Demonstrate Occupational Safety and Health Practices CPM

Demonstrate Occupational Safety and Health Skills
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Downloaded by joseph wanjala (jwanjala29@gmail.com)

lOMoAR cPSD| 12440102
LECTURE NOTES:
DEMONSTRATE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

PRACTICES
By Josphat Juma
INTRODUCTION
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OSH
Occupational safety and health – it’s a cross disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, healthand welfare of people engaged in work or employment.
The goal of occupational safety and health programs include to foster a safe and
healthy workenvironment
Osh may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers and many
others who might beaffected by the work place environment.
Health – the state of being free from illness or injury is called health. Or the protection of
the bodies andminds of people from illness resulting from materials and the processes
used in the work place.
Safety – the protection of people against physical injuries/ illnesses, the health and safety
is normally usedtogether to indicate concern for the physical and mental wellbeing of the
individual at the work place.
Accident – any unpleasant event that results in injury or illness of people or damage or loss

of propertyHazard – a potential source of harm to a worker
Risk – this is the product of a hazard and exposure; risk can be reduced by controlling or
eliminating thehazard
Ha£ards: It is anything (e.g. condition, situation practice or behavior) that has
potential to cause harm, including injury, disease, death, environmental,
property and equipmentdamage. It can be a thing or a situation.
Ha£ard identification: It is the process of examining each work area and
working task forthe purpose of identifying hazardous inherent in the job.
Risk: The likelihood or possibility that a risk will occur e.g. injury, illness,
death, damage,may occur from exposure to hazard.
Risk control: It is taking actions to eliminate health and safety risks as far as
is reasonablypracticable.
Monitoring and review: These involve ongoing monitoring the hazard
identified, risksassessed, risk control processes and reviewing them to make
sure that they are working.
Identifying hazards in the workplace is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being
of employees.
Here are some common hazards found in various workplaces along with indicators of
their presence:
1. Physical Hazards:
- Slippery or uneven surfaces: Wet 昀氀 oors, spills, loose rugs or mats.
- Falling objects: Unsecured items on shelves or overhead storage.
- Noise: Loud machinery, equipment, or construction work.
- Temperature extremes: Extremely hot or cold working environments.
2. Chemical Hazards:
- Strong odors: Presence of chemicals such as solvents, cleaning agents, or paints.
- Improperly labeled containers: Lack of clear identi 昀椀 cation and warning labels on
chemical containers.
- Poor ventilation: Lack of fresh air circulation in areas where chemicals are used or stored.
3. Biological Hazards:
- Presence of pests: Insects, rodents, or birds in the workplace.

- Mold growth: Damp areas with visible mold patches or musty odor.
- Sick employees: Frequent illness among workers due to exposure to infectious agents.
4. Ergonomic Hazards:
- Poorly designed workstations: Uncomfortable seating arrangements, inadequate
lighting, improper desk height.
- Repetitive tasks: Employees performing the same motion repeatedly without breaks.
- Awkward postures: Employees bending, twisting, or reaching excessively during work.
5. Psychosocial Hazards:
- High stress levels: Frequent con 昀氀 icts among employees, excessive workload,
unrealistic deadlines.
- Bullying or harassment: Verbal abuse, intimidation, discrimination in the workplace.
- Lack of support systems: Inadequate employee assistance programs for mental health
issues.
6. Electrical Hazards:
- Damaged cords and plugs: Frayed wires or exposed conductors on electrical equipment.
- Overloaded circuits: Multiple devices plugged into a single outlet using extension cords.
- Malfunctioning equipment: Flickering lights, overheating appliances.
7. Fire Hazards:
- Blocked 昀椀 re exits: Obstructed pathways leading to emergency exits.
- Lack of 昀椀 re extinguishers or alarms: Missing or non-functional 昀椀 re safety equipment.
- Accumulation of 昀氀 ammable materials: Piles of paper, chemicals, or other combustible
substances.

Evaluation and measurement of occupational safety and health (OSH) hazards in

the workplace
This crucial for ensuring a safe and healthy work environment. Here are some common
methods and tools used for this purpose:
1. Workplace Inspections: Regular inspections are conducted to identify potential
hazards, assess their severity, and determine appropriate control measures. Inspections
can be done by trained internal sta 昀昀 or external experts.
2. Hazard Identi 昀椀 cation: This involves systematically identifying potential hazards
through various methods such as reviewing incident reports, analyzing near-miss incidents,
conducting job hazard analysis, and involving employees in hazard identi 昀椀 cation
programs.
3. Risk Assessment: Once hazards are identi 昀椀 ed, a risk assessment is performed to
evaluate the likelihood and severity of potential harm to workers. This helps prioritize
hazards based on their level of risk.
4. Exposure Monitoring: This involves measuring the level of exposure to hazardous
substances or physical agents (e.g., noise, vibration) in the workplace using monitoring
equipment like air sampling devices or dosimeters.
5. Health Surveillance: Regular health check-ups may be conducted to monitor the
health status of workers exposed to speci 昀椀 c hazards (e.g., hearing tests for noise-exposed
workers).
6. Incident Investigation: When accidents or near-miss incidents occur, thorough
investigations are conducted to identify root causes and prevent future occurrences.
7. Safety Climate Surveys: These surveys assess employees' perceptions of safety in the
workplace, including their attitudes towards safety management systems, communication
channels, training e 昀昀 ectiveness, etc.
8. Ergonomic Assessments: Ergonomic evaluations help identify ergonomic risks
associated with workstations, tools, equipment design, and work processes that may lead
to musculoskeletal disorders.
9. Training and Competency Assessments: Regular training programs ensure
employees are aware of OSH hazards and equipped with necessary skills to mitigate risks e
昀昀 ectively.
10. Compliance Audits: Periodic audits are conducted to assess compliance with
relevant OSH regulations and standards.

