charged. Clouds are also charged by Method-II
friction. Charging by friction is in accordance with conservation of Step 1: Take an isolated neutral conductor.
charge. The positive and negative charges appear simultaneously
in equal amounts due to transfer of electrons from one body to
the other.
Charging by friction is based on difference in work function (f) of Step 2: Bring a charged rod near it. Due to the charged rod,
the bodies that are being rubbed. We cannot charge two bodies by charges will induce on the conductor.
rubbing that are made up of same material. –– +
++ ++ + + ––– +++
– +
Charging by Induction ––
++ ++ + +
–– +
–––+++
If a charged body is brought near a neutral body, the charged body
will attract opposite charge and repel similar charges present in Step 3: Connect the conductor to the earth (this process is
the neutral body. One side of the neutral body becomes positively called grounding or earthing). Due to attraction of the rod, some
charged while the other side becomes negative. free electrons will move from earth to the conductor, so in the
conductor there will be excess of electrons due to transfer from the
Important Points earth, so net charge on conductor will be negative.
Inducing body neither gains nor loses charge. –– +
––– +++
The nature of induced charge is always opposite to that of
+ electron
+
+ ++ +
+ –– + transfer
+ –
–– +
inducing charge. + ++
+ –––+++
Induced charge can be lesser or equal to inducing
charge (but never greater) and its maximum value is Step 4: Now disconnect the connecting wire. Conductor becomes
 1 negatively charged.
q′ = −q 1 −  [only when electric field is uniform]
 K
q = the inducing charge
K = the dielectric constant of the material of the uncharged body
For metals, K = ∞, so q′ = –q

A body can be charged by induction in the following two ways:
GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
Method-I Gold leaf electroscope is a device which is used to detect the
charge on a body.
Step 1: Take an isolated neutral conductor.
A gold-leaf electroscope is defined as a type of electroscope that
consists of two gold leaves and is used for detecting the electrical
charge of the body and for the classification of its polarity.
P
2 W JEE (XII) Module-1 PHYSICS
Construction of Gold Leaf Electroscope 1 q1 q2
Then F ∝ q1 q2 & F ∝ ∴F∝
A gold leaf electroscope consists of a brass rod with a brass disk r2 r2
at the top, and at the bottom, there are two thin gold leaves in the 1 q1q2
form of foils. In order to keep the rod in place, the rod travels F =
through the insulator. The charges move from the disc to the leaves 4π ∈0 r 2
through the rod. At the lower portion of the jar, a thin aluminium q1 q2
foil is connected. The aluminium foil is grounded with the help r
of a copper wire so that the leaves are protected from external
electrical disruptions. 1
= 9 × 109 Nm²/C²
Brass disc 4πε0
[in electrostatic unit (esu) constant of proportionality = 1]
Insulator ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 C²/Nm² = permittivity of free space or
plug vacuum
Glass bottle
Brass rod
Gold leaf EFFECT OF MEDIUM
Metal foil
The dielectric constant of a medium is the ratio of the electrostatic
force between two charges separated by a given distance in
Earth vacuum to electrostatic force between same two charges separated
by same distance in that medium.
Applications of Gold Leaf Electroscope
The following are the applications of gold leaf electroscope: 1 q1q2 1 q1q2
Fvacuum = and Fmedium =
Detection of charge.
4πε0 r 2 4πε0ε r r 2
Identification of the nature of the charge. Fmedium 1 1
⇒ = =
Identification of the body as a conductor or an insulator Fvacuum ε r K
Detection of Charge εr or K = dielectric constant or relative permittivity or specific
For the detection of charge, the object that needs to be tested is inductive capacity of medium.
touched with the metal cap. If the leaves diverge, the body is Permittivity: Permittivity is a measure of the ability of the medium
said to be charged, and if there is no change in the leaves of the surrounding electric charges to allow electric lines of force to pass
electroscope, then the body is uncharged. through it. It determines the forces between the charges.
Identification of the Nature of the Charge Relative Permittivity: The relative permittivity or the dielectric
constant (εr or K) of a medium is defined as the ratio of the
To identify the nature of the charge, let’s consider an example. A
positively charged body is brought near the metal cap. Then an permittivity ε of the medium to the permittivity ε0 of free space
unknown body is brought near the metal cap. If the leaves diverge ε
i.e. εr or K =
further, we can conclude that the unknown body has a positive ε0
charge. If the leaves come closer to each other, then the charge of Dimensions of permittivity
the unknown body is negative. [M–1 L–3 T4 A2]
Identification of Body as a Conductor or an Insulator The dielectric constants of different mediums
To identify if a body is a conductor or an insulator, two gold leaf Medium Vacuum Air Water Mica
electroscopes are taken. One gold leaf electroscope is charged so
that the leaves will diverge. Then the other gold leaf electroscope ε 1 1.00059 80 6
is connected to the first one through the body. If the leaves of the Teflon Glass PVC Metal
other electroscope diverge, then the body is a conductor, and if 2 5-10 4.5 ∞
there is no change in the leaves, the body is an insulator.
COULOMB’S LAW COULOMB’S LAW IN VECTOR FORM


Coulomb's law states that the force of attraction or repulsion A charge q1 is placed at A whose position vector is r1 .
between two stationary point charges is directly proportional to 
Another charge q2 is placed at B whose position vector is r2 , such
the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of   
distance between them. This force acts along the line joining the that AB =| r2 − r1 | = r .
point charges.
The magnitude of force is given by
If q1 and q2 are charges
k q1 q2
r = the distance between them F=
F = the force acting between them 4πε0 r 2
Electric Charges and Fields 3

Force on q2 due to q1, in vector form, is given by
 1 q1q2 
F21 = AB , where  AB is a unit vector along line joining
4πε0 r 2
A and B, pointing from A to B.
Example 1: Two equal point charges (10–3 C) are placed 1 cm
  apart in medium of dielectric constant K = 5.
  1  q1q2 ( r2 − r1 )  1  q1q2  
⇒ F21 
= =
 2     3 ⋅ ( r2 − r1 ) (a) Find the interaction force between the point charges.
 4πε0  r r2 − r1  4πε0  r
(b) Net force on any of the charge.
y q1 q2 Sol. (a) Interaction force between point charges

AB
( )
2
10−3

F F21 1 q1q2
12 A B F = 9 × 10
= 9
9 × 107 N
=
4π ∈0 r 2
( )
2
r1 10−2

r2
(b) Net force on any one charge
x
( )
−3 2
Similarly force on q1 due to q2 is given by, 1 q1q2 9 × 109 10
F=' = = 18 × 106 N

 
 1  q1q2 ( r1 − r2 )  1  q1q2  
4π ∈0 K r 2 5 10 −2 2
( )
= F12  =
 2     3 ⋅ ( r1 − r2 )
 4πε0  r r1 − r2  4πε0  r Example 2: Two small balls each of mass m and charge q
  on each of them are suspended through two light insulating
Note that F12 = − F21
strings of length l from a point. Find the expression for
Both forces are action reaction pair. angle q made by any of the string with vertical when under
static equilibrium.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION O
Consider a system of n stationary charges q1, q2, q3, ... qn in

vacuum. What is the force on q1 due to q2, q3 ... qn? Coulomb’s law
q q
is not enough to answer this question. Force on any charge due to a
m m
number of other charges is the vector sum of all the forces on that
Sol. Angle of any string with vertical is q as shown.
charge due to the other charges taken one at a time. The individual
forces are unaffected due to the presence of other charges. This is o
termed as the ‘principle of superposition’. (Note that the principle
of superposition is independent of Coulomb’s law and all of T
T
electrostatics is basically a consequence of Coulomb’s law and Fe Fe
superposition principle together). mg mg
Now, the force on q1 can be found out by calculating separately For equilibrium in horizontal direction
  
the forces F12 , F13 ……..F1n exerted by q2, q3 ......qn, respectively 1 q2
on q1 and then adding these forces vectorially. =
Fe = T sin θ ...(i)
4π ∈0 ( 2l sin θ )2
F1n q2 For equilibrium in vertical direction
q1 T cos θ = mg ...(ii)
F13 q3 Dividing (i) by (ii)
F12 Fe
tan θ =
mg
qn
    Example 3: For the following system to be in equilibrium,
So,=
F1 F 12 + F13 +……+ F 1n what should be the value of charge Q?
 q1  q2 rˆ12 q3 rˆ13 qn rˆ1n  Q
=∴ F1  2 + 2 +……. + 2  q a a q
4πε0  r12 r13 r1n 
  Kq 2 K |Q|q q
q n
qi rˆ1i    r1 − ri Sol. = ⇒ Q=–
= 1
4πε0
∑ r12i
r1 − ri and rˆ1i =
where r1i =  
| r1 − ri |
(2a ) 2
a2 4
i =2
P
Example 4: Five styrofoam balls A, B, C, D and E are used in Example 6: Two particles having mass m and charge q
an experiment. Several experiments are performed on the balls each are to be placed on a rough horizontal surface with
and the following observations are made : coefficient of static friction m. What can be the minimum
separation between them so that they remain stationary?
(i) Ball A repels C and attracts B.
Strategy: The separation will be minimum when electrostatic
(ii) Ball D attracts B and has no effect on E. force of repulsion is just balanced by limiting force of friction.
(iii) A negatively charged rod attracts both A and E. For
Sol. F = µmg ( N = mg )
your information, an electrically neutral styrofoam
N
ball is very sensitive to charge induction and gets
attracted considerably, if placed nearby a charged F q N q F
body. What are the charges, if any, on each ball?
Sol. From (i), as A repels C, so both A and C must be r
mg
charged similarly. Either both are +ve or both are –ve. As A 1/2
also attracts B, so charge on B should be opposite of A or B 1 q2  1 q2 
⇒ = µ mg ⇒ r =  
may be uncharged. 4πε0 r 2  4πε0 µmg 
From (ii) as D has no effect on E, so both D and E Example 7: Three equal point charges of charge +q each
are moving along a circle of radius R and a point charge –2q
should be uncharged and as B attracts uncharged D, so B is also placed at the center of circle (as shown in figure). If
must be charged and D must be uncharged. charges are revolving with constant and same speed in the
From (iii), a –vely charged rod attracts the charged ball circle then calculate speed of charges.
A, so A must be +ve and from (i) C must also be +ve and B v
+q
must be –ve.
Example 5: A point charge qA = + 100 mC is placed at point A R

(1, 0, 2) m and another point charge qB = + 200 mC is placed at
point B (4, 4, 2) m. Find: –2q
R v
(i) Magnitude of electrostatic interaction force acting R
between them. +q +q
 
(ii) FA (force on A due to B) and FB (force on B due to
A) in vector form. v
Sol. qB = + 200µC
F mv 2
Sol. F2 − 2 F1cos30° =
R
B(4, 4, 2)
⇒
K ( q )( 2q )
−
(
2 Kq 2 ) cos30° = mv 2
qA = + 100 µC R2 ( 3R ) 2 R
F A(1, 0, 2) F1 F1
(i) Value of F: 30° 30°
=
 kq A qB
F =
( )(
9 × 109 100 × 10−6
200 × 10−6
=
)(7.2 N
) +q
r2  4 −1 2 + 4 − 0 2 + 2 − 2 
2
 ( ) ( ) ( ) 
 
F2

(ii) FB kq A qB
 (9 ×10 )(100 ×10 )( 200 ×10 ) ×
9 −6 −6
3R R 3R
=  3 rBA
= ( ) 3
–2q

rBA
 ( 4 − 1)2 + ( 4 − 0 )2 + ( 2 − 2 )  R
 
R
ˆ ˆ ˆ
( 4 − 1) i + ( 4 − 0 ) j + ( 2 − 2 ) k 

+q +q
3R
3 4 
7.2  iˆ + ˆj  N
=
5 5 
  3 4 kq 2  1 
Similarly, FA = 7.2  − iˆ − ˆj  N =
⇒v 2−
 5 5  Rm  
3

Example 8: Five point charges, each of value q are placed ELECTROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
on five vertices of a regular hexagon of side L except at The point where the resultant force becomes zero is called
A. What is the magnitude of the force on a point charge of equilibrium position.
value – q coulomb placed at the center of the hexagon? 1. Stable Equilibrium: If charge is initially in equilibrium
Sol. If there had been a sixth charge + q at the remaining position and is displaced by a small distance and the charge
vertex of hexagon, force due to all the six charges on –q tries to return back to the same equilibrium position then this
at O would have been zero (as the forces due to individual equilibrium is called stable equilibrium.
 2. Unstable Equilibrium: If charge is displaced by a small
charges will balance each other), i.e., FO = 0
L distance from its equilibrium position and the charge has no
E D tendency to return to the same equilibrium position instead it
q
q
goes away from the equilibrium position then this equilibrium
is called unstable equilibrium.
q O Illustration
F q C Two equal positive point charges 'Q' are placed at points
–q
A(a, 0) and B(–a, 0). Another test charge q0 is also placed at
O(0, 0). Show that the equilibrium at 'O' is
q
A B (i) stable for displacement along X-axis.
  (ii) unstable for displacement along Y-axis.
Now if f is the force due to sixth charge and F due to
remaining five charges, then     KQq
    (i) Initially FAO + FBO = 0 ⇒ FAO = FBO = 2 0
F+ f = 0 i.e., F = − f a
 When charge is slightly shifted towards + x axis by a
 1 q×q 1 q2
or, F= f
= = small distance x, then
4πε0 L2 4πε0 L2 y
 1 q2
F= along OD
4πε0 L2
Q q0 Q
A FBO O FAO x
B
Concept Application
 
1. One quantum of charge is equal to: FAO < FBO
(a) 1.6 × 10–17 C (b) 1.6 × 10–19 C Therefore the particle will move towards origin (its
(c) 1.6 × 10–10 C (d) 4.8 × 10–10 C original position) hence the equilibrium is stable.
y
2. Which one of the following statement regarding
electrostatics is wrong?
(a) Charge is quantized. Q FBO q0 Q
(b) Charge is conserved. A O FAO B x
x
(c) There is an electric field near an isolated charge at
rest.
(d) A stationary charge produces both electric and (ii) When charge is shifted along y axis
magnetic fields. 2Fcos
F F
3. When the distance between two charged particles is
halved, the force between them becomes
Fsin Fsin
(a) One fourth (b) One half q0
Q Q
(c) Double (d) Four times
A B
4. A positively charged body ‘A’ attracts a body ‘B’ then
charge on body ‘B’ may be
(a) Positive (b) Negative After resolving components net force will be along y axis so
(c) Zero (d) Can’t say the particle will not return to its original position, so it is unstable
equilibrium. Finally the charge will move to infinity.
P
In above example if q0 is negative point charge then prove Principle of Superposition
that the equilibrium at 'O' is According to principle of superposition of electric fields, the
(i) stable for displacement in Y-direction. electric field at any point due to a group of charge is equal to
(ii) unstable for displacement in X-direction. the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each charge
3 Neutral Equilibrium: If charge is displaced by a small individually at that point, when all other charges are assumed to
distance and it is still in equilibrium condition then it is be absent.
called neutral equilibrium. Hence, the electric field at point P due to the system of N charges is
   
Illustration: Two point charges of charge q1 and q2 (both of E = E1 + E2 + ... + EN
same sign) and each of mass m are placed such that gravitational
attraction between them balances the electrostatic repulsion.= 1  q1 q2 qN 
 2 rˆ1P + 2 rˆ2 P + ... + 2 rˆNP 
Are they in stable equilibrium? If not then what is the nature of 4πε0  r1P r2 P rNP 
equilibrium?
 1 N qi
Kq1q2 Gm 2 or E = ∑ rîP
4πε0 i =1 riP2
Sol. In given example: =
r2 r2
We can see that irrespective of distance between them E E1 E2 E3 E4

charges will remain in equilibrium. If now distance is

increased or decreased then there is no effect on their
equilibrium. Therefore it is a neutral equilibrium.
ELECTRIC FIELD

E3
E1 E2 E3

A region around a charged particle within which a force would

E2
be exerted on other charged particle is said to have an electric E4
field. An electric field is a vector quantity and can be visualized E1 E2

as arrows going towards or away from charges.

q1
r1P E1
P
Electric Field due to Point Charge
r4P
To determine the direction of an electric field, consider a point
r2P
charge q as a source charge. This charge creates an electric field q4

q2 r3P
at all points in space surrounding it. A test charge q0 is placed at
point P, a distance r from the source charge, as in figure (a). We
imagine using the test charge to determine the direction of the q3
electric force and therefore that of the electric field. However, the
electric field does not depend on the existence of the test charge, it In terms of position vectors, we can write
is produced solely by the source charge. According to Coulomb’s   
1 N qi r − ri
qq = E ∑   ⋅ 
4πε0 i =1 r − ri r − ri

law, the force exerted by q on the test charge is Fe = k 20 rˆ
r
where r̂ is a unit vector directed from q toward q0. This force in Electric Field Due to Continuous
figure (a) is directed away from the source charge q. The electric field Charge Distribution
 
at P, the position of the test charge, is defined by E = F / q. , we find Consider the following charged object of irregular shape as shown
 q in figure. The entire charged object is divided into a large number
that at P, the electric field created by q is, E = k rˆ
r2 of charge elements Dq1, Dq2, Dq3 ..... Dqn, and each charge element
When the source charge q is positive as in figure (b) (it shows the Dq is taken as a point charge.
situation with the test charge removed) the source charge sets up
an electric field at point P, directed away from q. q3 r E2
q1 3p r3p p
When q is negative, as in figure (c), the force on the test charge E1
r1p
is toward the source charge, so the electric field at P is directed r1p
E3
toward the source charge, as in figure (d). q2
r2p
q0 F E q0 r 2p
+ F + P
E
P P P
q q r q q r The electric field at a point P due to a charged object is
r
– r –
+ +
approximately given by the sum of the fields at P due to all such
(a) (b) (c) (d)
charge elements.

