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CHAPTER 7
Accounting Information Systems
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE
Brief
Learning Objectives Questions Exercises Do It! Exercises Problems
1. Explain the basic concepts of 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1

an accounting information
system.
2. Describe the nature and 5, 6, 9, 11, 4, 5 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3,

purpose of a subsidiary 16 11, 12,13 4, 5, 6
ledger.
3. Record transactions in special 7, 8, 10, 11, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 3 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3,

journals. 12, 13, 14, 9, 10, 11, 12, 4, 5, 6
15, 17 13, 14
Copyright © 2018 WILEY Weygandt, Accounting Principles, IFRS 1/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 7-1
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Problem Difficulty Time

Number Description Level Allotted (min.)
1 Journalize transactions in cash receipts journal; Simple 30–40

post to control account and subsidiary ledger.
2 Journalize transactions in cash payments journal; Simple 30–40

post to control account and subsidiary ledgers.
3 Journalize transactions in multi-column purchases Moderate 40–50

journal and sales journal; post to the general and
subsidiary ledgers.
4 Journalize transactions in special journals. Moderate 50–60
5 Journalize in sales and cash receipts journals; post; Moderate 60–70

prepare a trial balance; prove control to subsidiary;
prepare adjusting entries; prepare an adjusted
trial balance.
6 Journalize in special journals; post; prepare Complex 60–70

a trial balance.
7-2 Copyright © 2018 WILEY Weygandt, Accounting Principles, IFRS 1/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
WEYGANDT ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES IFRS 1/E
CHAPTER 7
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Number LO BT Difficulty Time (min.)

BE1 1 C Simple 1–2
DI1 1 C Simple 3–5
DI2 2 AP Simple 6–8
DI3 3 K Simple 2–4
EX1 2, 3 AP Simple 6–8
EX2 2 C Simple 6–8
EX4 2 AP Simple 6–8
EX11 2, 3 C Moderate 6–8
EX14 3 AP Moderate 8–10
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS (Continued)
Number LO BT Difficulty Time (min.)

P1 2, 3 AP Simple 30–40
P2 2, 3 AP Simple 30–40
P3 2, 3 AP Moderate 40–50
P6 2, 3 AP Complex 60–70
CT1 1 AP Moderate 80–90
CT2 2, 3 C Simple 10–15
CT3 2, 3 E Moderate 15–20
CT4 3 E Simple 10–15
Copyright © 2018 WILEY
BLOOM’ S TAXONOMY TABLE

Correlation Chart between Bloom’s Taxonomy, Learning Objectives and End-of-Chapter Exercises and Problems
Learning Objective Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

1. Explain the basic concepts Q7-1 BE7-1
of an accounting information Q7-2 BE7-2
Weygandt, Accounting Principles, IFRS 1/e, Solutions Manual
system. Q7-3 BE7-3

Q7-4 DI7-1
2. Describe the nature and purpose Q7-5 Q7-6 DI7-2 E7-12 P7-6 Q7-11
of a subsidiary ledger. Q7-9 E7-1 E7-13
Q7-16 E7-3 P7-1
BE7-4 E7-4 P7-2
BE7-5 E7-5 P7-3
E7-2 P7-4
E7-11 P7-5
3. Record transactions in special DI7-3 Q7-7 BE7-6 E7-1 P7-5 Q7-11
journals. Q7-8 BE7-7 E7-3 P7-6
Q7-10 BE7-8 E7-6
Q7-12 BE7-9 E7-7
Q7-13 BE7-10 E7-9
Q7-14 E7-8 E7-12
Q7-15 E7-10 E7-13
Q7-17 E7-11 E7-14
P7-1
P7-2
P7-3
(For Instructor Use Only)
P7-4
Expand Your Critical Thinking Real-World Focus Comprehensive Decision Making
Problem Across the
(Mini Practice Set) Organization
Communication
Ethics Case
7-5
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. (a) An accounting information system collects and processes transaction data and communicates
financial information to decision makers.
(b) Disagree. An accounting information system applies regardless of whether manual or com-
puterized procedures are used to process the transaction data.
2. There are three principles for developing an accounting information system:
Cost effectiveness. The system must be cost-effective; that is, the benefits obtained from the
information must outweigh the cost of providing it.
Useful output. To be useful, information must be understandable, relevant, reliable, timely, and
accurate.
Flexibility. The system should accommodate a variety of users and changing information needs.
3. Common features of a computerizied accounting package beyond recording transactions and

preparing financial statements are: easy data access and report preparation; audit trail, internal
controls, customization; and network compatibility.
4. ERP systems go far beyond the functions of an entry-level general ledger package. They integrate
all aspects of the organization, including accounting, sales, human resource management, and
manufacturing.
5. The advantages of using subsidiary ledgers are that they:
• Show in a single account transactions affecting a single customer or single creditor, thus
providing up-to-date information on specific account balances.
• Free the general ledger of excessive details relating to accounts receivable and accounts
payable. As a result, a trial balance of the general ledger does not contain vast numbers
of individual account balances.
• Assist in locating errors in individual accounts by reducing the number of accounts in one
ledger and by using control accounts.
• Permit a division of labor in posting by having one employee post to the general ledger
and (a) different employee(s) post to the subsidiary ledgers.
6. (a) (1) Transactions to subsidiary accounts are generally posted daily.

(2) In contrast, postings to the control accounts are usually made in total at the end of the month.
(b) A control account is a general ledger account that summarizes subsidiary ledger data.
A subsidiary ledger is a group of accounts with a common characteristic (for example, all
accounts receivable or all accounts payable).
A subsidiary ledger is an addition to, and an expansion of, the general ledger.
Questions Chapter 7 (Continued)
7. Sales journal. Records entries for all sales of merchandise on account.

Cash receipts journal. Records entries for all cash received by the business.
Purchases journal. Records entries for all purchases of merchandise on account.
Cash payments journal. Records entries for all cash paid.
Some advantages of each journal are given below:
• Sales journal. (1) Since the sales journal employs only one line to record a Sales
transaction, its use reduces recording time; (2) the column totals are only posted to the
general ledger once an accounting period; and (3) the journal’s use separates
responsibilities between employees.
• Cash receipts journal. (1) Its use aids in the posting process since the totals for Cash,
Sales Discounts, Accounts Receivable, and Sales Revenue are all recorded in the
general ledger only at the end of the month; and (2) it allows all accounts receivable
credits to be posted to the appropriate subsidiary ledger accounts daily.
• Purchases journal. The advantages are similar to those of the sales journal except that
items involved are Inventory debits and Accounts Payable credits.
• Cash payments journal. Similar advantages to cash receipts journal except the columns
involved are different.
In general, special journals: (1) allow greater division of labor because various individuals can
record entries in different journals at the same time; and (2) reduce posting time of journals.
8. The entry for the sales return should be recorded in the general journal. Since Kim Sports has a
single-column sales journal, only credit sales can be recorded there. A purchase by Kim Sports has
not taken place, so the use of the purchases journal is inappropriate. Finally, no cash is received
or paid, so neither the cash receipts or cash payments journal should be used.
9. At the end of the month, after all postings to both the general ledger and the subsidiary accounts
have been made, the total of the subsidiary account balances should equal the balance of the
control account in the general ledger. In this case, the control account balance will be €450 larger
than the total of the subsidiary accounts.
10. The purpose of special journals is to facilitate the recording process of the business entity. Therefore,
the columns included in any special journal should correspond to the unique needs of the
business. In particular, one type of business which might not require an Accounts Receivable
column would be grocery stores. These businesses rarely sell on credit to their customers. The
minimum frequency of the transaction implies no need for an Accounts Receivable column in the
cash receipts journal.
11. (a) No, the accounts receivable ledger will not agree with the Accounts Receivable control
account. The accounts receivable ledger will be posted correctly, but the Accounts
Receivable control account will be incorrect.
(b) The trial balance will balance, although Cash will be €4,000 too high and Accounts Receivable
€4,000 too low.
12. The special journal is the sales journal. The other account is Sales Revenue. (The cash receipts
journal is an incorrect answer because there would be more than two month-end postings to
general ledger accounts.)
Questions Chapter 7 (Continued)
13. (a) General journal. (d) Sales journal.

(b) General journal. (e) Cash receipts journal.
(c) Cash receipts journal. (f) General journal.
14. (a) Cash receipts journal. (d) Purchases journal.

(b) Cash receipts journal. (e) General journal.
(c) General journal. (f) Cash payments journal.
15. Typically included would be credit purchases of equipment, office supplies, and store supplies.
However, any other item purchased on credit could also be included in a special column or the
“other” column.
16. One such example is a purchase return. Here the Accounts Payable control and subsidiary account
must be debited for the same amount. The debit/credit equality is unaffected since the balance
sheet equation is computed using general ledger (control) accounts only. The subsidiary accounts
should prove to the control account balance.
17. The general journal may be used to record such transactions as the granting of credit to a
customer for a sales return or allowance, the receipt of credit from a supplier for purchases
returned, acceptance of a note receivable from a customer, or the purchase of a plant asset by
issuing a note payable. In addition, all correcting, adjusting, and closing entries should be made
in the general journal.
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.1

1. True.
2. False.
3. True.
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.2
(a) 3 (d) 2
(b) 4 (e) 1
(c) 5
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.3

1. True.
2. False. The benefits obtained from information provided by the accounting
information system must outweigh the cost of providing that information.
3. True.
4. False. An accounting information system must be cost effective, pro-
vide useful output, and be flexible enough to accommodate changing
information needs.
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.4
Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger General Ledger

Ling Ltd. Accounts Receivable
Date Ref. Debit Credit Balance Date Ref. Debit Credit Balance
Jan. 7 10,000 10,000 Jan. 31 27,000 27,000
17 7,000 3,000 31 20,000 7,000
TMC Co.
Date Ref. Debit Credit Balance
Jan. 15 8,000 8,000
24 4,000 4,000
Wong Co.
Date Ref. Debit Credit Balance
Jan. 23 9,000 9,000
29 9,000 0
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.5
(a) General ledger (c) General ledger

(b) Subsidiary ledger (d) Subsidiary ledger
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.6
(a) Cash Receipts Journal (d) Sales Journal

(b) Cash Payments Journal (e) Purchases Journal
(c) Cash Payments Journal (f) Cash Receipts Journal
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.7
(a) No (c) Yes

(b) Yes (d) No
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.8
(a) General Journal (if a one-column Purchases Journal)

Purchases Journal (if a multi-column Purchases Journal)
(b) Purchases Journal
(c) Cash Payments Journal
(d) Sales Journal
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.9
(a) Cash Receipts Journal

(b) Cash Receipts Journal
(c) Cash Receipts Journal
(d) Sales Journal and Cash Receipts Journal
(e) Purchases Journal
BRIEF EXERCISE 7.10
(a) Both in total and daily (c) In total

(b) In total (d) Only daily
SOLUTIONS FOR DO IT! EXERCISES
DO IT! 7.1
1. False. An off-the-shelf system can meet a company’s needs.