Evaluation of OSH hazards in a workplace

Evaluating occupational safety and health hazards in a workplace is crucial to ensure the
well-being of employees and prevent accidents or illnesses.
Here are some key aspects to consider when conducting such an evaluation:
1. Identify potential hazards: Start by identifying all potential hazards present in the
workplace. This can include physical hazards (such as noise, temperature extremes, or
machinery), chemical hazards (such as toxic substances or 昀氀 ammable materials), biological
hazards (such as viruses or bacteria), ergonomic hazards (such as poor workstation setup
or repetitive motions), and psychosocial hazards (such as stress or workplace violence).
2. Assess risks: Once the hazards are identi 昀椀 ed, assess the risks associated with each
hazard. Consider the likelihood and severity of potential harm to employees if exposed to
these hazards. This assessment can be done through observations, interviews with
employees, reviewing incident reports, and analyzing data on previous accidents or
illnesses.
3. Control measures: Determine appropriate control measures to mitigate the identi 昀椀
ed risks. These can include engineering controls (e.g., installing safety guards on
machinery), administrative controls (e.g., implementing safe work procedures or training
programs), and personal protective equipment (e.g., providing gloves, masks, or safety
goggles). Prioritize control measures based on their e 昀昀 ectiveness in reducing risks.
4. Compliance with regulations: Ensure that the workplace complies with relevant
occupational safety and health regulations set by local authorities or industry-speci 昀椀 c
standards. Evaluate if all necessary permits, licenses, and certi 昀椀 cations are obtained and
up- to-date.
5. Employee involvement: Involve employees in the evaluation process by seeking their
input on potential hazards they encounter during their work activities. Employees often
have valuable insights into identifying risks that might not be apparent to management.
6. Training and education: Provide regular training sessions for employees to raise
awareness about occupational safety and health hazards speci 昀椀 c to their job roles. This
should cover topics such as proper use of equipment, emergency procedures, handling
hazardous materials, ergonomics, and stress management.
7. Ongoing monitoring and review: Continuously monitor the workplace for new
hazards or changes in existing hazards. Regularly review incident reports, near-miss
reports, and employee feedback to identify areas that require improvement. Conduct
periodic audits or inspections to ensure compliance with safety protocols.
8. Documentation: Maintain detailed records of hazard assessments, risk evaluations,
control measures implemented, training sessions conducted, and any incidents or
accidents

that occur. These records can serve as evidence of compliance with regulations and help
identify trends or patterns over time.
Workplace hazards can be identi 昀椀 ed through various methods, including:

1. Regular inspections: Conducting routine inspections of the workplace to identify any
potential hazards. This can be done by trained personnel or safety o 昀漀 cers.
2. Employee feedback: Encouraging employees to report any hazards they observe or
experience in the workplace. This can be done through anonymous suggestion boxes,
safety committees, or regular meetings.
3. Incident and accident reports: Analyzing incident and accident reports to identify
patterns or recurring issues that may indicate potential hazards.
4. Job hazard analysis: Conducting a thorough analysis of each job task to identify
potential hazards associated with it. This involves breaking down the task into steps and
identifying any risks or dangers at each stage.
5. Safety data sheets (SDS): Reviewing SDS for hazardous substances used in the
workplace to understand their potential risks and ensure proper handling and storage
procedures are in place.
6. Industry guidelines and regulations: Staying updated with industry-speci 昀椀 c
guidelines, regulations, and best practices to identify hazards that are common in a
particular industry.
7. Consultation with experts: Seeking advice from safety professionals, consultants, or
occupational health and safety organizations who specialize in identifying workplace
hazards.
8. Training programs: Providing comprehensive training programs for employees on
hazard identi 昀椀 cation and reporting procedures to empower them to recognize
potential risks.
OSH issues and/or concerns raised by workers are gathered.
When workplace hazards have been identified and controls introduced, top management,
supervisors, safety and health personnel, employees, and employee representatives
should be provided with training that describes these control measures.
Standards developed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration require the

employer to train employees in the safety and health aspects of their jobs initially upon
assignment, and/or annually.
Many of these OSHA standards make it the employer’s responsibilityto limit certain job
assignments to employees who are “certified,” “competent,” or“qualified” meaning that
they have had special previous training, in or out ofthe workplace.
The term “designated” personnel means selected or assigned by the employer or the
employer’s representative as being qualified to perform specific duties. Training
records provide evidence of the employer’s good faithand compliance with OSHA
standards. Documentation can also supply an answer to one of the first questions an
accident investigator will ask: “Was the injured employee trained to do the job?” Many
researchers and studies conclude that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of
accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. To help employers, safety and
health professionals, training directors, and consultants can help fulfill OSHA training
related requirements.
OSH issues and concerns raised by employees:

1. Lack of proper training and education on occupational health and safety procedures.
2. Insu 昀漀 cient safety equipment and protective gear provided by the company.
3. Poor maintenance of machinery and equipment, leading to potential hazards.
4. Inadequate ventilation and air quality in the workplace.
5. Excessive workload and long working hours, leading to fatigue and increased risk of
accidents.
6. Lack of clear emergency evacuation plans and procedures.
7. Inadequate 昀椀 rst aid facilities and trained personnel on-site.
8. Poor ergonomics in workstations, causing musculoskeletal disorders.
9. Inadequate lighting in certain areas, increasing the risk of accidents or injuries.
10. Failure to address employee concerns or complaints regarding OSH issues promptly.