 Important Points about Electric Field
1  ∆q1 ∆q ∆q 
E≈  rˆ1P + 2 2 rˆ2 P + ..... + 2 n rˆnP  SI Unit: N/C or V/m
4πε0  r12P r2 P rnP 
Dimensions: [M L T–3 A–1]
1 n ∆qi 1 q
≈ ∑ rîP
4πε0 i =1 riP2 In free space electric field E0 =
4πε0 r 2
To incorporate the continuous distribution of charge, we take 1 q
the limit Dq → 0 (= dq). In this limit, the summation in the In a medium of permittivity ε field E =
4πε r 2
equation becomes an integration and takes the following form:
E ε0 1 E0
 1 dq So = = or E= [as ε = ε0 K]
E0 ε K K
E= ∫
4πε0 r 2
rˆ
In presence of a dielectric, electric field decreases and
Linear charge density: It is the quantity of charge per unit length 1
becomes times of its value in free space.
with S.I unit C/m. Mathematically: K
dq The electrostatic field i.e. field produced by charge at rest is
l= conservative.
dl
dl λ kq  kq  kq 
E= 2 E = 2 rˆ E= 3r
r r r
dq
Electric field due to linear charge distribution of total charge q is
given by:
+ –
 1  λdl 
E= ∫   rˆ
4πε0 line  r 2 
Surface charge density: It is the quantity of charge per unit area 

r = position vector of point with respect to source charge
with S.I unit C/m2.   
r = r point – r sourcecharge
Mathematically, the surface charge density:
dq
s=
dA ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY
CHARGED RING ON ITS AXIS
dq Let us consider a uniformly charged ring as shown in figure. We
dA wish to calculate electric field at a point on its axis.
z
+
Electric field due to surface charge distribution of total charge q +
P(x,0,0)

is given by: R dE p
+ + x
 O
1  σdA 
E ( P) = ∫  rˆ

 + + dE p
4πε0 surface  r 2 
+
Volume charge density: It is the quantity of charge per unit
volume with S.I unit C/m3. Consider an element on the ring, then electric field due to this
Mathematically, the volume charge density: element is given by
dq
 k .dQ
r= | dEP |= 2
dV dq x + R2
From symmetry of charge distribution, it is clear that components
Electric field due to volume dV of electric field perpendicular to x-axis will cancel out.
charge distribution of total
charge q is given by:
EP = ∫ dEP cos θ
 1  ρdV  k .dQ x kx
or EP = ∫ · = ∫ dQ
E= ∫  r 2  rˆ (x ) (x )
2 2 2 2 3/2
4πε0 volume +R x +R 2
+ R2
P
or EP = kQx ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO UNIFORMLY
(x 2
+R )
2 3/2
CHARGED DISC ON ITS AXIS
Note that electric field at the centre of the ring is zero. Let us consider a uniformly charged disc of radius ‘R’ and charge
x=0
density s as shown in figure. We wish to calculate electric field
⇒ E0 = 0
at a point on its axis.
For maximizing the electric field y
dEP z
=0 ++
dx ++ +
+ + + ++
+ + ++ +
+ ++ P(x,0,0)
R + R +
+ ++
++
+
x
⇒x= ±
+
+ + O+ ++
+ +
2

+ ++ ++ +
++ + dE p
+ ++
The graphical variation of electric field along x-axis is as shown

below:
E Let us consider an elementary ring of radius ‘r’ and thickness
‘dr’, then
- R/ 2 O
X dQ = charge on elementary ring
R/ 2
= (2pr) (dr) s = 2ps r dr
dEP = Electric field due to elementary ring
k .dQx
ADVANCED LEARNING =
( x + r 2 )3/2
2
ELECTRIC FIELD AT THE CENTER OF A  
∴ EP = ∫ dEP
UNIFORMLY CHARGED SEMICIRCULAR RING
Let l = linear charge density. R
rdr σ  x 
+ + or EP = 2πk σx ∫ = 1 − 
( x 2
+ r 2 3/2
) 2 ε  
+ + 0 0  x + R2
2

x
d This result is easy to remember in following form
+ dEx + σ
y E= (1 − cos θ )
2ε 0
dEy
dE
where q = semicone angle subtended by disc at point ‘P’.
The arc is a collection of large numbers of point charges.
π
Consider a part of ring as an element of length Rdθ which Case: If R → ∞, then q →
subtends an angle dq at center of ring and it lies between 2
θ and θ + dθ Disc becomes infinite sheet, i.e., an infinite sheet can be looked

=dE dEx iˆ + dE y ˆj upon as disc of infinite radius.
Also, σ
Einfinite sheet =
 kdq 2ε0
dE = R 2 + uniformly charged
+ +
k λRd θ + + + + + + infinite sheet
= + + + ++
R 2 +
+
+ + ++ + P
Ex = ∫ dEx = 0 (due to symmetry)

+ ++ ++ + Ep
++
π π + + ++ + +
kλ 2k λ λ + ++ + +
Ey = ∫ dE=y ∫ dE sin=
θ
R ∫0
sin θ. =
dθ =
R 2πε0 R

0
 σ
Electric field due an arc of radius R, charge density l and Einfinite sheet = nˆ
subtending an angle q at its centre is given by, 2ε0
2k λ θ where n̂ is a unit vector normal to the sheet pointing away
E = sin   , along the angle bisector of q.
R 2 from the sheet.

Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge at Axial ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORM LINE
Point CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AT ANY POINT
In this case our problem is to find the electric field due to PERPENDICULAR TO IT
uniformly charged rod of length L at a point P at distance r from
Electric field due to a finite straight wire carrying uniform linear
one end of the rod assuming that Q is the total positive charge
charge at a perpendicular distance r from the wire:
on the rod as shown below in the figure.
Q (total charge on
the rod) dq = dx
dx Parallel to
r P rsec
+ + the line
x
L 2
P
Normal to
axis of the A r
the line
rod 1 dE
Let us is suppose the point P is at the origin. Our infinitesimal

charge element will be x distance away from the origin in this
coordinate system and the length of this infinitesimal charge
element will be dx as shown in the figure. Consider electric field dE from a small element at a distance x
Charge dq on the infinitesimal length element dx is from point A
Q kdq k λdx
dq = dx dE = 2 = 2
L r sec θ r sec 2 θ
2
dx x = rtanq
x dx
r = rsec2q
+ + r
dE dθ E||
P
L ⇒ dx = rsec2qdq 2
This dq can be regarded as a point charge, hence electric field kλ r 1
En
dE due to this element at point P is given by equation. ⇒ dE = d θ
r
dq kλ
dE = dEn = cos θd θ
4πε0 x 2 r
θ
Q kλ 2 kλ
  dx
L
⇒ En = ∫
r −θ
cos
= θd θ
r
(sin θ2 + sin θ1 ) ...(i)
⇒ dE = 1
4πε0 x 2 kλ
dE|| = − sin θd θ
and this field is generated at our point of interest P in radially r
outward direction as shown in the figure. θ
kλ 2 kλ
The net electric field strength at point P can be given by ⇒ E|| = − ∫
r −θ
sin
= θd θ
r
(cos θ2 − cos θ1 ) ...(ii)
integrating this expression over the whole length of the rod. 1
Enet = En2 + E||2

E = ∫ dE
It must be noted that electric field at point P due to all the charge 1. For infinitely long line charge: In above eq. (i) & (ii) if we
elements of the rod are in the same direction. put q1 = q2 = 90º we can get required result.
2k λ λ
r+L 1 Q
Enet = En = =
E
= ∫=
dE ∫r 4πε0 Lx 2
dx r 2πε0 r

r+L 1
+
Q +
E= ∫
4πε0 L r x 2 +
+
+
r+L + 1
Q  1 + E
=E − E
4πε0 L  x  r + r E r
+
+
Q 1 1  +
=E − +
4πε0 L  r r + L 
 + r
+
This is our required expression.
P
2. For semi-infinite line charge Force Eq
acceleration
= = (here gravitational force is not
θ1 = 90º and θ2 = 0º so mass m considered)
kλ kλ Thus, vertical displacement,
En =
, E|| =
r r 1  Eq  2
2k λ y=  t

\ E= En2 + E||2 = 2 m 
r 2
1  qE   x   qE  2
=y =     x
2  m  u   2mu 2 
At any instant of time t, horizontal component of velocity,
vx = u
r
En Vertical component of velocity is
E||  Eq 
v y= at=  t
 m 
E 2 q 2t 2
MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE ∴v = v = v x2 + v y2 = u2 +
m2
IN A UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
A charged body of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is initially at rest in
a uniform electric field of intensity E. The force acting on it is
given by F = Eq.
The direction of F is in the direction of field if ‘q’ is +ve and Example 9: An electron having mass m and charge q is
opposite to the field if ‘q’ is –ve. accelerated from rest in a uniform electric field E. The
The body travels in a straight line path with uniform velocity acquired by it as it travels a distance l is
F Eq 2Eq 2E
acceleration, =
a = (a) (b)
m m m m
At an instant of time t,
2Em Eq
 Eq  (c) (d)
Its final velocity, v =u + at = t (⸪ u = 0) q 2m
 m  qE
u 0,=
Sol. Given = a ,=
s 
1 2 1  Eq  2 m
Displacement s =+ ut at = t (⸪ u = 0)
2 2 m  ⸪ v=
2
u 2 + 2as
Momentum, P = mv = (Eq)t 2qE  2qE 
Kinetic energy, \ v 2 = 0 + ⇒v=
m m
1 2 1  E 2q2  2 Example 10: An oil drop having a mass 4.8 × 10–10g
K .E
= = mv  t
2 2  m  and charge of 30 ×10–18C is at rest between two charged
horizontal plates separated by a distance of 1cm . If now
When a charged particle enters perpendicularly into a uniform
polarity of the plates is reversed, instantaneous acceleration
electric field of intensity E with a velocity u then it describes
of the drop is (g = 10 m/s2)
parabolic path as shown in the figure.
(a) 10m/s2 (b) 15m/s2 (c) 25m/s2 (d) 20m/s2
Sol. Case I: When oil drop is in equilibrium
Negative plate
u F = qE
E q mg
Positive plate mg = qE
Case II: when the polarity of the plates are reversed
Positive plate
F = qE
Along the horizontal direction, acceleration is zero and hence E q mg
x = ut.
Negative plate
Along the vertical direction,

mg + qE = ma Example 12: Four charges Q, q, Q
2mg = ma [⸪ qE = mg] and q are kept at the four corners of a
2 × 10 = a square as shown in the figure. What is
\ a = 20m/s2 the relation between Q and q so that
the net force on charge q is zero?
Example 11: A cube of edge A metres carries a point charge
q at each corner. Calculate the resultant force on any one of Sol. Let us make the force
the charges. on upper right corner ‘q’
equal to zero. Here both
Sol. Let us take one corner C P Z
A the ‘q’ will have same sign
of cube as origin O(0, 0, 0) E Y
(either positive or negative),
and the opposite corner as
B X so they will repel each other,
P(a, a, a). We will calculate F
say by force F1. To balance
the electric field at P due to O D
F1, Q must apply attractive
the other seven charges at corners. force on q, say F2. That also
Expressing the field of a point charge in vector form means Q and q will have opposite signs. Resultant of both
 q  these F2 will be 2F2 (By Pythagoras' theorem) and it will
E= r
4πε0 r 3 exactly be opposite to F1.
(i) Field at P due to A, B, C or, F1 = 2F2
 q    From Coulomb’s law
= E1 3 
 AP + BP + CP 
4πε0 a q2
F1 =
q   4πε0 ( 2d ) 2
= 3 
a j + ak + ai 
4 πε a  Qq
0 and F2 =
(ii) Field at P due to D, E, F 4πε0 d 2
Note that DP = EP = FP = a 2
 F1 = 2 F2
 q   
= E2  DP + EP + FP  q 2Q
3   ∴ =

4πε0 a 2 ( )
d 2 ( )
2
d2
=
q
( ) ( ) ( )
 a j + ak + ai + a j + ai + ak  ∴Q =
q

4πε0 2 2a 3  ( )  2 2
But as we said Q and q have opposite sign so,
q i + j + k 
=
q = −2 2Q.
4πε0 2a 2  

Example 13: An infinitely large plate of surface charge
(iii) Field at P due to O
density +σ is lying in horizontal xy-plane. A particle having
OP = a 3
charge –q0 and mass m is projected from the plate with
 q  velocity u making an angle θ with sheet. Find:
E3 = OP
( )
3
4πε0 a 3

 q –q0
=E3  ai + a j + ak 

4πε0 3 3a 3 
( )
(i) The time taken by the particle to return to the plate.
 q (ii) Maximum height achieved by the particle.
=E3 i + j + k 
4 πε 0 3 3a 2 
( 
) (iii) At what distance will it strike the plate? (Neglect
gravitational force on the particle)
Resultant Field at P Sol.
    Fe
E = E1 + E2 + E3 + + + + + + + + + + + +
+

= E
(
 q i + j + k 
1+
)
1
+
1 
Electric force acting on the particle, Fe = q0E
 σ 
4πε0 a 2  
2 3 3 Fe = (q0 )   downward
   2ε 0 
\ F = qE Fe q0 σ
So, acceleration of the particle : =
a = (uniform)
outward along OP. m 2ε 0 m
P
This acceleration will act like ‘g’ (acceleration due to
2md 4md ε0
gravity) T= 2=
t 2 = 2
QE Qσ
So, the particle will perform projectile motion.
However, as the restoring force F = QE is constant and not
2u sin θ 2u sin θ proportional to displacement x, the motion is not simple
(i) T
= =
g  q0 σ  harmonic.
 
 2ε0 m  Example 15: Positive charge Q is distributed uniformly
over a circular ring of radius a. A point particle having a
u 2 sin 2 θ u 2 sin 2 θ mass m and a negative charge –q, is placed on its axis at a
(ii) H
= =
2g  qσ  distance y from the center. Find the force on the particle.
2 0  Assuming y << a, find the time period of oscillation of the
 2ε 0 m  particle if it is released from there. (Neglect gravity)
u 2 sin 2θ u 2 sin 2θ Sol. When the negative charge is shifted at a distance y from
(iii) R
= =
g  q0 σ  the center of the ring along its axis then force acting on the
  point charge due to the ring :
 2ε 0 m 
E
Example 14: A block having
mass m and charge Q is resting Sheet
on a frictionless plane at a (–) –q
distance d from fixed large y Fe
non-conducting infinite sheet m
of uniform charge density –σ
d
as shown in Figure. Assuming
that collision of the block with
the sheet is perfectly elastic, find the time period of oscillatory FE = qE (towards center)
motion of the block. Is it SHM?  
KQy
Sol. The situation is shown in figure. Electric force = q  
 2 3/ 2 
produced by sheet will accelerate the block towards the  a + y(2
) 
sheet producing an acceleration. Acceleration will be
uniform because electric field E due to the sheet is uniform. If a >> y then a2 + y2 ≈ a2
F QE 1 Qqy
a = = , where E = σ / 2ε0 ∴ FE = (Towards center)
m m 4πε0 a 3
As initially the block is at rest and acceleration is constant, Since, restoring force FE ∝ y, therefore motion of the
from second equation of motion, time taken by the block to charged particle will be S.H.M. Time period of SHM
1/2
reach the wall m m 16π3ε0 ma 3 
2π
T= 2π
= =
 
1 2 2d 2md 4md ε0 k  Qq   Qq 
=d at i.e.,
= t = =  3 

2 a QE Qσ  4 πε 0 a 
Example 16: Figure shows a long wire having uniform
Sheet charge density λ as shown in figure. Calculate electric field
R
E
(–) intensity at point P.

m QE
d
mg
As collision with the wall is perfectly elastic, the block will
rebound with same speed and as now its motion is opposite
to the acceleration, it will come to rest after travelling same
distance d in same time t.
After stopping, it will again be accelerated towards the wall 37°
and so the block will execute oscillatory motion with ‘span’ P
d and time period r

    Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ 2Q ˆ
Sol. q1 = 90° and q2 = 360° – 37° So Enet =+
EQ E3Q + E−2Q =
+ i− i− i=
− i
2 Aε0 2 Aε0 2 Aε0 Aε0
For point D:
Q –2Q 3Q
EQ E3Q
E–2Q D

    Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q
Enet =+
EQ E3Q + E−2Q =
+ i+ i− i = iˆ
2 Aε0 2 Aε0 2 Aε0 Aε0

kλ kλ
En
= [sin θ1 + sin θ2=
]; E|| [cos θ2 − cos θ1 ]
r r
k λ  3  2k λ k λ  4  4k λ Concept Application
= 1−  = = −0 =
r  5 5r r  5  5r
5. A proton of mass ‘m’ charge ‘e’ is released from rest in
Example 17: Three large conducting parallel sheets are
a uniform electric field of strength ‘E’. The time taken
placed at a finite distance from each other as shown in
figure. Find out electric field intensity at points A, B, C & D. by it to travel a distance ‘d’ in the field is
Q –2Q 3Q
(a) 2dE (b) 2dm
A B C D me Ee
y
(c) 2me (d) 2Ee
dE dm
x
6. A particle having mass m and charge q is thrown with
Sol. For point A: a speed u against a uniform electric field E. How much
Q –2Q 3Q
distance will it travel before coming to rest?
(a) mu2/2qE (b) 3mu2/qE
E–2Q
(c) mqE/2u2 (d) mu/qE
EQ E3Q A
7. A charged particle of mass 3 × 10–3 kg and charge
6 × 10–6 C enters in an electric field of 7 V/m. Then its
kinetic energy after 1m is
    Q ˆ 3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
Enet =+
EQ E3Q + E−2Q =
− i− i+ i=
− i (a) 10–4 J (b) 19 × 10–2 J
2 Aε0 2 Aε0 2 Aε0 Aε0
For point B: (c) 1.05 × 10–3 J (d) 4.2 × 10–5 J
Q –2Q 3Q
8. Four equal but like charges are placed at four corners
E–2Q of a square. The electric field intensity at the center
E3Q B
of the square due to any one charge is E, then the
EQ
resultant electric field intensity at center of square
will be
(a) Zero (b) 4E
    3Q ˆ 2Q ˆ Q ˆ
Enet =
E3Q + E−2Q + EQ =
− i+ i+ 0
i= (c) E (d) 1/2E
2 Aε0 2 Aε0 2 Aε0
For point C: 9. A charge of 4 ×10–9C is distributed uniformly over
Q –2Q 3Q the circumference of a conducting ring of radius 0.3
m. Calculate the field intensity at a point on the axis
E3Q EQ
of the ring at 0.4m from its center and also at the
E–2Q C
center?
(a) 112N/C, 2N/C (b) 112N/C, 3N/C
(c) 115.2N/C, Zero (d) 113.2N/C, Zero
P
The number of lines of force per unit normal area at a point
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES represents magnitude of electric field intensity. The crowded
lines represent strong field while distant lines show a weak
The idea of lines of force was introduced by Michael Faraday.
field.
A line of force is an imaginary curve, the tangent to which at a
The tangent to the line of force at a point in an electric
point gives the direction of electric field intensity at that point and
field gives the direction of electric field. It gives direction
the number of lines of force per unit area normal to the surface
of force and hence acceleration which a positive charge will
surrounding that point gives the magnitude of electric field
experience there (and not the direction of motion). A positive
intensity at that point. point charge free to move may or may not follow the line
of force. It will follow the line of force if it is a straight line
Properties of Field Lines
(as direction of velocity and acceleration will be same) and
Electric lines of force usually start or diverge out from positive will not follow the line if it is curved as the direction of motion
charge and end or converge on negative charge. will be different from that of acceleration.
ELECTRIC FLUX
+ –
The mathematical quantity related to number of lines passing
through a surface is called the electric flux f. The electric flux
through a surface which is perpendicular to a uniform electric
field E is defined as the product of electric field E and surface
The number of lines originating or terminating on a charge is
area S: f = ES
proportional to the magnitude of charge.
Since the electric field is proportional to density of lines of force,
Lines of force never cross each other because if they cross then the electric flux is proportional to number of lines of force passing
electric field intensity at that point will have two directions through the surface area: f ∝ N.
which is not possible. If the surface area is not perpendicular to the electric field, then
In electrostatics the electric lines of force can never be the electric flux is given by

closed loops, as a line can never start and end on the same = φ E = ˆ
. nS E cos=θ S En S
charge. If a line of force is a closed curve, work done round a
closed path will not be zero and electric field will not remain where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the surface and En is the
conservative. component of electric field perpendicular to the surface (normal
component).
Lines of force have tendency to contract longitudinally like a
stretched elastic string producing attraction between opposite S
n̂
charges and repel each other laterally resulting in, repulsion

between similar charges and ‘edge-effect’ (curving of lines of
force near the edges of a charged conductor). E
The electric flux over a curved surface over which electric field
+ – + + may vary in direction and magnitude can be computed by dividing
the surface into large number of very small area elements. Let
nî be the unit vector perpendicular to such an area element and
DSi be its area. The flux of the electric field through such an area
element is
attraction repulsion 
Ei . nî ∆Si
=
electric lines of force for a dipole electric lines of force for a system ∆φi
of two positive charges
+ The total flux through the surface area is found by adding flux
through each area element. In the limit, when number of area
E E elements approaches infinity and area of each element approaches
zero, the sum becomes an integral.
n  
φ lim ∑=
= Ei . nî ∆ Si ∫ E . nˆ dS
n →∞
i =1
(Electric field due to an infinite sheet of charges. The field is uniform)
Sometimes we are interested in finding out the flux through a
If in a region of space, there is no electric field there will closed surface. The unit vector n̂ in such a case is defined to be
be no lines of force. This is why inside a conductor or at a directed outward from each point. Note that when an electric line

neutral point, where resultant intensity is zero, there are no comes out of the closed surface, then E . nˆ is positive and if it

lines of force. enters the surface E . nˆ is negative.

The net flux through a closed surface is written as On the other hand, a charge residing outside the surface would
 contribute nothing to the net flux because every line of force that
φnet ∫ E=
= . nˆ dS ∫ En dS . enters the surface at one point leaves the surface at another point.
Please note that f is proportional to the net number of lines of It follows then that for any closed surface.
forces going out of the surface, i.e., number of lines going out of  qenclosed
the surface minus the number of lines going into the surface. =
φnet ∫ =
E .nˆ dS
ε0
surface
Important Points about Electric Flux
It is a scalar physical quantity. where qenclosed is the total charge enclosed inside the surface.
SI Units: volt × m This important result is called Gauss’s Law and can be stated as
Dimensions: [ML3T–3A–1] follows:

ds

E

ds
ds
For a system of charges, the net flux through any closed surface
‘S’ is equal to 1/e0 times the net charge inside the surface.
E
º º

E
P P P
d Eds cos (dmax Eds (dmin 0 FLUX THROUGH OPEN SURFACES
It will be maximum when cos q is max = 1, i.e., USING GAUSS’S THEOREM
q = 0°, i.e., electric field is normal to the area with
(dfE)max = EdS Consider a point charge +q is
placed at the center of curvature of +q
It will be minimum when cosq is min = 0, i.e., q = 90°, a hemisphere. Then flux through
i.e. field is parallel to the area with (dfE)min = 0 the hemispherical surface can be
For a closed body outward flux is taken as positive while calculated as follows:
inward flux is taken as negative.
Let us put an upper half hemisphere.
q
GAUSS’S LAW Now flux passing through the entire sphere =
ε0
If a closed surface encloses a positive charge the net flux is positive,
and if it encloses a negative charge the net flux is negative. A
charge residing outside the closed surface cannot contribute to the
net flux because every line of force that enters the surface at one
point leaves the surface at some other point. +q
Consider a closed spherical surface of radius r with a point

charge q at the center. The electric field at the surface due to this
q
charge is normal to the surface and its magnitude will be 2
.
Therefore, the flux through the surface is 4 πε or
As the charge q is symmetrical to the upper half and lower
= φ ∫ Eˆ =
.nˆ d S q = dS q ×= 4πr 2 q half hemispheres, so half-half flux will emit from both the

4πε0r 2 ∫ 4πε0r 2 ε0
surfaces.
Notice that the radius of the spherical surface cancels out,
for while the surface area goes up as r2 the field goes down as
1/r2, and so the product is constant. In terms of electric lines of Flux cutting q Flux cutting q
force, this makes sense since the same number of lines of force lower half surface = upper half surface =
20 20
pass through any spherical surface centered at the point charge
irrespective of its size. In fact it didn’t have to be a spherical Let us assume a charge Q is placed at
Q
surface - any surface whatever its shape, size would have the same a distance a/2 above the center of a
number of lines of force passing through it. Thus, the flux through horizontal square surface of edge a as a
a/2
any closed surface enclosing the charge is q/e0. shown in figure. Then the flux of the
Now suppose we have number of point charges spread over a electric field through the square surface
a
region. From the superposition principle, the field at a point is can be calculated as follows:
 n 
given by E = ∑ Ei We can consider imaginary faces of a cube such
i =1 that the charge lies at the center of the cube. Due to
The flux through any surface due to all of the charges enclosed by symmetry we can say that flux through the given area
the surface will be (which is one face of cube).
 n  n q Q
= ∫ E.nˆ dS ∑
= ∫ Ei .nˆ dS ∑
i f=
=i 1 =i 1 ε 0 6ε0
P
APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS‘S LAW SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
Gauss's law can be used to calculate the electric field E when there
 Derivation of electric field intensity due to a point
is a high degree of symmetry due to which the direction of E is
 charge by Gauss's Law
known at every point and magnitude of E is constant over some
Let us consider, a source point charge particle of +q coulomb is
simple surface. In such situation, Gauss’s law provides the easiest
placed at point O in space. Let us take a point P in the surrounding
ways of calculating the electric fields. of the source point charge particle. To find the electric field

There are three kinds of symmetries where Gauss’s law can be intensity E at point P, draw a spherical gaussian surface which

used to find the electric field: passes through the point P. After that take a very small area dA
1. Spherical Symmetry: When due to symmetry, electric field around the point P. If the distance between the source charge

is same at a distance ‘r’ from a fixed point and is directed particle and small area dA is r then electric flux passing through

away from that point or towards it. Choose gaussian surface the small area dA will be
to be a spherical surface concentric with that point.  
d φ E = E ⋅ dA
dfE = EdAcosq

E
Gaussian Surface
P dA
O
2. Cylindrical Symmetry: When, by symmetry, electric Gaussian Surface
field is same at all points at a perpendicular distance r
from an infinite line and electric field is directed away Point charge particle
(or towards) from the line. Choose gaussian surface as a
cylinder coaxial with the line.
 
E From the figure, E and dA are parallel to each other, i.e., the
angle will be 0°. So the above equation can be written as
dfE = EdAcos0°
dfE = EdA
E The electric flux passing through the entire Gaussian surface can
Gaussian Surface
be found by closed integration of the above equation.
3. Planar Symmetry: When due to symmetry, electric field is
same at all points at a distance ‘d’ from an infinite plane and φE =∫ EdA
electric field is directed away (or towards) from the plane. φE =E ∫ dA
Here, one can choose the gaussian surface to be a pill box-
shaped cylinder of length ‘2d’. (
φ E = E 4πr 2 ) { ∫ dA = 4πr }2
E q
According to Gauss's Law, φ E = . Then above equation can
ε0
be written as
q
d (
= E 4πr 2
ε0
)
d 1 q
E=
4πε0 r 2
The above expression is the electric field intensity due to a point
E source charge particle.

Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere
Spherical Shell or Hollow Sphere Electric field outside the solid sphere: Direction of electric
field is radially outwards, so we will choose a spherical Gaussian
Electric field outside the Sphere: Since, electric field due to a surface. Applying Gauss`s theorem
shell will be radially outwards. So lets choose a spherical Gaussian
surface. Applying Gauss`s theorem for this spherical Gaussian
Q,R
surface,
++ +
+ + +
+ + +
q,R + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + → → qin Q
+ r ∫ E . dS = fnet = =
+ + εο εο
+ + Q Q
+ ⇒ E(4pr2) = ⇒ Eout =
εο 4πεο r 2
Electric field inside the solid sphere: For this choose a spherical
  Gaussian surface inside the solid sphere. Applying Gauss’s
qin q theorem for this surface
∫ E.ds =φnet =∈0 =
∈0
qin + Q,R +
⇒ E(4pr2) = ++ ++ +
ε0 +
+ +
++
+
r
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
q
+ +
+ + + +
⇒ Eout = + + +
4πεο r 2
+ + + ++
+ +
+ + + ++
++ + +
+ + + ++ + +
Electric field inside a sphere: Let us choose a spherical Gaussian + + +
surface inside the shell.

Applying Gauss`s theorem for this surface Q 4
× πr 3
4 3 3
πR
→ →
E . dS = qin 3 Qr 3
q,R ∫ φ net =
εο
=
εο
= 3
εο R
+ +
+ Qr 3
+ r + ⇒ E(4pr2) =
+ + εο R3
+
+ + Qr kQ ρr
E = ⇒ Ein = r=
+ + + 4πεο R 3 R3 3εo
(where r = volume charge density of the sphere)
E = (Qr)/(40R 3)
qin E 1 Q
=0 E=
fnet = 40 R2
ε0
⇒ E (4pr2) = 0 E = Q/(40r2)
⇒ Ein = 0
0 R r
ADVANCED LEARNING
E Electric Field inside a cavity within a Uniformly
Charged solid sphere
In a uniform sphere of charge (charge density r), a small cavity
is created. The center of cavity is at a distance a from the center
r<R r=R r>R of sphere. Center of sphere is taken as origin and the unit vector
r is taken along the line joining the center of cavity and origin.
P
ADVANCED LEARNING ADVANCED LEARNING
Consider any point P inside cavity. The position vector of P Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged

is r . The field at P can be assumed to be a superposition of Infinitely Long Hollow Cylinder


( )
field due to a uniform sphere of charge E1 and field due to
a negatively charged sphere of the size of cavity E2 . ( ) R

+ r
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

  
ρr  −ρr1  (i) E outside the cylinder: Let us choose a cylindrical
=E1 = , E2 , (where r1 = position vector of P w.r.t. C)
3ε0 3ε0 gaussian surface.
 
   ρ   ρa ρa q σ2πR
⇒ Net field, E= E1 + E2 ⇒ E= ( r − r1 )= = aˆ (OC= a ) fnet = in =
3ε0 3ε0 3ε0 εο εο
NOTE: Since the field at point P does not depend on the σ2πRl
⇒ Eout × 2πrl =
position of point P in the cavity, we conclude that the field ∈0
inside cavity is uniform.
σR
⇒ E =
r ε0
CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY (ii) E inside the cylinder: Let us choose a cylindrical
Electric Field due to Uniformly Charged Infinite Wire gaussian surface inside the tube.
q
+
fnet = in = 0
εο
+
+ So, Ein = 0
surface(1)
E
++
cylindrical
+ gaussian
surface
Eout
1
+
r
Ein = 0
r

r
+ surface(3) r=R
+ Electric Field due to a Uniformly Charged
+ surface(2) Infinitely Long Solid Cylinder
+ (i) E at outside point: Let us choose a cylindrical gaussian
surface.
Electric field due to infinite wire is radial so we will choose
cylindrical Gaussian surface as shown in figure.
net R +
+ r
1 =0 2 =0 3 0
l
q λl
φnet =φ3 = in =
∈0 ∈0
λ
ds E ( 2πrl ) =
⇒ E ∫ =
εο
λ
⇒ E = = 2k λ
2πεο r r

Applying Gauss`s theorem → →
q ρ× πR 2  ρR 2
In this case ∫ E . dS = 0
E × 2prl = in = ⇒ Eout = II
εο εο 2r ε 0 As the lateral surface of cylinder is parallel to the direction of
(ii) E at inside point: Let us choose a cylindrical gaussian electric field strength, no flux is coming out from the lateral
surface inside the solid cylinder. surface, hence we have
Applying gauss's theorem σS σS
∫ EdS + ∫ EdS = or 2 ES =
I III
∈ 0 ∈0
r [As electric field is uniform on both sides]
σ
or E =
2 ∈0
Variation of E with r Variation of E with s
l E E
O r O

qin ρ× πr 2  ADVANCED LEARNING

E × 2prl = =
εο εο Electric field due to an infinite thick non-
ρr

Ein = conducting sheet
2ε0 +++++++++
E +++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++ r
A3 r
+ + + + ++ + + + + Ar
+ + + + ++ + + + +
A1
2 + + + + + + +
Einr + + + + + + Er
1
Eout + + +P+ ++ + + + +
+ + + + ++ + + + + Er +
r + + + + ++ + + + + 2 + ++++++ 1
+++++ + + + + + x
r + + + + ++ + + + +
r=R
d
For x < d (inside the sheet)
PLANAR SYMMETRY Consider a Gaussian pill box of cross-sectional area A and
length 2x with length x from the plane passing through middle
Electric field due to a Uniformly Charged Infinite, Thin, Non- of the sheet.
conducting Sheet: To find the electric field strength at a point P
Electric charge enclosed, qenc. = r.A(2x)
in front of the charged sheet we consider a cylindrical Gaussian
Total flux through the Gaussian pill box;
surface as shown in figure of face area S. If we apply Gauss's law        
for this surface, we have ∫ E ⋅ dA= ∫ E1 ⋅ dA + ∫ E2 ⋅ dA + ∫ E3 ⋅ dA
s A1 A2 A3
→ → q → → → → → → σS
∫ E . dS = ∈encl or ∫ E . dS + ∫ E . dS + ∫ E . dS =
∈0
qenc.
= E1 A1 + E2 A2 + 0
0 I II III
ε0
[As here qencl = sS] ρA ( 2 x )
= 2 Ex A
C/m ε0
+
+
area S ρx
So, Ex =
+
+
+
+
ε0
E II + E
+
+ x
P For x > d (out side the sheet)
I +
+
III Consider a gaussian surface as shown in figure.
Electric charge enclosed qenc = rAd
+
+
+
+
+ Total flux through gaussian surface
P
Example 21: Find the electric flux due to a point charge
‘Q’ through the circular region of radius R if the charge is
placed on the axis at a distance x as shown in figure.
R
+Q
x

       
∫ E ⋅ dA = ∫ E1 ⋅ dA1 + ∫ E2 ⋅ dA2 + ∫ E3 ⋅ dA3
A1 A2 A3
qenc Sol. We can divide the circular region into small rings.
= E1 A1 + E2 A2
ε0

dr E
dS
ρd
Ex = +Q
r
2ε0
x
Let us take a ring of radius r and width dr. Flux through this
small element dφ = E ds cos θ
r =R kQ  x
Example 18: Find out flux through the given Gaussian ∴ φnet = ∫ Edscosθ = ∫ r =0 ( 2πrdr )  
surface. (x 2
+r 2
) 2 2 
 x +r 
Qin   Q
Sol. f = Q x
ε0 q5=2C = 1 − = [1 − cos β]
q4=–6C q1=2C 2ε 0  x + R2
2
 2ε0
2µC − 3µC + 4µC q2=–3C
= q3=4C
ε0 q6=3C Example 22: Consider a point charge q = 1mC placed at a
corner of a cube of side 10 cm. Determine the electric flux
−6
= 3 × 10 Nm2/C Gaussian surface through each face of the cube.
ε0 Sol. Here we will use the symmetry of the situation, which
involves the faces joining at the corner at which the charge
Example 19: If a point charge q is placed at the center of resides.
a cube then find out flux through any one surface of cube.