2. True.
3. False. A computerized accounting system provides more timely
financial information.
DO IT! 7.2
Subsidiary balances:
Gong Stereo HK$4,500 (HK$11,000 – HK$6,500)

Shou Computers HK$2,300 (HK$10,000 – HK$7,700)
Tsui-chang Co. HK$–0– (HK$12,000 – HK$12,000)
General ledger Accounts Payable balance: HK$6,800 (HK$4,500 +

HK$2,300)
DO IT! 7.3
1. Sold merchandise on account: Sales journal

2. Purchased merchandise on account: Purchases journal
3. Collected cash from a sale to Renfro Group: Cash receipts journal
4. Recorded accrued interest on a note payable: General journal
5. Paid ¥2,000,000 for supplies: Cash payments journal
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 7.1
(a) ₩370,400. Beginning balance of ₩340,000 plus ₩161,400 debit from

sales journal less ₩131,000 credit from cash receipts journal.
(b) ₩95,900. Beginning balance of ₩77,000 plus ₩66,400 credit from

purchases journal less ₩47,500 debit from cash payments journal.
(c) The column total of ₩161,400 in the sales journal would be posted to
the credit side of the Sales Revenue account and the debit side of the
Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger.
(d) The accounts receivable column total of ₩131,000 in the cash receipts
journal would be posted to the credit side of the Accounts Receivable
account in the general ledger.
EXERCISE 7.2
To: Lilly Cheung, Chief Financial Officer
From: Student
Subject: Kam-Bo Hung account
The explanation of the three entries in the subsidiary ledger for the Kam-Bo
Hung account is as follows:
Sept. 2 This was a credit sale of merchandise to Hung. The entry was
recorded on page 31 of the Sales Journal.
Sept. 9 This was a sales return or allowance granted to Hung. The entry
was recorded on page 4 of the General Journal.
Sept. 27 This was a payment by Hung of the balance due. The entry was
recorded on page 8 of the Cash Receipts Journal.
If I can be of further help, please let me know.
EXERCISE 7.3
(a) & (b) General Ledger
Accounts Receivable
Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance
Sept. 1 Balance  10,960
S 4,990 15,950
CR 8,030 7,920
G 220 7,700
Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger
Chang
Sept. 1 Balance  1,440
S 1,260 2,700
CR 1,240 1,460
Fung
S 1,600 3,660
CR 1,310 2,350
Tamsui
Sept. 1 0
S 1,330 1,330
CR 380 950
Tumen
S 800 5,620
CR 3,300 2,320
G 220 2,100
EXERCISE 7.3 (Continued)
Wu
CR 1,800 840
(c) ZHAO FOODS

Schedule of Accounts Receivable
As of September 30, 2020
Chang ................................................................................ ¥1,460

Fung ................................................................................ 2,350
Tamsui ................................................................................ 950
Tumen ................................................................................ 2,100
Wu ................................................................................ 840
Total ................................................................................... ¥7,700
Accounts Receivable ................................................................ ¥7,700
EXERCISE 7.4
(a) ¥3,500 [¥10,000 – (¥4,000 + ¥2,500)].

(b) ¥12,000 [¥10,000 + (¥9,000 + ¥7,000 + ¥8,500) – (¥8,000 + ¥2,500 + ¥9,000) – ¥3,000].
(c) Chu (¥2,500 + ¥7,000 – ¥2,500 – ¥3,000) ¥ 4,000
Fan (¥3,500 + ¥8,500 – ¥9,000) 3,000
Long (¥4,000 + ¥9,000 – ¥8,000) 5,000
¥12,000
(d) The sales return (¥3,000) would be recorded in the general journal instead of a
special journal.
EXERCISE 7.5
(a) €4,375 [€9,250 – (€3,000 + €1,875)].
(b) €10,750 [€9,250 + (€6,750 + €5,250 + €6,375) – (€6,000 + €1,875 + €6,750) – €2,250].
(c) Hale (€3,000 + €6,750 – €6,000) €3,750
Janish (€1,875 + €5,250 – €1,875 – €2,250) 3,000
Valdez (€4,375 + €6,375 – €6,750) 4,000
€10,750
(d) The purchase return (€2,250) would be recorded in the general journal instead of a
special journal.
EXERCISE 7.6
(a) & (b)

SEO-HYEON’S AUTO SUPPLY COMPANY
Sales Journal S1
Account Invoice Accounts Receivable Dr. Cost of Goods Sold Dr.
Date Debited No. Ref. Sales Revenue Cr. Inventory Cr.
2020
Sept. 2 A. Jinwoo 101 620 420
21 New Taiwan 102 800 480
1,420 900
SEO-HYEON’S AUTO SUPPLY COMPANY

Purchases Journal P1
Inventory Dr.
Date Account Credited Terms Ref. Accounts Payable Cr.
2020
Sept. 10 Jeju Company 2/10, n/30 650
25 Leung Sisters n/30 860
1,510
EXERCISE 7.7
(a) & (b)

R. LAWRENCE LUGGAGE
Cash Receipts Journal CR1
Cost of Goods Sold
Sales Accounts Sales Other Dr.
Account Cash Discounts Receivable Revenue Accounts Inventory
Date Credited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr.
2020
May 1 Owner’s Cap. 40,000 40,000
2 6,300 6,300 4,200
22 C. Galatoire 9,000 9,000
55,300 9,000 6,300 40,000 4,200
R. LAWRENCE LUGGAGE
Cash Payments Journal CP1
Other Accounts
Ck. Accounts Payable Inventory Cash
Date No. Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr.
2020
May 3 101 Inventory 7,700 7,700
14 102 Salaries and
Wages Expense 700 700
8,400 8,400
EXERCISE 7.8
(a) Journal (b) Columns in the journal

1. Cash Payments Cash (Cr.), Other Accounts (Dr.).
2. Cash Receipts Cash (Dr.), Sales Discounts (Dr.), and
Accounts Receivable (Cr.).
4. Cash Payments Cash (Cr.), Inventory (Cr.), and
Accounts Payable (Dr.).
5. Cash Receipts Cash (Dr.), Accounts Receivable (Cr.).
8. Cash Receipts Cash (Dr.), Other Accounts (Cr.).
10. Cash Receipts Cash (Dr.), Sales Revenue (Cr.), Cost of Goods
Sold (Dr.), and Inventory (Cr.).
EXERCISE 7.9
(a) Mar. 2 Equipment ..................................................... 7,400

Accounts Payable—Hasan
Company ........................................... 7,400
5 Accounts Payable—Kusuma
Company ................................................... 410
Inventory................................................ 410
7 Sales Returns and Allowances .................... 400

Accounts Receivable—Bambang
Company ........................................... 400
Inventory ....................................................... 260

Cost of Goods Sold .............................. 260
(b) To: President Mama Liana
From: Chief Accountant
Subject: Posting of Control and Subsidiary Accounts
The posting of these accounts varies with the journals used in recording
the transactions.
Sales and purchases journals—the total for the month is posted to

the control accounts. The individual entries are posted daily to the
subsidiary accounts.
Columnar cash receipts and cash payments journals—the total of

the control account column for the month is posted to the control
account. The individual amounts in the column are posted daily to
the subsidiary accounts.
General journal—the individual entries are posted daily. Each entry

that pertains to a control and a subsidiary account is dual posted.
That is, it is posted to both the control account and the subsidiary
account.
I hope this memo answers your questions about posting.
EXERCISE 7.10
1. Cash Payments Journal 8. Cash Receipts Journal

2. General Journal 9. Cash Payments Journal
3. Cash Receipts Journal 10. General Journal
4. Cash Receipts Journal 11. General Journal
5. Sales Journal 12. Cash Payments Journal
6. Cash Receipts Journal 13. Purchases Journal
7. General Journal
EXERCISE 7.11
(a) The debit posting reference on February 28 should be from the cash
payments journal to record the payments made during the month. The
general ledger debit amount should be ¥28,340 to balance. The ending
balance must be ¥3,600. (Accounts Payable control balance of ¥10,500
less Bak, ¥4,600, and Zhao, ¥2,300.)
(b) Only the general journal amounts were dual posted. Thus, the amounts
were ¥1,400 (Dr.), ¥265 (Cr.), and ¥550 (Cr.).
EXERCISE 7.12
(a)
Inventory Dr.
Date Account Credited Ref. Accounts Payable Cr.
July 3 Marsh Co.  2,400
12 Yates Co.  500
14 Weller Co.  1,100
17 Lange Corp.  1,400
20 Marsh Co.  1,700
21 Yates Co.  600
29 Lange Corp.  1,600
9,300
120/201
(b)
General Journal
Date Accounts and Explanations Ref. Debit Credit
July 1 Equipment ........................................ 157/ 3,900
Accounts Payable—
Flaherty Equipment Co. ...... 201/ 3,900
15 Inventory ........................................... 120/ 400