There are several reasons why it is important to involve employees in the

identi 昀椀 cation of workplace hazards:
1. First-hand knowledge: Employees have direct experience working in the speci 昀椀 c
environment and are more likely to be aware of potential hazards that may not be
immediately apparent to others. Their input can provide valuable insights into the day-to-
day risks they face.
2. Increased awareness: Involving employees in hazard identi 昀椀 cation helps raise
their awareness about potential dangers in the workplace. This empowers them to be
more vigilant and proactive in identifying and reporting hazards, leading to a safer work
environment for everyone.
3. Ownership and responsibility: When employees are involved in hazard identi 昀椀 cation,
they develop a sense of ownership and responsibility for their own safety as well as that of
their colleagues. This fosters a culture of safety where everyone feels accountable for
maintaining a hazard-free workplace.
4. Diverse perspectives: Di 昀昀 erent employees bring di 昀昀 erent perspectives based on
their roles, experiences, and expertise. By involving a diverse group of employees in
hazard identi 昀椀 cation, organizations can bene 昀椀 t from a wider range of insights and ideas,
leading to more comprehensive hazard assessments.
5. Employee engagement and morale: Involving employees in hazard identi 昀椀 cation
demonstrates that their opinions and contributions are valued by the organization. This
can boost employee engagement, morale, and job satisfaction as they feel empowered to
actively contribute to creating a safer work environment.
6. Practical solutions: Employees who are directly involved in identifying hazards are
often better positioned to propose practical solutions or improvements that can mitigate
or eliminate those hazards e 昀昀 ectively. Their 昀椀 rsthand knowledge allows them to
suggest changes that are feasible within the existing work processes.
7. Compliance with regulations: In many jurisdictions, involving employees in hazard
identi 昀椀 cation is a legal requirement or an expectation under occupational health and safety
regulations. By actively involving employees, organizations demonstrate their
commitment to complying with these regulations and ensuring worker safety.

Some potential consequences of not identifying workplace hazards include:

1. Increased risk of accidents and injuries: Failure to identify workplace hazards can
lead to an increased risk of accidents and injuries for employees. This can result in physical
harm, such as cuts, burns, falls, or even more severe incidents like amputations or
fatalities.
2. Decreased productivity: Workplace hazards can disrupt work 昀氀 ow and decrease
productivity. If hazards are not identi 昀椀 ed and addressed promptly, employees may need
to stop work or slow down their pace to avoid potential risks, leading to delays in
completing tasks or projects.
3. Financial losses: Workplace accidents and injuries can result in signi 昀椀 cant 昀椀
nancial losses for organizations. These may include medical expenses, workers'
compensation claims, legal fees, 昀椀 nes from regulatory bodies, increased insurance
premiums, and potential lawsuits.
4. Damage to reputation: Failure to identify workplace hazards can damage an
organization's reputation both internally and externally. Employees may lose trust in the
company's commitment to their safety and well-being, leading to decreased morale and
engagement. Externally, negative publicity surrounding workplace accidents or injuries
can harm the company's image among customers, suppliers, investors, and the general
public.
5. Legal consequences: Non-compliance with health and safety regulations can lead to
legal consequences for organizations. Regulatory bodies may impose 昀椀 nes or penalties
for failing to identify workplace hazards or provide a safe working environment. In severe
cases where negligence is proven, companies may face criminal charges.
6. Increased absenteeism and turnover: Workplace hazards that go unidenti 昀椀 ed
can contribute to higher rates of absenteeism as employees may take time o 昀昀 work due to
injuries or illnesses caused by these hazards. Additionally, employees who feel unsafe at
work are more likely to seek employment elsewhere, resulting in higher turnover rates.
7. Negative impact on employee well-being: Failing to identify workplace hazards can
have a detrimental e 昀昀 ect on employee well-being. Constant exposure to hazardous
conditions can lead to physical health issues (e.g., respiratory problems, hearing loss) and
mental health concerns (e.g., stress, anxiety). This can further impact job satisfaction and
overall quality of life for employees.

Risks associated with identi 昀椀 ed workplace hazards can be assessed through a

systematic process known as risk assessment.
Here are the steps involved in assessing risks associated with workplace hazards:
1. Identify the hazards: Begin by identifying all potential hazards present in the
workplace. This can be done through regular inspections, reviewing incident reports,
consulting employees, and referring to safety guidelines and regulations.
2. Determine who might be harmed: Identify the individuals or groups of people who
could potentially be a 昀昀 ected by each hazard. This includes employees, contractors, visitors,
or anyone else present in the workplace.
3. Evaluate the risks: Assess the likelihood and severity of harm that could result from
each hazard. Consider factors such as frequency of exposure, potential consequences, and
existing control measures in place.
4. Control measures: Identify existing control measures that are already in place to
mitigate the risks associated with each hazard. Evaluate their e 昀昀 ectiveness and determine if
additional measures are required.
5. Risk rating: Assign a risk rating to each hazard based on its likelihood and severity of
harm. This can be done using a numerical scale or color-coding system to prioritize risks
for further action.
6. Review and update: Regularly review and update risk assessments as new hazards are
identi 昀椀 ed or changes occur in the workplace environment or processes.
7. Consultation: Involve employees and relevant stakeholders in the risk assessment
process to gain their input and ensure a comprehensive evaluation of risks.
8. Record keeping: Maintain records of risk assessments conducted, including details of
identi 昀椀 ed hazards, control measures implemented, and any changes made over time.
A gathering of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) issues and concerns can
include a wide range of topics related to workplace safety.
Here are some common issues and concerns that may be discussed:
1. Hazardous materials: Ensuring proper handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous
substances to prevent accidents, spills, or exposure to harmful chemicals.
2. Ergonomics: Addressing ergonomic risks such as improper workstation setup,
repetitive motion injuries, or lifting heavy objects that can lead to musculoskeletal
disorders.

3. Workplace violence: Developing strategies to prevent workplace violence incidents,

including training employees on recognizing warning signs and implementing security
measures.
4. Slips, trips, and falls: Identifying potential hazards like wet 昀氀 oors, uneven surfaces,
or cluttered walkways that can cause slips, trips, or falls and implementing preventive
measures.
5. Electrical safety: Ensuring compliance with electrical safety standards to prevent
electrical shocks, 昀椀 res, or other electrical hazards in the workplace.
6. Machinery and equipment safety: Implementing proper machine guarding techniques
and maintenance procedures to minimize the risk of accidents while operating machinery
or equipment.
7. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Promoting the use of appropriate PPE such as
helmets, gloves, goggles, or respirators to protect workers from potential hazards.
8. Work-related stress: Addressing work-related stressors like excessive workload, long
working hours, lack of support systems that can impact employee mental health and
overall well-being.
9. Fire safety: Conducting 昀椀 re risk assessments regularly and ensuring the availability
of 昀椀 re extinguishers, evacuation plans, and emergency exits in case of a 昀椀 re emergency.
10. Training and education: Providing comprehensive OSH training programs for
employees at all levels to raise awareness about potential hazards and promote safe work
practices.
CONTROL MEASURES
There are several control measures that can be implemented to mitigate
workplace risks. Some of the common control measures include:
1. Engineering controls: These involve modifying the workplace or equipment to
eliminate or reduce hazards. Examples include installing machine guards, implementing
ventilation systems, or using noise reduction measures.
2. Administrative controls: These focus on changing work practices and policies to
minimize risks. This can include implementing safety training programs, establishing
clear procedures and protocols, and conducting regular inspections and audits.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE): PPE includes items such as helmets, gloves,
safety glasses, and respiratory masks that are used to protect employees from speci 昀椀 c
hazards. Employers should provide appropriate PPE and ensure its proper use.

