A Reasearch for Primary and Secondary Source Relevant to

Racial Discrimination
Prepared By: Keilee Dela Cruz, 8-Conservation

I. Introduction

A. Background Information
Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual
on the basis of their race, ancestry, ethnicity, and/or skin color and
hair texture. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do
business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a
certain group.

B. Statement of the Problem

Racial discrimination occurs when a person is treated less
favourably, or not given the same opportunities, as others in a
similar situation, because of their race, the country where they
were born, their ethnic origin or their skin colour.

The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (RDA) makes it unlawful to

discriminate against a person because of his or her race, colour,
descent, national origin or ethnic origin, or immigrant status.
The RDA protects people from racial discrimination in many areas
of public life, including employment, education, getting or using
services, renting or buying a house or unit, and accessing public
places.

C. Example
According to U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,
Mary applied for a summer job at a large department store. The
store manager said that she was not hiring for summer positions. A
few weeks later, Mary noticed that one of her school friends, who
is White, works at the store. Her friend said that she was hired a
few days before to help with the busy summer months. The
manager discriminated against Mary if she did not hire Mary
because Mary is Black.

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II. Literature Review

A. Overview
Most people would agree that equal opportunity to participate as a
full and functioning member of society is important. Nonetheless,
existing social and economic disparities among racial and ethnic
groups suggest that our society has yet to achieve this goal. For
instance, Hispanics have higher school dropout rates than other
racial and ethnic groups (Hauser et al., 2002). The black–white
wealth gap remains large (Conley, 1999; Oliver and Shapiro,
1995). Young Native Americans are incarcerated in federal prisons
at higher rates than any other minority racial group (Smelser and
Baltes, 2001; Weich and Angulo, 2002). And some Asian
Americans, among other minority groups, have poorer access to
health care services and treatments than whites (Institute of
Medicine, 2003). Such racial disparities are pervasive and may be
the result of racial prejudice and discrimination, as well as
differences in socioeconomic status, differential access to
opportunities, and institutional policies and practices.

B. Previous Studies on Racial Discriminaton

The present study highlights how exposure to racial discrimination
may have a lasting influence in cultural identity development
among Asian Americans and possibly through ethnic–racial
socialization in the family, which might have been shaped by such
experiences. Our results also underscore the importance of
considering the experiences of both children and parents in
studies of discrimination and ethnic–racial socialization.

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III. Methodology

A. Study Design
The proposed study uses a prospective cohort study design.
Respondents from the 2016/17 New Zealand Health Survey
[2, 18, 19] (NZHS) provide the source of the follow-up cohort
sample and the NZHS provides baseline data. The follow-up
survey will be conducted between one and two years after
respondents completed the NZHS. Using the NZHS data as our
sampling frame provides access to exposure status (experience of
racism), along with data on a substantial number of covariates
(including age, gender, and socioeconomic variables) allowing us
to select an appropriate study cohort for answering our research
questions. Participant follow-up will be conducted by a multi-
modality survey (mail, web and telephone modalities).

B. Data Analysis
In the context of racial discrimination, data collection and analysis
can be a necessary or even an essential tool for assessing
whether rights under the Code are being or may be infringed and
for taking corrective action. Therefore, it is the Commission’s
position that there are situations that call for the collection and
analysis of data about race and related grounds. Data collection
and analysis should be undertaken where an organization has or
ought to have reason to believe that discrimination, systemic
barriers or the perpetuation of historical disadvantage may
potentially exist. This must be assessed on an objective and
subjective basis. The organization’s actual knowledge of a
problem will be considered as will whether, from the point of view
of a reasonable third party, the organization should have been
aware of the problem.

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IV. Results

Opinions about the current state of race relations – and President

Donald Trump’s handling of the issue – are also negative. About six-
in-ten Americans (58%) say race relations in the U.S. are bad, and of
those, few see them improving. Some 56% think the president has
made race relations worse; just 15% say he has improved race
relations and another 13% say he has tried but failed to make
progress on this issue. In addition, roughly two-thirds say it’s become
more common for people to express racist views since Trump
became president.

Blacks are particularly gloomy about the country’s racial progress.

More than eight-in-ten black adults say the legacy of slavery affects
the position of black people in America today, including 59% who say
it affects it a great deal. About eight-in-ten blacks (78%) say the
country hasn’t gone far enough when it comes to giving black people
equal rights with whites, and fully half say it’s unlikely that the country
will eventually achieve racial equality.

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V. References

Primary Sources:
Examples of racial discrimination (fact sheet) | Ontario Human Rights
Commission. (n.d.). https://www.ohrc.on.ca/e
Racial discrimination. (n.d.). Australian Human Rights Commission.
https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/employers/racial-discrimination
Stanley, J., Harris, R., Cormack, D., Waa, A., & Edwards, R. (2019).
The impact of racism on the future health of adults: protocol for a
prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 19(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6664-x

Secondary Sources:
Race/Color discrimination - example. (n.d.). US EEOC.
https://www.eeoc.gov/youth/racecolor-discrimination-exam
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2004.
Measuring Racial Discrimination. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press.
Mitchell, T., & Mitchell, T. (2024, April 14). Race in America 2019. Pew
Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/04/09/race-in-
america-2019/
Racism and racial discrimination: Data collection (fact sheet) | Ontario
Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/racism-
and-racial-discrimination-data-collection-fact-sheet
APA PsycNet. (n.d.). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-13975-001

This outline provides a structured approach to

researching the racial discrimination, incorporating both
primary research studies and secondary literature to
provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

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