INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Public service is typically associated with public administration and public

sector governance, which as a necessary or inevitable intervention entails the

operation of state machinery supported by the state budget, which includes the ability

to make decisions, carry out government operations, and operate within laws, rules,

policies, and administrative practices that restrict, recommend, and facilitate the

provision of goods and services that are supported by the public (Jain,2021). There

is misunderstanding about public services. They cannot be assessed using the same

standards as market-based provision, nor are they just public sector services. Nor are

they inevitably the result of "market failure." They are distinguished by four qualities.

They serve the public, are redistributive, exist for policy-related objectives, and

function as a trust. Many municipal and national governments offer law enforcement

as a common public function. Protecting civilians from criminal behaviour, stopping

crimes before they happen, conducting criminal investigations, and punishing

offenders are the main objectives of law enforcement. Governments set up law

enforcement agencies for various jurisdictions to achieve these objectives.

Based on the Historical Development of Community-Based Treatment “In the

Philippines, community-based offender treatment is regulated by Presidential Decree

No. 968 (PD 968), which was issued on July 24, 1976. When the Philippine legislature

passed Act 4221 on August 7, 1935, during the American colonial era (1898–1945),

1
probation was first used in the country. This law created a Probation Office under the

Department of Justice. On July 24, 1976, Presidential Decree No. 968, also known

as Adult Probation Law of 1976, was signed into law by the President of the

Philippines, Ferdinand E. Marcos. The probation system was implemented

nationwide in the Philippines on January 3, 1978 and currently there are 183 field

offices spread all over the country supervised by 16 regions.

A convicted defendant must apply for probation and, once granted, must comply

with the conditions imposed by the court and the supervision of the probation officer;

otherwise, the defendant would have to serve the original sentence. The agency in

charge of the administration of the probation system is the Probation Administration

under the Department of Justice. Probationary supervision aims at implementing the

conditions in the court order and facilitating the rehabilitation of the offender through

corrective guidance and the use of community resources.

Probation is a community-based program which is in the rehabilitation of

offenders. It serves as an alternative to incarceration aiming for the reintegration of

individual back into society as law-abiding citizens. In addition, Parole and Probation

Administration is an agency of the Philippine Government under the Department of

Justice which is designed to promote the rehabilitation of the offender and reduce the

incidence of recidivism. The program offers personalized rehabilitative services to

probationers. Through regular meetings with probation officers, probationers are

assessed for their specific needs such as counseling, educational programs, or job

2
training. Indeed, the Parole and Probation Administration Program was essentially

contributory to the rehabilitation of the offenders.

Parole and Probation Administration offers programs that are helpful for the

reintegration of their client such as Developmental Programs, Major Programs and

Therapeutic Community Modality Programs. Volunteerism is one of the programs

under the Developmental Program which helps probationers to establish a support

system and connections within the community, which can be instrumental in their

successful reintegration into society. Major Programs has a Restorative Justice that

can foster a deeper understanding of the consequences of their actions and promote

personal growth and responsibility. By actively engaging in restitution and making

amends, probationers have the opportunity to demonstrate remorse and work

towards repairing the harm they caused. Lastly, Therapeutic Community Ladderized

Program includes the monthly therapeutic community session, skills training, drug test

which provide a supportive and structured environment for probationers to address

their substance abuse issues and develop coping skills to prevent relapse. These

sessions allow probationers to connect with others who are going through similar

struggles, providing a sense of community and understanding that can be essential

for recovery.

Therapeutic community modality program, one may be in a client role when

receiving help or support from others because of behavioral problems or when

experiencing distress (Chan, 2021). These programs help address behavioral

3
problems is by providing a supportive and structured environment for clients to work

on their issues. It can offer a sense of belonging and connection for individuals who

may be struggling with feelings of isolation or disconnection. The Parole and

Probation Administration (PPA) developed rehabilitation programs which are

restorative justice, volunteerismand therapeutic community (Arenas, 2017). These

programs are based on the administrationcs core value that humans are inherently

good.

The use of restorative justice can save money by diverting people away from

prosecution and by reducing reoffending (Pavlacic, 2022). Restorative justice offers

a more cost-effective approach compared to traditional prosecution methods by

diverting individuals away from the criminal justice system and focusing on repairing

harm caused by the offense. By utilizing restorative justice practices such as

mediation, victim-offender dialogues, and community service, resources can be

allocated towards facilitating reconciliation and addressing the underlying issues that

led to the criminal behavior.

In line with these, volunteers are people who provide a service to the community out

of their own free will and without monetary reward. Volunteering satisfies the human

need to belong, to feel competent and to contribute (Ang, 2020). Volunteers can assist

with supervising individuals completing community service as part of their probation

requirements, ensuring they fulfill their obligations and contribute positively to the

community.

4
 According to Bhutta (2014), rehabilitation is supported in order to cut criminal justice

system cost, to promote the concept of human dignity, to maintain the integrity of the

profession and to support reform in the crinminal justice system. Whatever the specific

technique used. The term rehabilitation is widely used in the social sciences. In the

discipline of sociology, criminology and criminal justice studies, it refers to the

process, which read just an individual and takes him up to the level of normalcy.

Rehabilitating criminals has become a highly debated topic throughout the U.S. With

the majority of criminals being repeat offenders, the correctional institution has made

rehabilitation a top priority (Miceli, 2019). The reason why it become a highly debated

topic is because there is a shift in thinking from punitive justice towards rehabilitation,

where the focus is on addressing the root causes of criminal behavior and helping

individuals reintegrate into society successfully.

Released offenders often face significant barriers to successful reentry into society,

particularly high-risk offenders with a history of criminal behavior (Azimova, 2023).

There is a societal stigma attached to individuals who have been incarcerated, which

can lead to discrimination in employment, housing, and social interactions.

Despite its good intention for the reintegration of the offenders, Parole and Probation

Administration may encounter challenges towards the success of their goals.

Probation officers frequently have to work in high crime areas, institutions, or

dangerous environments. They may have court-imposed deadlines, adding pressure

to complete time-sensitive tasks by dealing with probationers who violate the terms

5
of their supervision can be frustrating (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023). The

probation officer must assess the situation and determine the immediate risk to their

own safety, if there is an imminent danger they need to act quickly to defend

themselves and call for help.

For the offenders, finding housing, employment, returning to learning institutions,

and other social-economic initiatives towards personal and social development are a

major challenge to the majority of released offenders (Cracknell, 2021). Once

probation are granted, probationers are struggling to find work because of their

criminal background. Additionally, offenders are highly predisposed to increased risk

of failed social reintegration.

Furthermore, this claim is also supported by the study of Domingo & Labid et.

al. 2016, stating that "They are generally labeled as dangerous individuals, which

results in their adverse experiences once they were released to the community". Their

dejection experiences as being probationers may cause negative impact to their lives

and their rehabilitation. About social reintegration, most probationers suffer from

stereotyping causing them to be unemployed because most people are not aware

that after granting probation those individuals are the better version of themselves

and they are ready to work again in the community.