4. Hazard elimination/substitution: This involves eliminating or replacing hazardous

materials or processes with safer alternatives. For example, replacing toxic chemicals with
less harmful substances or using automated machinery instead of manual labor.
5. Training and education: Providing comprehensive training programs for employees
on workplace hazards, safe work practices, emergency procedures, and the proper use of
equipment can signi 昀椀 cantly reduce risks.
6. Regular maintenance and inspections: Implementing a routine maintenance
schedule for equipment and machinery helps identify potential hazards before they cause
accidents or injuries.
7. Emergency preparedness: Developing emergency response plans, conducting drills,
and ensuring access to 昀椀 rst aid supplies can help mitigate risks during unexpected
events such as 昀椀 res, natural disasters, or medical emergencies.
8. Workstation ergonomics: Ensuring that workstations are properly designed to
minimize physical strain on employees can help prevent musculoskeletal disorders and
other ergonomic-related injuries.
9. Communication channels: Establishing e 昀昀 ective communication channels
between management and employees allows for reporting of hazards or near-miss
incidents promptly so that appropriate actions can be taken.
10. Regular review and improvement: Continuously reviewing risk assessments, incident
reports, and feedback from employees helps identify areas for improvement in existing
control measures to enhance workplace safety over time.
The appropriate risk controls based on the result of an Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH) hazard evaluation will depend on the speci 昀椀 c hazards identi 昀椀
ed. However, here are some general risk controls that can be implemented:
1. Engineering Controls: These are physical modi 昀椀 cations to the workplace or equipment to
eliminate or minimize the hazard. Examples include installing machine guards,
ventilation systems, or noise barriers.
2. Administrative Controls: These are changes in work practices or policies to reduce
exposure to hazards. Examples include implementing job rotation, establishing clear
procedures and protocols, and providing training and education on safe work practices.
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): This includes providing employees with
appropriate personal protective equipment such as safety glasses, gloves, helmets, or
respirators to protect against speci 昀椀 c hazards.

4. Hazardous Substances Management: Implementing proper storage, handling, and

disposal procedures for hazardous substances to minimize exposure risks.
5. Emergency Preparedness: Developing emergency response plans and conducting drills
to ensure employees know how to respond in case of emergencies such as 昀椀 res, chemical
spills, or natural disasters.
6. Regular Inspections and Maintenance: Conducting regular inspections of equipment
and facilities to identify any potential hazards or maintenance issues that could lead to
accidents or injuries.
7. Employee Involvement: Encouraging employees to actively participate in identifying
hazards, reporting near misses or incidents, and suggesting improvements in safety
measures.
Contingency measures
A contingency measure/plan is a plan devised for an outcome other that in the usual
(expected) plan. It isoften used for risk management for an exceptional risk that though
unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences.
Contingency measures during workplace incidents and emergencies are crucial to

ensure the safety and well-being of employees. Here are some common contingency
measures that organizations should consider implementing:
1. Emergency Response Plan: Develop a comprehensive emergency response plan that
outlines procedures for di 昀昀 erent types of incidents, such as 昀椀 res, natural disasters,
medical emergencies, or security threats. This plan should include evacuation routes,
assembly points, emergency contacts, and roles and responsibilities of employees during
emergencies.
2. Evacuation Procedures: Establish clear evacuation procedures and conduct regular
drills to familiarize employees with the process. Designate speci 昀椀 c assembly points outside
the building where employees can gather after evacuation.
3. Communication Systems: Implement e 昀昀 ective communication systems to quickly
disseminate information during emergencies. This can include public address systems,
emergency noti 昀椀 cation systems (such as text messages or emails), or designated individuals
responsible for relaying information.
4. Emergency Exits and Signage: Ensure that all emergency exits are clearly marked
with illuminated signs and kept unobstructed at all times. Regularly inspect and maintain
exit doors to ensure they are functioning properly.
5. First Aid Kits and Medical Assistance: Place well-stocked 昀椀 rst aid kits in easily
accessible locations throughout the workplace. Train designated employees in 昀椀 rst aid
and

CPR techniques. Establish protocols for contacting medical assistance in case of serious
injuries or medical emergencies.
6. Fire Safety Measures: Install 昀椀 re alarms, smoke detectors, 昀椀 re extinguishers, and
sprinkler systems as per local regulations. Conduct regular inspections of these systems to
ensure they are in working order. Train employees on how to use 昀椀 re extinguishers
properly.
7. Security Measures: Implement appropriate security measures such as access control
systems, surveillance cameras, or security personnel to prevent unauthorized access or
potential threats.
8. Employee Training: Conduct regular training sessions on workplace safety protocols
and emergency procedures for all employees. This will help them understand their roles
during emergencies and respond appropriately.
9. Business Continuity Plan: Develop a business continuity plan that outlines steps to
be taken to resume operations after an incident or emergency. This plan should include
backup systems, data recovery procedures, and alternative work arrangements if the
workplace becomes inaccessible.
10. Regular Review and Updates: Continuously review and update contingency
measures based on feedback, lessons learned from drills or incidents, and changes in
regulations or best practices.
Emergencies can occur in any workplace, and it is crucial to have proper

procedures in place to ensure the safety of employees. Here are some general steps
to follow during workplace hazards:
1. Alert: When a hazard is identi 昀椀 ed, the 昀椀 rst step is to alert all employees about the
emergency. This can be done through a loudspeaker system, alarms, or verbal
communication.
2. Evacuation: If necessary, evacuate the building or a 昀昀 ected area immediately. Employees
should follow designated evacuation routes and assemble at predetermined safe locations
outside the building.
3. Communication: Establish a communication system to keep employees informed
about the situation and provide updates on when it is safe to return to work. This can be
done through text messages, emails, or designated personnel.
4. Emergency Services: Contact emergency services such as 昀椀 re department, police, or
medical personnel if required. Provide them with accurate information about the
situation and follow their instructions.

