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Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation

Volume 18

Series Editor
Prof. David L. Hawksworth, Ashtead, Surrey, UK
Springer’s book series, Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, brings together
some of the most exciting and topical papers in biodiversity and conservation
research. The result is a series of useful themed collections covering issues such as
the diversity and conservation of specific habitats or groups of organisms, and the
key dilemma of resource use versus conservation.
Based on Springer’s popular journal, Biodiversity and Conservation, the series
provides access to selected peer-reviewed papers which represent the cutting edge
of current research to provide a valuable overview of progress in each topic
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collections will be of particular interest for courses including biodiversity and/or
conservation issues, and to advanced students and researchers working in related
fields.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7488

Ghulam Hassan Dar • Anzar A. Khuroo
Editors

Biodiversity of the Himalaya:

Jammu and Kashmir State
Editors
Ghulam Hassan Dar Anzar A. Khuroo
Department of Botany Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy,
University of Kashmir Department of Botany
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India University of Kashmir
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

ISSN 1875-1288     ISSN 1875-1296 (electronic)

Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation
ISBN 978-981-32-9173-7    ISBN 978-981-32-9174-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

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Foreword

Jammu and Kashmir: Resurrecting the Paradise for Sustaining Biodiversity

Global environmental challenges need to be addressed everywhere but perhaps

more so in the Himalaya than anywhere in the world. The Himalaya is a biodiversity
hotspot, source of Asia’s eight largest rivers, and the “third pole”— with the amount
of ice stored in the glaciers being only next to the two poles. The natural assets of
the Himalaya sustain approximately one fifth of the humanity.
Within the Himalaya, the State of Jammu and Kashmir occupies a special posi-
tion, once called a paradise on Earth because of its spectacular beauty and cultural
and natural endowment. This westernmost State of the Indian Himalaya contains
approximately one half of biodiversity found in the Indian part of this great moun-
tain chain. Jammu and Kashmir is also a source of major rivers, fed by glaciers in
the high mountains, for the provinces of Punjab in both Pakistan and India that
constitute the breadbaskets of both the countries.
This remarkable book by Ghulam Hassan Dar and Anzar A. Khuroo provides a
comprehensive account of the biodiversity of the State. Rich in information about
floral and faunal diversity, the book emphasizes the need for further exploration in
vast areas that have not been explored. Threats to biodiversity are the subject of a
couple of chapters. Another set of chapters outlines the steps needed to conserve
biodiversity.
Humanity is facing a first rate crisis in stemming the loss of biodiversity and the
services it provides to support human endeavors. Jammu and Kashmir faces a par-
ticular challenge in conserving its natural heritage. The region is beset with political
conflict with both India and Pakistan caught in a bitter struggle over rival claims to
the State. Sound governance is a prerequisite for conserving biodiversity, but good
governance requires cooperation and collaboration among stakeholders. With vio-
lence almost a daily occurrence, biodiversity takes a back stage.

v
vi Foreword

Perhaps, the book can garner support to conserve the incredible biodiversity and
beauty of the State. A desire to combat environmental challenges that pose a greater
threat to human security than political ones can usher a new era of peace for the
people and the biodiversity around them, regaining a paradise lost a generation or
two ago.

Distinguished Professor, University of Massachusetts

Dr. Kamaljit Singh Bawa
Boston, MA, USA
Ashoka Trust for Research
in Ecology and the Environment
Bangalore, India
Preface

Since the earliest humans settled there, it has been obvious that the State of Jammu
and Kashmir (J&K) is incredibly rich in different kinds of plants and animals, an
endowment that has come to be known as biodiversity. This richness was surely one
reason for the Mughal emperor Jahangir’s calling Kashmir a “paradise on Earth,” a
factual depiction of its biological wonders among other very special features of
structure and environment. In modern times, we have come to ask about quantitative
assessment of this biological richness of the State as a whole. A good deal of scien-
tific work on biodiversity has been conducted in J&K State over the years, but no
adequate summary of rich information contained in the hundreds of papers and
books dealing with the subject has yet been offered. To do just that is what this book
is for.
Collectively, biodiversity has become a widespread and fundamentally important
human concern. Just after the concept was developed, some 50 years ago, it became
generally known that the humans are wholly dependent on the living world and that
the elements that make it up, species, are disappearing at a speed unprecedented for
tens of millions of years. It has come to be known that the more comprehensive the
knowledge of local biodiversity, the better strategies a country or region can develop
for its socioeconomic development.
The flora and fauna of J&K State have been studied by many workers for over
two centuries, with the numerous results scattered widely in such publications as
journals, books, checklists, newsletters, conference and workshop proceedings, and
miscellaneous reports. Many of these are out of print or rare and difficult to obtain,
making the task of summarizing the information they contain all the more difficult.
Difficulties of this sort encountered in the course of our taxonomic studies provided
the impetus for our attempt to bring it together in a single, convenient, and authentic
source of information on what is known about the J&K State’s biota. This turned out
to be a much larger job than we had first envisioned and has taken some years to
bring to completion.
The opportunity to attempt this major task presented itself when Prof. G. H. Dar
(senior editor) was selected for the Mahatma Gandhi Chair on Ecology and
Environment at Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri (J&K), in 2012. It