Probationers' experiences may positively or negatively affect their lives and their

rehabilitation in general. For the probationers living within the community, they

experienced paradoxical lives that postulate their successful re-entry to the

6
community and desist them from crimes, or it may pull them back to the jail as a result

of re-offending, which leads to the revocation of their probation program. These

paradoxical lives of probationers are associated with how they view their present

situation; the joy and sorrow they experienced helped or pulled them in their situation

as they face their challenges (Phelps, 2013). There are paradoxical experiences that

most probationers face because being looked as a dangerous people there would be

chances that their probation would revoked for the reason that they tend to act based

on their label leading them to commit another offense.

The joyful experiences are centered on the contentment and satisfaction of their

probation life. This pleasurable feeling has resulted from the satisfaction of their

psychological and social needs, such as survival, physiological, relationships,

freedom, and security (Carr & Batlle, 2015; Charles, 2016; Luna, 2013; Sump, 2016).

In line with this, it is necessary to accomplish these needs to avoid any deviant

behaviors and to secure the chances of compliance.

According to the report submitted by the Planning Division, the PPA supervised a

total of 133,762 probationers, parolees/pardoners, and First-time minor drug

offenders (FTMDO). Out of this total number, 132,607 or 99.44% of the clients

continuously complied with the terms. And conditions set in their probation or parole

grant. For 2022, the Administration targeted a 98.92% compliance rate.

7
Likewise, investigation referrals were completed and submitted to courts in 2022. Out

of these numbers, 98.48% of the said recommendations were sustained by the court.

On the other hand, 504 Community Service Orders issued by the courts were

received by the PPA wherein 25 or 4.96% were terminated.

Based on the record of Parole and Probation Administration of Lipa City, the total

population of probationers who applied from January to October year 2023 is 478, the

total number of approved probationers is 462. The total number of those officers who

administers the program to probationers are five consisting of one Chief Probation

Officer, one Probation Officer, one Admin staff and two Support staff. On the other

hand, based on the record of Parole and Probation Administration of Tanauan City,

the total population of probationers who applied from January to October year 2023

is 473, the total number of approved probationers is 402. The total number of those

officers who administers the program to probationers are five consisting of one Chief

Probation Officer, two Probation Officer and two Clerk.

It has not have other related studies on a particular topic which led to a research

gap for several reasons. First, it indicates that there is a lack of existing knowledge or

understanding in that specific area, highlighting the need for further investigation.

Without prior studies to build upon, researchers may face challenges in

contextualizing their research and establishing a solid foundation for their work. But,

it allows researchers to delve into uncharted territories, that can leads to

groundbreaking findings and contributions to the field. By identifying and addressing

8
 this gap, researchers can make a significant impact and advance the knowledge base

in that particular area.

This study served as a basis for future researchers to let the community know that

the granting of probation is not arbitrary because it follows the process of making

every probationer change their lives for good. The researcher choose this topic for

them to have a deeper understanding about the rehabilitation program provided for

the probationer. Also, this study aims to assess the evaluation of the rehabilitation

programs offered by the Parole and Probation Administration for sentenced prisoners

in Lipa and Tanauan City, with the aim of fostering their development and successful

reintegration into society.

Significance of the study

Probationer

This study is able to make the probationers know what they stand to gain

or lose from probation, thus enabling them to be informed when making choices

about their rehabilitation procedures.

Community

This study equips families with awareness to handle the difficulties that

come with probation and lead to a supportive atmosphere for successful reentry

into society.

9
Policy Makers and Law Makers

This study can direct the establishment or alteration of laws implicated in

probation, sentencing, and rehabilitation to be based on fact and efficiency.

Criminal Justice Practitioners

Probation officers, judges, and other professionals will learn valuable

information to improve their decision-making and enhance the rehabilitation of

those who have been sentenced.

Researcher

This study serves as their stepping stone in the field of justice and probation

and it helps them to be aware of the probation and importance of different programs

in nurturing the probationer.

Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa

This study can help schools create or amend their disciplinary policies and

processes to better support student progress and lower the chance of

probationary status for students.

Advocacy Groups and NGOs

It offers proof to back up advocacy campaigns focused on improving

probation systems and promoting alternatives to incarceration.

10
Future Researcher

This thesis can serve as a foundation for further research in the field of

criminal justice, probation, and sentencing, encouraging academic exploration

and analysis.

11
Theoretical Framework

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory (2023) provides important

insights in the context of the study analyzing the effectiveness of probation laws

and rehabilitation programs for convicted convicts in the City of Lipa and

Tanauan. According to this idea, learning happens as a result of modeling,

reinforcement, and observation. It implies that people can learn pro-social habits

and skills in the framework of rehabilitation programs if they are exposed to

positive role models and given access to the relevant tools and resources. This

theory asserts that people pick up new behaviors through imitation, modeling,

and reinforcement, and it has specific application to the process of rehabilitation

and reintegration.

The Social Learning Theory emphasizes the value of observational

learning in treatment programs. It implies that everyone, especially those who

have received a sentence, can learn pro-social habits by witnessing and imitating

the actions of others. This stresses how important it is to give people access to

positive role models who may serve as examples for behavioral change, like

successful parolees or program mentors, in the context of rehabilitation. The

theory also emphasizes the importance of rewards and consequences in

modifying behavior. In rehabilitation programs, people frequently are rewarded

for acceptable behaviors and punished for bad ones. In order to create

rehabilitative solutions that are more effective, it is essential to comprehend

12
these mechanisms.

A crucial idea in the theory, vicarious learning, describes how people might

gain knowledge from the experiences of others. Sharing the experiences of

people who have already undergone rehabilitation can have a significant impact

on the attitudes and actions of those who are still in the process of becoming

better.

The study also takes into account the Desistance Theory, which holds that

social integration, personal development, and life events all contribute to a

decline in criminal activity over time. According to this theory ( Weaver 2015), the

probation system helps people achieve distance by giving them chances to

reintegrate into society, find steady jobs, and form supportive social networks.

The decision to stop engaging in criminal activity can be influenced by a variety

of life events and changes, which are taken into consideration from a life course

viewpoint. Desistance can be influenced by a variety of elements, including

obtaining a steady job, building solid relationships, and fulfilling personal

objectives. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend how probation and

rehabilitation programs aid in facilitating these life changes in the study.

Additionally, it provides a useful framework for analyzing the study on the

effectiveness of the probationary statute and rehabilitation initiatives for convicted

probationers in the cities of Lipa and Tanauan. Desistance theory is

fundamentally a criminological viewpoint that explores how people eventually

migrate away from a life of crime by ceasing to engage in illegal activity. The

13
theory offers insights into the elements and processes that lead to a successful

return to society and the cessation of criminal activity in the context of this study.