5. First Aid: If someone is injured during the hazard, administer 昀椀 rst aid if you are
trained to do so until professional help arrives.
6. Shelter-in-Place: In some situations, like chemical spills or severe weather conditions,
it may be safer for employees to stay indoors rather than evacuating. Establish shelter-in-
place procedures and ensure employees know where to go and what actions to take.
7. Accountability: Maintain an accurate record of all employees present in the workplace
during emergencies. Use attendance sheets or checklists to account for everyone's safety.
8. Training and Drills: Regularly conduct training sessions and drills on emergency
procedures so that employees are familiar with what needs to be done during di 昀昀 erent
hazards.
9. Post-Emergency Evaluation: After the hazard has been resolved, conduct an
evaluation of how well emergency procedures were followed and identify areas for
improvement.
Incidences and emergencies

The following incidents and emergencies should be addressed and
identified whereapplicable:
 Fire
 Leaks
 Equipment/machine accidents
 Explosion
 Injury of personnel
 Structural support
 Toxic emission
Implement OSH programs, procedures andpolicies/guidelines

OSH procedures and policies: They are guidelines used to direct all
employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and others.
OSH standards: OSH standards are rules that describe the methods that
employers must use to protect their employees from hazards. These standards
limit the number of hazards workers can be exposed to, require the use of
certain safe practices and equipment, and require employers to monitor
hazards and keep records of workplace injuries and illnesses.
OSH-related records: They are documentations that keep track on various OSH processes.

Information to work team about company OSH program, procedures and

policies/guidelines are provided
The purpose of the Health and Safety policies and procedures is to guide and
direct all employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and
others. All employees are encouraged to participate in developing,
implementing, and enforcing Health and Safety policies and procedures.
OSH programs, also known as Occupational Safety and Health

programs, are comprehensive plans implemented by organizations to ensure
the safety and well-being of their employees in the workplace. These programs
aim to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and accidents by identifying
potential hazards and implementing measures to control or eliminate them.
Key components of OSH programs typically include:

1. Management commitment: Top-level management demonstrates their
commitment to workplace safety by providing necessary resources, setting
safety goals, and promoting a culture of safety.
2. Ha£ard identification and assessment: Regular inspections and risk
assessments are conducted to identify potential hazards in the workplace.
This includes evaluating physical hazards (e.g., machinery, chemicals) as well
as ergonomic, biological, and psychosocial factors.
3. Ha£ard control: Once hazards are identified, appropriate control measures
are implemented to minimize or eliminate risks. This may involve engineering
controls (e.g., installing safety guards), administrative controls (e.g.,
implementing safe work procedures), or personal protective equipment (PPE).
4. Employee involvement: Employees are actively engaged in the OSH
program through participation in safety committees, training sessions,
reporting near misses or hazards, and providing feedback on safety issues.
5. Training and education: Ongoing training is provided to employees on
various aspects of workplace safety including hazard recognition, emergency
response procedures, proper use of equipment and PPE, etc.
6. Incident investigation: When accidents or near misses occur, thorough
investigations are conducted to determine the root causes and develop
preventive measures to avoid similar incidents in the future.
7. Emergency preparedness: Plans are developed for responding to
emergencies such as fires, natural disasters, chemical spills, etc., including
evacuation procedures and communication protocols.
8. Program evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the OSH

program's effectiveness is carried out through audits, inspections, incident

analysis reports, employee feedback surveys, etc., with necessary adjustments
made based on findings.
The following OSH programs can be considered:

a) Medical surveillance: This is a planned plan of periodic
examination which may include the following:
 Biological effect monitoring
 Clinical examination
b) Periodic occupational health surveillance: This consists of
examination conducted periodically to identify vulnerable groups
among the staff which could be of immense value to prevention
c) Management of occupational exposure: This means amount of
work place agentthat has reached and individual worker.
d) Safety Training Programs: These programs focus on educating
employees about workplace hazards, safe work practices, emergency
procedures, and the proper use of personal protective equipment
(PPE).
e) Ha£ard Identification and Risk Assessment Programs: These
programs involve identifying potential hazards in the workplace,
assessing their risks, and implementing control measures to
minimize or eliminate those risks.
f) Ergonomics Programs: These programs aim to prevent
musculoskeletal disorders by designing workstations and job tasks
that are ergonomically sound. They may include training on proper
lifting techniques, workstation adjustments, and regular breaks.
g) Health Promotion Programs: These programs focus on promoting
employee health and well-being through initiatives such as wellness
campaigns, smoking cessation programs, stress management
workshops, and fitness challenges.
h) Incident Investigation and Reporting Programs: These
programs establish procedures for reporting workplace incidents or
near misses promptly. They also involve conducting thorough
investigations to determine the root causes of incidents and
implementing corrective actions to prevent recurrence.
i) Emergency Preparedness Programs: These programs ensure that
employees are prepared for emergencies such as fires, natural
disasters, or medical emergencies. They include developing

