Unit 1

Electronics
Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles
of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and
other electrically charged particles.

Electronics is a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs from it in that it focuses on

using active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify
the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog to digital. Electronics also encompasses the
fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which
deal with the fabrication and application of electronic devices at microscopic, nanoscopic,
optical, and quantum scales.

Electronics have a profound impact on various aspects of modern society and culture, such as
communication, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving
force behind the advancement of electronics is the semiconductor industry, which produces the
basic materials and components for electronic devices and circuits. The semiconductor industry
is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues
exceeding $481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that
rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion
in online sales in 2017.

Electronics has hugely influenced the development of modern society. The identification of the
electron in 1897, along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify
and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age.
Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and
the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical
voltages such as radio signals from a radio antenna possible with a non-mechanical device.

Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) were the first active electronic components which controlled
current flow by influencing the flow of individual electrons, They were responsible for the
electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth century, They enabled the construction
of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio, television, radar,
long-distance telephony and much more. The early growth of electronics was rapid, and by the
1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were becoming widespread and
electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony
and the music recording industry.

The next big technological step took several decades to appear, when the first working point-
contact transistor was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in
1947. However, vacuum tubes played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power
transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since then, solid-
state devices have all but completely taken over. Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist
applications such as high power RF amplifiers, cathode-ray tubes, specialist audio
equipment, guitar amplifiers and some microwave devices.

In April 1955, the IBM 608 was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any
vacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to be manufactured for
the commercial market. The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors. Thomas J.
Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on
transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic and peripherals. However,
early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on
a mass-production basis, which limited them to a number of specialised applications.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics
A. Identifikasi kata-kata sulit dan terjemahkan teks di atas ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia!
B. Jawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut berdasarkan teks di atas!
1. What studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate
devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles.
2. “ ….. but it differs from it in that it focuses on using active devices such
as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow
of electric current and to convert …..”
What does the word it in the sentence refer to?

3. Mention active devices used to control and amplify the flow of electric current and
to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC) or from analog to digital!
4. What have electronics given a great impact on?
5. What is the role of the semiconductor industry in advancing electronics?
6. What generated over $29 trillion in online sales in 2017?
7. What inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age?
8. Who invented diode?
9. What was responsible for the electronics revolution of the first half of the twentieth
century?
10. When did the next big technological step take several decades to appear?
11. Why were early junction transistors difficult to manufacture on a mass-production
basis?