vii
viii Preface

was here that he undertook the preparation of this book on the biodiversity of J&K
State as one of the Chair’s intents. To provide an accurate impression of the biodi-
versity of the whole (pre-partition/pre-1947) J&K State, it was decided early on to
include areas of the State beyond its current political borders. Also, to provide per-
spective in which to view our local biodiversity, the book was decided to begin with
general chapters dealing with the world, national, and Himalayan biodiversity. In
the context of these broad chapters, it was framed to have chapters dealing with
details of floristic and faunal diversity of the State. Accordingly, relevant chapters
dealing with various aspects of biodiversity and treatments of individual taxonomic
groups were identified to be contributed by selected experts in those areas from our
region and abroad. We provided a format to these experts and requested that they
complete their chapters within a specific time frame. Since experts residing in
Pakistan-administered parts of the State either could not be contacted or did not
respond, their potential contributions could not be included. Almost all of the other
experts whom we did contact agreed to contribute chapters to this work, but unfor-
tunately it did not prove possible for some of them to do so timely.
During the course of this prolonged process, Prof. Dar’s tenure as holder of the
Mahatma Gandhi Chair came to an end, and for a time the work on this volume was
suspended. Ultimately, it became possible to resume the effort at the University of
Kashmir, with Dr Anzar A. Khuroo as the co-editor. Once this had been accom-
plished, pending chapters were reassigned and those received screened for appropri-
ateness to be included in this volume. The selected chapters were edited, revised one
or more times, appraised further in 2017–2018, and then prepared for publication.
The main aims of this book are to acquire, collate, and document all the available
taxonomic information about the rich biota of the J&K State and to assess its rich-
ness and the degree to which it is unique to our area. Starting with a general over-
view of biodiversity at the global and national levels, we have dealt in detail with the
ecosystems of the region, the genetic diversity of some select taxa, and the species
diversity in algae, fungi, lichens, plants, and animals, as well as in some individual
taxa, known there. Then the overall threats to biodiversity of the State are consid-
ered, followed by presentation of the effectiveness of conservation efforts made
here. To cover all these aspects, we have organized the book into 42 chapters
arranged in seven parts.
Part I comprises a general introduction to biodiversity and its usefulness, our
aims in this treatment, and a summary of all the chapters that follow. Part II reviews
the biodiversity of the world, of India, and of the Himalaya regionally. The four
chapters of Part III sequentially present a vivid overview of J&K State, a general
account on its vegetation, and descriptions of its forest and aquatic ecosystems. Part
IV includes three chapters devoted to the genetic diversity of a few select groups of
plants and animals. Part V, the largest part, deals in 14 chapters with the diversity of
plants, algae, and fungi. The first seven of these (Chaps. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and
19) review what is known of local diversity in algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Some important features of the
angiosperms of the State are emphasized and presented in the following seven
(Chaps. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26) chapters; these deal, respectively, with
Preface ix