E
q
Sol. Flux through 6 surfaces =
ε0 q +
Since all the surfaces are symmetrical
1 q
so, flux through one surface =
6 ∈0
Example 20: The electric field in a region is given by (a) A charge q is placed at the comer of a cube
 3 4
=E E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj with E0 = 2.0 × 103 N/C. Find the flux
5 5
of this field through a rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 q F
parallel to the Y – Z plane. F
  3 4 
Sol. φ= E ⋅ S =  E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj  ⋅ 0.2iˆ ( )
F
5 5 
(b) By surrounding the charge with a series of cubes such
N − m2 that the charge is at the center of a larger cube, we have
= 240
C created a symmetric arrangement.

r
a
The total flux is
q
. So that the flux through each of the ( )
ε0 E 4πr 2 = Q + 4π∫ x 2 dx
x
ε0
q q R
sides of the large cube is and one quarter of that ε E ( 4πr ) =
2
(
Q + 2πa r 2 − R 2 )
6ε 0 24ε0 0 R
goes through each of the far sides of the small cube (because 2 O
 Q − 2πaR  1 2πa
=
⇒E   2+
the faces of small cube which touch the charge have electric  4πε0  r 4πε0 r
field parallel to them). Numerical evaluation gives For E to be independent of r,
Q = 2paR2
q 1× 10−3 C
φ= = = 5 × 106 Nm 2 /C a
(
24ε0 24 8.85 × 10−12 C2 / Nm 2 ) E=
2ε0
Example 23: Find by direct integration the electric field at the
center of a hemispherical surface of charge having uniform
surface density s.
Sol. Concept Application
10. If an insulated non-conducting sphere of radius R has

charge density r. The electric field at a distance r from
Rd the center of sphere (r < R) will be
B ρR ρr
d A (a) (b)
R 3ε0 ε0
O
Consider a ring-shaped element on the surface of the ρr 3ρR
hemisphere at an angle q as shown. (c) (d)
3ε0 ε0
AB = the radius of the ring = R sin q
Distance of center of ring B from O = R cos q 11. The given figure gives electric lines of force due to two
Charge on the element = dq = s (area) charges q1 and q2. What are the signs of the two charges?
dq = s (2pR sin q) Rdq
Field at O due to this infinitesimal element = dE
( dq )( R cos θ )
dE =
4πε0 ( R sin 2 θ + R 2 cos 2 θ )
2 3/ 2
q1 q2
(using the result for the field at axis of a ring)
π/ 2
( )
R sin θ 2πσR 2 cos θ
⇒ E= ∫ dE= ∫ 4πε0 R 3
dθ
0
(a) Both are negative
π/ 2 2 π/ 2
σ σ sin θ (b) Both are positive
=
2 ε0 ∫ sin θ=
0
cos θdθ
2ε 0 2 0 (c) q1 is positive but q2 is negative
σ (d) q1 is negative but q2 is positive
=
4ε 0 12. If electric field is uniform, then the electric lines of forces
Example 24: A system consists of a ball of radius R carrying are
a spherically symmetric charge and the surrounding space (a) Divergent
is filled with a charge of volume density r = a/r where a is (b) Convergent
a constant, r is the distance from the center of ball. Find the (c) Circular
ball’s charge for which the magnitude of the electric field is
independent of r outside the ball. How high is this strength? (d) Parallel
Sol. Let us consider a spherical surface of radius r(r > R) 13. A non-conducting solid sphere of radius R is uniformly
concentric with the ball and apply Gauss’s Law. charged. The magnitude of the electric field due to the
  q sphere at a distance r from its center.
∫ E .dA = ε0 (a) Increases as r increases, for r ≤ R
Let Q = Total charge on the ball (b) Decreases as r increases, for 0 < r < ∞.
r (c) Decreases as r increases, for R < r < ∞.
( )
ε0 E 4πr 2 = Q + ∫ ρ 4πx 2 dx
(d) Is discontinuous at r = R
R
P
kq
ELECTRIC DIPOLE (r 2 + a 2)
A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small

Enet P
distance is called electric dipole, shown in figure. Every dipole kq
has a characteristic property called dipole moment. It is defined (r 2 + a 2)
as the product of magnitude of either charge and the separation
between the charges. It is given as
  r
p = qd
d –q q
O

p (–a, 0) (a, 0)
–q +q
2kqa kp
Dipole moment is a vector quantity and its direction is given from E=
net = = ( As p 2aq )
negative pole to positive pole. (r 2 + a 2 )3/2 (r 2 + a 2 )3/ 2
As we have already stated that r > > 2a
ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE kp

∴ Enet at P =
1. At an axial point: Figure shows an electric dipole placed r3
on x-axis at origin We can observe that the direction of dipole moment and
electric field due to dipole at P are in opposite direction.
kq kq →
→ –k p
–q +q (r + a) 2 P (r - a) 2 ∴ Vectorially E =
O r3
(–a, 0) (a, 0)
r
ADVANCED LEARNING
2a
ELECTRIC FIELD AT A GENERAL POINT DUE
Here we wish to find the electric field at point P having
coordinates (r, 0) (where r >> 2a). Due to positive charge TO A DIPOLE
of dipole electric field at P is in outward direction and due Figure shows an electric dipole placed on x-axis at origin and
to negative charge it is in inward direction. we wish to find out the electric field at point A with coordinates
kq kq 4kqar (r, q).
Enet at P = – = 2
(r – a)2 (r + a)2 (r – a 2 )2 We can resolve the dipole moment into two perpendicular
components such that the point A lies at axial point for one
As P = 2aq component and at the equitorial point for the other. Thus,
2kpr
∴ Enet at P = 2 2 2
(r – a 2 )2  2kp cos θ   kp sin θ 
Enet =   + 
As r >> 2a  r3   r3 
∴we can neglect a w.r.t. r
kp
= 1 + 3cos 2 θ
E at P = 2kp
net r3
r3
As we can observe that for axial point direction of field is kp sin θ
in direction of dipole moment r3
And tan a =
 2kp 2kp cos θ
∴ Vectorially, E = r3
r3
2. At an equatorial point: Again we consider the dipole net
placed along the x-axis and we wish to find electric field

at point P which is situated equatorially at a distance
r (where r >> 2a) from origin.
A
Vertical component of the electric field vectors cancel out
each other. OA
kq
Enet at P = 2E cos θ [where E = 2 ]
r + a2
2kq a  a 
Enet at P = 2 . cos θ = 
r + a 2 r 2 + a 2  2 2
r + a 

ADVANCED LEARNING
tan θ
tan a =
2 SHORT DIPOLE IN NON UNIFORM
 tan θ 
α =tan –1 
ELECTRIC FIELD

 2  
If the dipole is placed along E , (shown in figure)
E(x)
dx
DIPOLE IN UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD qE(x) –q +q (q) E(x + dx)
Figure shows a dipole of dipole moment p placed at an angle

θ to the direction of electric field. Here the charges of dipole
experience forces qE in opposite direction as shown. E(x) E(x + dx)

E Then, net force on the dipole : Fnet = qE(x + dx) – qE(x)
+q E ( x + dx) − E ( x)
qE Fnet = q (dx); here (q(dx) = P)
dx
 dE 
\ Fnet = P  
d dsin  dx 
Electric dipole placed at distance r from a point charge.
Q p
qE
–q r
Q
Thus we can state that when a dipole is placed in a uniform electric E=
field, net force on the dipole is zero. But as equal and opposite 4πε0 r 2
forces act with a separation in their line of action, they produce dE 1 d −2 1 2 PQ
a couple which tend to align the dipole along the direction of \F= P =
dr 4πε0
.PQ
dr
r = − .
4πε0 r 3
( )
electric field. The torque due to this couple can be given as
t = Force × separation between lines of action of forces Negative sign indicates that the force is in the direction of
= qE × d sin q decreasing r.
= pE sin q \ Force is attractive.
or vectorially we can write the torque on dipole as If the same dipole is placed at an angle q(q ≠ 0, 180°) then it will
   experience force as well as torque.
τ= p × E

Angular SHM of Dipole: When a dipole is suspended in a Q
uniform electric field, it will align itself parallel to the field. r
Now if it is given a small angular displacement q about its dE 2kP cos θQ PQ cos θ
equilibrium, the (restoring) couple will be F = Pcosq =
− =
dr r3 2πε0 r 3
τ = – pE sin q
or τ = – pE q [as sin q ≈ q, for small q]
d 2θ
or I = − pE θ
dt 2
2
or d θ = −
pE
θ
dt 2
I Example 25: What is the dipole moment of the system
2 shown in figure?
or d θ = −ω2 θ
–q
dt 2
pE
where ω2 = a a
I
This is standard equation of angular simple harmonic motion A
2q a –q
2π
with time-period T = . So the dipole will execute angular
ω Sol. There are two dipoles of P = qa P

SHM with time-period 60º
so =
Pnet 3P
= 3qa
I P

T = 2π
pE
P
Example 26: An electron and a proton are placed at Concept Application
distance of 1Å. What will be dipole moment of so formed

dipole? 14. The torque acting
 on a dipole of moment P in a uniform
electric field E is  
Sol. p = qd = 1.6 × 10–19 × 1 × 10–10  
(a) P · E (b) P × E
= 1.6 × 10–29 coulomb metre  
(c) Zero (d) E × P
Example 27: The electric field due to a short dipole at a 15. If an electric dipole is kept in a uniform electric field,
distance r, on the axial line, from its mid point is the same as then it may experience
that of electric field at a distance r1, on the equatorial line, from (a) A force
(b) A couple and move
r
its mid-point. Determine the ratio . (c) A couple and rotates
r1
1 2p 1 p (d) A force and moves
Sol. =
4πε0 r 3 4πε0 r13 16. An electric dipole consists of two opposite charges
each of magnitude 1 × 10–6 C separated by a distance
2 1 r3 2 cm. The dipole is placed in an external field of
= or =2
r 3 r13 r13 10 × 105N/C. The maximum torque on the dipole is
(a) 0.2 × 10–3 N-m (b) 1.0 × 10–3 N-m
r
or = 21/3 (c) 2 × 10–2 N-m (d) 4 × 10–3 N-m
r1

AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)
1. Four point charges are fixed at the corners of a square of side q

length a. A positive charge q0 is placed at a distance a from Charge on element, dq = ldy = dy
l
center of square perpendicular to the plane of square. If point Electric force on ‘Q’ due to element
 3  dy
charge q0 is in equilibrium then its mass m is  a = m . y
q0  2  P

a
+q a +2q
k .dq.Q k .Q.q.dy
dF
=
=
y2 y 2l
All forces are along the same direction,
O \ F = ∑ dF .
This sum can be calculated using
integration,
a +l
+2q +q a +l
KQqdy KqQ  1 
therefore F = ∫ y 2l
=
l
= − 
 y a
2qq0 3 4qq0 3 a
(a) (b)
9πε0 g 2 9πε0 g 2 KQ.q  1 1  KQq
=  − =

l  a a + l  a(a + l )
5qq0 3 8 qq0 3
(c) (d) NOTE: (1) The total charge of the rod cannot be
9πε0 g 2 9 πε0 g 2
considered to be placed at the center of the rod as we
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) do in mechanics for mass in many problems.
Sol. FE = mg KQq
(2) If a >> l then, F = 2
2 ( k )( 2q ) q0 a 2kqq0 a a
+ mg
= i.e., behavior of the rod is just like a point charge for very
 2 a2  2
a2  a2 + a  a2
 a +  2
a +  2
 a + far away points.
 2  2  2  2 Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
2kqq a 3. Two charges q and 4q are placed at x = 0 and x = L along
03/2 ( 3) = mg
 3a 2  x-axis. Where should another particle of charge q, be placed
  on x-axis, so that net force on charge at x = 0 becomes zero?
 2 
L L
( 2kqq0 ) ( a ) 8  2 × 8  ( qq0 ) 3 (a) x =
2
(b) x = 2L (c) x = –2L (d) x = −
2

=m =  
9g  4πε0  9 g 2 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
4qq0 3 Sol. The charge 4q repels the charge q towards negative x-axis.

m=
9πε0 g 2 So the charge q has to be placed on the left of charge q. Let
it be placed at x = –r.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
2. A thin straight rod of length l carrying a uniformly distributed
charge q is located in vacuum. Find the magnitude of the
electric force on a point charge ‘Q’ kept as shown in the figure.
q 
Q Let F1 be the force on q (at x = 0) due to charge at

a x = –r, given as
KQq KQq KQq KQq   1  q2
(a) (b) (c) (d) F1 =   2 iˆ
(a + )
2
a a ( a +  ) a (a − )  4πε0  r

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) Let F2 be the force on q (at x = 0) due to charge 4q at
Sol. As the charge on the rod is not point charge, therefore, first we x = L, given as
have to find force on charge Q due to charge over a very small   1  q × 4q ˆ
part on the length of the rod. This part called element of length,
F2 = −   2 i
dy can be considered as point charge.  4πε0  L
P
According to the condition given, F mg
=
  q 2 4q 2 L F ' mg − B
Net force F1 + F2 ⇒ =2 ⇒ r =
r 2
L 2 Vdg d

⇒k
= =
−L Vdg − V ρg d − ρ
\ The charge q should be placed at x = .
2
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. 1600
= ⇒k = 2
1600 − 800
4. Two identical charged spheres are suspended by strings of
equal length. The strings makes an angle of 30° with each other. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
When suspended in a liquid of density 800 kg/m3, the angle 5. In which of the following figures, electric field at point O is
remains the same. The density of the material of the sphere is non-zero?
+
1600 kg/m3. The dielectric constant of liquid is ++ ++
+ +
(a) K = 2 (b) K = 0.5 (a) ++
+
+
O
1 + +
(c) K = (d) K = 4 + +
4 ++ ++
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) Uniform charge per unit length
= 0 cos = Linear charge
Sol. Let T and T' be the tensions in the strings when spheres are
density
(b)
in air and in liquid respectively. O
Charge per unit length varies with angular position

T = 0 sin2 = Linear charge
density

F (c)

O
mg
IN AIR Charge per unit length varies with angular position

T sin q = F –+
––– ++++
– ++

T cos q = mg –– ++
– O
(d) +
– +

⇒ F = mg tan q ++
–
–
–
++ ––
++
+++ – –––
B
Uniform charge per unit length for different quadrants
T
F' (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
Sol. Symmetrical configuration will lead to zero field.
mg
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
IN LIQUID 
T' sin q = F' 6. A dipole with electric dipole moment P1 and another dipole

with dipole moment P2 are placed in a region as shown. If

B + T' cos q = mg, (where, B is buoyant force)  
| P1 |=| P 2 | then find out the electric field at the origin.