Accounts Payable—
Bernardo Inc. ....................... 201/ 400
(This entry should have been recorded in the Purchases Journal.)
18 Accounts Payable—Lange
Corp. ............................................. 201/ 100
Inventory .................................. 120/ 100
25 Accounts Payable—Weller Co. ....... 201/ 200

Inventory .................................. 120/ 200
EXERCISE 7.13
¥975 (¥200 + ¥290 + ¥145 + ¥190 + ¥150). All of the debit postings to the sub-
sidiary ledger accounts should be from sales invoices. The total of all these
debits should therefore be the total credit sales for the month, which would
be the same amount as the end-of-month debit to Accounts Receivable.
EXERCISE 7.14
(a) ₩14,000 + ₩77,000 – ₩46,000 = ₩45,000

(b) ₩22,000 + ₩110,000 – ₩45,000 = ₩87,000
(c) ₩17,000 + ₩61,000 – ₩55,000 = ₩23,000
(d) ₩13,500 + ₩77,000 – ₩1,000 – ₩63,600 = ₩25,900
(e) ₩110,000 + ₩6,000 = ₩116,000
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 7.1
(a)
Cost of Goods Sold
Apr. 1 Owner’s
Capital 301 7,200 7,200
4 Chin-Wai  2,156 44 2,200
5 Chan Co.  920 920
8 7,245 7,245 4,347
10 Lau  600 600
11 Inventory 120 740 740
23 Chan Co.  1,000 1,000
29 Gong  1,200 1,200
21,061 44 5,920 7,245 7,940 4,347
(101) (414) (112) (401) (X) (505)(120)
(b) General Ledger
Accounts Receivable No. 112

Apr. 1 Balance  7,850
30 CR1 5,920 1,930
PROBLEM 7.1 (Continued)
Chan Co.
5 CR1 920 1,980
23 CR1 1,000 980
Chiu-Wai
4 CR1 2,200 0
Gong
29 CR1 1,200 0
Lau
10 CR1 600 950
(c) Accounts receivable balance: HK$1,930
Subsidiary account balances:

Chan Co. HK$ 980
Lau 950
Total HK$1,930
PROBLEM 7.2
(a)
Other Accounts
Ck. Accounts Payable Inventory Cash
Date No. Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr.
Oct. 1 63 Inventory 120 300 300
3 64 Equipment 157 800 800
5 65 Uggla Company  2,700 54 2,646
10 66 Inventory 120 2,550 2,550
15 67 Rosenthal Co.  1,800 1,800
16 68 Owner’s Drawings 306 400 400
19 69 Orr Co.  2,000 40 1,960
29 70 Clevenger Company  2,500 2,500
4,050 9,000 94 12,956
(X) (201) (120) (101)
(b) General Ledger
Accounts Payable No. 201

Oct. 1 Balance  10,700
31 CP1 9,000 1,700
Accounts Payable Subsidiary Ledger
Clevenger Company
29 CP1 2,500 1,200
Orr Co.
19 CP1 2,000 500
Rosenthal Co.
15 CP1 1,800 0
Uggla Company
5 CP1 2,700 0
(c) Accounts payable balance: €1,700
Subsidiary account balances:

Clevenger Company €1,200
Orr Co. 500
€1,700
PROBLEM 7.3
(a)
Accounts Other
Payable Inventory Accounts
Date Account Credited (Debited) Ref. Cr. Dr. Dr.
July 1 Oong Company  8,000 8,000
2 Laan Shipping  400 400
5 Goo Company  3,200 3,200
13 Ngg Supply 126/ 720 720
(Supplies)
15 Oong Company  3,600 3,600
15 Soxng Company  4,300 4,300
18 Viun Advertisements 610/ 600 600
(Advertising Expense)
24 Goo Company  3,000 3,000
26 Ngg Supply 157/ 900 900
(Equipment)
28 Laan Shipping  380 380
25,100 22,880 2,220
(201) (120) (X)
Sales Journal S1
Accounts Receivable Dr. Cost of Goods Sold Dr.
Date Account Debited Ref. Sales Revenue Cr. Inventory Cr.
July 3 Choi Company  1,300 910
3 Huang Bros.  1,500 1,050
16 Aang Company  3,450 2,415
16 Huang Bros.  1,870 1,309
21 Choi Company  310 217
21 Zafn Company  2,800 1,960
30 Aang Company  5,600 3,920
16,830 11,781
(112)(401) (505)(120)
General Journal G1
July 8 Accounts Payable—Goo
Company ...................................... 201/ 300
Inventory .................................. 120/ 300
22 Sales Returns and Allowances 412/ 40

Accounts Receivable—
Choi Company ..................... 112/ 40
(b) General Ledger

July 31 S1 16,830 16,830
22 G1 40 16,790
Inventory No. 120

July 31 P1 22,880 22,880
8 G1 300 22,580
31 S1 11,781 10,799
Supplies No. 126

July 13 P1 720 720
Equipment No. 157

July 26 P1 900 900

July 31 P1 25,100 25,100
8 G1 300 24,800
Sales Revenue No. 401

July 31 S1 16,830 16,830
Sales Returns and Allowances No. 412

July 22 G1 40 40
Cost of Goods Sold No. 505

July 31 S1 11,781 11,781
Advertising Expense No. 610

July 18 P1 600 600
Aang Company
July 16 S1 3,450 3,450
30 S1 5,600 9,050
Choi Company
July 3 S1 1,300 1,300
21 S1 310 1,610
22 G1 40 1,570
Huang Bros.
July 3 S1 1,500 1,500
16 S1 1,870 3,370
Zafn Company
July 21 S1 2,800 2,800

Goo Company
July 5 P1 3,200 3,200
8 G1 300 2,900
24 P1 3,000 5,900
Laan Shipping
July 2 P1 400 400
28 P1 380 780
Ngg Supply
July 13 P1 720 720
26 P1 900 1,620
Oong Company
July 1 P1 8,000 8,000
15 P1 3,600 11,600
Soxng Company
July 15 P1 4,300 4,300
Viun Advertisements
July 18 P1 600 600
(c) Accounts receivable balance ................................. NT$16,790
Subsidiary account balances

Aang Company ................................................ NT$9,050
Choi Company ................................................. 1,570
Huang Bros...................................................... 3,370
Zafn Company ................................................. 2,800
Total.......................................................... NT$16,790
Accounts payable balance ..................................... NT$24,800
Goo Company ................................................. NT$ 5,900

Laan Shipping ................................................. 780
Ngg Supply ...................................................... 1,620
Oong Company ............................................... 11,600
Soxng Company .............................................. 4,300
Viun Advertisements ...................................... 600
Total.......................................................... NT$24,800
PROBLEM 7.4
(a), (b) & (c)
Sales Journal S1

Jan. 4 Wei 371  5,250 3,150
9 Loeng Corp. 372  5,400 3,240
17 Dyun Co. 373  1,200 720
31 Wei 374  9,330 5,598
21,180 12,708
(112)(401) (505)(120)
Inventory Dr.
Jan. 3 Gum Co.  9,000
8 Pang Co.  4,500
11 Che Co.  3,700
23 Gum Co.  7,800
24 Yap Corp.  5,100
30,100
(120)(201)
General Journal G1
Jan. 5 Accounts Payable—Gum Co. ............... 201/ 300
Inventory ................................... 120 300
19 Equipment.......................................... 157/ 5,500

Accounts Payable—Ziu
Corp. ...................................... 201/ 5,500

Cost of Goods Sold
Jan. 6 3,150 3,150 1,890
13 6,260 6,260 3,756
15 Loeng Corp.  5,346 54 5,400
17 Wei  5,250 5,250
20 3,200 3,200 1,920
27 4,230 4,230 2,538
30 Dyun Co.  1,200 1,200
28,636 54 11,850 16,840 0 10,104
(101) (414) (112) (401) (X) (505)(120)

Other Accounts
Accounts Payable Inventory Cash
Date Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr.
Jan. 4 Supplies 126 80 80
13 Gum Co.  8,700 174 8,526
15 Salaries and
Wages Expense 726 14,300 14,300
20 Pang Co.  4,500 90 4,410
31 Salaries and
Wages Expense 726 13,200 13,200
27,580 13,200 264 40,516
(X) (201) (120) (101)
PROBLEM 7.5
(a), (d) & (g) General Ledger
Cash No. 101

July 31 CR1 104,025 104,025
31 CP1 39,066 64,959

July 31 S1 20,700 20,700
31 CR1 15,700 5,000
Inventory No. 120

July 31 P1 44,020 44,020
29 CR1 420 43,600
31 CP1 234 43,366
31 S1 13,455 29,911
31 CR1 5,200 24,711
Supplies No. 126

July 4 CP1 600 600
31 Adjusting entry G1 460 140
Prepaid Rent No. 131

July 11 CP1 6,000 6,000
31 Adjusting entry G1 500 5,500

July 31 P1 44,020 44,020
31 CP1 30,200 13,820
Owner’s Capital No. 301

July 1 CR1 80,000 80,000
Owner’s Drawings No. 306

July 19 CP1 2,500 2,500

July 31 S1 20,700 20,700
31 CR1 8,000 28,700
Sales Discounts No. 414

July 31 CR1 95 95

July 31 S1 13,455 13,455
31 CR1 5,200 18,655
Supplies Expense No. 631

July 31 Adjusting entry G1 460 460
Rent Expense No. 729

July 31 Adjusting entry G1 500 500
(b)
Sales Journal S1
Accounts Receivable Dr. Cost of Goods Sold Dr.
Date Account Debited Ref. Sales Revenue Cr. Inventory Cr.
July 6 Chatterjee Co.  6,200 4,030
8 S. Garga  4,600 2,990
10 Kutsa Co.  4,900 3,185
21 R. Kumar  5,000 3,250
20,700 13,455
(112)(401) (505)(120)