aquatic macrophytes, medicinal and aromatic plants, woody plants, Asteraceae,

Leguminosae, poisonous plants, and the flora of Ladakh. The ten chapters of Part VI
(Chaps. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36) are devoted to the faunal diversity:
ants, butterflies, flies, the insects that attack medicinal and aromatic plants, moths,
bark beetles, fishes, amphibians and reptiles, birds, and wild mammals. Part VII
(Chaps. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and 42) deals with threats that do lead to or might result
in the extinction of plants or animals in this Himalayan region and the conservation
strategies to deal with such threats. The first two of these chapters deal, respectively,
with threatened plants and threatened animals, the third with the impact of urbaniza-
tion on biodiversity, the fourth with the impact of climate change on vegetation, the
fifth with current conservation practices and the challenges they confront, and the
final chapter with the legal framework that affects, positively or negatively, biodi-
versity conservation.
In summary, this book provides a snapshot of all the available information con-
cerning the biodiversity of J&K State. As such, it allows us to understand such mat-
ters as the collective species richness for the State better than ever before, with some
more intensively studied groups of plants and animals the best known. It provides
guidance to which groups are most poorly known taxonomically. We recommend
the construction of an electronic catalog (ECAT) of the State’s biodiversity, starting
with the information reviewed here.
Using the information we have reviewed will allow improved conservation strat-
egies to be devised and implemented in the State. Our organization of local biologi-
cal information has the potential to become an important element in the biodiversity,
conservation, and management (BCM) scheme of the National Mission on
Himalayan Studies (NMHS), which is implemented by the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India. It will also provide
helpful information to the Himalayan Biodiversity and Climate Change Knowledge
Network (HBCC-KN).
We ardently hope that this book will be of value to all those who, directly or
indirectly, have to deal not only with local biodiversity but also with Indian biodi-
versity in general and also for the whole Himalayan region and even to the attain-
ment of a comprehensive global picture of our biological endowment. Its prospective
users include students, teachers, researchers, academics, naturalists, taxonomists,
ecologists, environmentalists, conservationists, resource managers, planners, gov-
ernment agencies, NGOs, biodiversity boards and alliances, foresters, and the pub-
lic at large. For this reason, we consider that our efforts may have a very broad
impact and we hope that they will be useful generally.

Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India  Ghulam Hassan Dar

  Anzar A. Khuroo
Acknowledgments

The editors are thankful to all the contributing authors (totaling 87), for their valued
contributions to this book. Special thanks are due to the book series editor of Topics
in Biodiversity and Conservation (Springer Nature) Prof. David L. Hawksworth for
his useful comments and kind suggestions about the book. We applaud Dr. Kamaljit
Singh Bawa, Distinguished Professor, Department of Biology, University of
Massachusetts, Boston, USA, for writing a heartening foreword to the book and
Prof. Peter H. Raven, President Emeritus, Missouri Botanical Garden, USA, for his
encouragement all along this work. Prof. S.I. Ali, University of Karachi, Pakistan,
is greatly thanked for his help with some literature. Thankfulness is due to Prof.
Talat Ahmad, Vice Chancellor, University of Kashmir, for providing working
facilities to the editors during the final phase of this work. We are grateful to Prof.
Irshad Ahmad Hamal and Prof. Javeid Musarrat, ex- and present Vice Chancellors
of BGSB University, Rajouri (J&K), for their encouragement. Prof. Zafar Ahmad
Reshi, Dean Research, University of Kashmir, and Prof. B.A. Wafai, former Director
of the Centre for Biodiversity Studies (CBS), BGSB University, provided some
fruitful suggestions and help, for which we cheer them. Prof. Dar is thankful to the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of
India, New Delhi, for sponsoring the Mahatma Gandhi Chair on Ecology and
Environment which he held at BGSB University, Rajouri, from 2012 to 2015, during
which period work on this book was initiated, and to the staff associated with CBS
for their help during the initial phase of this project. Dr. Anzar acknowledges the
support from various sponsoring agencies, SAC-ISRO, Ahmedabad, and MoEF&CC
and SERB-DST, New Delhi, which has helped in undertaking biodiversity surveys
across the state over the last decade. The help received in one way or the other from
Mr. Akhter Husain Malik, other staff members, and research scholars at the Centre
for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, University of Kashmir, is fittingly acknowledged.
Prof. Dar also thanks his sons (Dr Tanvir-Ul-Hassan and Sameer-Ul-Hassan),
daughter (Dr Rubiya) for their help in computerization and designing of illustrations,
and his wife (Zareena) for her forbearance during the long course of this work. Dr.
Anzar thanks his parents, wife (Mohsina), and kids (Adeena, Sufwan, and Mansha)

xi
xii Acknowledgments

for allowing him to use precious home and holiday time on this work, which was
otherwise their share. The editors thank M/S Springer Nature and their diligent
team, especially John Ram Kumar, Mamta Kapila, Raman Shukla, and last, but not
the least, Keerthiga Kaliaperumal for undertaking the arduous job of p­ rocessing,
proofing and printing this huge volume. Lastly, no work can ever claim to be
complete and error free, and same is true for this work too. Therefore we request
potential readers to share their precious inputs and valuable feedback with the
Editors.
Contents