14
Conceptual Framework

The study presents a framework based on criminology theories,

emphasizing the importance of addressing root causes of criminal behavior for

successful prisoner rehabilitation. It also highlights the need to support individuals'

reintegration into society as productive and law-abiding members. The study

considered the data gathering, questionnaire and statistical analysis to attain the

best results.

Effectiveness of implemented rehabilitation program

Problems encountered

Proposed program towards development

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

15
 Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the study that provided the

procedures which helped the researchers gain continuity and completion. It

showed the gathering essential demographic information about the respondents,

which includes data on their age, gender, the nature of the crime committed, and

their educational attainment, followed by the factors affecting the implemented

rehabilitation program, significant relationship between demographic profile of

respondents and the implemented rehabilitation programs, significant difference

between demographic profile of respondents and the implemented rehabilitation

programs, problems encountered in enhancing the rehabilitation program and

programs/ designs towards the development of rehabilitation programs.

It also showed the process that the researchers undertook to come up with

the desired results. Under this process was the data gathering through

administering questionnaires. The gathered data undergo rigorous statistical

analysis to answer two critical research questions.

Lastly, this study was consist of evidence-based recommendations aimed

at enhancing probation programs, fostering more effective prisoner development,

and, ultimately, contributing to the broader rehabilitation goals within the criminal

justice system.

These recommendations was derived from the insights gained through the

statistical analysis of the data and was presented in a clear and actionable format

to facilitate their implementation in practice. It is essential to conduct this

research ethically, respecting the privacy and consent of the respondents, and

16
to ensure the sample's size and representativeness to uphold the validity of the

findings.

Statement of the Problem

This research examines how well rehabilitation programs run by the Parole

and Probation Administration work to help prisoners reintegrate into society and

contribute to community development. By conducting an analysis it aims to offer

suggestions, for improving the effectiveness of future initiatives, in these areas.

Specifically, it sought to answers the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Gender; and,

1.3. Crime Committed?

2. How may the level of effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation

program by the Parole and Probation Administration be described in terms of:

2.1. Therapeutic Community Modality Program;

2.2. Restorative Justice; and,

2.3. Volunteerism?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessment of two groups

of respondents in the aforementioned variables?

17
 4. Is there a significant difference on the level of effectiveness of the

implemented rehabilitation program by the Parole and Probation

Administration as assessed by the respondents grouped by profile variables?

5. Based on the findings of the study, what program may be

proposed to improve the implementation of the rehabilitation program by

the Parole and Probation Administration?

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of

respondents and probation

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on the “Evaluation of the rehabilitation programs of

parole and probation administration for sentenced prisoners in Lipa and Tanauan

city towards a guide for its development”. Thus, it is composed of several factors

taken to test the efficacy of utilizing Parole and Probation Administration

Programs among Probationers in the vicinity of the city of Lipa and Tanauan from

2023. Respondents of the study were the selected probationers who had been

approved to undergo the program, 462 from Lipa City and 402 in Tanauan City.

18
The determination of the sample size was using Convenience sampling. On the

other hand, for the researchers to gather and collect data, they utilized the use of

survey-questionnaires through the aid of google forms.

More so, the researchers limited their study only to those offenders who

have been approved to undergo the program. More so, the researchers limited

their study only for the efficacy of the program and not to other variables. They

started from January 2023 to October 2023.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the respondents, the following

terminologies are being defined accordingly.

Efficacy - something is how well it works or brings the result you hoped for.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)- mandated to conserve

and/or redeem convicted offenders and prisoners who are under the probation

or parole system.

Parole and Probation Officer - an employee of the PPA assigned to investigate

and supervise Agency clients.

Probation - is a privilege which allows criminals to avoid prison or to be released

from prison after serving only a portion of their sentences.

Probationer - Those are the people who undergo the PPA program. It is defined

19
as a person placed on probation.

Terminated Probationer-probationers who have fully cooperated

with/participated in the programs of supervision designed for their rehabilitation

and who are situated under conditions/circumstances.

Therapeutic Community (TC) - is an environment that helps people get help

while helping others. It is a treatment environment: the interactions of its

members are designed to be therapeutic within the context of the norms that

require for each to play the dual role of client-therapist.

Recidivist - is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been

previously convicted by final judgement of another crime.

Restorative Justice (RJ) - is a philosophy and a process of allowing criminal

offenders to accept full responsibility for the consequences of their misconduct

and make amends with the victim and the community.

Revocation - the official cancellation of a privilege decree, decision, or promise.

It is an event in which the court, after finding that one or more probation violations

have been proven, rescinds an individual’s probation sentence and executes a

jail or prison sentence.

Volunteerism - is a program of PPA that encourages maximum citizen’s

participation in the rehabilitation of the clients.

Volunteer Probation Aides - assist the Provincial or City Probation officers in

the supervision of probationers, the Probation Administrator may appoint citizens

of good repute and probity to act as probation aides.

20
Development - is a procedure that brings about development, advancement,

favorable change, or the inclusion of elements that are social, demographic,

economic, environmental, and physical.

21
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter shows the review of related literature which aims to provide

researcher knowledge and background about the study. The reference was

gathered from the works of credible authors as well as the unpublished research

paper that were deemed useful in the conduct of current study.

Probation must be explained to the probationer as a form of punishment

that "permits him to escape commitment and its stigma but one that also makes

other demands. If these demands are not met," according to ALMY (The Annual

Library Index). If these demands are not met, the probationer were subject to

the same punishment as other offenders. Such a viewpoint is predicated on the

idea that punishment is guaranteed to occur and serves as a deterrent.

According to Phelps (2013), probation is a correctional procedure that

involves monitoring and treating convicted criminal defendants so they can fulfill

their terms in the community. These community-based programmes, as opposed

to traditional punitive and deterrent methods like incarceration, are intended to

lower recidivism rates by giving offenders access to tools that encourage positive

behavioral change.

The probation is utilized for community monitoring, according to a study

by Barnes-Proby, Hunt, Jonsson, and Cherney (2018). Upon the completion of

their probationary period or until their graduation, the criminal is permitted to

22
remain in the community. The foundation of probation is the idea that, as

opposed to incarceration, community support and assistance increases the

likelihood of offenders being rehabilitated and avoiding recidivism. A well-

thought-out rehabilitation treatment plan has been devised by the Parole and

Probation Administration for these clients.

The goal of the probation system is to keep convicts from hardening into

lifelong offenders. In other words, the probation system is a correctional process

that attempts to both rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders back into society. The

United Nations Institute for Crime Prevention has also fixed the aim of the

probation system, which is to promote rehabilitation and reintegration of

offenders into the community to make them conformist with the community

settings. Probation also aims to help offenders become beneficial and productive

individuals of society. The probation system repairs the detrimental

consequences of incarceration while assisting the offender in working for the

welfare of his family (Javed Iqbal Khokhar, 2019).