emergency response plans, conducting drills or simulations, and

providing first aid training.
j) Chemical Management Programs: These programs aim to safely
handle hazardous chemicals in the workplace by implementing
proper storage procedures, labeling requirements, material safety
data sheets (MSDS) availability, and employee training on chemical
hazards.
k) Workplace Violence Prevention Programs: These programs
focus on preventing workplace violence by establishing policies
against harassment or bullying behaviors, providing conflict
resolution training, and implementing security measures like access
controls or surveillance systems.
l) Contractor Safety Management Programs: If contractors work in
the workplace premises regularly or occasionally, these programs
ensure that they comply with safety regulations by providing them
with safety orientations/training specific to their tasks.
m) Mental Health Support Programs: With increasing awareness
about mental health issues at workplaces, these programs provide
resources like counseling services or employee assistance programs
to support employees' mental well-being.
Company OSH procedures
1. Set safety and health as a priority – always set safety and health as the top
priority. Tell the workers that making sure they finish the day and go home
safely is the way to do business. Assure them that you will work with them to
find and fix any hazard that could injure them ormake them sick.
2. Lead by example – practice safe behaviors yourself and make safety
part of your dailyconversation with the workers.
3. Implement a reporting system – develop and communicate a simple
procedure for workers toreport any injuries, illnesses, incidents, hazards or
safety and health concerns without fear of retaliation. Include an option of
reporting hazards or concerns anonymously.
4. Provide training – train the workers on how to identify and control hazards.
5. Conduct inspections – inspect the workplace and the workers and ask
them to identify anyactivity, piece of equipment, or material that
concerns them.
6. Collect hazard control ideas – ask workers on ideas on improvement and
follow up on theirsuggestions. Provide them with time during work hours,
if necessary, to research solutions.

7. Implement hazard control – assign workers the task of choosing, implementing

and evaluating thesolutions they come up with.
8. Address emergencies – identify foreseeable scenarios and develop instructions
on what to do in each case. Meet to discuss these procedures and post them in
a visible location in the workplace.
9. Seek input on workplace changes – before making any significant changes to the
workplace, work organization, equipment, or materials consult with the workers
to identify potential safety orhealth issues.
10. Make improvements – set aside a regular time to discuss safety and health
issues, with the goal ofidentifying ways to improve the program.
Implementation of OSH procedures and policies/guidelines are participated

The occupation health and safety address the following priorities:
i. Conducting workplace audits and risk assessment at facility level.
ii. Oversee compliance of facility design and building codes for new construction
iii. Support the procurement systems for quality and adequate PPEs
and other OSHsupply within the facility
iv. Review causes of/for rehabilitation and compensation of injured
health sectoremployees
v. The management of incidents and emergencies arising within the
health facility.
vi. Ensuring new staff go through the induction and orientation on OSH issues.
vii. Publicizing, promoting and enforcing the guidelines and
procedures among the staffthey supervise.
viii. To coordinate capacity building of the facility level staff and
disseminate policyguidelines at the facility level
Team members are trained and advised on OSH standards and

procedures
E 昀昀 ective training and education can be provided outside a formal classroom

setting.
Peer-to-peer training, on-the-job training, and worksite demonstrations

can be e 昀昀 ective inconveying safety concepts, ensuring understanding of
hazards and their controls, andpromoting good work practices.

Duties of Workers
One of your most important responsibilities is to protect your Health and

Safety as well asthat of your co-workers.
Workers play a crucial role in the implementation of Occupational Safety and
Health (OSH) programs. Their duties include:
1. Compliance with OSH policies and procedures: Workers are responsible

for following all OSH policies, procedures, and guidelines set by their
organization. This includes wearing personal protective equipment (PPE),
using safety devices, and adhering to safe work practices.
2. Reporting ha£ards and incidents: Workers should promptly report any
hazards or potential risks they identify in the workplace to their supervisors or
the designated safety personnel. They should also report any accidents,
injuries, or near misses they witness or experience.
3. Participating in training and education: Workers must actively
participate in OSH training programs provided by their employer. This
includes attending safety meetings, workshops, and seminars to enhance their
knowledge of workplace hazards, prevention measures, emergency response
procedures, and the proper use of equipment.
4. Engaging in risk assessments: Workers should actively participate in risk
assessments conducted by their organization. They can contribute by
identifying potential hazards specific to their work area or tasks and
suggesting control measures to mitigate those risks.
5. Following safe work practices: Workers must follow safe work practices
as outlined in the organization's OSH program. This includes using proper
lifting techniques, maintaining good housekeeping standards, practicing good
ergonomics, and following lockout/tagout procedures when working with
machinery or equipment.
6. Participating in incident investigations: In case of accidents or
incidents, workers may be required to provide information about what
happened leading up to the event. They should cooperate fully with any
investigations conducted by management or regulatory authorities to
determine the root causes of incidents and prevent future occurrences.
7. Promoting a culture of safety: Workers should actively promote a culture
of safety within their organization by encouraging their colleagues to follow
safe work practices and reporting any unsafe conditions they observe.

8. Providing feedback on OSH programs: Workers can provide valuable

feedback on the effectiveness of OSH programs and suggest improvements.
This can be done through surveys, suggestion boxes, or direct communication
with management or safety personnel.
What the law requires

Workplaces under the jurisdiction are governed by your provincial legislation.
The legislation places duties on owners, employers, workers, suppliers, the
self- employed and contractors, to establish and maintain safe and healthy
working conditions.
The legislation is administered by your provincial legislation. Your officials are
responsiblefor monitoring compliance.
Duties of your Employer

Your employer is responsible for providing you with safe and healthy
working conditions. This includes a duty to protect you from violence,
discrimination and harassment. You mustcooperate with your employer in
making your workplace safe and healthy.
Employers have several key duties and responsibilities when it comes to

implementing Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) programs. These include:
1. Providing a safe and healthy work environment: Employers must ensure that
the workplace is free from hazards that could cause harm to employees. This includes
identifying and addressing potential risks, such as providing proper ventilation,
maintaining equipment, and implementing safety protocols.
2. Conducting risk assessments: Employers should regularly assess the workplace
for potential hazards and risks to employee health and safety. This involves identifying
potential sources of harm, evaluating the likelihood of an incident occurring, and
implementing measures to control or eliminate these risks.
3. Developing written safety policies and procedures: Employers should establish
clear policies and procedures related to OSH in the workplace. These documents should
outline expectations for employee behavior, provide guidance on how to handle
hazardous materials or situations, and detail emergency response protocols.
4. Providing training and education: Employers must ensure that employees receive
appropriate training on OSH practices specific to their job roles. This includes educating
workers on potential hazards they may encounter, teaching them how to use protective
equipment correctly, and providing instruction on emergency procedures.