⇒ F' = (mg – B) tan q y

F = electrostatic repulsion in air
q2

P2

P1
F=
2
4πε0 a x
In liquid this force is F′ and is given as
60º 60º
q2
F'=
where k is dielectric constant of the liquid r r
4π ε 0 k a 2
3kP  – 2kP  3kP 
1
⇒ F ' =F (a) – 3
j (b) – 3kP j (c) j (d) j
k r 2r 3
r 3
r3
From force diagrams: (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

Sol. By resolving the dipole moments along x and y-axis, we can y
get net electric field.
After resolving dipole moments along x and y axis,
y
3 A B
P 3 o x
2 P
2
x
O
P P
2 2 z
  kQ
(a) − E (b) − E + 2 kˆ
x0
Electric field at center due to horizontal components of both  kQ 
(c) + E − 2 kˆ (d) + E
dipoles cancels out. x0
Hence, net electric field at center will be:
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
P 3

 P Sol. Electric field inside a conducting sphere is zero.
E=−k 23 × 2 ˆj =
− 3k 3 ˆj If we complete the sphere, then E.F. at point A,
r r 
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. E=0

7. A long uniformly charged thread having linear charge density \ At point B electric field is E.
l is placed along y-axis. At a distance
 ‘r’ from it, there is a Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
short dipole of dipole moment P . Find the force exerted on 9. A proton is revolving with speed v in a circular orbit of radius
electric dipole if it is kept along the thread.
of 2 cm, in a region between two hollow large cylindrical
y
shells having uniform charge densities, –2 × 10–4 Cm–1 on
' ' the inner cylinder and 2 × 10–4 Cm–1 on the outer cylinder.
The radius of inner shell is 1 cm and that of outer shell is 3
cm. The speed of proton is
r
x (a) 37.5 × 106 m/s (b) 9.25 × 107 m/s
P
6
(c) 18.5 × 10 m/s (d) 5.5 × 105 m/s
Sol. Force due to linear charge will be used as centripetal force
λP 2λ P 3λP on the proton.
(a) (b) zero (c) (d)
2πε 0 r 2 2πε0 r 2
2πε0 r 2 E.F. between the cylinders,
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 2k λ
E=
r
Sol. The dipole is kept inside the electric field produced by the \ force on proton
line charge
2k λ
+ F= q ×
r
Eq
–q For circular motion,
2k λq mv 2

r =
Eq r r
+q 2 λq
–
v=
4πε0 m
λ

E=
2πε0 r 2 × 9 × 109 × 2 × 10−4 × 1.6 × 10−19

v= m/s
Net force on dipole = Eq – Eq = 0 1.67 × 10−27
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. v = 18.5 × 106 m/s
8. A charge Q is uniformly 
distributed over a hollow Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
hemispherical shell. Let E be the electric field at point 10. Two free ends of a uniformly charged wire make
A whose co-ordinates are (–x0, 0, 0). Find out the electric 60° and 48° at a point P with x-axis. If wire is along y-axis,
field at point B whose co-ordinates are (x0, 0, 0). the angle of electric field strength vector from x-axis at P is
(Note, x0 < R, where, R is the radius of hollow shell) (a) 12° (b) 0° (c) 10° (d) 6°
P
Sol. Find out the electric field components and determine the Q Q θ
angle from x-axis. (a) sin ( θ ) (b) sin  
4π ε 0 R 2
2 2
4π ε 0 R 2
2
+
+ Q θ Q θ
(c) sin   (d) sin  
+ 4π2 ε 0 R 2 4 4π2 ε 0 R 2 8
+
+ R 60°
+ 48° P (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
+
+ Sol. Electric field due to an arc at its centre
+ is q
Kλ kλ θ

E⊥ (perpendicular=
to wire) (sin 60° + sin 48°) 2sin  
R R 2
Kλ 1

E|| (parallel=
to wire) (cos 60° − cos 48°) where k = ,
R 4πε 0
E cos 60° − cos 48° q = angle subtended by the wire at the center,

tan=
θ =
E⊥ sin 60° + sin 48° and l = Linear density of charge.
Let E be the electric field due to remaining portion.

q is from x-axis
Since intensity at the center due to the circular wire is zero.
E cos 60° − cos 48° −2sin 54° sin 6°

tan=
θ = = Applying principle of superposition.
E⊥ sin 60° + sin 48° 2sin 54° cos 6° kλ 
θ
2sin   nˆ + E = 0
tan q = –tan 6° R 2
6° from x-axis  1 Q θ
E = . .2sin  
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. 4πε0 R 2πR 2

11. Two short dipoles P1 and P2 are placed at a distance r as Q θ
= 2 sin  
shown in fig. The force on P1 due to P2 is 4π ε 0 R 2 2
−6KP1 P2 6KP1 P2 Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
(a) (b)
r4 r4 13. In the given figure, we have co-axial solid and hollow
3KP1 P2 −3KP1 P2 cylinders of charge density s (per unit area) and r (per unit
(c) (d) volume) respectively. Radius of outer cylinder is 2R. Use
r4 r4
Gauss's law to find out the electric field (Column-II) at points
given in Column-I.
Sol. Force on P2 due to P1
2kP1
E1=
r3
A B C
P1 r P2
R
 dE 
F2 = ( P2 )  1 

 dr  R
 d  2kP   6kP1 P2 Column-I Column-II

\ F2 = ( P2 )   3 1   or F2 = −

 dr  r   r4
Electric field strength at point A, ρR
Here –ve sign indicates that this force will be attractive A. p.
at a distance R/2 from axis 3 ∈0
(opposite to r).
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Electric field strength at point B, ρR
B. q.
at a distance 3R/2 from axis 4 ∈0
12. A circular wire of radius R carries a total charge Q distributed
uniformly over its circumference. A small length of the wire Electric field strength at point C, at
C. r 0
subtending angle q at the center is cut off. Find the electric a distance 5R/2 from axis
field at the center due to the remaining portion. Electric field strength at any point ρR
D. s.
on the axis ∈0

(a) A-(p); B-(p); C-(p); D-(p) At B:
(b) A-(p); B-(q); C-(p); D-(q) 1 ρR 2 ρR
E ( 2πr2=
) (ρπR 2 ) ⇒
= E =
(c) A-(q); B-(p); C-(s); D-(r) ∈0 2 ∈0 r2 3 ∈0
(d) A-(p); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p) At C:
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 1
E (2πr3=
) (ρπR 2  + σ2π2 R)
Sol. Electric field will be radially outwards, so Gaussian surface ∈0
must be cylindrical.
ρR 2 2σR
  qin =E +
∫ E.dA = ∈0 2 ∈0 r3 ∈0 r3
5ρR 2 ρR
At A: =E =
ρr1 2 ∈0 r3 ∈0
1 ρR
E ( 2πr1=
) E =
(ρπr12 ) ⇒ = Electric field strength at any point on the axis = 0
∈0 2 ∈0 4 ∈0
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
P
BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS centre inside the sphere, the electric field intensity is directly
proportional to
1. If a body has positive charge on it, then it means it has
1 1
(a) Gained some protons (a) (b) 2 (c) d (d) d2
d d
(b) Lost some protons
(c) Gained some electrons
(d) Lost some electrons 9. The electric field at 2R from the centre of a uniformly
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) charged non-conducting sphere of radius R/2 is E. The
electric field at a distance R/8 from the centre will be
2. Sure check for presence of electric charge is
(a) Zero (b) 2E (c) 4E (d) 16E
(a) Process of induction
(b) Repulsion between bodies (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(c) Attraction between bodies 10. Figure shows electric lines of forces due to charges
(d) Frictional force between bodies Q1 and Q2. Hence

3. If a solid and a hollow conducting sphere have same radius Q1 Q2
then
(a) Hollow sphere will hold more maximum charge
(b) Solid sphere will hold more maximum charge (a) Q1 and Q2 both are negative
(c) Both the spheres will hold same maximum charge (b) Q1 and Q2 both are positive
(d) Both the sphere can’t hold charge (c) Q1 > Q2
(d) Both (b) & (c)
Directions: These questions consist of two statements each,
4. When a conducting soap bubble is negatively charged then printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these
(a) Its size starts varying arbitrarily questions, you are required to choose any one of the following
(b) It expands four responses.
(c) It contracts (a) Both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a
(d) No change in its size takes place correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a
correct explanation of the Assertion.
5. Consider three-point charges P, Q and R. R and Q repel (c) Assertion is True but the Reason is False.
each other, while P and R attract. What is the nature of force
(d) Assertion is False but Reason is True.
between P and Q?
(a) Repulsive force (b) Attractive force (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(c) No force (d) None of these 11. Assertion (A): When an electric dipole is placed in uniform
electric field, net force on it will be zero.
Reason (R): Force on the constituent charges of the dipole
6. Which of the following process involves the principle of will be equal and opposite when it is in uniform electric field.
electrostatic induction?
(a) Pollination (b) Chocolate making
(c) Xerox copying (d) All of these 12. Assertion (A): Gauss’ theorem is applicable on any closed surface.
Reason (R): In order to find the value of electric field due
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) to a charge distribution, Gauss’ theorem should be applied
7. The electric field intensity at a point in vacuum is equal to on a symmetrical closed surface.
(a) Zero (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(b) Force a proton would experience there
(c) Force an electron would experience there VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
(d) Force a unit positive charge would experience there 13. In an electric field an electron is floating freely. If the
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) electron is replaced by a proton, what will be the relationship
8. A sphere of radius R has electric charge uniformly between the forces experienced by them?
distributed in its entire volume. At a distance d, from the (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

14. Which orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
field would correspond to stable equilibrium?
24. We have two electric dipoles. Each dipole consists of two
equal and opposite point charges at the end of an insulating
15. When two electrically charged particles having charges rod of length d. The dipoles are placed along the x-axis at a
of different magnitude are placed at some distance from large distance apart oriented as shown in figure.
each other, they experience a force of attraction. These two
particles are put in contact and again placed at the same – + –
distance from each other. What is the nature of new force d
between them? (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) d +
16. Can a charged body attract an uncharged body? (i) The dipole on the left
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (a) will feel a force upward and a torque trying to make it
 rotate clockwise
17. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform (b) will feel a force upward and a torque trying to make it
  
electrostatic field E . For what angle between p and E rotate counterclockwise
will the torque on the electric dipole be half of its maximum (c) will feel a force upward and no torque about its center
value? (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (d) will feel a force downward and a torque trying to make
18. What is the line of symmetry of a dipole field? it rotate clockwise
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
19. Find the value of electric field that would exactly balance (ii) The dipole on the right
the weight of electron. (a) will feel a force downward and a torque trying to make
it rotate clockwise
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (b) will feel a force downward and a torque trying to make
it rotate counterclockwise
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (c) will feel a force upward and no torque about its center
20. A charged particle of charge +q, mass m and moving with a (d) will feel no force and a torque trying to make it rotate
velocity of u along +y axis enters a uniform electric field of counterclockwise

strength E = Ejˆ. Find magnitude of velocity and magnitude (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
of displacement of the particle after time t. 25. Positive and negative charges of equal magnitude lie along
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) the symmetry axis of a cylinder. The distance from the
positive charge to the left-end cap of the cylinder is the same
21. Two positive point charges of same magnitude are kept in as the distance from the negative charge to the right-end cap.
the vicinity of each other. Sketch electric field lines.
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) +Q –Q
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Right

22. Derive an expression for electric field inside a solid
end cap
non-conducting sphere of charge Q , when the charge is (i) What is the flux of the electric field through the closed
distributed uniformly. Also calculate electric field at the cylinder?
centre of sphere and electric field on the surface of sphere. (a) zero (b) +Q/e0 (c) +2Q/e0 (d) –Q/e0
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (ii) What is the sign of the flux through the right-end cap of the
23. (a) Two infinite parallel planes have uniform charge cylinder?
densities +s and –s. What is the electric field between (a) Positive
the planes? (b) Negative
(b) How can you charge an ‘uncharged insulated conductor’ (c) There is no flux through the right-end cap.
negatively by electrostatic induction? (d) zero
P
PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
COULOMB FORCE 7. A charge q is placed at the center of the line joining two
equal charges Q. The system of the three charges will be in
1. When 1014 electrons are removed from a neutral metal
equilibrium, if q is equal to
sphere, the net charge that appears on the sphere is
Q Q Q Q
(a) 16 mC (b) –16 mC (a) − (b) − (c) + (d) +
2 4 4 2
(c) 32 mC (d) –32 mC
2. Number of electrons in one coulomb of charge will be 8. Two charged particles having charge 2 × 10–8 C each are
(1e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) joined by an insulating string of length 1m and the system
(a) 5.46 × 1029 (b) 6.25 × 1018 is kept on a smooth horizontal table, what is the tension in
(c) 1.6 × 1019 (d) 9 × 1011 the string?
(a) 3.6 × 10–6N (c) 3.4 × 10–6N
(b) 4 × 10–7N (d) 3 × 10–4N
3. The ratio of the forces between two small spheres with
constant charge in air to that in a medium of dielectric
constant K is 9. Point charges +4q, –q and +4q are kept on the X-axis at point
(a) 1 : K (b) K : 1 (c) 1 : K2 (d) K2 : 1 x = 0, x = a and x = 2a respectively.
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (a) Only –q is in stable equilibrium
4. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD, (b) All the charges are in stable equilibrium
as shown in the adjoining figure. The force on a charge kept (c) All of the charges are in unstable equilibrium
at the center O is (d) None of the charges is in equilibrium
A B (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
+q +2q
10. Charges on two spheres are +10μC and –5μC respectively.
They experience a force F. If each of them is given an
additional charge +2μC then new force between them, if
O
kept at the same distance, is
18 F 25
–2q (a) 18F (b) 25F (c) (d) F
+q 25 18
D C (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(a) Zero (b) Along the diagonal AC
(c) Along the diagonal BD (d) Perpendicular to side AB (
11. Two charges each of 1µC are at P 2i + 3 j + kˆ m and )
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) ( )
Q i + j − kˆ m . Then the force acting on any one of them is
5. A total charge Q is broken in two parts Q1 and Q2 and they (a) 50N (b) 10N (c) 104 dyne (d) 100 dyne
are placed at a distance R from each other. The maximum
force of repulsion between them will occur, when (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
Q Q Q 2Q 12. A charged particle q1 is at position (2, – 1, 3). The electrostatic
(a) Q2= , Q1= Q − (b) Q2= , Q1= Q − force on another charged particle q2 at (0, 0, 0) is
R R 4 3
Q 3Q (a) q1 q2 (2 iˆ − ˆj + 3 kˆ)
Q Q 56 π ∈0
(c)=
Q2 = , Q1 (d)
= Q1 = , Q2
4 4 2 2
(b) 1 q1 q2
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) ( − 2 iˆ + ˆj − 3 kˆ)
6. Two charged spheres separated by a distance R exert a force
4π∈0 14 3
( )
q1 q2 ˆ
F on each other. If they are immersed in a liquid of dielectric (c) ( j − 2 iˆ − 3 kˆ)
56 π ∈0
constant 5, then what is the new force between them?
q1 q2
F F (d) (2 iˆ − ˆj + 3 kˆ)
(a) (b) F (c) 5F (d) 56 14 π ∈0
5 2

13. Two point sized metal spheres of same mass are suspended from 17. The magnitude of electric field intensity E is such that an
a common point by two light insulating strings. The length of electron placed in it would experience an electrical force
each string is same. The spheres are given electric charges +q equal to its weight. Value of E is
on one of them and +4q on the other. Which of the following mg e e2
diagrams best shows the resulting positions of spheres? (a) mge (b) (c) (d) g
e mg m2
(a) (b)
18. The distance between the two charges 25 mC and 36 mC is
11 cm. At what point on the line joining the two, the electric
field intensity will be zero?
(c) (d) (a) At a distance of 5 cm from 25 mC
+5q (b) At a distance of 5 cm from 36 mC
(c) At a distance of 10 cm from 25 mC
(d) At a distance of 11 cm from 36 mC
ELECTRIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
q 19. The electric field intensity required to keep a water drop of
14. Two point charges –q and are situated at the origin and radius 10–5 cm just suspended in air when charged with one
2
at the point (a, 0, 0) respectively. The point along the x-axis electronic charge is approximately
(g = 10 Newton/kg, e = 1.6 × 10–19 coulomb)
where the electric field vanishes is
(a) 260 volt/cm
a
(a) x = (b) x = 2 a (b) 260 Newton/coulomb
2
(c) 130 volt/cm
2a 2a (d) 130 Newton/coulomb
(c) x = (d) x =
2 −1 2 +1
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 20. The figure shows some of the electric field lines
15. The magnitude of force, exerted by a uniform electric field corresponding to an electric field. The figure suggests
on an electron having mass me and a proton of mass mp,
represented as Fe and Fp respectively, are related as
F m A B C
(a) Fp = Fe (b) e = e
Fp m p
Fe m p Fe me2
(c) = (d) = (a) EA > EB > EC (b) EA = EB = EC
Fp me Fp m 2p
(c) EA = EC > EB (d) EA = EC < EB
16. ABC is an equilateral triangle. Charges +q are placed at each 21. Four charges are placed on corners of a square as shown in
corner. The electric field intensity at O will be figure having side of 5 cm. If Q is one microcoulomb, then
+q electric field intensity at center will be
A Q –2Q
r

r O r
+q +q
B C
–Q +2Q
1 q 1 q
(a) (b) (a) 1.02 ×107 N/C upwards
4πε0 r 2 4πε0 r
(b) 2.04 × 107 N/C downwards
1 3q (c) 2.04 × 107 N/C upwards
(c) Zero (d)
4πε0 r 2 (d) 1.02 × 107 N/C downwards
P
22. The given figure shows electric lines of force due to two 27. A thin conducting ring of radius R is given a charge +Q. The
charges q1 and q2. What are the signs of the two charges? electric field at the center O of the ring due to the charge on
the part AKB of the ring is E. The electric field at the center
due to the charge on the part ADCB of the ring is
+Q
(a) q1 is positive but q2 is negative

(b) q1 is negative but q2 is positive
(c) Both are negative (a) 3E along OK (b) 3E along KO
(d) Both are positive
(c) E along OK (d) E along KO
23. Two point charges of 30 μC and 40 μC are placed 0.2 m 28. A charge of 4 ×10–9C is distributed uniformly over the
apart from each other. Where the electric field will be zero circumference of a conducting ring of radius 0.3 m. Calculate
on the line joining the charges from 30 μC charge? the field intensity at a point on the axis of the ring at 0.4m
from its center and also at the center?
20 3 20 3
(a) cm (b) cm (a) 112N/C, 2N/C (b) 118N/C, 6N/C
2 +1 3+2 (c) 115.2N/C, Zero (d) 113.2N/C, Zero
(c) 20 3 cm (d) 10 cm (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
5 29. A circular wire of radius R carries a total charge Q distributed
uniformly over its circumference. A small length of the wire
subtending angle θ at the center is cut off. Find the electric
24. In which of the following cases the electric field at the centre field at the center due to the remaining portion.
is not zero? 3Q Q θ
(a) sin(θ) (b) sin  
2 2
4π ε 0 R 2
2
4π ε 0 R 2
(a) (b) Q θ Q θ
(c) sin   (d) 2 2
sin  
4π ε 0 R 2
2
4 4π ε 0 R 8
(c) (d) GAUSS’S LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS

30. Electric field at a point varies with distance r from the
charge distribution as r0 for
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (a) An electric dipole
(b) A point charge
25. Three charges –q, +q and –q are placed at the corners of an (c) A plane infinite sheet of charge
equilateral triangle of side ‘a’. The magnitude of resultant (d) A line charge of infinite length
electric force on a charge +q placed at the centroid O of the (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
triangle is
31. Electric charge is uniformly distributed along a long
(a) 3q 2 (b) 5q 2 straight wire of radius 1 mm. The charge per cm of the wire
4πε0 a 2 4πε0 a 2 is Q coulomb. Another cylindrical surface of radius 50 cm
and length 1 m symmetrically encloses the wire as shown
(c) q2 (d) 3q 2 in the figure. The total electric flux passing through the
2πε0 a 2 2πε0 a 2 cylindrical surface is
+

+
+
26. Two point charges Q and –3Q are placed some distance apart.