Part I General Introduction

1 An Introduction to Biodiversity of the Himalaya:
Jammu and Kashmir State..................................................................... 3
Ghulam Hassan Dar and Anzar A. Khuroo

Part II Biodiversity: Global and Indian Perspectives

2 Biodiversity: A Global Perspective......................................................... 29
Peter H. Raven
3 Floristic Diversity of India: An Overview.............................................. 41
Paramjit Singh
4 Faunal Diversity of India......................................................................... 71
K. Venkataraman, Gaurav Sharma, and Dhriti Banerjee
5 Floristic Diversity of the Indian Himalaya............................................ 93
D. K. Singh and P. K. Pusalkar

Part III Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir State: General Account

6 Jammu and Kashmir State: An Overview............................................. 129
Shakil Ahmad Romshoo, Irfan Rashid, Sadaff Altaf,
and Ghulam Hassan Dar
7 Vegetation of Jammu and Kashmir State: A General Account........... 167
Vir Jee
8 Forest Ecosystems of Jammu and Kashmir State................................. 191
Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Anzar A. Khuroo, Akhtar H. Malik,
Irfan Rashid, Rameez Ahmad, Maroof Hamid,
and Ghulam Hassan Dar

xiii
xiv Contents

9 Aquatic Ecosystems of Jammu and Kashmir State.............................. 209

Manzoor A. Shah, Ayaz B. Shah, and Zafar A. Reshi

Part IV Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir State: Genetic Diversity

10 Genetic Diversity in Rosaceous Fruits of Jammu
and Kashmir State: Apple, Apricot, and Almond................................. 227
Aijaz A. Wani, Manoj K. Dhar, Faizan Ahmad, Zahid H. Najar,
Showkat A. Zargar, Sajad M. Zargar, and Jahangir A. Dar
11 Varietal Diversity in Cereal Crops of the Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 247
N. A. Zeerak
12 Genetic Diversity in Lymnaea acuminata from Jammu
Region, Jammu and Kashmir State....................................................... 271
N. K. Tripathi and Poonam Sharma

Part V Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir State: Floristic Diversity

13 Algal Diversity in Jammu and Kashmir State....................................... 285
Zahoor Ahmad Kaloo and Samar Amin
14 Fungal Diversity in the Kashmir Himalaya........................................... 319
Abdul Hamid Wani, Shauket Ahmed Pala, Rouf H. Boda,
and M. Y. Bhat
15 Diversity of Lichens in Jammu and Kashmir State.............................. 343
Roshni Khare, D. K. Upreti, Manzoor Ul Haq, and B. C. Behera
16 An Updated Checklist of Bryophytes in Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 379
Zeenat Ismail, Anzar A. Khuroo, M. Y. Bhat, Shugufta Rasheed,
Rameez Ahmad, and Ghulam Hassan Dar
17 Pteridophytic Flora of Jammu and Kashmir State:
A New Sketch............................................................................................ 415
Brijesh Kumar, H. C. Pande, and Pushpesh Joshi
18 Diversity of Gymnosperms in Jammu and Kashmir State.................. 449
A. R. Dar and Ghulam Hassan Dar
19 An Updated Taxonomic Checklist of Angiosperms
in Jammu and Kashmir State................................................................. 467
Ghulam Hassan Dar and Anzar A. Khuroo
20 An Updated Checklist of Aquatic Macrophytes in Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 521
Aijaz Hassan Ganie, Shugufta Rasheed, Anzar A. Khuroo,
and Ghulam Hassan Dar
Contents xv

21 Diversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Flora of the Kashmir

Himalaya................................................................................................... 545
Aijaz Hassan Ganie, Bilal A. Tali, Irshad A. Nawchoo,
Anzar A. Khuroo, Zafar A. Reshi, and Ghulam Hassan Dar
22 An Annotated Inventory of Arboreal Flora in Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 565
Akhtar H. Malik, Anzar A. Khuroo, Ghulam Hassan Dar,
and Zafar S. Khan
23 Asteraceae in Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya:
A Floristic Account.................................................................................. 607
B. L. Bhellum
24 Leguminosae in Jammu and Kashmir State:
A Systematic Checklist............................................................................ 621
M. Sanjappa and K. Ambarish
25 Poisonous Plants of the Kashmir Himalaya: A Checklist.................... 657
Mudasir Ahmad, Mohammad Yaseen Shah, and Abdul Rashid
Naqshi
26 Flora of Ladakh: An Annotated Inventory of Flowering Plants.......... 673
Achuta Nand Shukla and S. K. Srivastava