Cost of Goods Sold
July 1 Owner’s
Capital 301 80,000 80,000
7 8,000 8,000 5,200
13 S. Garga  4,554 46 4,600
16 Kutsa Co.  4,851 49 4,900
20 Chatterjee Co.  6,200 6,200
29 Inventory 120 420 420
104,025 95 15,700 8,000 80,420 5,200
(101) (414) (112) (401) (X) (505)(120)
(c) Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger
Chatterjee Co.
July 6 S1 6,200 6,200
20 CR1 6,200 0
Kutsa Co.
July 10 S1 4,900 4,900
16 CR1 4,900 0
R. Kumar
July 21 S1 5,000 5,000
S. Garga
July 8 S1 4,600 4,600
13 CR1 4,600 0
Huq Co.
July 13 P1 15,300 15,300
21 CP1 15,300 0
J. Gupta
July 11 P1 5,920 5,920
M. Maji
July 20 P1 7,900 7,900
N. Akhard
July 4 P1 6,800 6,800
15 CP1 6,800 0
Pai Co.
July 5 P1 8,100 8,100
10 CP1 8,100 0
(e) ADHIKARI GROUP

Trial Balance
July 31, 2020
Debit Credit
Cash................................................................. ` 64,959
Accounts Receivable...................................... 5,000
Inventory ......................................................... 24,711
Supplies .......................................................... 600
Prepaid Rent ................................................... 6,000
Accounts Payable ........................................... `13,820
Owner’s Capital .............................................. 80,000
Owner’s Drawings .......................................... 2,500
Sales Revenue ................................................ 28,700
Sales Discounts .............................................. 95
Cost of Goods Sold ........................................ 18,655
`122,520 `122,520
(f) Accounts receivable balance ................................................. ` 5,000
Subsidiary accounts balance

H. Kumar .......................................................................... ` 5,000
Accounts payable balance ..................................................... `13,820
Subsidiary accounts balance

J. Gupta ........................................................................... 5,920
M. Maji .............................................................................. ` 7,900
`13,820
(g)
General Journal G1
July 31 Supplies Expense ............................ 631 460
Supplies ................................... 126 460
31 Rent Expense ................................... 729 500

Prepaid Rent ............................ 131 500
(h) ADHIKARI GROUP

Adjusted Trial Balance
July 31, 2020
Debit Credit
Cash ................................................................ `64,959
Accounts Receivable ..................................... 5,000
Inventory......................................................... 24,711
Supplies .......................................................... 140
Prepaid Rent ................................................... 5,500
Accounts Payable .......................................... `13,820
Owner’s Capital .............................................. 80,000
Owner’s Drawings .......................................... 2,500
Sales Revenue................................................ 28,700
Sales Discounts ............................................. 95
Cost of Goods Sold ....................................... 18,655
Supplies Expense .......................................... 460
Rent Expense ................................................. _ 500 __
`122,520 `122,520
PROBLEM 7.6
(b) & (c)

Cost of Goods Sold
Cash Discounts Receivable Revenue Accounts Inventory
Date Account Credited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr.
Jan. 7 T. Hodges  3,500 3,500
13 M. Ziesmer  7,840 160 8,000
23 9,100 9,100 5,460
29 Notes Receivable 115 40,000 0 40,000
60,440 160 11,500 9,100 40,000 5,460
(101) (414) (112) (401) (X) (505)(120)

Other Accounts
Accounts Payable Inventory Cash
Date Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr.
Jan. 11 Inventory 120 300 300
12 Rent Expense 729 1,000 1,000
15 K. Thayer  13,000 130 12,870
18 Salaries and Wages
Expense 726 4,800 4,800
27 E. Pheatt  950 950
6,100 13,950 130 19,920
(X) (201) (120) (101)
Sales Journal S1
Account Accounts Receivable Dr. Cost of Goods Sold Dr.
Date Debited Ref. Sales Revenue Cr. Inventory Cr.
Jan. 3 M. Ziesmer  8,000 4,800
24 I. Kirk  7,400 4,440
15,400 9,240
(112)(401) (505)(120)
Inventory Dr.
Jan. 5 E. Pheatt  2,000
17 G. Roland  1,600
3,600
(120)(201)
General Journal G1
Jan. 14 Sales Returns and Allowances ....... /412 300
B. Hannigan ......................... /112 300
Inventory ........................................... /120 180
(€300 X .60)
Cost of Goods Sold ................. /505 180
20 Accounts Payable—D. Danford....... /201 18,000

Notes Payable.......................... /200 18,000
30 Accounts Payable—G. Roland ........ /201 300

Inventory .................................. 120 300
(a) & (c)

General Ledger
Cash No. 101
Jan. 1 Balance  41,500
31 CR1 60,440 101,940
31 CP1 19,920 82,020

14 G1 300 14,700
31 CR1 11,500 3,200
31 S1 15,400 18,600
Notes Receivable No. 115

29 CR1 40,000 5,000
Inventory No. 120

11 CP1 300 23,300
14 G1 180 23,480
30 G1 300 23,180
31 P1 3,600 26,780
31 CP1 130 26,650
31 CR1 5,460 21,190
31 S1 9,240 11,950
Equipment No. 157

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment No. 158

Notes Payable No. 200

Jan. 20 G1 18,000 18,000

20 G1 18,000 25,000
30 G1 300 24,700
31 P1 3,600 28,300
31 CP1 13,950 14,350


Jan. 31 CR1 9,100 9,100
31 S1 15,400 24,500

Jan. 14 G1 300 300

Jan. 31 CR1 160 160

Jan. 31 CR1 5,460 5,460
31 S1 9,240 14,700
14 G1 180 14,520
Salaries and Wages Expense No. 726

Jan. 18 CP1 4,800 4,800

Jan. 12 CP1 1,000 1,000
B. Hannigan
14 G1 300 2,200
I. Kirk
24 S1 7,400 14,900
T. Hodges
7 CR1 3,500 1,500
M. Ziesmer
Jan. 3 S1 8,000 8,000
13 CR1 8,000 0
D. Danford
20 G1 18,000 0
T. Igawa
G. Roland
Jan. 17 P1 1,600 1,600
30 G1 300 1,300
E. Pheatt
Jan. 5 P1 2,000 2,000
27 CP1 950 1,050
K. Thayer
15 CP1 13,000 0
(d) HORNER AUTOS

Trial Balance
January 31, 2020
Debit Credit
Cash ................................................................ € 82,020
Accounts Receivable ..................................... 18,600
Notes Receivable ............................................ 5,000
Inventory ......................................................... 11,950
Equipment ....................................................... 6,450
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment....... € 1,500
Notes Payable ................................................. 18,000
Accounts Payable........................................... 14,350
Owner’s Capital .............................................. 86,450
Sales Revenue ................................................ 24,500
Sales Returns and Allowances ...................... 300
Sales Discounts .............................................. 160
Cost of Goods Sold ........................................ 14,520
Salaries and Wages Expense ........................ 4,800
Rent Expense.................................................. 1,000
€144,800 €144,800
(e) Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger

B. Hanningan ........................................... € 2,200
I. Kirk ........................................................ 14,900
T. Hodges................................................. 1,500
€18,600
Accounts Receivable Control ........................ €18,600

T. Igawa ............................................................................ €12,000
E. Pheatt ........................................................................... 1,050
G. Roland ......................................................................... 1,300
€14,350
Accounts Payable Control ..................................................... €14,350
ACR 7.1 COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM: CHAPTERS 3 TO 7
(a)
Sales Journal S1
Jan. 3 B. Chen 510  3,600 2,160
3 Tjong Co. 511  1,800 1,080
11 Bodi Co. 512  1,600 960
11 Mohede Co. 513  900 540
22 B. Chen 514  2,700 1,620
22 Bodi Co. 515  2,300 1,380
25 Sueba Co. 516  3,500 2,100
25 Tjong Co. 517  6,100 3,660
22,500 13,500
(112)(401) (505)(120)
Inventory Dr.
Jan. 5 Goh Co. n/30  5,000
5 D. Phe n/30  2,200
16 Shihab Co. 1/10, n/30  15,000
16 Medan Co. 2/10, n/30  14,200
16 Goh Co. n/30  1,500
27 Shihab Co. 1/10, n/30  14,500
27 D. Phe n/30  3,200
27 Goh Co. n/30  5,400
61,000
(120)(201)
ACR 7.1 (Continued)

Cost of Goods Sold
Jan. 7 Mohede Co.  4,000 4,000
7 Sueba Co.  2,000 2,000
10 15,500 15,500 9,300
13 B. Chen  3,528 72 3,600
13 Tjong Co.  1,470 30 1,500
20 20,100 20,100 12,060
21 Mohede Co.  882 18 900
31 21,300 21,300 12,780
68,780 120 12,000 56,900 34,140
(101) (414) (112) (401) (505)(120)

Other Accounts
Accounts Payable Supplies Inventory Cash
Date Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Dr. Cr. Cr.
Jan. 8 Inventory 120 235 235
9 Medan Co.  9,000 180 8,820
9 Shihab Co.  11,000 110 10,890
12 Rent Expense 729 1,000 1,000
15 Owner’s Drawings 306 800 800
17 400 400
23 Shihab Co.  15,000 150 14,850
23 Medan Co.  14,000 280 13,720
28 200 200
Expense 627 8,100 8,100
10,135 49,000 600 720 59,015
(X) (201) (126) (120) (101)
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
(a) & (e)

General Journal G1
Date Account Titles and Explanations Ref. Debit Credit
Jan. 9 Sales Returns and Allowances ....... 412 300
Tjong Co. ............................. 112/ 300
(Issued credit for
merchandise returned)
Inventory........................................... 120 180

($300 X .60)
Cost of Goods Sold................. 505 180
18 Accounts Payable—Medan Co. ...... 201/ 200

Inventory .................................. 120/ 200
(Received credit for
returned goods)
21 Accounts Payable—Manuwa .......... 201/ 15,000