C. Buat kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan kata atau frasa di bawah ini
dan kemudian terjemahkan kalimat tersebut ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia!
1. Apply (V)
2. Transistors (N)
3. Electric current (NP)
4. Diode (NP)
5. Modern society (NP)
6. Development (N)
7. Manufacture (V)
 8. Amplify (V)
9. Mass production (NP)
10. Application (N)
D. Word Order
Word Order (urutan kata) adalah aturan dalam Menyusun kata-kata menjadi
kalimat sempurna.
Pola Susunannya adalah:
The new student (S) spoke (V) to the us (O) very rudely (Manner) in the class
(Place) yesterday (Time).
Keterangan:
a. Adverb of time bisa ditempatkan baik di awal maupun di akhir kalimat
Misalnya: Last night, he met her.
He met her last night.
b. Adverb of place selalu diletakkan di akhir kalimat.
Misalnya: I read the novel at home.
c. Adverb of manner digunakan dalam kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek
(intransitive)
Misalnya: The man slept soundly.
He studies hard.
d. Adverb of manner digunakan dalam kata kerja yang memiliki objek (transitive)
Misalnya: The girl sang the song beautifully.
He speaks English fluently.
Catatan:
Adverb of manner dengan akhiran -ly pada transitive verb boleh diletakkan
setelah subjek, atau di akhir kalimat.
Contoh: She had completely forgotten the matter.
She had forgotten the matter completely.
e. Adverb of frequency diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau sesudah auxiliary
verb.
Misalnya: He often comes late.
He is always at home on Sunday.
LATIHAN
1. “Does he often come to this museum?” “No, ….”
a. He has visited it only once
b. Only he has visited it once
 c. He has once visited it only
d. On he has only visited it.
2. “I’d like to book three standard rooms for the next week, please,”
“I’am sorry, Sir, our hotel….. until the end of the month.”
a. It is fully booked
b. We book it fully
c. Is fully booked
d. Booking it fully.
3. Which of the following sentences is correct?
a. Early the farmer left home in the morning.
b. The farmer left home in the morning early
c. The farmer left home early in the morning
d. The farmer in the morning left home early.
4. “Tuti came home very late last night. Where did Budiman take her to?”
a. She took him to the movies last night
b. He took her last night to the movies
c. Last night, she took her to the movies last night
d. He took her to the movies last night
5. Which of the following sentences is correct?
a. Ati usually writes me on my birthday a long letter
b. Usually Ati on my birthday writes me a long letter
c. Ati usually writes me a long letter on my birthday
d. Usually a long letter Ati writes me on my birthday
6. When Tomoko a Japanese student was asked …… of the museum, she quickly
replied that it had taught her a great deal about the History of Kraton Jogja.
a. What did she think
b. About thinking
c. What she thought
d. What she did think
7. “She is one of the ten best dressed women in town.”
“Really? ……..?
a. Does she always dress herself so fashionably
b. Does she always so fashionably dress herself
 c. Does she so fashionably always dress herself
d. Does she dress herself so fashionably always
8. As European artists began flocking to Bali in 1930s, western influencies ….. into
Balinese art,
a. Were gradually introduced
b. Gradually introduced
c. To be gradually introduced
d. They are gradually introduced
9. “What do you think about the location of our new restaurant?”
“Excellent, …… in the centre of the town.”
a. Which location is strategical
b. Locating it strategically
c. It is strategically located
d. The strategical location
10. “Why is he searching every drawer?”
“Let’s ask him ….”
a. What is he looking for?
b. Is he looking for something?
c. If he looks for something
d. What he is looking for
11. ………, Buffon, studied tree sloths intensively before dying in 1788.
a. The great French naturalist
b. The naturally great French
c. The French greatly natural
d. Naturally, the great French
12. Wagners son, Siegfried, was …. Despite being devoid of originality and force.
a. A man young, talented extremely
b. A young man, extremely talented
c. A talented young man extremely
d. An extremely talented young man
13. …… the import trade appreciates the proportion of imported food and drug stuffs.
a. Few persons not associated with
b. Not few persons associated with
 c. Associated with not a few persons
d. With not a few persons associated,
14. Beaver dams vary in size from … to branchy shrubbed obstacles thwarting the
flow of water.
a. Log barriers large
b. Large log barriers
c. Barriers log large
d. Log large barriers
15. Elephantine appetites make kindling Botswanas …..
a. Northern large riverine forests
b. Riverine large forests riverine
c. Large northern riverine forests
d. Large riverine northern forests
16. Threatened with prison for debts….., Peale fled to Boston in 1765 on horseback.
a. Of some three hundred dollars
b. Some of the three hundred dollars
c. Of three hundred dollars were some
d. Of three hundred some dollars.
17. The Previas….. provides easy access to the vehicles optional DVD system.
a. Contoured uniquely design interior
b. Interior design contoured uniquely
c. Uniquely contoured interior design
d. Design contoured uniquely interior
18. Amoco, a once powerful oil company, specialized in …..
a. Regional plants polystyrene recycling
b. Regional polystyrene recycling design
c. Polystyrene plants regional recycling
d. Plants recycling polystyrene regional.
19. An ….. Seretse Khama helped guide central Africa into its post-colonial period.
a. Educated jazz Oxford buff
b. Oxford buff jazz educated
c. Oxford educated jazz buff
d. Educated Oxford buff jazz
20. Because of its warm tropical climate, Hawaii….subzero temperatures.
a. Almost experiences never
b. Experiences never almost
c. Experiences almost never
d. Almost never experiences
21. In flush financial times, ……on Wall Street may employ as many as 800 stock
brokers and managers.
a. A brokerage typical stock
b. Typically stock, a brokerage
c. A stock typical brokerage
d. A typical stock brokerage
22. Even at the peak of its power, the circulating columns of a air at the core of a
tornado…. In excess of 250 miles per hour.
a. Almost never reaches
b. Reaches almost never
c. Almost reaches never
d. Reaches never almost
23. Among the many usual creatures if the high Nepalese forests…. With generic
ties hearkening back to the time of mammoths.
a. A breed is of unusual elephants
b. Is an unusual breed of elephants
c. An unusual breed is of elephants
d. Elephants are an usual breed.
24. Not only …… a strong swimmer but also, as its name suggests, it can walk for
mies with little rest,
a. The booby blue footed is
b. The blue footed booby is
c. Is the blue footed booby
d. Footed is the booby blue
25. “Earth” is a …. Appearing in somewhat impure or diluted form.”
a. Naturally occurring metal oxide
b. Occurred naturally oxide metal
c. Oxide metal occurring naturally
d. Metal occurring naturally oxide.