**1.

Parts of Speech**

* Nouns (e.g., dog, city)

* Verbs (e.g., run, eat)

* Adjectives (e.g., happy, blue)

* Adverbs (e.g., quickly, loudly)

* Pronouns (e.g., he, she, it)

* Prepositions (e.g., in, on, at)

* Conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or)

* Interjections (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)

**2. Sentence Structure**

* Simple sentences (e.g., I eat breakfast)

* Compound sentences (e.g., I eat breakfast, and I drink coffee)

* Complex sentences (e.g., I ate breakfast because I was hungry)

* Compound-complex sentences (e.g., I ate breakfast, and I drank coffee because I was hungry)

**3. Clause Types**

* Independent clauses (e.g., I went to the store)

* Dependent clauses (e.g., because I needed milk)

* Relative clauses (e.g., the book that I read)

* Subordinate clauses (e.g., because I was tired)

**4. Verb Tenses**

* Present tense (e.g., I eat breakfast)

* Past tense (e.g., I ate breakfast)

* Future tense (e.g., I will eat breakfast)

* Past perfect tense (e.g., I had eaten breakfast)

* Future perfect tense (e.g., I will have eaten breakfast)

**5. Modality**

* Modality refers to the degree of certainty or possibility expressed in a sentence.

* Examples: "I will probably go to the store" (possibility), "I must finish my homework" (necessity), "I
might go to the store" (possibility), "I should finish my homework" (obligation)

**6. Clause Relationships**

* Coordinate conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or)

* Subordinate conjunctions (e.g., because, since, although)

* Relative pronouns (e.g., who, which, that)

**7. Sentence Modifiers**

* Adverbial phrases (e.g., quickly, loudly, wisely)

* Adjectival phrases (e.g., in the morning, at the store)

* Noun phrases (e.g., the book on the table)

**8. Word Order**

* Subject-verb-object (SVO) word order (e.g., I eat breakfast)

* Object-verb-subject (OVS) word order (e.g., breakfast I eat)

* Verb-subject-object (VSO) word order (e.g., eat I breakfast)