Community supervisors, or probation officers (POs), are prone to stress.

Their customers might be cunning, disobedient, and challenging to manage.

According to Joseph Giovannoni (2015), it is imperative that law enforcement

personnel treat their clients with human dignity, encourage them to follow

instructions, and maintain a non-confrontational, empathic, attentive,

compassionate, and direct demeanor.

Reintegrating offenders into their own communities and society is one of

23
the widely acknowledged objectives of corrections, whether it is through

non-custodial means or institutionalization, according to Georgina M. Dioses,

Jordan L. Mariano, Juliet C. Daniels, and Rhowel M. Dellosa's 2019 study.

Helping offenders reunite with their family and reintegrate into the community is

essential to ensuring that those released from jails, prisons, rehabilitation

facilities, or detention centers resume their place and function in society.

According to the study of Jevandy, 2013 states that “The Volunteer

Probation Aide” (VPA) program is a strategy by which the Parole and Probation

Administration may be able to generate maximum citizen participation or

community involvement. Citizens of good standing in the community may

volunteer to assist the probation and parole officers in the supervision of a

number of probationers, parolees and conditional pardons in their respective

communities. Since they reside in the same community as the client, they are

able to usher the reformation and rehabilitation of the clients hands-on”.

Volunteer probation aides play a crucial role in the criminal justice system by

assisting probation officers in their work. The importance of volunteer probation

aides cannot be overstated, as they contribute to the successful rehabilitation

and reintegration of individuals involved in the justice system. In collaboration

with the PPO, the VPA helps pave the way for the offender, victim and community

to each heal from the harm resulting from the crime. They can initiate a circle of

support for clients and victims to prevent further crimes.

24
 Based on Correction and Rehabilitation – Parole and Probation

Administration (2023), The success of the Therapeutic Community treatment

model is also anchored on the implementation of restorative justice. To highlight

the principles of restorative justice, offenders are recognized to indemnify victims

and render community services to facilitate the healing of the broken relationship

caused by offending the concerned parties. Mediation and conferencing are also

utilized in special cases to mend and/or restore clients’ relationship with their

victim and the community. Considering that it is in the community that the

rehabilitation of clients takes place, the utilization of therapeutic community

treatment model coupled with the principles of restorative justice would be further

energized with the recruitment, training and deployment of Volunteer Probation

Aides (VPAs). Indeed, Restorative justice is an approach to justice that focuses

on repairing the harm caused by a crime or conflict, rather than solely punishing

the offender. It emphasizes the needs of the victim, the offender, and the

community, and seeks to address the underlying causes of the harm.

25
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method used and procedures followed by the

researcher. It discusses the research design, population and sampling

technique, research instrument, data gathering procedures, statistical tools, and

ethical consideration

Research Design

This study was designed to assess the efficacy of probation law to

evaluate the rehabilitation programs under parole and probation administration

to enhance the developmental program of sentenced prisoners in the City of Lipa

and Tanauan which was made possible through the use of quantitative research.

The study utilized quantitative design using descriptive survey method.

According to Shuttleworth (2019), descriptive research design involves

watching and characterizing a subject's behavior without exerting any kind of

influence on it. This design's primary objective is to "describe" people,

circumstances, problems, behaviors, or natural occurrences (Siedlecki, 2020).

The focus is on prevailing conditions or how a person or group or thing behaves

or functions in the present. The researchers utilized questionnaires and

26
interviews to generate data needed in this research.

Furthermore, a survey questionnaire is used to gather data from a

representative sample of people. As a survey study, the tool helps gather data

byproviding the sample population's characteristics related to a particular

occurrence (Ponto, 2015). Everyone can use paper-based or web-based

questionnaires. Both formats were used in this study to contact the sample group

regarding probationers. This type of research methodology allows for the

statistical presentation of the data gathered from the responses for the report

users' easy interpretation. The descriptive approach should be used successfully

in order to statically analyze the data, as the researcher is attempting to analyze

consumer opinion, attitude, behavior, and satisfaction level in relation to services

and products. Ensuring the validity and reliability of the results requires thorough

development of the research strategies. Making sure they can answer the

research problem as clearly and effectively as feasible with the evidence they

have acquired is the purpose of the research's design.

Population and Sampling Technique

The Lipa City Parole and Probation Administration and Tanauan City

Parole and Probation Administration’s probationers are collectively constituents

of the target population. They serve as the population because probationers

27
 provide priceless firsthand knowledge of the probation system, initiatives for

rehabilitation, and the practical effects of the probation law on their own life. Their

viewpoints can offer vital insights regarding the success of rehabilitation

initiatives, the difficulties they encounter, and the general usefulness of the

probationary period.

Stratified sampling technique was used to guarantee representative

sample. The people were categorized into two groups according to where they

live: Tanauan and Lipa. Fifty-five (55) from Tanauan and fifty-five (55) from

Lipa are the respondents of this study. The selection of probationers and

probation officers for the study was subsequently done using random sampling

within each stratum. Statistical considerations was used to select the sample size

in order to attain the desired degree of precision. e researchers used the following

criteria to identify and select the respondents of this study:

1. The respondents must be the probationer of Lipa City Police Station and

Tanauan City police Station

2. Respondents must be aware of the topic

3. The respondents are voluntarily agreed to be part of this study

28
Research Instrument

A comprehensive study method was conducted in the cities of Lipa and

Tanauan to evaluate the efficacy of the probation statute in improving the

developmental programmes for condemned convicts. As the primary research

instrument a survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from

probationers and probation officers working for the Parole and Probation

Administration. A series of structured questions was included in the

questionnaire to delve into the experiences of probationers in rehabilitation

programmes, the way probation rules are seen to affect their reintegration into

society, and the efficiency of developmental activities in lowering recidivism rates.

Survey questions about probation officers' opinions on how the probation law is

being applied, difficulties they have running rehabilitation programmes, and their

observations of the growth of sentenced probationers was asked of them.

The survey was specifically designed to meet the goals of assessing the

effectiveness of rehabilitation initiatives and probation regulations. Likert-scale

items can be used to gauge how much respondents agree or disagree with

statements about the success of the programmes and its legal standing. To

further enable participants to offer qualitative insights into their experiences and

perceptions, open-ended questions were included.

A cover letter requesting information from the respondents regarding their

cooperation in this endeavor is attached to the aforementioned questionnaire.

29
Conversely, the actual questionnaire comes with detailed instructions section to

help responders answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by

the Research Adviser and practicing Criminologists who are knowledgeable in

this field of criminology.

The self-made survey questionnaire was put through a reliability test once

the researchers had added the validation and modifications.