Notes Payable ......................... 200/ 15,000
(Payment of balance due)
Adjusting Entries
31 Supplies Expense ............................ 728 700
Supplies ................................... 126 700
31 Insurance Expense .......................... 722 200

Prepaid Insurance ................... 130 200
31 Depreciation Expense
(Rp1,500 ÷ 12) .................................. 711 125
Accumulated Depreciation—
Equipment ........................... 158 125
31 Interest Expense ............................. 718 50

Interest Payable ...................... 230 50
Closing Entries
31 Sales Revenue ................................ 401 79,400
Income Summary .................... 350 79,400
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
General Journal G1
Jan. 31 Income Summary ............................. 350 58,055
Sales Discounts ...................... 414 120
Sales Returns and
Allowances .......................... 412 300
Cost of Goods Sold ................. 505 47,460
Rent Expense .......................... 729 1,000
Salaries and Wages
Expense ................................ 627 8,100
Supplies Expense ................... 728 700
Insurance Expense ................. 722 200
Depreciation Expense ............. 711 125
Interest Expense ..................... 718 50
31 Income Summary ............................. 350 21,345

Owner’s Capital ....................... 301 21,345
31 Owner’s Capital ................................ 301 800

Owner’s Drawings ................... 306 800
(b) & (e) General Ledger
Cash No. 101

31 CR1 68,780 104,530
31 CP1 59,015 45,515

31 S1 22,500 35,500
31 CR1 12,000 23,500
9 G1 300 23,200
ACR 7.1 (Continued)

Inventory No. 120

31 P1 61,000 79,000
31 S1 13,500 65,500
31 CR1 34,140 31,360
8 CP1 235 31,595
31 CP1 720 30,875
9 G1 180 31,055
18 G1 200 30,855
Supplies No. 126

31 CP1 600 1,600
31 Adj. entry G1 700 900
Prepaid Insurance No. 130

31 Adj. entry G1 200 1,800
Equipment No. 157

ACR 7.1 (Continued)

31 Adj. entry G1 125 1,625

Jan. 21 G1 15,000 15,000

31 P1 61,000 96,000
31 CP1 49,000 47,000
18 G1 200 46,800
21 G1 15,000 31,800
Interest Payable No. 230

Jan. 31 Adj. entry G1 50 50

31 Clos. entry G1 21,345 100,045
31 Clos. entry G1 800 99,245

Jan. 15 CP1 800 800
31 Clos. entry G1 800 0
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
Income Summary No. 350

Jan. 31 Clos. entry G1 79,400 79,400
31 Clos. entry G1 58,055 21,345
31 Clos. entry G1 21,345 0

Jan. 31 S1 22,500 22,500
31 CR1 56,900 79,400
31 Clos. entry G1 79,400 0

Jan. 9 G1 300 300

Jan. 31 CR1 120 120

Jan. 31 S1 13,500 13,500
31 CR1 34,140 47,640
9 G1 180 47,460
31 Clos. entry G1 47,460 0
ACR 7.1 (Continued)

Jan. 31 CP1 8,100 8,100
31 Clos. entry G1 8,100 0
Depreciation Expense No. 711

Jan. 31 G1 125 125
Interest Expense No. 718

Jan. 31 G1 50 50
Insurance Expense No. 722

Jan. 31 G1 200 200

Jan. 31 G1 700 700

Jan. 12 CP1 1,000 1,000
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
Bodi Co.
11 S1 1,600 3,100
22 S1 2,300 5,400
B. Chen
Jan. 3 S1 3,600 3,600
13 CR1 3,600 0
22 S1 2,700 2,700
Mohede Co.
7 CR1 4,000 0
11 S1 900 900
21 CR1 900 0
Sueba Co.
7 CR1 2,000 5,500
25 S1 3,500 9,000
Tjong Co.
Jan. 3 S1 1,800 1,800
9 G1 300 1,500
13 CR1 1,500 0
25 S1 6,100 6,100
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
Goh Co.
Jan. 5 P1 5,000 5,000
16 P1 1,500 6,500
27 P1 5,400 11,900
Manuwa
21 G1 15,000 0
Medan Co.
9 CP1 9,000 0
16 P1 14,200 14,200
18 G1 200 14,000
23 CP1 14,000 0
D. Phe
Jan. 5 P1 2,200 2,200
27 P1 3,200 5,400
Shihab Co.
9 CP1 11,000 0
16 P1 15,000 15,000
23 CP1 15,000 0
27 P1 14,500 14,500
ACR 7.1 (Continued)

(c) KOTO MERCHANTS
Worksheet
For the Month Ended January 31, 2020
Adjusted Income
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement Balance Sheet
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.
Cash 45,515 45,515 45,515
Accounts Receivable 23,200 23,200 23,200
Notes Receivable 39,000 39,000 39,000
Inventory 30,855 30,855 30,855
Supplies 1,600 (1) 700 900 900
Prepaid Insurance 2,000 (2) 200 1,800 1,800
Equipment 6,450 6,450 6,450
Accum. Depreciation—Equipment 1,500 (3) 125 1,625 1,625
Notes Payable 15,000 15,000 15,000
Accounts Payable 31,800 31,800 31,800
Interest Payable (4) 50 50 50
Owner’s Capital 78,700 78,700 78,700
Owner’s Drawings 800 800 800
Sales Revenue 79,400 79,400 79,400
Sales Returns and Allowances 300 300 300
Sales Discounts 120 120 120
Cost of Goods Sold 47,460 47,460 47,460
Salaries and Wages Expense 8,100 8,100 8,100
Rent Expense 1,000 1,000 1,000

Totals 206,400 206,400
Supplies Expense (1) 700 700 700
Insurance Expense (2) 200 200 200
Depreciation Expense (3) 125 125 125
Interest Expense (4) 50 50 50
Totals 1,075 1,075 206,575 206,575 58,055 79,400 148,520 127,175
Net Income 21,345 21,345
Totals 79,400 79,400 148,520 148,520
7-57
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
(d) KOTO MERCHANTS

Income Statement
Sales
Sales revenue ................................. Rp79,400
Less: Sales discounts ................... Rp 120
Sales returns and
allowances ....................... 300 420
Net sales revenue ........................... 78,980
Cost of goods sold ......................... 47,460
Gross profit..................................... 31,520
Operating expenses
Salaries and wages
expense ................................ Rp8,100
Rent expense .......................... 1,000
Supplies expense ................... 700
Insurance expense ................. 200
Depreciation expense ............. 125
Total operating
expenses....................... 10,125
Income from operations ........................ 21,395
Other expenses and losses
Interest expense ............................. 50
Net income ............................................. Rp21,345
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
KOTO MERCHANTS
Equity Statement
Owner’s, Capital, January 1, 2020 ......................................... Rp78,700
Add: Net income ................................................................... 21,345
100,045
Less: Drawings ...................................................................... 800
Owner’s, Capital, January 31, 2020 ....................................... Rp99,245
KOTO MERCHANTS
Statement of Financial Position
January 31, 2020
Assets
Property, plant, and equipment

Equipment .................................................. Rp6,450
Less: Accumulated depreciation ............. 1,625 Rp 4,825
Current assets
Prepaid insurance ..................................... 1,800
Supplies ..................................................... 900
Inventory .................................................... 30,855
Notes receivable ........................................ 39,000
Accounts receivable .................................. 23,200
Cash ............................................................ 45,515
Total current assets ........................... 141,270
Total assets ......................................... Rp146,095
Owner’s Equity and Liabilities

Owner’s Equity
Owner’s capital........................................... Rp 99,245
Current liabilities
Notes payable ............................................. Rp15,000
Accounts payable ...................................... 31,800
Interest payable .......................................... _ 50
Total liabilities..................................... 46,850
Total owner’s equity and liabilities Rp146,095
ACR 7.1 (Continued)
(f) KOTO MERCHANTS

Post-Closing Trial Balance
January 31, 2020
Debit Credit
Cash................................................................. Rp 45,515
Inventory ......................................................... 30,855
Supplies .......................................................... 900
Prepaid Insurance........................................... 1,800
Equipment ....................................................... 6,450
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ....... Rp 1,625
Notes Payable ................................................. 15,000
Accounts Payable ........................................... 31,800
Interest Payable .............................................. 50
Owner’s Capital .............................................. _ _ 99,245
Rp147,720 Rp147,720
Accounts Receivable balance .............................. Rp23,200

Bodi Co. ......................................................... Rp 5,400
B. Chen .......................................................... 2,700
Suebu Co. ...................................................... 9,000
Tjong Co......................................................... 6,100
Rp23,200
Accounts Payable balance ................................... Rp31,800

Gho Co. .......................................................... Rp11,900
D. Phe ............................................................. 5,400
Shihab Co. ..................................................... 14,500
Rp31,800
ACR 7.2 COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM: CHAPTERS 3 TO 7
Note: If the working papers that accompany this text are not used in
solving this problem, account numbers may differ from those presented in
this solution.
(a)
Sales Journal S1
Accounts Receivable Dr.
Date Account Debited Invoice No. Ref. Sales Revenue Cr.
Jan. 3 Baozi Co. 510  3,600
3 Lim Co. 511  1,800
11 R. Kang 512  2,900
11 Au & Sons 513  900
22 Baozi Co. 514  3,700
22 R. Kang 515  800
25 B. Bak 516  3,500
25 Lim Co. 517  6,100
23,300
(112)(401)
Purchases Dr.
Jan. 5 S. Chen  5,000
5 Koh Co.  2,700
16 Bai Co.  12,000
16 Oe Sisters  13,900
16 S. Chen  1,500
27 Bai Co.  12,500
27 Koh Co.  1,200
27 S. Chen  2,800
51,600
(510)(201)
ACR 7.2 (Continued)