5. Promoting employee involvement: Employers should encourage employees to

actively participate in OSH programs by involving them in hazard identification, risk
assessments, and decision-making processes related to workplace safety.
6. Maintaining records: Employers are responsible for keeping accurate records related
to OSH programs, including incident reports, training records, risk assessments, and any
corrective actions taken.
7. Regularly reviewing and updating OSH programs: Employers should
periodically review their OSH programs to ensure they remain effective in addressing
current risks and comply with relevant regulations or standards. Updates may be
necessary due to changes in technology, work processes, or legal requirements.
8. Complying with legal requirements: Employers must adhere to all applicable laws
and regulations related to occupational health and safety in their jurisdiction. This
includes providing necessary safety equipment, reporting incidents, and cooperating with
regulatory inspections.
Your Rights
The legislation gives your three rights:
 The right to know the hazards at work and how to control them
 The right to participate in Occupational Health and Safety
 The right to refuse work which you believe to be unusually dangerous.
You may not be punished for using these rights. An employer can be required to
legally justify any action taken against a worker who is active in Health and
Safety.
Your Right to Know
The standards require your employer to provide you with all the information you
need to control the hazards you face at work. For example, chemicals at the
workplace must be listed. You are entitled to review this list. Your employer must
train you to safely handle the chemicals you will work with. If you are inexperienced,
you must receive an orientation.Your Right to Participate
You have the right to become involved in occupational Health and Safety. The
legislation encourages employers and workers to work together to maintain a
healthy and safeworkplace. Employers at workplaces with (ten or more – consult
your provincial act) workers must set up an occupational health committee of
employer and worker representatives.
Your Right to Refuse
You have the right to refuse to do work which you believe is unusually
dangerous. The unusual danger may be to you or to anyone else.

Procedures for maintaining OSH-related records are

implemented The OSH documentations may include
a) Accident reporting: This includes investigation and analyzing incidents,
underlying deficiency and renew the incident reports.
b) Dangerous occurrences: The OSH committee shall maintain register for
such occurrences in the format give in the OSH regulations.
c) Incident/Near miss: The workers shall report any accident and near miss
within the work area. The Osh committee shall maintain a register and the
occurrence should be investigated.
d) Notifiable diseases: The OSH committee shall maintain a register of
occupationaldisease that has been reported.
OSH documentations refer to the various documents and records that are created and
maintained to ensure compliance with Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) regulations
and standards. These documents play a crucial role in promoting workplace safety,
preventing accidents, and protecting the health of employees.
Some common types of OSH documentations include:
1. OSH Policy: This document outlines the organization's commitment to maintaining a
safe and healthy work environment. It includes the goals, objectives, and responsibilities
related to OSH.
2. Risk Assessments: Risk assessments identify potential hazards in the workplace and
evaluate their likelihood of occurrence and potential impact on employee safety. These
assessments help in developing appropriate control measures.
3. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): SOPs provide step-by-step instructions for
performing speci 昀椀 c tasks safely. They outline the necessary precautions, equipment
requirements, and emergency procedures.
4. Safety Data Sheets (SDS): SDS provide detailed information about hazardous
substances used in the workplace, including their properties, handling procedures,
storage requirements, and emergency response measures.
5. Incident Reports: Incident reports document any accidents, injuries, or near misses
that occur in the workplace. They include details about what happened, who was
involved, any injuries sustained, and actions taken to prevent future incidents.
6. Training Records: These records document employee training on OSH topics such as
hazard identi 昀椀 cation, emergency response procedures, proper use of personal
protective equipment (PPE), etc.

7. Inspection Checklists: Inspection checklists are used to assess compliance with OSH
regulations by conducting regular inspections of equipment, machinery, work areas, etc.
8. Emergency Plans: Emergency plans outline procedures for responding to various
emergencies such as 昀椀 res, chemical spills, natural disasters, etc., including evacuation
routes and assembly points.
9. Safety Committee Meeting Minutes: Minutes from safety committee meetings
record discussions on safety-related issues raised by employees or management decisions
regarding OSH improvements.
10. Audit Reports: Audit reports document the 昀椀 ndings of internal or external OSH audits,
including any non-compliance issues and recommendations for improvement.

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to hand gloves, mask, apron,
etc. protective clothing, goggles, or other garment or equipment designed to protect
the wearer's body from injury by blunt impacts, electrical hazards, heat, chemicals,
and infection, and job-related health purposes.
List of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) but not limited to:
Personal
Protective
Equipmen PICTURE USES
t
Protection against dust, awful odor,
1. Face Mask
and harmful substance
2. Hand Gloves Protection of cleaners against

contamination during the cleaning
process
3. Goggles Serves as eye protection when
handling dangerous chemical while
cleaning
4. Apron Protects clothes from various

aspects, such as scratches, spills,
food spills or anything which can
spoil the clothes or uniform
5. Hairnet A simple net or caul is a small, often

elasticised, fine net worn over long
hair to hold it in place. It isworn to
keep hair contained.

6. Rubberboots Protection of heavy floor cleaning
7. Ordinary rain A water proof or water resistant coat

gear
worn to protect the body from rain
8. Sturdy work Intended to protect and comfort the

shoes
human feet while doing various
activities
9. Safety Protects the user’s head against

helmet
impact from falling objects, by
resisting and deflecting blows to the
head
10. Safety  is an attachment between a
Harness
stationary and non-stationary
object and is usually fabricated
from rope, cable, or webbing and
locking hardware
 Designed to protect a person,
animal, or object from injury or
damage

Questions
Q: What is the purpose of identifying workplace hazards and risks?