To confirm that the questionnaire was suitable for evaluating the study's

parameters, the researcher ran a reliability test.

The researchers asked permission from the Chief of Police of Lipa City

Police Station and also to the Chief of Police of Tanauan City Police Station. To

ensure that the respondents answered the surveys honestly and morally, the

questionnaires were individually delivered to them and their contents thoroughly

explained. Following the questionnaire's administration, the data were totaled,

computed, analyzed, and interpreted. Subsequently, the investigator procured

pertinent study and publications to bolster the findings.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research utilized a systematic and ethical approach in the data

gathering procedure. A questionnaire-based methodology was used to gather

quantitative data from probationers and probation officers using a cross-sectional

30
study design. A combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions were

included in the questionnaire. A pilot test was carried out before the questionnaire

is widely distributed so that participant feedback may be used to improve it.

Conducting a survey is indispensable for the research on the "Evaluation

of the Rehabilitation programs of parole and probation administration for

sentenced prisoners in Lipa City and Tanauan City towards a guide for its

development." The survey serves as a primary means of systematically

capturing diverse perspectives from the key stakeholders involved—

probationers and probation officers. Its structured format facilitates the efficient

collection of quantitative data, offering a standardized approach for participants

to express their views on the effectiveness of probation laws and rehabilitation

programs. The quantitative data, generated through Likert-scale items and

closed-ended questions, enables statistical analysis to identify patterns and

correlations. Simultaneously, the inclusion of open-ended questions provides a

space for qualitative insights, allowing participants to elaborate on their

experiences. The survey's inclusive design ensures that the study encompasses

a wide range of perspectives, contributing to a more comprehensive

understanding of the developmental outcomes of sentenced prisoners in the

specified cities. Ultimately, the survey methodology is instrumental in generating

evidence-based insights that can inform policy decisions, guide improvements in

the criminal justice system, and enhance the overall effectiveness of probation

services in Lipa and Tanauan.

31
 Statistical Tools

The following statistical tools were used in this study:

1. Frequency Count. The data is presented in frequency form to show

the actual distribution of the respondent's demographic profile.

2. Percentage. It is used to determine the rate of the demographic profile of the

3. Ranking. This tool was used to determine the order of the indicators

mentioned in the study for a clearer interpretation of the perception of the

respondents.

4. Weighted Mean. This tool was used to consolidate the perceptions of the

respondents on the variables used in this study.

5. Multiple Regression. It was used in testing the hypothesis of difference on

the assessment of the respondents grouped by demographic profile variables on the

main research variables.

6. T Test. This tool was used to measure the statistical difference between the

assessment of two groups of respondents (from Tanauan and Lipa) on the main

research variables.

In analyzing and interpreting the retrieved responses, the researchers set

the assigned weight for each option and the scale that determines the aggregate

responses as follows:

32
 Weight Weighted Mean Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

Ethical Consideration

Throughout the research on the "Evaluation of the rehabilitation programs

of parole and probation administration for sentenced prisoners in Lipa and

Tanauan city towards a guide for its development", a number of ethical

considerations was crucial. First and foremost, participants get full and precise

informed consent, including probation officials and probationers. They was fully

informed about the goals, methods, and possible consequences of the study,

with a focus on how voluntary their involvement is. Strict measures were taken

to guarantee confidentiality, and all information gathered were treated with

utmost confidentiality.

Participants were free to withdraw from the study at any time without

penalty, in accordance with the idea of voluntary participation. Additionally,

measures were implemented to reduce any possible risk or discomfort to

33
participants throughout the data collection procedure. In light of the delicate

nature of the subjects being examined, including the experiences of probationers,

procedures were implemented to provide assistance or pointers to counseling

resources in the event that participants show signs of emotional distress.

This research followed the policies and procedures established by the

ethical and institutional review boards. The research was conducted with

transparency in reporting and a commitment to responsibly disseminating the

findings. This ensured that the study contributed to ethically sound and socially

responsible insights into the efficacy of rehabilitation programmes and probation

laws in the targeted communities.

34
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the data in tabular form supported with corresponding

analysis and interpretation

1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Table 1.1

Demographic Profile of Respondents in Terms of Age

Age of Frequency Percentage Ranking

Respondents

18-30 34 30.91 2

31-59 70 63.64 1

60 and above 6 5.45 3

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.1 showed the age bracket of the respondents. Out of 110

respondents, 70 of them are under the 31-59 age bracket with a 63.63 percent

35
and ranked first. According to Sampson and Laub (2016), this age group is often

characterized by significant transitions in their lives that can be attributed to factors

such as transitions in financial status among other factors. During this stage, most

people within this age bracket encounter numerous challenges in life such as

disease, or termination of employment or divorce which might prompt their

involvement in illegal activities (Sampson & Laub, 2016). It was followed by ages

18-30 with frequency of 34, percentage of 30.91 and ranked

2. The least of the respondents are under age of 60 and above with the total

respondents of 6 with a 5.45 percent.

Table 1.2

Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Gender

Gender of the Frequency Percentage Ranking

Respondents

Female 29 73.64 2

Male 81 26.36 1

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.2 showed that the majority of the respondents are male with the

36
frequency of eighty-one (81), ranked one (1) and with 73.64 percent. It was

followed by females with a frequency of twenty-nine (29) with 26.36 percent.

According to some researchers there are biological dissimilarities in men and

women related to aggressive behaviors and tendency to take risks. This is

supported by hormonal factors as well as structure of the brain which are seen

in various studies yet remain debatable (Moffitt, 2018). Also, expectations and

gender roles from society could have an impact on behavior; males have often

been taught to behave aggressively, competitively, and independently as

opposed to girls (Eagly & Wood, 2013).

Table 1.3

Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Crime Committed

Crime Frequency Percentage Ranking

Committed

Drug related case 79 71.82 1

Unjust vexation 1 0.91 5

R.A 10591 8 7.27 3

R.A 9287 19 17.27 2

37
 Estafa 3 2.73 4

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.3 shows that 79 of the 110 respondents have drug-related cases

under their belts. Its percentage stands at 71.82 percent. Next, with a

percentage of 17.27, were 19 responders who had committed crimes against

RA 9287. Of the total responses, 7.27 percent are related to RA 10591, which

ranks third in relation to this offense. Estafa instances rank fourth among them

with a proportion of 2.73 percent. Three of them have estafa. The lowest one

falls under the category of unjust vexation with a frequency of 1 and a

percentage of 0.91 percent. According to Cheteni (2021), the individuals may

try to survive by resorting to drugs. This may be survival strategy considering

that drugs are usually easy to sell and addictive to victim.

38
2. Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program

Table 2.1

Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program

Weighted Mean Interpretation

Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.

1. I am familiar with the Therapeutic

Community Modality Program offered by our 3.29 3.31 3.30 HE HE HE 6

organization.