Accounts Sales Other
Account Cash Receivable Revenue Accounts
Date Credited Ref. Dr. Cr. Cr. Cr.
Jan. 7 Au & Sons  4,000 4,000
7 B. Bak  2,000 2,000
10 15,500 15,500
13 Baozi Co.  3,600 3,600
13 Lim Co.  1,500 1,500
20 17,500 17,500
21 Au & Sons  900 900
31 22,920 22,920
67,920 12,000 55,920
(101) (112) (401)

Other Accounts
Accounts Payable Supplies Cash
Date Account Debited Ref. Dr. Dr. Dr. Cr.
Jan. 8 Freight In 516 180 180
9 Oe Sisters  9,000 9,000
9 Bai Co.  11,000 11,000
12 Rent Expense 729 1,000 1,000
15 Owner’s Drawings 306 800 800
17 400 400
23 Bai Co.  12,000 12,000
23 Oe Sisters  13,700 13,700
28 200 200
Expense 627 7,900 7,900
9,880 45,700 600 56,180
(X) (201) (126) (101)
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
(a) & (e)

General Journal G1
Jan. 9 Sales Returns and
Allowances ................................... 412 300
Lim Co. ................................. 112/ 300
(Issued credit for
merchandise returned)
18 Accounts Payable—Oe Sisters ....... 201/ 200

Purchase Returns and
Allowances .......................... 512 200
(Received credit for
returned goods)
21 Accounts Payable—
R. Ryu ........................................... 201/ 15,000
Notes Payable ......................... 200 15,000
(Issued note for
balance due)
Adjusting Entries
31 Supplies Expense ............................ 728 900
Supplies ................................... 126 900
31 Insurance Expense
(1/10 X ₩2,000) ............................. 722/ 200
Prepaid Insurance ................... 130/ 200
31 Depreciation Expense
(1/12 X ₩1,500) ............................. 711 125
Accumulated Depreciation—
Equipment ........................... 158 125
31 Interest Expense .............................. 718 30

Interest Payable ...................... 230 30
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
General Journal G1
Closing Entries
Jan. 31 Inventory (Jan. 31) ........................... 120 15,000
Sales Revenue.................................. 401 79,220
Purchase Returns and
Allowances ................................... 512 200
Income Summary .................... 350 94,420
31 Income Summary ............................. 350 82,235

Inventory (Jan. 1) .................... 120 20,000
Sales Returns and
Allowances .......................... 412 300
Purchases ................................ 510 51,600
Freight In .................................. 516 180
Rent Expense .......................... 729 1,000
Salaries and Wages
Expense ................................ 627 7,900
Supplies Expense ................... 728 900
Insurance Expense ................. 722 200
Depreciation Expense ............. 711 125
Interest Expense ..................... 718 30
31 Income Summary ............................. 350 12,185

Owner’s Capital ....................... 301 12,185
31 Owner’s Capital ................................ 301 800

Owner’s Drawings ................... 306 800
(b) & (e) General Ledger
Cash No. 101

31 CR1 67,920 101,670
31 CP1 56,180 45,490
ACR 7.2 (Continued)

31 S1 23,300 36,300
31 CR1 12,000 24,300
9 G1 300 24,000

Inventory No. 120

31 Clos. entry G1 15,000 35,000
31 Clos. entry G1 20,000 15,000
Supplies No. 126

31 CP1 600 1,600
31 Adj. entry G1 900 700
Prepaid Insurance No. 130

31 Adj. entry G1 200 1,800
Equipment No. 157

ACR 7.2 (Continued)

31 Adj. entry G1 125 1,625

Jan. 21 G1 15,000 15,000

31 P1 51,600 86,600
31 CP1 45,700 40,900
18 G1 200 40,700
21 G1 15,000 25,700
Interest Payable No. 230


31 Clos. Entry G1 12,185 90,885
31 Clos. Entry G1 800 90,085

Jan. 15 CP1 800 800
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
Income Summary No. 350

Jan. 31 G1 94,420 94,420
31 G1 82,235 12,185
31 Clos. entry G1 12,185 0

Jan. 31 S1 23,300 23,300
31 CR1 55,920 79,220
31 Clos. entry G1 79,220 0

Jan. 9 G1 300 300
Purchases No. 510

Jan. 31 P1 51,600 51,600
31 Clos. entry G1 51,600 0
Purchase Returns and Allowances No. 512

Jan. 18 G1 200 200
Freight-In No. 516

Jan. 8 CP1 180 180
ACR 7.2 (Continued)

Jan. 31 CP1 7,900 7,900
Depreciation Expense No. 711

Interest Expense No. 718

Insurance Expense No. 722



Jan. 12 CP1 1,000 1,000
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
Au & Sons
7 CR1 4,000 0
11 S1 900 900
21 CR1 900 0
B. Bak
7 CR1 2,000 5,500
25 S1 3,500 9,000
Baozi Co.
Jan. 3 S1 3,600 3,600
13 CR1 3,600 0
22 S1 3,700 3,700
R. Kang
11 S1 2,900 4,400
22 S1 800 5,200
Lim Co.
Jan. 3 S1 1,800 1,800
9 G1 300 1,500
13 CR1 1,500 0
25 S1 6,100 6,100
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
Bai Co.
9 CP1 11,000 0
16 P1 12,000 12,000
23 CP1 12,000 0
27 P1 12,500 12,500
S. Chen
Jan. 5 P1 5,000 5,000
16 P1 1,500 6,500
27 P1 2,800 9,300
Koh Co.
Jan. 5 P1 2,700 2,700
27 P1 1,200 3,900
Oe Sisters
9 CP1 9,000 0
16 P1 13,900 13,900
18 G1 200 13,700
23 CP1 13,700 0
Ryu
21 G1 15,000 0
ACR 7.2 (Continued)

(c) YI LTD.
Worksheet
Adjusted Income
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement Balance Sheet

Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.
Cash 45,490 45,490 45,490
Accounts Receivable 24,000 24,000 24,000
Notes Receivable 39,000 39,000 39,000
Inventory 20,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 15,000
Supplies 1,600 (1) 900 700 700
Prepaid Insurance 2,000 (2) 200 1,800 1,800
Equipment 6,450 6,450 6,450
Accum. Depreciation—Equipment 1,500 (3) 125 1,625 1,625
Notes Payable 15,000 15,000 15,000
Accounts Payable 25,700 25,700 25,700
Interest Payable (4) 30 30 30
Owner’s Capital 78,700 78,700 78,700
Owner’s Drawings 800 800 800
Sales Revenue 79,220 79,220 79,220
Sales Returns and Allowances 300 300 300
Purchases 51,600 51,600 51,600
Purchase Returns and Allowances 200 200 200
Freight—In 180 180 180
Salaries and Wages Expense 7,900 7,900 7,900

Rent Expense 1,000 1,000 1,000
Totals 200,320 200,320
Supplies Expense (1) 900 900 900
Insurance Expense (2) 200 200 200
Depreciation Expense (3) 125 125 125
Interest Expense (4) 30 30 30
Totals 1,255 1,255 200,475 200,475 82,235 94,420 133,240 121,055
Net Income 12,185 12,185
Totals 94,420 94,420 133,240 133,240
7-71
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
(d) YI LTD.
Income Statement
Sales
Sales revenue................................. ₩79,220
Less: Sales returns and
allowances .......................... 300
Net sales revenue .......................... 78,920
Cost of goods sold
Inventory, 1/1/20............................. ₩20,000
Purchases ...................................... ₩51,600
Less: Purchase returns and
allowances .......................... 200
Net purchases ................................ 51,400
Freight-in ........................................ 180 51,580
Cost of goods available for sale ... 71,580
Less: Inventory, 1/31/20 ............... 15,000
Cost of goods sold .................. 56,580
Gross profit .................................... 22,340
Operating expenses
Salaries and wages
expense ................................. 7,900
Rent expense ........................... 1,000
Supplies expense .................... 900
Insurance expense .................. 200
Depreciation expense .............. 125
Total oper. expenses ......... 10,125
Income from operations ...................... 12,215
Other expenses and losses
Interest expense ............................ 30
Net income ........................................... ₩12,185
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
YI LTD.
Equity Statement
Owner’s Capital, January 1, 2020 ..................... ₩78,700
Add: Net income .............................................. 12,185
90,885
Less: Drawings ................................................. 800
Owner’s Capital, January 31, 2020 ................... ₩90,085
YI LTD.
Statement of Financial Position
January 31, 2020
Assets
Property and equipment

Equipment .................................................. ₩6,450
Less: Accumulated depreciation ............. 1,625
₩4,825
Current assets
Prepaid insurance ..................................... 1,800
Supplies ..................................................... 700
Inventory .................................................... 15,000
Notes receivable ........................................ 39,000
Accounts receivable .................................. 24,000
Cash ............................................................ 45,490
Total current assets ........................... 125,990
Total assets ......................................... ₩130,815
Owner’s Equity and Liabilities

Owner’s Equity
Owner’s capital........................................... ₩90,085
Current liabilities
Notes payable ............................................. ₩15,000
Accounts payable ...................................... 25,700
Interest payable .......................................... 30
Total liabilities..................................... 40,730
Total owner’s equity and liabilities ... ₩130,815
ACR 7.2 (Continued)
(f) YI LTD.
Post-Closing Trial Balance
January 31, 2020
Debit Credit
Cash................................................................. ₩ 45,490
Inventory ......................................................... 15,000
Supplies .......................................................... 700
Prepaid Insurance........................................... 1,800
Equipment ....................................................... 6,450
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ....... ₩ 1,625
Notes Payable ................................................. 15,000
Accounts Payable ........................................... 25,700
Interest Payable .............................................. 30
Owner’s Capital .............................................. 90,085
₩132,440 ₩132,440
Accounts Receivable balance .............................. ₩24,000

B. Bak ............................................................. ₩ 9,000
Baozi Co. . ...................................................... 3,700
R. Kang .......................................................... 5,200
Lim Co. .......................................................... 6,100
₩24,000
Accounts Payable balance ................................... ₩25,700