If the electric field at the location of Q is 3E , the electric 1m
field at the location of –3Q is

   
(a) 3E (b) 2 E (c) − E (d) E +
+ 50cm
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) +

Q 100Q 10Q 100Q (a) Zero
(a) (b) (c) (d) σ
ε0 ε0 (πε0 ) (πε0 ) (b)
ε0
σ
(c)
32. q1, q2, q3 and q4 are point charges located at points as shown 2ε0
in the figure and S is a spherical Gaussian surface of radius R.
(d) Depends upon the location of the point
Which of the following is true according to the Gauss’s law?
S (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
q1 R
37. Which of the following graphs shows the variation of
q4 electric field E due to a uniformly charged hollow spherical
q2 q3 conductor of radius R as a function of distance from the
center of the sphere?
E E
     q1 + q2 + q3
(a) ∫ ( E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 ).dA =
2ε 0 (a) (b)
S
   (q1 + q2 + q3 )
  r R r
(b) ∫ ( E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 ).dA = R
S
ε0 E E
     (q + q + q + q )
(c) ∫ ( E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 ).dA =1 2 3 4 (c) (d)
S
ε0
(d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) R r R r
33. If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed surface (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
respectively is f1 and f2, the electric charge inside the surface
will be 38. A conducting sphere of radius R = 20 cm is given a charge
(a) (f1 + f2) e0 (b) (f2 – f1) e0 Q = 16 mC. What is the electric field at center?
(c) (f1 + f2) / e0 (d) (f2 – f1) / e0 (a) 3.6 × 106 N/C (b) 1.8 × 106 N/C
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) Zero (d) 0.9 × 106 N/C
34. Consider the charge configuration and spherical Gaussian (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
surface as shown in the figure. When calculating the flux of 39. At a point 20 cm from the center of a uniformly charged
the electric field over the spherical surface the electric field dielectric sphere of radius 10 cm, the electric field is
will be due to 100 V/m. The electric field at 3 cm from the center of the
q2
sphere will be
+q1 (a) 150 V/m (b) 125 V/m
(c) 120 V/m (d) Zero
–q1
40. Electric flux emanating through a surface element
(a) q2 (b) Only the positive charges  
ds = 5iˆ placed in an electric field E = 4iˆ + 4 ˆj + 4kˆ is
(c) All the charges (d) +q1 and –q1
(a) 10 units (b) 20 units
(c) 4 units (d) 16 units
35. An electric dipole is put in north-south direction in a sphere
filled with pure water. Which statement is correct? 41. A point charge +q is placed at one face of a cube of side l.
(a) Electric flux is coming towards sphere The electric flux emerging from the cube is
(b) Electric flux is coming out of sphere
6ql 2 q
(c) Electric flux entering into sphere and leaving the sphere (a) (b)
are same ε0 6l 2ε0
(d) Water does not permit electric flux to enter into sphere q
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) Zero (d)
2ε0
36. Two infinite plane parallel conducting sheets separated
by a distance d have equal and opposite uniform charge
densities s. Electric field at a point between the sheets is
P
42. Two parallel line charges +λ and –λ are placed at a separation 47. An electric dipole is placed at an angle of 45o with an electric
of R in free space. The net electric field exactly mid way field of intensity 107 NC–1. It experiences a torque equal to
between the two line charges is 15 × 102 N–m. What will be magnitude of charge on dipole
2λ if it is 5cm long?
(a) Zero (b)
πεo R (a) 1 mC (b) 2 mC
(c) 5 mC (d) 4 mC
5λ λ
(c) (d)
πεo R 2πεo R (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLE IN
UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
43. The electric field due to a dipole at a distance r on its axis 48. There is an electric field E in x-direction. If the work done
is in moving a charge of 0.2 C through a distance of 2m along
(a) Directly proportional to r3 a line making an angle of 600 with x-axis is 4J, the value of
E is
(b) Inversely proportional to r3
(c) Directly proportional to r2 (a) 2 3 N / C (b) 5 N/C
(d) Inversely proportional to r2 (c) 4 N/C (d) 20 N/C
44. An electric dipole, kept at 60o with respect to a uniform 49. A charged particle having mass m and charge q is released
electric field of 10 7 NC –1 experiences a torque of from rest in a uniform electric field E. The kinetic energy
12 × 10–20 N–m. What is the dipole moment of the dipole? of the charged particle moving on a horizontal plane after
‘t’ seconds is
(a) 1.4 × 10–26 C–m
(b) 8 × 10–27 C–m Eq 2 m 2 E 2t 2 E 2 q 2t 2 Eqm
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2t 2 3mq 2m t
(c) 30 × 10–26 C–m
(d) 1.3 × 10–27 C–m (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
50. A particle having charge q and mass m is projected with
 
45. An electric dipole is kept along the x-axis at the origin O. A velocity v= 2iˆ − 3 ˆj in a uniform electric field E = E0 ˆj. What
point P is at a distance of 20 cm from the origin such that 
is the magnitude of change in momentum | ∆P | during any
OP makes an angle π/3 with the x-axis. If the electric field time interval t?
at point P makes an angle θ with the x-axis then the value
qE0 t
of θ is (a) 13 m (b) qE0t (c) (d) Zero
3m
(a) π/5 (b) 2π/3
 3 π  3
−1
(c) tan   (d) + tan −1   51. The bob of a simple pendulum is hanging vertically down
 2  3  2  from a fixed identical bob by means of a string of length ‘l’.
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) If both bobs are charged with a charge ‘q’ each, time period
46. Three point charges +q, –2q and +q are placed at points of the pendulum is (ignore the radii of the bobs)
(x = 0, y = a, z = 0), (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) and (x = a, y = 0, l l
z = 0) respectively. The magnitude and direction of the (a) 2π 2
(b) 2π
 Kq   Kq 2 
electric dipole moment vector of this charge assembly are g + 2  g − 2 
l m l m
(a) 2qa along the line joining points
(x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) and (x = a, y = a, z = 0) l l
(c) 2π (d) 2π
(b) qa along the line joining points (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) and g  Kq 2 
g − 2 
(x = a, y = a, z = 0)  lm 
(c) 2qa along +ve x direction
(d) 2qa along +ve y direction

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)
1. Two small balls having equal positive charge Q (Coulomb)

Ey Ey
on each are suspended by two insulating strings of equal d
length ‘L’ metre, from a hook fixed to a stand. The whole +

x
P Ex
setup is taken in a satellite into space where there is no + 90°
gravity (state of weightlessness). Then the angle (q) +
between the two strings is + 30°
(a) 0º (b) 90º +
(c) 180º (d) 0º < q < 180º (a) At 30° from x-axis (b) At 45° from x-axis
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) At 60° from x-axis (d) None of these
2. Two charges 4q and q are placed 30 cm apart. At what point (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
the value of electric field will be zero?
6. Two point charges a and b, whose magnitudes are same,
(a) 10 cm away from q and between the charges are positioned at a certain distance from each other with a
(b) 20 cm away from q and between the charges at origin. Graph is drawn between electric field strength E
(c) 10 cm away from q and outside the line joining the at points between a and b and distance x from a. E is taken
charges positive if it is along the line joining from a to b. From the
(d) 10 cm away from 4q and outside the line joining the graph, it can be decided that
charges (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
E
3. Two identical point charges are placed at a separation of L.
P is a point on the line joining the charges, at a distance x
from any one charge. The field at P is E. E is plotted against x
x for values of x from close to zero to slightly less than L. a b
Which of the following best represents the resulting curve?
E E (a) a is positive, b is negative
(b) a and b both are positive
(a) (b) (c) a and b both are negative
x x
O L O L (d) a is negative, b is positive
E E (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(c) L x (d) L x 7. If E = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ then electric flux through a surface
O O
of area 100 m2 lying in the xy plane is (in V-m)
(a) 100 (b) 141.4
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) 173.2 (d) 200
4. The maximum electric field intensity on the axis of a
uniformly charged ring of charge q and radius R will be
1 q 8. A cone of radius (R) and length (L) is placed in a uniform
(a)
4πε0 3 3R 2 electrical field (E) parallel to the axis of the cone. The total
flux for the total surface of the cone is given by
1 2q
(b) (a) 2pR2LE (b) pR2LE
4πε0 3R 2
2πR 2 L
1 2q (c) (d) zero
(c) E
4πε0 3 3R 2
1 3q
(d)
4πε0 2 3R 2 9. An infinite, uniformly charged sheet with surface charge
→ density s cuts through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius
5. The direction (θ) of E at point P due to the uniformly R at a distance x from its center, as shown in the figure. The
charged finite rod will be electric flux f through the Gaussian surface is
P
+ 13. Find the force experienced by the semicircular rod charged
with a charge q, placed as shown in figure. Radius of the semi
+
R
circular rod is R and the infinite line of charge with linear
x + charge density l is passing through the centre of semicircular
+
rod and perpendicular to its plane.
+
+
+
πR 2σ 2 2
(a) (b) 2π ( R − x )σ +
+
+
ε0 ε0 + +
+
+
π ( R − x) 2 σ 2 2
(d) π ( R − x )σ
+
+ +
(c)
ε0 ε0 +
+
+
+
+
10. Figure shows a charge Q placed at the center of open face
of a cylinder as shown in figure. A second charge q is λq λq λq λq
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) (d)
placed at one of the positions A, B, C and D, out of which 2π ε 0 R π ε0 R 2
4π ε 0 R 4πε0 R
positions A and D are lying on a straight line parallel to
open face of cylinder. In which position(s) of this second (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
charge, the flux of the electric field through the cylinder
remains unchanged? 14. In
 a certain region electric dipole having dipole moment
C B p = 2iˆ is placed at a point having coordinates (x, y) where

external electric field = E 3 x 2 y 2 iˆ + 3 x 3 yjˆ V/m is also
present. Find magnitude of force experienced by the dipole.
D A (a) xy 36 x 2 + 81 y 2 (b) 2 xy 36 x 2 + 81 y 2
Q
(a) A and D (b) B (c) C (d) B and C (c) xy 36 y 2 + 81x 2 (d) 2 xy 36 y 2 + 81x 2
11. Two similar conducting spherical shells having charges 15. Two identical hemispherical bowls are placed inside an
40 mC and –20mC are large distance apart. Now they are external uniform electric field E as shown in the figure. Find
touched and kept at the same distance. The ratio of the the ratio of electric flux entering both the bowls.
initial to the final force between them is E
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 1 : 1
12. The charge per unit length of the four quadrants of the ring R
R
is 2l, –2l, l and –l respectively. The electric field at the
center is
Y (i) (ii)
+++
–2 + 2 φ1 φ1 φ φ1
(a) =2 (b) = 3 (c) 1 = 4 (d) =5
++
φ2 φ2 φ2 φ2
+
X
+ R (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
+
+
+ –
16. A spherical shell of radius R = 8 cm is having Q = –16 e
+
+
+
charge is uniformly distributed over its surface. A point

−λ  λ  charge q = +2e is placed at its center. The electric field at
(a) i (b) j point P at a distance r = 10 cm, is x × 10–6 NC–1. Find x.
2πε0 R 2πε0 R
(a) 5.0 (b) 4.0 (c) 3.0 (d) 2.0
2λ  (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(c) i (d) None of these
4πε0 R

17. Choose the correct option for the given case in which a
cylindrical gaussian surface has its axis along an infinite R R
long linear charge, having linear charge density l. m m
R
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ +++++
1/ 2 1/ 2
 mg   mg 
(i) Electric flux through the plane faces of cylinder is zero. (a) q = R   (b) q =  R 
K 3  K 3
(ii) Electric flux through the curved surface of cylinder is
same at each point.  3 mg 
1/ 2
 3 mg 
1/ 2
(iii) Magnitude of electric field remains constant over the (c) q = R   (d) q =  R 
 K   K 
plane surface of the cylinder.
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) (i) and (iii) are correct (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct 22. A simple pendulum has a length l, and has a bob of mass m. The
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) bob is given a charge q coulomb. The pendulum is suspended
in a uniform horizontal electric field of strength E as shown in
18. The surface charge density on Earth’s surface is found to figure, then calculate the time period of oscillation when the
be 4.42 × 10–x Cm–2. It is noted that electric field near the
bob is slightly displace from its mean position is
Earth’s surface is 500 V m–1, find x.
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 13
19. Select the correct statement.
(a) Electric lines of forces never form a closed loop while,
magnetic lines never form a closed loop
(b) Electric lines of forces never form a closed loop while
magnetic lines always form closed loop or extend to q, m
infinity
(c) Electric lines of force also exist inside a conductor
(d) Gauss’s law says that the total flux of an electric field  
   
through an open surface is the net charge enclosed by (a) 2π (b) 2π  
that surface g  g + qE 
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)  m 
20. If two balls of given masses and charges are released, which   
   2π
of the following is incorrect arrangement in equilibrium? (c) 2π  (d) 2
  qE 
 g − qE  g2 +  
 m   m 

(a) (b) (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
+q +2q
+q
2m +q m 23. Which of the following graphs shows the correct variation of
m m
electric field as a function of x along the axis of a uniformly
>
and positively charged ring of radius r and charge Q?
E(x)
(c) (d) +2q Q
+q +3q +q m 3 3ε0 πr 2
m m 2m (a) –r/2
x
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) r/2
21. Two identical small balls each have a mass m and charge q.
When placed in a hemispherical bowl of radius R with
frictionless, nonconductive walls, the balls move, and at
equilibrium the line joining the balls is horizontal and the
distance between them is R (figure). Neglect any induced (b)
charge on the hemispherical bowl. Then the charge on each
1
ball is: (here K = )
4π ∈0
P
5σ 6σ 9σ 2σ
(c) (a) (b) (c) (d)
ε0 ε0 ε0 ε0
27. A solid sphere of radius R has a volume charge density

r = r0 r2 (where r0 is a constant and r is the distance from
(d) center). At a distance x from its center for x < R, the electric
field is directly proportional to
(a) 1/x2 (b) 1/x (c) x3 (d) x2
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 28. The field on either side of an infinite sheet of charge of
24. Two concentric rings, one of radius R and total charge +Q density of s C/m2 is E = s/2ε0. Electric field in region II is
xσ
and the second of radius 2R and total charge − 8Q , lie in given by then x is
ε0
x-y plane (i.e., z = 0 plane). The common center of rings 2 –2 –
lies at origin and the common axis coincides with z-axis.
The charge is uniformly distributed on both rings. At what
distance from origin is the net electric field on z-axis zero?
I II III IV
(a) 2.5 (b) 2 (c) 4.5 (d) 4

29. A spherical insulator of radius R is charged uniformly with a
R R R charge Q throughout its volume and contains a point charge
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2R
2 2 2 2 Q
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) located at its center. Which of the following graphs
16
25. Two semicircular rings lying in same plane, of uniform linear best represents qualitatively, the variation of electric field
charge density l have radius r and 2r. They are joined using intensity E with distance r from the center?
E
two straight uniformly charged wires of linear charge density
E
l and length r as shown in figure. Find the magnitude of

(a) (b)
electric field at common center of semi circular rings.
R
r
R
r
E E

2r r
(c) (d)
r
R r
λ λ λ 2λ (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4πε0 r 2πε0 r πε0 r πε0 r
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
30. An uncharged particle is thrown vertically upwards from
ground level with a speed of 5 5 m/s in a region of
26. If three infinite charged sheets of uniform surface charge
space having uniform electric field. As a result, it attains
densities s, 2s and –4s are placed as shown in figure, then
a maximum height h. The particle is then given a positive
find out the sum of magnitudes of electric field intensities charge +q and reaches the same maximum height h when
y
at points A, B, C and D. thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 13 m/s. Finally,

A
x
the particle is given a negative charge –q. Ignoring air
B
resistance, determine the speed (in m/s) with which the
2 negatively charged particle must be thrown vertically
C upwards, so that it attains the same maximum height h.
–4
D (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

31. Two mutually perpendicular infinite wires along x-axis and at a distance 2R from the center to the magnitude of the electric
y-axis carry charge densities l1 and l2. The electric line of field at a distance of R/2 from the center?
1 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
force at P is along the line y = x . Find l2/l1.
3 36. Charge in the form of a plane sheet with density
E s = 40 µC/m2 is located at z = –0.5 m. A uniform line of
y charge of density l = –6 µC/m lies along the y-axis. Net flux
2 that crosses the surface of cube 2m on an edge, centered at
P −6
O x the origin as shown, is _____ 10 N m 2 .
1 ∈0 C
z

2m
32. Figure shows the cross sections of two solid spheres with 2m
uniformly distributed charge throughout their volumes. Each y
has radius R. Point P lies on the line connecting the centers of
2m
the spheres, at a radial distance R/2 from the center of sphere 1.