2. The Therapeutic Community Modality

Program provides a caring and nurturing 3.41 3.39 3.40 HE HE HE 4

atmosphere for individuals seeking support.

3. Participating in the Therapeutic

Community Modality Program has brought

3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 1.5
about significant improvements in both my

behavior and mindset.

4. The Therapeutic Community Modality

Program is successful in fostering a sense of

3.43 3.37 3.40 HE HE HE 4
accountability and responsibility among its

participants.

39
 5. I have faced difficulties in accessing or

taking part in the Therapeutic Community 2.29 2.31 2.30 SE SE SE 7

Modality Program.

6. The rehabilitation programs provided by

the Parole and Probation Administration have 3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 4

positively impacted the lives of participants.

7. The support and assistance offered by

program staff in major rehabilitation 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 1.5

programs is satisfactory.

Composite Mean 3.26 3.26 3.26 HE HE HE

Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average

Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

Table 2.1 showed that the indicator “Participating in the Therapeutic

Community Modality Program has brought about significant improvements in

both my behavior and mindset” obtained the highest weighted mean of 3.50

interpreted as “Highly Effective”, a l o n g w i t h “ The support and assistance

offered by program staff in major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory” each

40
 in rank 1.5. In these items, the weighted mean obtained from the respondents

from Lipa City posted similar weighted mean of 3.49, while 3.51 from the

respondents from Tanauan City.

Engaging in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program has led to

notable positive changes in both behavior and mindset for the individual involved.

It implies that the program has had a meaningful impact on their actions,

attitudes, and outlook on life, indicating a successful outcome from their

participation in the program. This is also supported by the study of Escabel

(2015) which stated that, these programs are accomplished by re-shaping

individual behavior and attitudes through the client and the community by

working together to help each other restoring self-confidence and preparing them

for their reintegration as productive members of the community.

The indicator with the lowest score is "I have faced difficulties in

accessing or taking part in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program,"

which received a weighted mean of 2.3 and was interpreted as "Slightly

Effective," ranking 7th overall. Probationers from Lipa City posted a weighted

mean of 2.29, while 2.31 from those of Tanauan probationers. Both were

interpreted as Slightly Effective.

Some clients express dissatisfaction, feeling that other programs provided

by the Therapeutic Community are insufficient for their complete rehabilitation.

They may also encounter challenges in securing employment due to

discrimination based on their criminal record, as highlighted in research studies

41
such as that of Wallace (2019). Employment is often a requirement for

probationers, but barriers such as low education levels and unstable job histories

hinder their ability to find work.

The composite mean is 3.26 and described as “Highly Effective”. By

addressing these factors, the Parole and Probation Administration can enhance

the implementation of Therapeutic Community modality programs and maximize

their impact on offender rehabilitation, substance abuse treatment, and

community reintegration efforts.

According to Phelps (2013), probation is a correctional procedure that

involves monitoring and treating convicted criminal defendants so they can fulfill

their terms in the community. These community-based programmes, as opposed

to traditional punitive and deterrent methods like incarceration, are intended to

lower recidivism rates by giving offenders access to tools that encourage positive

behavioral change.

Table 2.2

Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program by the Parole and

Probation Administration in Terms of Restorative Justice

42
 Weighted Mean Interpretation
Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.

1. I am aware of the rehabilitation programs

carried out by the Parole and Probation 3.59 3.61 3.60 HE HE HE 1.5

Administration.

2. The Parole and Probation

Administration’s significant rehabilitation 3.61 3.59 3.60 HE HE HE 1.5

initiatives effectively meet their goals.

3. The extensive rehabilitation programs that

the Parole and Probation Administration 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 4

offers efficiently meet a variety of our needs.

4. The main rehabilitation initiatives offered

by the Parole and Probation Administration

3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 4
are available to all of us, who are in need of

support.

5. I've faced obstacles or difficulties when

trying to access or take part in the main 2.49 2.51 2.50 SE E SE 7

rehabilitation programs.

6. The support and assistance offered by

program staff in major rehabilitation 3.51 3.49 3.50 HE HE HE 4

programs is satisfactory.

7. The rehabilitation programs are easily

3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 6
accessible in terms of scheduling and

43
 availability.

Composite Mean 3.37 3.38 3.37 HE HE HE

Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average

Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

As shown in Table 2.2, the indicator "The Parole and Probation

Administration's significant rehabilitation initiatives effectively meet their goals"

claimed the top spot, boasting a weighted mean of 3.60, interpreted as "Highly

Effective", along with the significant rehabilitation initiatives that effectively meet

their goals in rank 1.5 each.

It means these efforts usually work well and can make things better. It

supports using programs that have been proven to help with drug and alcohol

problems. This strong support matches the idea of using programs that are

proven to work, as mentioned by Marlowe (2016). These programs usually use

talking therapy and motivational chats, which have been successful in helping

participants, as mentioned by Taxman & Marlowe (2016).

44
 On the other hand, the lowest average weighted mean of 2.50 interpreted

as Slightly Effective in rank seven was that of facing obstacles or difficulties when

trying to access or take part in the main rehabilitation programs. This finding

generates a grotesque picture of the obstacles encountered by the probationers

while taking part in the rehabilitation programs. They could have expressed their

predicaments by giving the lowest rating to this item.

The composite mean of 3.37 interpreted as “Highly Effective” shows that

the factors given above affect the implementation of the major programs in

rehabilitation conducted by the PPA. This finding implies that the probationers

are satisfied with the rehabilitation program.

The goal of the probation system is to keep convicts from hardening into

lifelong offenders. In other words, the probation system is a correctional process

that attempts to both rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders back into society. The

probation system repairs the detrimental consequences of incarceration while

assisting the offender in working for the welfare of his family (Javed Iqbal

Khokhar, 2019).

45
 Table 2.3

Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program by the Parole and

Probation Administration in Terms of Volunteerism

Weighted Mean Interpretation

Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.

1. I am familiar with the developmental

program provided by the Parole and

3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 6.5
Probation Administration as a component of

the rehabilitation procedure.

2. The rehabilitation programs provided by

the Parole and Probation Administration have 3.51 3.49 3.50 HE HE HE 3

positively impacted the lives of participants.

3. I find the developmental programs to be

effective in supporting rehabilitation and 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3

personal growth.

4. The developmental programs provide

valuable education and skills training 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3

opportunities.

5. The programs for development are

successful in encouraging people to become 3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE SE 6.5

more financially aware and independent.

46
 6. The Developmental Programs provide

sufficient support for family counseling and 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3

assistance.

7. The support and assistance offered by

program staff in major rehabilitation 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3

programs is satisfactory.

Composite Mean 3.46 3.48 3.47 HE HE HE

Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average

Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

Table 2.3 shows that the indicator “The support and assistance offered by

program staff in major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory '' obtained the

highest weighted mean of 3.50 interpreted as “Highly Effective”, along with other

four indicators with similar rank of 3 as seen in the table.