Bai Co. ............................................................ ₩12,500
S. Chen ........................................................... 9,300
Koh Co. .......................................................... 3,900
₩25,700
CT 7.1 REAL-WORLD FOCUS
Answers will vary.
CT 7.2 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION
(a) The special journals for Hoo & Haan should be: (1) sales journal,
(2) purchases journal, (3) cash receipts journal, and (4) cash payments
journal.
(1) Sales Journal columns:

Date.
Account Debited.
Invoice Number.
Reference.
Accounts Receivable, Dr. and Sales Revenue—Appliances, Cr.
Cost of Goods Sold, Dr. and Inventory—Appliances, Cr.
(2) Purchases Journal columns:

Date.
Account Credited.
Terms.
Reference.
Accounts Payable, Cr.
Inventory—Appliances, Dr.
Inventory—Parts, Dr.
Note: Because two different types of merchandise are purchased on

credit, a three-column purchases journal might be used.
(3) Cash Receipts Journal columns:

Date.
Account Credited.
Reference.
Cash, Dr.
Accounts Receivable, Cr.
Sales Revenue—Appliances, Cr.
Sales Revenue—Parts, Cr.
Revenue from Repairs, Cr.
Other Accounts, Cr.
Cost of Goods Sold, Dr. and Inventory—
Appliances, Cr.
Cost of Goods Sold, Dr. and Inventory—Parts, Cr.
Note: A Sales Discounts, Dr. column is not needed because all credit
terms are net/30 days.
CT 7.2 (Continued)
(4) Cash Payments Journal columns:

Date.
Check Number.
Account Debited.
Reference.
Other Accounts, Dr.
Accounts Payable, Dr.
Advertising Expense, Dr.
Salaries and Wages Expense, Dr.
Inventory—Appliances, Cr.
Inventory—Parts, Cr.
Cash, Cr.
(b) Hoo & Haan should have:
(1) An accounts receivable control account with individual customers’

accounts in a customers’ subsidiary ledger.
(2) An accounts payable control account with individual creditors in a

creditors’ subsidiary ledger.
The use of control accounts and subsidiary ledgers will: (1) provide
necessary up-to-date information on specific customer and creditor
balances, (2) free the general ledger of excessive detail, (3) help locate
errors in individual accounts, and (4) make possible a division of labor in
posting.
CT 7.3 COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY
Mr. Colm Joyce

2 Main Street
Central City, Michigan 48172
Dear Mr. Joyce:
Thank you for hiring two additional bookkeepers a month ago to help me with
the accounting. Unfortunately, the inefficiencies in recording transactions
have continued at an even higher rate. The reason is that there are often
times when more than one person needs to use the journal. In addition, the
daily posting of transactions continues to be very time consuming.
I would like to suggest some changes in the accounting system. Because of

the increased volume of business, I believe it is time for us to use special
journals for journalizing transactions. Special journals would be in addition to
the journal that we are using now. There would be four special journals:
1. Sales journal—for all sales of merchandise on account.

2. Cash receipts journal—for all cash received.
3. Purchases journal—for all purchases of merchandise on account.
4. Cash payments journal—for all cash payments.
To use special journals, we will need columnar journal paper which can be
obtained at any office supply store at very low cost. I can also quickly train the
new bookkeepers in the use of special journals. Special journals will permit
a division of labor so that all three of us can be recording transactions at the
same time. Thus, the inefficiencies in journalizing will be eliminated.
Special journals also make it possible to do some postings monthly. This

will significantly reduce the time required to make daily postings. As a result,
it should free up some time for us to do other things!
I am confident that the use of special journals will improve the efficiency of the
accounting department. If you have any questions on this recommendation,
please let me know.
Yours sincerely,
Kiera
CT 7.4 ETHICS CASE
(a) The stakeholders in this case are:
• Indy Grover, manager of Wiemers’s centralized computer account-

ing operation.
• The employees of Wiemers’s three divisions at Freeport, Rockport,
and Bayport.
(b) Indy’s instructions to assign the Bayport code to all uncoded and
incorrectly coded sales documents overstates the sales of Bayport
and understates the sales of Freeport and Rockport, thereby affecting
the employee bonus plan. Indy’s intent and action are unethical. He is
padding the sales of his wife, relatives, and friends at Bayport division
and unfairly aiding them in the bonus competition.
(c) Wiemers Products Company should have a written policy covering un-
coded and incorrectly coded sales documents. This would prevent the
manager from arbitrarily designating the division to be credited for the
uncoded sales.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
representatives at Delphi to undo the baneful effect which the
pronouncement must have on the Athenian decision. Peloponnesus
intended, no doubt, to defend itself at the Isthmus; but the Spartans
had a perfectly clear comprehension of the necessary part which the
Greek fleet, of which the Athenians must furnish the most important
contingent, must play in the defence.
It is unnecessary to suppose that the pressure was exerted on the
oracle at the immediate initiative of persons who were present on the
spot when the Athenian delegates were given the first answer.
Herodotus is not strict on questions of chronology; possibly his
sources of information did not allow him to be so; and the interval
between the two oracles may have been quite considerable relative
to the rapid march of events. Meanwhile pressure had been brought
to bear on the authorities at Delphi from Peloponnesus, a part of the
world whose representations they could not afford to neglect. So the
tone of the first response was modified in the Peloponnesian
interest. The Athenian was still counselled to desert Attica, but not to
seek safety away from Greece; and the fleet is clearly pointed to as
the means of salvation.
It was not Salamis which Delphi foresaw. It may be doubted even
whether she had any belief in the policy advocated. The Isthmus and
the Peloponnesians demanded the Athenian fleet; and Delphi could
not afford to quarrel with her best friends.
The new oracle, whose meaning was obscured by the fact that
the previous one had been uttered, came near to being
misinterpreted by those to whom it was sent. They evidently saw
from the first that it was, in a sense, a reversal of its predecessor; but
as to its positive meaning they were in much doubt.
In the account of the debate upon it Herodotus introduces,
practically for the first time, to the stage of history, with a suddenness
and simplicity of expression which is almost dramatic, the name of
H. vii. 143.
Themistocles. “There was a certain man of the
Athenians, who had recently come to the front (in the
State), whose name was Themistocles;”—“And Elijah the Tishbite,
who was of the inhabitants of Gilead, said unto Ahab.” In both cases
the dramatic effect of the story of the lives of the men whose
biography is thus opened is heightened by the lack of anything
resembling an introduction.
That a debate did take place on the meaning of the oracle is
probably the case; and the tradition which Herodotus followed
doubtless represents in the main the lines of argument adopted by
either side. The reference to Salamis and to the lines thereon in the
response of Delphi might seem to be evidence in favour of their
genuineness; but it is quite manifest that, if the oracle was spoken at
anything like the time at which Herodotus represents it to have been
uttered, it is inconceivable that the idea of fighting at Salamis can at
that time have entered into the head of Themistocles, much less into
the minds of those who directed affairs at Delphi. Themistocles’
great reputation in the years which followed the war was very largely
due to the part he played with respect to the strategy and tactics of
Salamis; and there was every inducement for the oracle to put in
after the event a claim to the first suggestion of the famous plan. But,
if any judgment can be formed as to the approximate date at which
this particular oracle was issued, it can only be said that Salamis lay
at that time in a future impenetrable to human reckoning.
As the question of the exact bearing of these oracles has been
discussed at some length, it may be convenient to sum up in a few
sentences the hypotheses which have been suggested as to their
origin and tendency.
There seems to have been a belief current in Greece when first
the news of the coming expedition was noised abroad, that it was a
punitive one aimed, like that of Datis and Artaphernes, against
105
Athens. The then recent events of 490 would lend colour to such
a belief. When the magnitude of the coming expedition became
known, and reports as to its real intent came across the Ægean,
Greece as a whole began to think that the danger was more widely
threatening than had been first supposed. Delphi did not share in this
change of opinion, and continued to regard the expedition as aimed
against Athens alone. Holding this view, she adopted the double
course of trying to remove the cause of offence by getting the
Athenians to leave Greece, and of doing all in her power to prevent
Greece as a whole from being involved in the matter. She was
successful in preventing Crete and Argos from joining in the Hellenic
defence, and the second half of the first oracle delivered to Athens, if
a part of the original version, is a threat, uttered possibly about the
time of the expedition to Thessaly, to those powers other than
Athens who seemed inclined to make the question a pan-Hellenic
one. Whatever Delphi thought, Sparta had by that time fully made up
her mind that the danger was one which threatened the whole of
Greece, and was consequently exceedingly alarmed at the tenour of
the advice given by Delphi to the Athenians, the only result of which
would be to rob her of an adjunct to the defence whose value she
fully appreciated,—the Athenian fleet No time was lost in bringing
pressure to bear on Delphi. The result was the second oracle
delivered to Athens, which, in spite of its ambiguous wording, clearly
advocated a policy in strong contrast to that which the first response
had laid down.
The account of these oracles, which is, evidently, from the
chronological point of view, of the nature of a digression in
Herodotus’ history, is succeeded by the description of certain events
which must have taken place in the autumn and winter of 481.
Several measures are described which were adopted by the
Council of the Greeks which had been formed to take the necessary
steps to resist the coming invasion. A settlement was made of the
outstanding disputes between the Greek States, and especially of
the war between Athens and Ægina.
This settlement must, apparently, be attributed to the autumn of
H. vii. 145.
481, for the measures which were next taken, which
are expressly stated to have been subsequent to this
reconciliation, were contemporaneous with the presence of the
H. vii. 37.
Persian Army at Sardes, and belong therefore to the
winter of 481–480. The measures were: the seeding of
spies into Asia; the despatching of ambassadors to solicit aid from
Gelon of Syracuse, from Crete, from Corcyra, and from Argos.
THE HARBOUR OF CORCYRA.
[To face page 241.
The tale of the fate of the spies is one upon