If the net electric field at point P is zero and Q1 is 64 mC, what
x
is Q2(in mC)?
R R 37. Three point charges q1, q2, q3 are used to make charges
P Q1 = q1 + q2, Q2 = q2 + q3, Q3 = q1 + q3. The electrostatic
forces between Q1 and q3 is FA = 2 units, between Q2 and
1 2 q1 is FB = – 4 units and between Q3 and q2 is FC = – 18
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) units. In all the above cases, the separation between the
charges remains the same and negative force refers to
 kN 
33. What is the electric field  in  due to a line charge attraction. Then the ratio of charges q1, q2 and q3 is a : b : c.
 C 
Find |a| + |b| + |c|.
of linear charge density 2 2 µC kept on y-axis from
m (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
16
y = –3m to y = at (4,0,0)? 38. Three point charges are held on the corners of an equilateral
3
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) triangle as shown in the figure.
Take Q = 2µC and L = 3 cm. What is the magnitude
34. A sphere of radius 2m carries charge density proportional of resultant force exerted on the charge +3Q in N.
to the square of the distance from its center: r = 3r2C/m3. (
Take 3 = 1.7 )
At a distance of 1 m from the center, the magnitude of the y
a V –2Q
electric field is . Value of a + b is ____.
bε0 m
x
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) L L
35. A sphere of radius R carries charge such that its volume charge
density is proportional to the square of the distance from its L
Q
center. What is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric field
3Q
P
PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 4. An oil drop has a charge – 96 × 10 –19 C and mass
1.6 × 10–15 g. When allowed to fall, due to air resistance
1. Two equal negative charges –q each are fixed at the force, it attains a constant velocity. Then if a uniform electric
points (0, a) and (0, – a) on the y-axis. A positive charge field is to be applied vertically to make the oil drop ascend
Q is released from rest at the point (2a, 0) on the x-axis. up with the same constant speed, which of the following are
The charge Q will correct? (g = 10 ms–2)
(a) Execute simple harmonic motion about the origin (Assume that the magnitude of resistance force is same in
(b) Have maximum velocity at origin both the cases)
(c) Move to infinity (a) The electric field is directed upward
(d) Execute oscillatory but not simple harmonic motion (b) The electric field is directed downward
1
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) The intensity of electric field is ×102 NC–1
3
2. Two fixed charges 4Q (positive) and Q (negative) are located 1
at A and B, the distance AB being 3m. (d) The intensity of electric field is × 105 NC–1
6
+4Q –Q
M (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
A 3m B
5. An electric field converges at the origin whose magnitude
(a) The point P where the resultant field due to both is zero is given by the expression E = 100r N/C, where r is the
is on AB outside AB distance measured from the origin.
(b) The point P where the resultant field due to both is zero (a) Total charge contained in any spherical volume with its
is on AB inside AB center at origin in negative
(c) If a positive charge is placed at P and displaced slightly (b) Total charge contained in any spherical volume,
along AB it will execute oscillations irrespective of the location of its center, is negative
(d) If a negative charge is placed at P and displaced slightly (c) Total charge contained in a spherical volume of radius 3 cm
with its center at origin has magnitude nearly 3 × 10–13C
along AB it will execute oscillation
(d) Total charge contained in a spherical volume of radius 3 cm
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) with its center at origin has magnitude nearly 3 × 10–9 C
3. A uniform electric field of strength E exists in a region. An (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
electron (charge –e, mass m) enters a point A with velocity v. 6. An electric dipole is kept in the electric field produced by a
It moves through the electric field and exits at point B. Then point charge.
y (a) Dipole will experience a force
E (b) Dipole will experience a torque
v B(2 a, d) (c) It is possible to find a path (not closed) in the field on
which work required to move the dipole is zero
x (d) Dipole can be in stable equilibrium
(0, 0) A(a, 0)
2
 2 amv ˆ
(a) E = − i
ed
2 MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS
2 3
4 ma v 7. The Column-I gives the two point charge system separated
(b) Rate of work done by the electric field at B is
d3 by 2a and the Column-II gives the variation of magnitude
(c) Rate of work by the electric field at A is zero of electric field intensity along x-axis. Match the situation
2av ˆ in Column-I with the results in Column-II.
(d) Velocity at B is i + vjˆ
d

Column-Ι Column-II
q q
A.
x' + a + x p. Increases as x increases in the interval 0 ≤ x < a
(–a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
q –q
x' + – x
B. a q. Decreases as x increases in the interval 0 ≤ x < a
(–a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
y
q + (0, +a)
C. x r. Zero at x = 0
(0, 0)
q + (0, –a)
y
–q – (0, +a)
D. x s. Decreases as x increases in the interval a < x < ∞

(0, 0)
q + (0, –a)
(a) A-(p, r, s); B-(p, s); C-(r, s); D-(q,s)

(b) A-(p, s); B-(p, r, s); C-(r); D-(q, s)
(c) A-(p, r); B-(p, s); C-(r, q); D-(q, r)
(d) A-(s); B-(p, s); C-(r, s); D-(q, s) (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
 
8. In each situation of Column-I, two electric dipoles having dipole moments p1 and p2 of same magnitude (that is, p1 = p2) are
placed on x-axis symmetrically about origin in different orientations as shown. In Column-II certain inferences are drawn for
these two dipoles. Then match the different orientations of dipoles in Column-I with the corresponding results in Column-II.
Column-Ι Column-II
A. p1 y p2 p. The torque on one dipole due to other is zero.
x
(–a,0) (a,0)
 
( p1 and p2 are perpendicular to x-axis as shown)
P
B. y q. The net force on one dipole in electric field of other dipole is
p1 p2 attractive.
x
(–a,0) (a,0)
 
( p1 and p2 are perpendicular to x-axis as shown)
C. y r. There is at least one straight line in x-y plane (not at infinity)
p1 p2 where net electric field is perpendicular to that straight line.
x
(–a,0) (a,0)
 
( p1 and p2 are parallel to x-axis as shown)
D. y s. Electric field at origin is zero.
p1 p2
x
(–a,0) (a,0)
 
( p1 and p2 are parallel to x-axis as shown)
(a) A-(p, r, s); B-(p, s); C-(r, s); D-(q, s) (b) A-(p, r); B-(p, r, s); C-(p, q, r); D-(p, s)
(c) A-(p, r); B-(p, s, q); C-(r, q, s, p); D-(q, r) (d) A-(s); B-(p, s, r); C-(r, s); D-(q, s, p, r)
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS Then the object is charged and a vertical electric field (E1) is
applied. The equilibrium depression of the object increases
9. Use Gauss's law to find out the ratio of electric flux through to 9 cm, then the electric field is changed to E2 and the
two concentric hollow spheres, A and B, which enclose depression of object in equilibrium increases to 16 cm. What
charges 4Q and 8Q respectively, as shown in figure. is the ratio of electric field in the second case to that in the
first case (E2/E1)?
8Q
h
4Q B
A
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 12. Two infinite lines of charge with equal linear charge densities
10. Two identical charges q are connected by rubber cords to l C/m are placed along the x and y axes, as in figure. If angle
the walls, as shown in figure at a distance 2a from each made by resultant electric field with horizontal at point P is
other. The distance between the walls is 2l and the length of q then tan q will be equal to (given y = 2x)
each non-deformed cord is l. Determine the force constant +
of the cord. Mass of charges is negligible. q = 1 µC, +
a = 3 cm, l = 4 cm. +
q P(x, y)
+
2a +
y
+ x
q
++ + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ +
2l
+
+
11. The two ends of a rubber string of negligible mass and having
+
unstretched length 24 cm are fixed at the same height as
shown. A small object is attached to the string at its midpoint, +
thus the depression (h) of the object in equilibrium is 5 cm. +

13. A clock face has negative charges –q, –2q, –3q,.........,
–12q fixed at the position of the corresponding numerals
on the dial. The clock hands do not disturb the net field
due to point charges. Hour hand is at 12 O' Clock at
t = 0. At what value of t (in hours) does the hour hand point r0
in the same direction as electric field at the center of the
dial. All the parts of the clock are of nonconducting material.
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 17. An infinitely large non-conducting plane of uniform surface
charge density 10 C/m2 has circular aperture of certain
14. Find the magnitude of uniform electric field E in N/C radius carved out from it. The electric field at a point which
(direction shown in figure) if an electron entering with is at a distance a = 7 cm from the center of the aperture
velocity 100m/s making 30° with horizontal comes out 5
making 60° with horizontal (see figure), after a time (perpendicular to the plane) is N. Find the radius of
aperture in (cm). 2ε0
m
numerically equal to for electron.
e
60º
E P
y a
30º
100m/s
18 A square loop of side  ‘ ’ having uniform linear charge
15. In the figure shown, a very long wire and a semicircular density l is placed in xy plane as shown in the figure. There
 a
ring of radius ‘R’ are placed in the same plane. The center is a non uniform electric field= E ( x + ) iˆ where a and
of the ring is at a distance ‘r’ from the wire. The wire has 
uniformly distributed line charge density ‘l’ and the ring  are constants. The resultant electric force on the loop is
has linear charge density ‘+l’ on one half and ‘–l’ on the having value nal. Find the value of n.
y
other half as shown. If l = 2C/m, R = 3m and r = 1m,
then magnitude of net torque on the ring due to the wire is B C

K
ln 2N − m. Find the value of K. A D
πε0
x

+
C
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
r
19. Two small balls carry masses and charges m1, q1 and m2, q2
R respectively. The entire system is placed in uniform electric
– 
field E directed upwards. If (m1 + m2) g = (q1 + q2)E, then
the acceleration of centre of mass (Neglect the interaction
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) between balls)
16. An infinitely long string uniformly charged with a linear
density λ1 = 4 C/m and a segment of length l = 8 cm
uniformly charged with linear density λ2 = 3 C/m lie in
a plane at right angles to each other and separated by a E
distance r0 = 2 cm. The force with which these two interact m1q1
6 m2q2
is ln P N. The value of P is________
πε0 (a) is necessarily zero (b) is not necessarily zero
(c) is directed downwards (d) none of these
P
20. A point charge is placed at origin. Electric field due to that sphere, and r is distance from the center. Maximum intensity
charge at point (a, b, c) is E1iˆ + E2 ˆj + E3 kˆ. Then electric of the electric field is
field at (a, 0, 0) due to that charge will be 1 R 1 ρ0 R
(a) ρ0 (b)
E12 9 ε0 12 ε0
(a) E1iˆ (b) iˆ
E12 + E22 + E32 3 ρ0 R ρ0 R
3
(c) (d)
2
(
2
(c) E1 a + b + c
2
) 2
iˆ
(d) E12 + E22 + E32 iˆ
4 ε0 4ε0
a3
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 25. A bob of mass m and charge q is suspended from a point O
of a vertical large thin sheet of surface charge density +σ. If
21. Consider a uniformly charged hemispherical shell shown the bob is released from rest from horizontal, at which angle
below. Indicate the directions (not magnitude) of the electric θ the speed of the bob will be (i) maximum (ii) zero.

field at the central point P1 and an off-centre point P2 on the
drumhead of the shell. O

P2 P1
l
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; −1  ε 0 mg   ε mg 

(a) (i) θ1 =tan   (ii) θ2 =2 tan −1  0 
 σq   σq 
 2ε mg  −1  2ε 0 mg 
(b) (i) θ1 =tan −1  0  (ii) θ2 =2 tan  
R  σq   σq 
22. Find the stress at distance from centre in a uniformly
2
charged non conducting sphere having radius R and charge  ε mg  −1  ε 0 mg 
(c) (i) θ1 =2 tan −1  0  (ii) θ2 =tan  σq 
density ρ.  σq   
 2ε mg  −1  2ε 0 mg 
+++++++++
R (d) (i) θ1 =2 tan −1  0  (ii) θ2 =tan  σq 
 σq 
+++++++++
 
+++++++++
R/2 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
+++++++++
+++++++++ 26. An insulating spherical shell of inner radius a and outer
+++++++++ radius b is uniformly charged with a positive charge density.
The radial component of the electric field, Er (r) has a graph
ρ2 R 2 ρ2 R 2
(a) (b)
24ε0 8ε0
E E
ρ2 R 2
(c) (d) None of these
6ε 0 (a) (b)
0 r 0 r
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) a b a b
23. The electric field in a region of space is given by

E = 8 xiˆ − 4 yjˆ − 4 zkˆ. The equation of electric lines of force E
E
in plane z = 0 is
(a) 2x – y = 0 (b) xy = constant (c) (d)
2 0 r 0 r
x
(c) xy2 = constant (d) = constant a b a b
y (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
24. A solid non-conducting spherical body has a volume charge

 r
density given by ρ = ρ0 1 −  , where R is radius of the
 R 

27. Two infinitely large charged planes having uniform surface z z
charge densities +s and –s are placed along xy plane and yz
plane respectively as shown in the figure. Then the nature
of electric lines of forces in xz plane given by
(c) x (d) x
z z
(a) x (b) x
PYQ's
PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)
COULOMB FORCE (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 4

1. If two charges q1 and q2 are separated with distance ‘d’ and (c) 3 : 2 (d) 3 :1
placed in a medium of dielectric constant K. What will be (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
the equivalent distance between charges in air for the same
4. A disk of radius R with uniform positive charge density σ
electrostatic force? [24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
is placed on the xy plane with its center at the origin. The
(a) d k (b) k d
Coulomb potential along the z-axis is
(c) 1.5 d k (d) 2 d k

V ( z)
=
σ
2 ∈0 ( R2 + z 2 − z )
2. As shown in the figure. a configuration of two equal point A particle of positive charge q is placed initially at rest at
charges (q0= +2m C) is placed on an inclined plane. Mass a point on the z axis with z = z0 and z0 > 0. In addition
of each point charge is 20 g. Assume that there is no friction to the Coulomb force, the particle experiences a vertical
between charge and plane. For the system of two point  2c ∈0
charges to be in equilibrium (at rest) the height h = x × 10–3 m force F = −ckˆ with c > 0. Let β = . Which of the
qσ
The value of x is ______ mm.
following statements is (are) correct? [JEE Adv, 2022]
1
(Take 9 × 109 N m 2 C −2, g =
= 10 ms −1 ) 1 25
4πε 0 (a)= For β =and z0 R , the particle reaches the origin
4 7
q0 1 3
(b)=
For β =and z0 R , the particle reaches the origin
4 7
h 1 R
30º q0 (c)=
For β =and z0 , the particle returns back to z = z0
4 3
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (d) For b > 1 and z0 > 0, the particle always reaches the origin
3. Three identical charged balls each of charge 2C are (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
suspended from a common point P by silk threads of 2 m
5. Two identical tennis balls each having mass ‘m’ and charge
each (as shown in figure). They form an equilateral triangle
‘q’ are suspended from a fixed point by threads of length ‘l’.
of side 1 m.
What is the equilibrium separation when each thread makes
The ratio of net force on a charged ball to the force between
any two charged balls will be [27 June, 2022 (Shift-II)] a small angle ‘θ’ with the vertical?[27 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
1/ 2 1/3
p  q2   q2 
(a) x =   (b) x =  
 2πε 0 mg   2πε 0 mg 
2m 2m 1/3 1/3
2m
 q22   q22 
B3
(c) x =  2 2 
(d) x =  2 
 2πε0 m g   2πε0 m g 
1m 1m
B1 1m B2 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
P
6. Two identical non-conducting solid spheres of same mass (a) E1 = σ/∈0 , E2 = σ/2∈0 (b) E1 = 2σ/∈0 , E2 = σ/∈0
and charge are suspended in air from a common point by (c) E1 = E2 = σ/2∈0 (d) E1 = E2 = σ/∈0
two non-conducting, massless strings of same length. At
equilibrium, the angle between the strings is a. The spheres
are now immersed in a dielectric liquid of density 800 kg/ 10. Figure shows a rod AB, which is bent in a 120º circular
m3 and dielectric constant 21. If the angle between the arc of radius R. A charge (–Q) is uniformly distributed

strings remains the same after the immersion, then over rod AB. What is the electric field E at the centre of
[JEE Adv, 2020] curvature O? [27 Aug, 2021 (Shift-II)]
y
(a) electric force between the spheres remains unchanged
(b) electric force between the spheres reduces
A
(c) mass density of the spheres is 840 kg m–3
(d) the tension in the strings holding the spheres remains
unchanged O 60º 120º
X
60º
R
7. Let a total charge 2Q be distributed in a sphere of
radius R, with the charge density given by r(r) = kr, where B
r is the distance from the centre. Two charges A and B, of – Q
each, are placed on diametrically opposite points, at equal
distance, a, from the centre. If A and B do not experience 3 3Q 3 3Q ˆ
(a) (−iˆ) (b) (i )
any force, then [12 April, 2019 (Shift-II)] 8π2 ε0 R 2 8π2 ε0 R 2
3R 3 3Q ˆ 3 3Q ˆ
(a) a = (b) a = R / 3 (c) (i ) (d) (i )
21/4 8πε0 R 2 16π2 ε0 R 2
(c) a = 8–1/4 R (d) a = 2–1/4 R (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
11. Charges Q1 and Q2 are at points A and B of a right angle
ELECTRIC FIELD AND FIELD LINES triangle OAB (see figure). The resultant electric field at
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) point O is perpendicular to the hypotenuse, then Q1/Q2 is
8. As shown in the figure, a point charge Q is placed at the proportional to [6 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)]
centre of conducting spherical shell of inner radius a and Q1
A
outer radius b. The electric field due to charge Q in three
different regions I, II and III is given by: (I : r < a, II : a < r
x1
< b, III : r < b) [30 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
Q2
O x2 B
Q I II III
O a x13 x22 x1
(a) (b) (c) (d) x2
b x23 x12 x2 x1
(a) EI = 0, EII = 0, EIII ≠ 0 (b) EI ≠ 0, EII = 0, EIII ≠ 0 12. Four point charges –q, +q, +q and –q are placed on y-axis
(c) EI ≠ 0, EII = 0, EIII = 0 (d) EI = 0, EII = 0, EIII = 0 at y = –2d, y = –d, y = +d and y = +2d, respectively.
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) The magnitude of the electric field E at a point on the x-axis at
9. In the figure, a very large plane sheet of positive charge is x = D, with D >> d, will vary as [9 April, 2019 (Shift-II)]
shown. P1 and P2 are two points at distance l and 2 l from 1 1 1 1
the charge distribution. If σ is the surface charge density, (a) E ∝ (b) E ∝ (c) E ∝ 2 (d) E ∝
D D 3 D D4
then the magnitude of electric fields E1 and E2 at P1 and P2
respectively are [25 June, 2022 (Shift-I)] ELECTRIC DIPOLE
13. The electric field due to a short electric dipole at a large
distance (r) from center of dipole on the equatorial plane
varies with distance as: [15 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]