Major Rehabilitation Programs are one of the programs of Parole and

Probation Administration that helps a lot for the development of their clients. It

47
allows the probationer with a structured framework to support their journey

towards successful reentry into society. Studies have shown that developmental

programs are far better and less costly than other treatment to offenders.

Therefore, the government and civil services are investing in strengthening

families as a basic unit of society that nurture and develop its members to be

useful and responsible members of society (Yangco, 2013).

The least among the indicators is “I am familiar with the developmental

program provided by the Parole and Probation Administration as a component of

the rehabilitation procedure” and “The programs for developmental are

successful in encouraging people to become more financially aware and

independent” that acquired weighted mean of 3.4 in all probationers and

interpreted as “Effective”. The findings in this table indicate that the success

of these programs depends on their ability to address the individual needs and

circumstances of each client, aiming to facilitate their reintegration into society

successfully. The administration should work collaboratively to identify and

eliminate any barriers that prevent probationers from accessing these essential

rehabilitation programs. Research suggests that effective supervision of

offenders shows that not only the application of effective interventions and

methods is important, but also the role of professionals such as probation officers

(Jungmann, et al., 2014).

The overall weighted mean is 3.47 and described as “Highly Effective”. By

addressing these factors, the Parole and Probation Administration can enhance

48
the development and implementation of developmental programs aimed at

promoting rehabilitation, reducing re-offense, and supporting the successful

reintegration of individuals under supervision into society.

Table 3

Test of Difference between the Assessment of the Two Groups of

Respondents

Variables Computed t P value Interpretation Decision

TCMP -0.24019 0.818177 Not Significant Accept Ho

Restorative
-1.1619 0.289403 Not Significant Accept Ho
Justice

Volunteerism -0.54127 0.59823 Not Significant Accept Ho

The findings in Table 3 reveal that the result of hypothesis testing between

the respondents from Lipa City and Tanauan City on the main research variables

arrived at no significant difference. This is confirmed by the computed probability

values of 0.818177 for TCMP, 0.289403 for Restorative Justice, and 0.59823 for

Volunteerism, all of which exceeded the 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis

on these areas of comparison was accepted. These findings indicate that the

probationers from both localities more or less have similar experiences which

redound to their close ratings of the given variables in relation to rehabilitation

49
 program.

Wodahl (2021) averred that similar experiences among probationers

engendered a sense of commonality, such that in assessing practices and

programs they forwarded close ratings. As in this current study, there were no

significant differences on the assessment of two different groups of respondents.

50
 Table 4

Multiple Regression Test between Profile Variables and their Assessment of the

Implemented Rehabilitation Programs by the PPA

Beta Probability
Profile t/f- Value Significance
Coefficient Value

Age 0.073 1.106 0.267 Not Significant

Gender -0.008 -0.949 0.341 Not Significant

Crime Committed 0.076 1.147 0.251 Not Significant

Significance of Regression Model

Pearson r 0.234

Adjusted r square 0.658

Significant
F value 2.536

Probability value 0.041

Intercept 3.231

Table 4 reflects the multiple regression test between profile variables and the

respondents’ assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation

programs by the PPA. Based on the data presented, it is apt to consider no significant

differences on the perceptions of the respondents grouped by age, gender and crime

committed, as sustained by respective probability values of 0.267, 0.341 and 0.251,

all of which exceeded the test statistics at 0.05 level.

51
 As a whole the regression model is significant in attesting the predictability of

similarity in responses among different groups of respondents on the variables in

which they have more or less similar experiences. And ultimately, the regression

model is significant in such situations where the computed r accumulates, while the t

and f values decelerate thus forming an inverse relationship between the concepts of

difference and relationship. Truly they are opposites.

Meanwhile, the highest beta coefficient value obtained was 0.076, in reference

to crime committed. This finding implies that crime committed is the most likely profile

variable that drove the perceptions to a non-significant difference. On the other hand,

the point of interception was marked at 3.231, which means that the weighted mean

values intercepted at such point. The findings further imply that similar experiences

as probationers tends to result in close values of assessment.

The results of the studies of Aguda (2019) and Sarmiento (2020) also revealed

no significant difference between the perceptions of the respondents grouped by

demographic profile variables on the research variables they used in their studies.

This implies that many studies arrive at almost similar findings or vary close to one

another.

52
5. Proposed Program towards the development of rehabilitation programs

PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM

Findings Proposed Objectives Persons Expected

Strategies involved Outcome

Not enough Supply enough To enhance Parole and There will be

resources by Probation
resources the capability enough
investing enough
Administration
of the staff and resources for
money, enhance
(PPA)
the administration the fast and
the capability of the

staff or exert more to make the effective

time to make the rehabilitation rehabilitation

rehabilitation more effectively
program
program effective
being

implemented

53
Too many Focus more in To develop a Parole and There will be

communicating to
people, not more Probation more precise
the assigned
enough help harmonious Administration action
personnel for better
(PPA)
relationship towards
communication in

providing support between providing

and guidance for Parole and support and

those who need it
Probation guidance to

Administration those who

officer and the need it.

people who

need help

Hard to get Provide drug To achieve a Parole and There will be

related programs program that enough

help Probation
that are program for
will surely help
Administration
inexpensive and
those who need
people who need (PPA)
provide more it without
it without
programs that will
spending too
spending too
surely help those much money
much money

54
 who need it

People don’t Build a better To have a Parole and A strong

work together partnership better Probation bond with

and make relationship Administration other group,

(PPA) and
them with other resulting to

other groups
understand group for them better

involved in
the essence to work providing of

justice
of team work together support and

system
and offer a assistance to

team building those who

program for need help

them to know

and

appreciate the

55
 differences of

the task given to

them

Facing Promote anti- To reduce Parole and There will be

discrimination discriminatory discrimination Probation less cases of

practices faced by the Administration discrimination

probationers (PPA) towards

probationer

56
Not wanting Think outside To provide new Parole and There will be

to change the box or ideas that will Probation broad and

think of new surely improve Administration wide scope

(PPA)
activities to the capability of ideas that

improve helping of helping is new in

other
other people providing

people and
help to other

don’t get used

people

to being

contented

with what is

customary

57
 Rules getting Study and To provide law Parole and A fully

in the way provide laws and policies Probation enhance

and policies that cannot Administration laws and

(PPA)
that will surely cause policies that

help hindrance in will provide

providing the the kind of

kind of support support that

that really really helps

helps people people to

change for the change for

better. the better

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This section presents the findings of the study where recommendations

were derived to address the problems.

58
Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Demographic profile variables tend to vary by groups

2. The factors represented in volunteerism, therapeutic programs, and

development programs are crucial in shaping the successful implementation

of vital rehabilitation programs within the Parole and Probation Administration.