Part VI Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir State: Faunal Diversity

27 Taxonomic Inventory of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
in Jammu and Kashmir State................................................................. 733
Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo, Shahid Ali Akbar, Ulfat Jan,
and Ghulam Mustafa Shah
28 Biodiversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)
of Jammu and Kashmir State................................................................. 749
Aijaz Ahmad Qureshi
29 Select Brachycera Families (Diptera) in Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 789
Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo, Shahid Ali Akbar, Ghulam Mustafa Shah,
and Ulfat Jan
30 Diversity of Insects Infesting Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants in the Kashmir Valley................................................................... 801
Nakeer Razak and Irfan Ahmad
31 Moth (Lepidoptera) Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State.................. 821
Mudasir Ahmad Dar, Shahid Ali Akbar, Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo,
and Mushtaq Ahmad Ganai
xvi Contents

32 Bark Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of Jammu

and Kashmir State................................................................................... 847
Abdul A. Buhroo, Abdul Lateef Khanday, and Mustahson F. Fazili
33 Diversity of Fishes in Jammu and Kashmir State................................. 859
F. A. Bhat, A. R. Yousuf, and M. H. Balkhi
34 Annotated List of Amphibians and Reptiles of Jammu
and Kashmir State................................................................................... 889
D. N. Sahi and Sakshi Koul
35 Avifaunal Diversity in Jammu and Kashmir State............................... 897
Intesar Suhail, Riyaz Ahmad, and Khursheed Ahmad
36 Wild Mammalian Diversity in Jammu and Kashmir State................. 933
Khursheed Ahmad, Bilal A. Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad, and Intesar Suhail

Part VII Biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir State:

Threats and Conservation
37 Threatened Flora of Jammu and Kashmir State.................................. 957
Maroof Hamid, Anzar A. Khuroo, Rameez Ahmad,
Shugufta Rasheed, Akhtar H. Malik, and Ghulam Hassan Dar
38 Threatened Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir State................................. 997
Bilal A. Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad, Mustahson F. Fazili,
Iqram Ul Haq, and G. A. Bhat
39 Urbanization and Its Impact on Biodiversity
in the Kashmir Himalaya........................................................................ 1011
Zafar A. Reshi, Pervaiz A. Dar, M. Sultan Bhat,
Manzoor A. Shah, and Syed Mubashir Andrabi
40 Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation Distribution
in the Kashmir Himalaya........................................................................ 1029
Irfan Rashid and Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
41 Biodiversity Conservation in Jammu and Kashmir State:
Current Status and Future Challenges.................................................. 1049
Anzar A. Khuroo, Gousia Mehraj, Insha Muzafar,
Irfan Rashid, and Ghulam Hassan Dar
42 Biodiversity Conservation in Jammu and Kashmir State:
Legal Framework and Concerns............................................................ 1077
Mohammad Ayub Dar

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Professor Ghulam Hassan Dar, an eminent plant

taxonomist, is widely known for his significant
research contributions to the biodiversity of Kashmir
Himalaya. In more than 40 years of teaching and
research career, Prof. Dar has to his credit 200 research
publications (including 10 books) and supervised 27
Ph.D. and M.Phil. students. A Fellow of Indian
Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy and awardee
of its Prof. Y. D. Tiagi Gold Medal, he has also been a
recipient of International Fellowship of the Danish
Academy of Sciences, Denmark. He has successfully
completed several extramural research projects and
attended numerous national and international
conferences. In pursuit of research and academic
collaboration, he has visited many foreign countries.
He has held the positions of Head Department of
Botany at University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Director
CBS, Dean School of Biological Sciences, and
prestigious Mahatma Gandhi Chair on Ecology and
Environment at BGSB University, Rajouri, India.

xvii
xviii Editors and Contributors

Dr. Anzar A. Khuroo is currently working as a

Senior Assistant Professor at the Centre for Biodiversity
and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India.
His main areas of research interest include taxonomy,
ecology, and biodiversity. He has to his credit about
100 publications in reputed scientific journals and
completed and/or ongoing extra-mural research
projects. He is a recipient of Young Scientist Award by
the Department of Science and Technology, J&K
Government and a visiting scientist fellowship from
the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, by the Indian National Science Academy. He
has served as Country Editor (India) for IUCN-led
Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species,
and is presently serving as Associate Editor for the
journal Conservation Science and Section Editor
(Botany) for Checklist. He has decade-­long teaching
experience at postgraduation level and also coordinates
Massive Online Open Course on Plant Systematics,
hosted by Consortium for Educational Communication,
University Grants Commission, India.