1 1 1 ˆj − iˆ iˆ + ˆj
(a) r (b) (c) 3
(d) 2
(a) 3ql (b) ( ql )
r r r 2 2
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) (c) 2qljˆ (d) − 3qljˆ
14. Two electric dipoles of dipole moments 1.2 × and 10–30 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
2.4 × 10–3 cm are placed in two different uniform electric
fields of strengths 5 × 10 4 NC –1 and 15 × 10 4 NC –1 MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLE IN
respectively. The ratio of maximum torque experienced by
UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
1
the electric dipoles will be . The value of x is _________. 18. A point charge of 2 × 10–2C is moved from P to S in a
x
uniform electric field of 30 N/C directed along positive
[28 July, 2022 (Shift-I)]
x-axis. If coordinates of P and S are (1, 2, 0) m and
(0, 0, 0)m respectively, the work done by electric field
15. Two ideal electric dipoles A and B, having their dipole will be [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
moment p1 and p2 respectively are placed on a plane with
(a) 1200 mJ (b) 600 mJ
their centres at O as shown in the figure. At point C on the
(c) –600 mJ (d) –1200 mJ
axis of dipole A, the resultant electric field is making an
angle of 37° with the axis. (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
p1 19. An electron revolves around an infinite cylindrical wire
The ratio of the dipole moment of A and B, is:
p2 having uniform linear change density 2 × 10–8 cm–1 in
circular path under the influence of attractive electrostatic
3
(take sin 37 = ) [25 July, 2021 (Shift-II)] field as shown in the figure. The velocity of electron with
5 which it is revolving is ______ × 106 ms–1. Given mass of
–B electron = 9 × 10–31 kg. [10 April, 2023 (Shift-II)]
–
A– O C +
+
+
+ + e–
3 4 2 +
(a) (b) 3 (c) (d)
8 2 3 3 +
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) +
 +
16. An electric dipole of moment p = (−iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ) ×10–29 C.m.
is at the origin (0, 0, 0). The electric field due to this dipole (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
  
at r = (+iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ) (note that r . p = 0 ) is parallel to
[9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)] 20. A uniform electric field E = (8m/e) V/m is created between
two parallel plates of length 1 m as shown in figure, (where
(a) ( +iˆ + 3 ˆj − 2kˆ ) (b) ( −iˆ + 3 ˆj − 2kˆ ) m = mass of electron and e = charge of electron). An electron
enters the field symmetrically between the plates with a
(c) ( +iˆ − 3 ˆj − 2kˆ ) (d) ( −iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ ) speed of 2 m/s. The angle of the deviation (q) of the path of
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) the electron as it comes out of the field will be ______.
[28 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
17. Determine the electric dipole moment of the system of three
1m
charges, placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle, as
shown in the figure [12 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
–2q 2m/s E
y l l (a) tan–1(4) (b) tan–1(2)

−1  1 
(c) tan   (d) tan–1(3)
+q
+q 3
x
l (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
P
21. A body having specific charge 8mC/g is resting on a ________. (Neglect the buoyancy force, take acceleration
frictionless plane at a distance 10cm from the wall (as due to gravity =10 ms–2 and charge on an electron
shown in the figure). It starts moving towards the wall when (e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) [JEE Adv, 2020]
a uniform electric field of 100 V/m is applied horizontally
towards the wall. If the collision of the body with the wall
is perfectly elastic, then the time period of the motion will
be __________s. [20 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
Switch
0.01m
200 V
100V/m
Body


22. A uniform electric field, E = −40 3 yNC
ˆ −1 is applied in GAUSS LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS,
a region. A charged particle of mass m carrying positive ELECTRIC FLUX
charge q is projected in this region with an initial speed
of 2 10 × 106 ms −1. This particle is aimed to hit a target (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
T, which is 5 m away from its entry point into the field as
q  V
shown schematically in the figure. Take = 1010 Ckg −1 . 24. Expression for an electric field is given by E = 4000 x 2 iˆ .
m m
Then [JEE Adv, 2020] The electric flux through the cube of side 20 cm when placed
in electric field (as shown in the figure) is _________ V cm.

E [31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
y
u
T
5m
20 cm
(a) The particle will hit T if projected at an angle 45º from (0,0,0)
the horizontal x
(b) The particle will hit T if projected either at an angle 30º cm
or 60º from the horizontal 20
5 20 cm
(c) Time taken by the particle to hit T could be ms as z
6
well as 5 ms (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
3 25. If a charge q is placed at the center of a closed hemi-spherical
5 non-conducting surface, the total flux passing through the
(d) Time taken by the particle to hit T is ms
2 flat surface would be [27 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]
23. Two large circular discs separated by a distance of 0.01 m are
connected to a battery via a switch as shown in the figure.
Charged oil drops of density 900 kg m–3 are released through q
a tiny hole at the center of the top disc. Once some oil drops
achieve terminal velocity, the switch is closed to apply a
voltage of 200 V across the discs. As a result, an oil drop of q q q q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
radius 8×10–7 m stops moving vertically and floats between ∈0 2 ∈0 4 ∈0 2π ∈0
the discs. The number of electrons present in this oil drop is

26. A charge q is surrounded by a closed surface consisting 29. A circular disc of radius R carries surface charge density
of an inverted cone of height h and base radius R,  r
σ0 1 −  , where s 0 is a constant and r is the
σ( r ) =
and a hemisphere of radius R as shown in the figure.  R 
nq distance from the center of the disc. Electric flux through
The electric flux through the conical surface is
6 ∈0 a large spherical surface that encloses the charged disc
(in SI units). The value of n is ________. completely is f0. Electric flux through another spherical
[JEE Adv, 2022] R
surface of radius and concentric with the disc is f. Then
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) 4
φ0
27. The electric field in a region is given by the ratio is ..... [JEE Adv, 2020]
φ
 3 4 N

= E  E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj  . The ratio of flux of reported field (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
5 5 c
through the rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 (parallel to 30. A charged shell of radius R carries a total charge Q. Given
y – z plane) to that of the surface of area 0.3 m2 (parallel f as the flux of electric field through a closed cylindrical
to x – z plane) is a:b, where a = __________ (round off to surface of height h, radius r and with its center same as that
nearest integer) [Here iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are unit vectors along x, y of the shell. Here, center of the cylinder is a point on the axis
and z-axes respectively] [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)] of the cylinder which is equidistant from its top and bottom
surfaces. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct?
[e0 is the permittivity of free space] [JEE Adv, 2019]

28. An electric field E = 4 xiˆ − ( y 2 + 1) ˆj N/C passes through Q
(a) If h > 2R and r > R then φ =
the box shown in figure. The flux of the electric field ε0
through surface ABCD and BCGF and marked as f I
3R
and fII respectively. The difference between (fI – fII) is (b) If h < 8 R and r = then φ = 0
5 5
(in Nm2/C) [9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)]
Z (c) If h > 2R and r = 4 R then φ = Q
5 5 ε0
3R Q
A(0,0,2) B(3,0,2) (d) If h > 2R and r = then φ =
5 5 ε0
D(0,2,2)
C(3,2,2) (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
E
X
(0,0,0) F(3,0,0)
H(0,2,0)
G(3,2,0)
Y
P
PW CHALLENGERS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS ε0 1

( E1 − E2 ) ε0 ( E1 − E2 )
2 2
(a) (b)
1. Charge q is uniformly distributed over the circumference of 2 4
ε 1
a ring of radius R. The electric field at a distance r from the (c) 0 ( E22 − E12 ) (d) ε 0 ( E22 − E12 )
center of ring and in the plane of ring is (r << R) [Hint: You 4 2
may use Gauss's law]
q (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
4. A particle of charge q is placed on the axis of a neutral

r P
conducting cylinder of volume V at a distance x from one
R end of the cylinder as shown in the figure. Linear dimensions
of the cylinder are much smaller than x. Using suitable
qr 3qr qr 3qr approximations, the force F of electrostatic interaction
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
4πε0 R 4πε0 R 3
8πε0 R 3
8πε0 R 3 between the charge and the cylinder is
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) q
A
2. A thin insulator rod of mass m and length l = 4d carrying a x
uniform positive charge q, moving with velocity u enters a l
three section region of electric field. All the three sections qV 2
q 2V
are of equal thickness d each. Electric field in section 1 and (a) (b)
8π 2 ε 0 x 5 4π 2 ε 0 x 5
section 3 has magnitude E and is opposite to the direction
of initial velocity while it is in direction of initial velocity q 2V q 2V
and of magnitude 2E in the second section. Assume charge (c) (d)
2π 2 ε 0 x 5 π2 ε 0 x 5
distribution of the rod to be uniform. The minimum velocity
u with which rod should be projected so that it passes through (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
all the three sections is:
d d d
5. If in the previous problem, cylinder is made of insulating
E 2E E material of relative permeability e r, then the force of
u
electrostatic interaction between the cylinder and point
l = 4d
charge q will be:
B q A
q 2V ( ε r − 1)
1 2 3
x q 2V εr
(a) (b)
2π2 ε0 x 5 ( ε r + 1) 8π2 ε 0 x 5 ε r
(a) 3qE (b) 5qE (c) 7 qE (d) 9qE
d d d d
2ml 2ml 2ml 2ml q 2V  ε r − 1  q 2V εr
(c)   (d)
4π 2 ε 0 x 5  ε r  4π ε0 x ( ε r + 1)
2 5
3. An infinitely large layer of charge of uniform thickness t is
placed normal to an existing uniform electric field. Presence
of this charge layer so alters the electric field that it remains 6. In the figure shown, a sphere with radius R is centered at the
uniform on both the sides and assumes values E1 and E2 as origin, an infinite cylinder with radius R has its axis along
shown in the figure. Charge distribution in the layer is not z-axis and an infinite slab with thickness 2R lies between
uniform and depends only on distance from its faces. Find the plane z = –R and z = R. The uniform densities of objects
expression for the force per unit area experienced by the are r1, r2 and r3 respectively. The objects are superposed on
charge layer.
top of each other, the densities add where objects overlap.
t
It electric field inside the sphere is zero everywhere then
E1 E2 choose the correct option(s).

Cylinder σd σd 2
(a) (b)
πε 0 h πε 0 h
2
σd σd 2
(c) (d)
Sphere
3 2πε 0 h 2πε 0 h 2
1
R Slab (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)
9. In the figure shown, two infinite strips of width b are placed

as side by side and touch each other. One of strips has surface
−2 −ρ
(a) ρ2 = ρ1 (b) ρ3 = 1 charge density s and other has surface charge density –s.
3 3 The force of attraction between them is
−1 −2
(c) ρ2 = ρ1 (d) ρ3 = ρ1
3 3 –
7. Two particles of charges and masses (q, 3m) and (–2q, m)

are released at different locations in a uniform field E in free b b
space as shown figure. If in subsequent motion separation
between them does not change, find separation between σ 2 b ln ( 2 ) σ 2 b ln ( 2 )
(a) (b)
them. 2πε0 πε0
E
σ 2 b ln ( 2 ) σ 2 b ln ( 2 )
(c) (d)
(q, 3m) l (–2q, m) 4π 2 ε 0 2π 2 ε 0
2q 2q (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(a) (b)
7πε0 E 9πε0 E
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
2q 2q
(c) (d) 10. When two identical particles A and B each having charge
11πε 0 E 13πε 0 E
q are released in free space with initial separation r 0
(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1) between them, their separation becomes double in time t0.
How long will it take to double the separation, if charge
8. Two parallel half-planes (infinite on one side) are uniformly of particle A is made aq, that of particle B is made bq and
charged with surface charge densities +s and –s. Find they are released with initial separation ηr0?
magnitude and direction of electric field due to these half (Answer upto three decimal)
planes at a point P located at a height h above the edge of A B
the positively charged half-plane (see figure). Distance d
between the half-planes is much smaller than h. r0
P
d
h (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

P
Answer Key
CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b, c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a, c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c)
BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 24. (i)-(b), (ii)-(b) 25. (i)-(a), (ii)-(a)
PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (c)
PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a, b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. [9]
31. [3] 32. [72] 33. [9] 34. [8] 35. [2] 36. [148] 37. [9] 38. [208]
PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (b, d) 2. (a, d) 3. (a, b, c, d) 4. (b, c) 5. (a, b, c) 6. (a, c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. [0.33] 10. [208.33]
11. [4.25] 12. [0.50] 13. [9.30] 14. [100] 15. [24] 16. [5] 17. [7] 18. [10] 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c)
PYQs (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (a) 2. [300] 3. (d) 4. (a,c,d) 5. (b) 6. (a,c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. [6] 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. [8] 20. (b)
21. [1] 22. (b, c) 23. [6] 24. [640] 25. (*) 26. [3] 27. [1] 28. [–48] 29. [6.40] 30. (a, b, d)
PW CHALLENGERS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a,b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. [12.21]

Electric Charges and Fields: Electrostatics

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1

Electric Charges and Fields

7. Charge cannot exist without mass, while mass can exist

COULOMB’S LAW COULOMB’S LAW IN VECTOR FORM

Electric Charges and Fields 3

Consider a system of n stationary charges q1, q2, q3, ... qn in

Example 5: A point charge qA = + 100 mC is placed at point A R

Electric Charges and Fields 5

charges will remain in equilibrium. If now distance is

A region around a charged particle within which a force would

as arrows going towards or away from charges. 

Electric Charges and Fields 7

Surface charge density: It is the quantity of charge per unit area 

The graphical variation of electric field along x-axis is as shown

Electric Charges and Fields 9

Let us is suppose the point P is at the origin. Our infinitesimal

Enet = En2 + E||2

Electric Charges and Fields 11

Electric Charges and Fields 13

Electric Charges and Fields 15

Consider a closed spherical surface of radius r with a point

Electric Charges and Fields 17

surface inside the shell.

a negatively charged sphere of the size of cavity E2 . ( ) R

Electric Charges and Fields 19

parallel to the Y – Z plane. F

Electric Charges and Fields 21

10. If an insulated non-conducting sphere of radius R has

A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small 

placed along the x-axis and we wish to find electric field

Electric Charges and Fields 23

Figure shows a dipole of dipole moment p placed at an angle

Electric Charges and Fields 25

1. Four point charges are fixed at the corners of a square of side q

 Charge per unit length varies with angular position

Electric Charges and Fields 27

 d  2kP   6kP1 P2 Column-I Column-II

Electric Charges and Fields 29

 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

Electric Charges and Fields 31

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Right

Electric Charges and Fields 33

(a) q1 is positive but q2 is negative

(c) (d) GAUSS’S LAW AND ITS APPLICATIONS

 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

field at the location of –3Q is

Electric Charges and Fields 35

 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

Electric Charges and Fields 37

1. Two small balls having equal positive charge Q (Coulomb) 

charge is uniformly distributed over its surface. A point

Electric Charges and Fields 39

27. A solid sphere of radius R has a volume charge density

(a) 2.5 (b) 2 (c) 4.5 (d) 4

l and length r as shown in figure. Find the magnitude of

Electric Charges and Fields 41

 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

the spheres, at a radial distance R/2 from the center of sphere 1.

 (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

Electric Charges and Fields 43

D. x s. Decreases as x increases in the interval a < x < ∞

(a) A-(p, r, s); B-(p, s); C-(r, s); D-(q,s)

Electric Charges and Fields 45

as arrows going towards or away from charges.

A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small

Charge per unit length varies with angular position

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

1. Two small balls having equal positive charge Q (Coulomb)

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

(JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)

2q 2q (JEE Lakshya Physics M-1)