3. Similarity in terms of experiences even among groups possibly creates

common point of views towards practices and programs.

4. Differences in demographic profile variables do not necessarily affect

perceptions of assessment of variables in which the groups encounter similar

experiences.

5. The final output of this study is a proposed program towards the development

of rehabilitation programs.

59
Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations were

given:

1. To better support middle-aged men on probation dealing with drug-related

problems, there is a need to focus on programs like counseling, job training,

and community support. It's crucial for different groups, like law enforcement,

healthcare providers, and community organizations, to team up.

2. To effectively address these factors, the PPA needs to allocate sufficient

resources, design evidence-based programs, train competent staff, improve

access to services, strengthen collaboration among stakeholders, reduce

stigma and discrimination, promote prevention and early intervention, and

monitor program effectiveness.

3. To enhance rehabilitation programs within the Parole and Probation

Administration, it's vital to conduct detailed assessments of how volunteerism,

therapeutic programs, and development initiatives directly influence their

successful implementation.

4. It is recommended that the created program plan serve as guidance.

60
5. Future researchers may use this manuscript for reference, should they be

conducting studies similar or related to this current study.

61
REFERENCE

Albert, Bandura (2023). Social Learning Theory – Bandura https://structural-

learning.com

Bersemina, Dolores R. (2022): Work Environment Probationers in Ilocos Sur

https://ajehd.unp.edu.ph/index.php/ajehd

Corrigan, P.W. (2002). Understanding the Impact of Stigma on People with

Mental Illness-PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>pmc

Eric, Wodahl J. (2021): The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Supervision

Experiences on the Perceived Quality of the Supervision Relationship

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>pmc

Hayden, Madalyn (2023): Recidivism Rates in the United States versus

Europe: How and Why are they Different?

https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677&context

=honors_theses

62
John, H. (2017). Understanding the Role of Probation: Observing the

Effectiveness of Probation as an Alternative to Incarceration.

https://mountainscholar.org

Jose JR., C. (2016). The Paradox of Being a Probationer: Tales of Joy and

Sorrow. https://ijisrt.com>assets>files.pdf

Kaeble, Danielle. (2023) : Probation and Parole in the United States

https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/probation-and-parole-united-states-2

021#:~:text=At%20 year end%202021%2C%20an%20 estimated,the%20

lowest%20rate%20 since%201987.

Manuel Jr., R. Overview of the Community-Based Treatment System of the

Philippines.https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No96/No96_PA_

Manuel.pdf

PPA, (2018). Establishment and Development of Probation Administration.

https://probation.gov.ph/establishment-development-probation-administrati on/

Presado, Joy E. (2019): Parole and Probation Administration in Northern Samar,

Philippines http://ijmas.com/upcomingissue/08.03.2019.pdf

63
Rapisarda, Sabrina S. (2021): Community Corrections in the UK: England and

Wales https://globcci.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/UK-England-Wales-Narrati ve-

Summary_June-2021.pdf

Sakib, S. M. N. (2022). An Exploration Of Barriers To Offender Reintegration:

Probation And Prison Officer Opinions Vs Public Opinion. CrimRxiv.

https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.57835463

Toole, Kayla J. (2015) : They Tried to Make Me Go T e Me Go To Rehab: A Study

of Rehabilitation in o Rehab: A Study of Rehabilitation in United States

Corrections

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&

article=1405&context=srhonorsprog

Woodland, Evelyn. (2019):The State of the UK Prison System: Urgent Need for

Reform https://blog.govnet.co.uk/justice/uk-prison-system-reform#:~:text=It%20is

%20evident%20that%20the,and%20drastically%20raise%20prisons%20st andards

Gisele, Cheteni P. (2018) Drug-related crime and poverty in South Africa

www.tandfonline.com

64
Appendix A- Letter Request for Data gathering

65
66
 Appendix B- Survey Questionnaire

AN EVALUATION OF THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS OF PAROLE AND

PROBATION ADMINISTRATION FOR SENTENCED PRISONERS IN LIPA

AND TANAUAN CITY TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT

As part of our research, the following data were needed to be answered that will

help the researchers to reach their target data that lead to the fulfillment of their

research about probationers' perceptions of the rehabilitation program's impact on

their development.

Age: ( ) 18-30 Gender: ( ) Male

( ) 31- 59 ( ) Female

( ) 60 and above

Crime Committed (Krimen na Nagawa):

67
DIRECTION (PANUTO): Put a check mark (/) to the number that corresponds to

your answer in the given statement using the following scale. ( Lagyan ng tsek (/)

ang numero na tumutugma sa iyong sagot sa ibinigay na pahayag gamit ang

sumusunod na antas.)

4- Strongly Agree (Lubos na sumasang-ayon)

3- Agree (Sumasang-ayon)

2- Disagree (Hindi sumasang-ayon)

1- Strongly Disagree (lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon)

MAJOR PROGRAMS 4 3 2 1

(Restorative Justice)

1. I am aware of the rehabilitation programs carried out

by the Parole and Probation Administration.

2. The Parole and Probation Administration’s significant

rehabilitation initiatives effectively meet their goals.

3. The extensive rehabilitation programs that the Parole

and Probation Administration offers efficiently meet a

variety of our needs.

68
4. The main rehabilitation initiatives offered by the Parole

and Probation Administration are available to all of us,

who are in need of support.

5. I've faced obstacles or difficulties when trying to access

or take part in the main rehabilitation programs.

6. The support and assistance offered by program staff in

major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.

7. The rehabilitation programs are easily accessible in

terms of scheduling and availability.

DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM 4 3 2 1

(Volunteerism)

1. I am familiar with the developmental program provided

by the Parole and Probation Administration as a

component of the rehabilitation procedure.

2. The rehabilitation programs provided by the Parole and

Probation Administration have positively impacted the

lives of participants.

69
3. I find the developmental programs to be effective in

supporting rehabilitation and personal growth.

4. The developmental programs provide valuable

education and skills training opportunities.

5. The programs for development are successful in

encouraging people to become more financially aware and

independent

6. The Developmental Programs provide sufficient support

for family counseling and assistance.

7. The support and assistance offered by program staff in

major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY 4 3 2 1

PROGRAM

(TLCP SESSION - Monthly TC Session, Skills

Training, Drug Test)

1. I am familiar with the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program offered by our organization.

70
2. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program provides

a caring and nurturing atmosphere for individuals seeking

support.

3. Participating in the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program has brought about significant improvements in

both my behavior and mindset.

4. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program is

successful in fostering a sense of accountability and

responsibility among its participants.

5. I have faced difficulties in accessing or taking part in the

Therapeutic Community Modality Program.

6. The rehabilitation programs provided by the Parole and

Probation Administration have positively impacted the lives

of participants.

7. The support and assistance offered by program staff in

major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.

71
Appendix C-Certificate of Validation

72
73