A: The purpose of identifying workplace hazards and risks is to ensure the safety and
well- being of employees by recognizing potential dangers or threats in the work
environment.
Q: How can workplace hazards be identi 昀椀 ed?
A: Workplace hazards can be identi 昀椀 ed through various methods such as conducting
regular inspections, analysing incident reports, reviewing safety data sheets, consulting
with employees, and using hazard identi 昀椀 cation tools or checklists.
Q: What are some common workplace hazards?
A: Common workplace hazards include slips, trips, and falls; electrical hazards; chemical
exposures; ergonomic issues; 昀椀 re hazards; machinery accidents; noise pollution; and
biological hazards.
Q: Why is it important to involve employees in the identi 昀椀 cation of workplace
hazards?
A: Involving employees in hazard identi 昀椀 cation is crucial because they have 昀椀
rsthand knowledge and experience of their work areas. Their input can help identify
potential risks that may otherwise go unnoticed.
Q: What are some potential consequences of not identifying workplace hazards?
A: Not identifying workplace hazards can lead to accidents, injuries, illnesses, property
damage, decreased productivity, increased absenteeism, legal liabilities, and reputational
damage for the organization.
Q: How can risks associated with identi 昀椀 ed hazards be assessed?
A: Risks associated with identi 昀椀 ed hazards can be assessed by evaluating the likelihood and
severity of potential harm or damage. This assessment helps prioritize risks for
appropriate control measures.
Q: What control measures can be implemented to mitigate workplace risks?
A: Control measures may include engineering controls (e.g., installing safety guards on
machinery), administrative controls (e.g., implementing safe work procedures), personal
protective equipment (PPE), training programs, and regular monitoring or inspections.

Q: Who is responsible for ensuring the identi 昀椀 cation and management of

workplace hazards?
A: It is a shared responsibility between employers, managers/supervisors, and employees
to identify and manage workplace hazards. Employers have a legal obligation to provide a
safe work environment, while employees should actively participate in hazard identi 昀椀
cation and report any concerns.
Q: How often should workplace hazard assessments be conducted?
A: Workplace hazard assessments should be conducted regularly, ideally on an ongoing
basis. However, they should also be performed whenever there are signi 昀椀 cant changes in
the work environment, processes, or equipment.
Q: Can workplace hazards and risks ever be completely eliminated?
A: While it may not be possible to completely eliminate all workplace hazards and risks,
their impact can be signi 昀椀 cantly reduced through proper identi 昀椀 cation, assessment,
and implementation of control measures.
Q: What is a workplace hazard?
A: A workplace hazard refers to any condition, substance, or activity that has the
potential to cause harm or injury to employees or other individuals in the workplace.
Q: How can workplace hazards be identi 昀椀 ed?
A: Workplace hazards can be identi 昀椀 ed through various methods such as conducting
regular inspections, reviewing incident reports and near-miss incidents, analyzing work
processes and tasks, consulting with employees and safety committees, and referring to
industry- speci 昀椀 c guidelines and regulations.
Q: What are some common examples of workplace hazards?
A: Common examples of workplace hazards include slippery 昀氀 oors, exposed electrical wires,
unguarded machinery, chemical spills, excessive noise levels, poor lighting conditions,
inadequate ventilation, ergonomic issues (e.g., improper workstation setup), and 昀椀 re
hazards.
Q: What is a risk assessment?
A: A risk assessment is a systematic process of evaluating potential risks associated with
workplace hazards. It involves identifying the likelihood and severity of harm that could
result from each hazard and determining appropriate control measures to mitigate those
risks.

Q: How can risks be assessed in the workplace?

A: Risks in the workplace can be assessed by considering factors such as the likelihood of
an incident occurring (e.g., frequency of exposure) and the potential severity of harm
(e.g., minor injury vs. fatality). This assessment can be done through observation, data
analysis, employee interviews or surveys, and referencing relevant safety standards.
Q: Why is it important to identify workplace hazards and risks?
A: Identifying workplace hazards and risks is crucial for maintaining a safe working
environment. It helps prevent accidents, injuries, illnesses, property damage, and 昀椀
nancial losses. By identifying these hazards proactively, appropriate control measures can
be implemented to minimize or eliminate risks.
Q: Who is responsible for identifying workplace hazards and risks?
A: Identifying workplace hazards and risks is a shared responsibility between
employers/managers/supervisors and employees. Employers have a legal obligation to
provide a safe working environment, while employees are responsible for reporting
hazards and cooperating in hazard identi 昀椀 cation e 昀昀 orts.
Q: What should be done once workplace hazards and risks are identi 昀椀 ed?
A: Once workplace hazards and risks are identi 昀椀 ed, appropriate control measures should be
implemented to eliminate or minimize the risks. This may involve engineering controls
(e.g., installing safety guards), administrative controls (e.g., implementing safety
procedures), or personal protective equipment (PPE). Regular monitoring and evaluation
should also be conducted to ensure the e 昀昀 ectiveness of these control measures.
Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not a chemical hazard?

a) Vapor
b) Fumes
c) Gases
d) Illumination
2. Identify which is not a psychological hazard.
a) Fatigue
b) Memory
c) Workout cycle
d) Personal relationship
3. Which of the following is a physical hazard?
a) Vibration
b) Electrical fault

c) Alcohol abuse
d) Gas leaks
4. Define the following terms
a) Hazard
b) Risk
5. Describe briefly the following terms as used in OSH
a) Hazard identification
b) Health auditing
c) Safety audit
6. Differentiate between physical and chemical hazards at the work place.
7. Describe briefly the ergonomic factors that can cause hazards.
Oral Assessment
1. Mention any three unsafe worker behavior.
2. Mention any five safety hazards at the work place.
3. Mention any three indicators of hazards
4. Mention any two ways of evaluating the work place environment
Practical Assessment
1. Trainees to identify any health hazards in the workshops as well as in
the compound
2. Trainees to gather information on any precautionary measure that
can be used toaddress the above hazards.

Demonstrate Occupational Safety and Health Practices CPM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Demonstrate Occupational Safety and Health Practices CPM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Demonstrate Occupational Safety and Health Skills

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by joseph wanjala (jwanjala29@gmail.com)