Contributors

Faizan Ahmad Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural

Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kargil, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Irfan Ahmad Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-­
Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Khursheed Ahmad Division of Wildlife Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Mudasir Ahmad Government Boys Higher Secondary School Sopore, Sopore,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Rameez Ahmad Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Riyaz Ahmad Wildlife Trust of India, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Editors and Contributors xix

Shahid Ali Akbar Division of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology,

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sadaff Altaf Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
K. Ambarish Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Samar Amin Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Syed Mubashir Andrabi Biological Invasions Research Laboratory, Department
of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
M. H. Balkhi Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Dhriti Banerjee Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal,
India
B. C. Behera Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group (Lichens), Agharkar Research
Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Bilal A. Bhat Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
F. A. Bhat Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
G. A. Bhat Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
M. Sultan Bhat Department of Geography and Regional Development, University
of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
M. Y. Bhat Section of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
B. L. Bhellum Department of Botany, Government College for Women, Jammu,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Rouf H. Boda Section of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abdul A. Buhroo Section of Entomology, Postgraduate Department of Zoology,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
A. R. Dar Department of Botany, Abdul Ahad Azad Memorial Government Degree
College, Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ghulam Hassan Dar Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
xx Editors and Contributors

Jahangir A. Dar Division of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of

Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Mohammad Ayub Dar Department of Law, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Mudasir Ahmad Dar Division of Plant Protection, Department of Entomology,
Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Pervaiz A. Dar Department of Botany, Amar Singh College Srinagar, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Manoj K. Dhar School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
Mustahson F. Fazili Section of Entomology, Postgraduate Department of Zoology,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Mushtaq Ahmad Ganai Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University
of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Aijaz Hassan Ganie Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Maroof Hamid Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Iqram Ul Haq Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
Manzoor Ul Haq Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
Shiekh Marifatul Haq Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of
Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Zeenat Ismail Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ulfat Jan Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and
Kashmir, India
Vir Jee Department of Botany, Government P.G College for Women, Jammu,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Pushpesh Joshi Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Zahoor Ahmad Kaloo Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Editors and Contributors xxi

Zafar S. Khan Government Degree College (Boys), Baramulla, Jammu and

Kashmir, India
Abdul Lateef Khanday Section of Entomology, Postgraduate Department of
Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Roshni Khare Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group (Lichens), Agharkar
Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Anzar A. Khuroo Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Sakshi Koul Cluster University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Brijesh Kumar Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Akhtar H. Malik Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Gousia Mehraj Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Insha Muzafar Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Zahid H. Najar Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department
of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abdul Rashid Naqshi Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Irshad A. Nawchoo Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shauket Ahmed Pala Section of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of
Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
H. C. Pande Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
P. K. Pusalkar Botanical Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, India
Aijaz Ahmad Qureshi Mantaqi Centre for Science & Society (MCSS), Islamic
University of Science & Technology (IUST), Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Shugufta Rasheed Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Irfan Rashid Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
xxii Editors and Contributors

Irfan Rashid Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and

Kashmir, India
Peter H. Raven Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
Nakeer Razak Zoology Department Museum, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Zafar A. Reshi Biological Invasions Research Laboratory, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shakil Ahmad Romshoo Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
D. N. Sahi Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and
Kashmir, Karnataka, India
M. Sanjappa Mahatma Gandhi Botanical Garden, University of Agricultural
Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Ayaz B. Shah Biological Invasions Research Laboratory, Department of Botany,
University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ghulam Mustafa Shah Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Manzoor A. Shah Biological Invasions Research Laboratory, Department of
Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Mohammad Yaseen Shah Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Gaurav Sharma Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Poonam Sharma Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Samba,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
Achuta Nand Shukla Botanical Survey of India, Central Regional Centre,
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
D. K. Singh 305D, Saraswati Apartment, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow, India
Paramjit Singh Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India
S. K. Srivastava Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Intesar Suhail Department of Wildlife Protection, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Bilal A. Tali Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Budgam, Jammu
and Kashmir, India
 Editors and Contributors xxiii

N. K. Tripathi Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Samba,

Jammu and Kashmir, India
D. K. Upreti Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute
(NBRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
K. Venkataraman National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Anna
University Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo Department of Zoology, Government Degree College,
Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Abdul Hamid Wani Section of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of
Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Aijaz A. Wani Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
A. R. Yousuf Center of Research for Development, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
National Green Tribunal, New Delhi, India
Sajad M. Zargar Division of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India
Showkat A. Zargar Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology Laboratory,
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
N. A. Zeerak Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University
of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir,
India

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