switch OFF the pumping machine when the water in the tank has reached its

maximum level.

Electronic circuits have undergone tremendous changes since the invention

of a triode by LEE DE FOREST in 1907. In those days, the active components like

triode and passive components like resistors, inductors and capacitors of the

circuit, were separated, and distinct unit connected by soldered leads.

With the invention of the transistors in 1948 by W.H Brattan and I. Barden,

the electronic circuit became considerably reduced in size. It was due to the fact

that a transistor was not only cheaper, more reliable and less power consuming, but

was also much smaller in size than an electronic tube. To take advantage of small

transistor size, the passive components too were greatly reduced in size, thereby,

making the entire circuit very small. Developments of Printed Circuit Boards

(PCBs) further reduced the size of electronic equipment by eliminating bulky

wiring and tie points.

In the early 1960s, a new field of microelectronic was born primarily to meet

the requirement of the military which wanted to reduce the size of its electronic

equipment to appropriately one tenth of its then existing volume. The drive for

extreme reduction in the size of electronic circuit has led to the development of

microelectronic circuits called Integrated Circuits (ICs), which are so small