CORCYRA.
which tradition was likely to improve; but there
H. vii. 146, is no reason to doubt the main incidents of it; how they
174. went to Sardes and were apprehended; how they
were only saved from execution by the interposition of Xerxes, who
thought it would be instructive to them to see what they wanted to
see, and that it might be very advantageous to him if they reported
what they had seen to those who sent them. Xerxes’ policy in the
matter was admittedly wise. Resistance is frequently due to
misapprehension.
The States to whom appeals for aid were sent were all of them in
peculiar positions with reference not merely to their home affairs, but
also to their relations towards the mass of the Greek States.
The very nature of things as they existed in the fifth century
before Christ made it improbable, almost impossible, that Corcyra
should take a very active interest in the affairs of Greece generally.
The Hellenism of her continental neighbours in North-west Greece,
in Epirus, in Ætolia, in Acarnania, was as yet undeveloped. The
range of Pindus, by its oblique course from the very shores of the
Adriatic to those of the Corinthian Gulf, cut off that corner of the
Greek world from those outside influences and that wide experience
which contributed so largely towards making the Hellenism of the
fifth century what it was. Corcyra had no immediate neighbours from
whom she could catch the infection of the Hellenic spirit. It is hardly
strange if she did not interpret the unwritten law of Greek patriotism
in the sense in which it was interpreted by those who were much
more interested in upholding it. Selfish she appeared to the Greeks
of this time; and it can be seen by reading between the lines in
Thucydides that this was the impression she gave to her
contemporaries half a century later. She was severely—it may be,
hardly judged. The circumstances were peculiarly unfavourable to
the development within her of a pan-Hellenic spirit. Nature had
placed her in an almost ideal position in relation to one of the
greatest trade routes of the ancient world,—that from Greece to Italy
and the West. Wealth came easily to her. Her position allowed her to
regard with equanimity the competition of Corinth and the growing
rivalry of Athenian trade. However much there might be for her
competitors, the very nature of her position assured her of an ample
sufficiency. So she lived on a policy of sufferance, neither interfering
nor interfered with. If the Corcyrean was a spoilt child, he had been
spoilt by mother nature. His circumstances were such as were
peculiarly calculated to encourage a selfish patriotism. Had he
voyaged the whole Mediterranean over, he could not have found a
fairer picture than that presented by his own enchanted island. To
himself, no doubt, he appeared the honest man; but to his
contemporaries of larger view he seemed, as it were, the “man with
the muck-rake” of Greek politics, over whose head the crown of
patriotism was held in vain.
It is conceivable that in the present instance Corcyra did not
understand to the full the nature of the danger which threatened
Greece. It had taken long to convince the states who sent her the
invitation that the attack was not directed against Athens alone. She
promised assistance, but evidently with a mental reservation to hold
back until the intention of the Persian was declared unmistakably.
Unfortunately for her reputation, she held back too long. When
she ought to have joined in, she did not—possibly she was too late
to do so; and it is not surprising if her contemporaries, who had
borne the burden of the struggle unaided by her, judged her hardly.
Not so severe, perhaps, should be the judgment of those who are
in a position to review the whole extent of the feeling which prevailed
at this critical time. Patriotism, when aroused, does not argue
according to the rules of logic; and so, remembering this, the severity
of the judgment passed by the Greek patriot on the Greek neutral
may be excused, or even in a sense justified. But it must also be
borne in mind that those who, with Delphi, regarded any joint action
of the Greek States in a quarrel which might be looked upon as
concerning Athens alone, to be calculated to bring suffering upon the
whole of Greece, or at any rate on those who took part in it, and
therefore impolitic, were also justified from their point of view. To
them it might seem as if Athens should lie on the bed she herself
had made, when she had alone among the great powers of Greece
interfered in the Ionian revolt.
Of the Crete of the earlier part of the fifth
ATTITUDE OF
ARGOS.
century but little is known from the historians;
and the modern exploration of the historic
remains on the island has, so far, thrown but little light on its political
relations at this time, whether internal or external. It seems to have
been divided up between a number of comparatively small city
States, which it would have been difficult to rouse to joint action on
any question which did not concern their special interests. Herodotus
does not pass any judgment on the conduct of the Cretans in
refusing aid, possibly because the refusal was in accordance with
the answer given by the Delphic oracle when consulted on the
subject.
The attitude of Argos is not so easy to account for. She had,
indeed, suffered terribly by the loss of six thousand of her citizens in
the battle with the Lacedæmonians under Kleomenes. Delphi, in
consistency with its policy at the time, counselled against
interference; but the Argive tale was that, even so, they were ready
to take part in the defence, provided Sparta granted them a thirty
years’ truce, and provided she shared the supreme command of the
H. vii. 149.
allied forces with them. The proposal of a truce was
entertained, if not actually accepted; but Sparta
refused to let Argos have more than one-third of the command. The
old question of the hegemony of Sparta and Argos in the
Peloponnese lay at the bottom of the refusal; but there is manifestly
a certain amount of improbability in the Argive account of the affair
H. vii. 151,
as given by Herodotus. He tells another tale, which
ad init. seems to have been of Athenian origin. It is to the
effect that Xerxes had been in direct communication
with Argos, and had practically ensured its neutrality, and that the
terms demanded by Argos from the other Greeks were proposed
with a full knowledge that they would be refused.
This tale was supported, so the historian says, by information
obtained at Susa by that mysterious embassy of Kallias;
nevertheless, Herodotus believes the Argive account, and rejects the
tale current in the rest of Greece.
If an author in the fifth century B.C. could not satisfactorily
discover the truth with regard to the matter, it is not likely that it
should be possible to do so at the present day. It may be that Argos,
from genuine conviction, followed the lead of Delphi, but provided for
a possible error in that policy by entering into some kind of
arrangement with the Persian.
The answer which the Greek Council sent to the Argives, as
reported by Diodorus, may be an invention of later times, but is so
peculiarly apt as to be worthy of quotation:⁠—
“If,” it ran, “you think it a more dreadful thing to have a
Greek commander than a barbarian master, you are right
in biding quiet; but if you are ambitious to get the
hegemony of Greece, you must earn a position so
splendid by doing something worthy of it.”
But the greatest military power in the Greek world at this time was
not situated in the mother country. Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse in
Sicily, had at his command an armed force superior to that of any
other Greek State. His land army may not, indeed, have been
greater than the force which Sparta could put in the field; but he
possessed, besides, a navy as powerful as that of Athens. He seems
to have been a man of unusual capacity who, had death spared him
for a while, might have made Syracuse the centre of a considerable
dominion in the West. He was manifestly a desirable acquisition for
the league of defence; and it was very natural that a joint embassy
should be sent to him to ask his help in the coming peril. Herodotus
describes the embassy with considerable detail, but his account
raises some difficulties which cast a doubt, not perhaps on his
truthfulness, but on the correctness of his version of what took place.
It may be assumed that the speeches made by Gelo and the
Greek ambassadors are in their form the creation of the historian.
The real historical question is not as to the form, but as to the matter.
H. vii. 157.
In the speech of the Greeks two points are peculiarly
prominent; it shows that there was an idea in certain
quarters in Greece that the expedition was directed against Athens
alone; it is further asserted that if Greece is subdued, Sicily’s turn for
attack will not fail to come quickly. The first of these is important as
throwing further light on the attitude of the Delphic oracle; the second
is an argument in accord with Herodotus’ own impression of the
situation at the time.
It is quite easy to see that there prevailed in
GELO OF
SYRACUSE.
antiquity two views as to the exact significance
of the coincidence of the Carthaginian attack
on Sicily with the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Herodotus never
saw any connection between them. It is possible that no hint of such
a connection was apparent in the sources from which he drew his
H. vii 158.
story of the relations between Gelo and the embassy.
He represents the former as being willing to send a
very considerable contingent to aid the Greeks at home, provided
that the latter will give him the command of the united force. The
condition, if the offer was ever made, was in no wise a surprising
one. Considering the magnitude of the help which Gelo is reported to
H. vii 159.
have offered, it was reasonable. And yet it was
refused, and that, too, in language which cannot be
regarded as otherwise than insulting. So Gelo reduced his terms to
the command of either the sea or land force. And now the Athenian
section of the embassy had a word to say. Their refusal of the
command by sea was, perhaps, somewhat more polite, but hardly
less explicit than had been that of the Spartans to the original
condition. Gelo’s answer, as reported, is brief, but marked by a wit
not unworthy of the distinguished literary society of his court: “My
Athenian friend, you seem to have commanders, without the
likelihood of any troops to command.”
After this, it may well be imagined, there was nothing more to be
said or done, and the embassy went home.
Gelo, however, is reported to have sent a treasure-ship to Delphi,
to watch the course of the war, with orders, in case the Persian won
the day, to surrender the treasure to him and offer the earth and
water of submission. The general origin of the tale so far is plainly
indicated by Herodotus. It is a story which existed—perhaps indeed
was current—in European Greece, for the historian, before
proceeding to add further details, expressly mentions that they were
derived from Sicily.
H. vii. 165. The Sicilians say, so he relates, that in spite of what

had occurred, Gelo would have aided the Greeks and
submitted to the Lacedæmonian command, had not circumstances
arisen at home, in the shape of a Carthaginian invasion, which
prevented him from so doing. Herodotus ascribes the invasion to the
intervention of the Carthaginians in favour of Terillos, tyrant of
Himera, who had been driven out of his government by Thero of
Akragas. An immense army, 300,000 in number, composed, after the
manner of the Carthaginian armies, of nearly all the peoples in the
Western Mediterranean, invaded Sicily by way of Himera.
Such is Herodotus’ account of the events in Sicily at this critical
time, an account which closes with words of great significance,
which put a somewhat different complexion on the tale of the
sending of the treasure-ship to Delphi “Thus, not being able to help
the Greeks (owing to this invasion), Gelo sent the treasure to
Delphi.”
Even if there existed no other evidence with regard to the events
of this period than that which Herodotus supplies, his narrative as it
stands would raise several serious difficulties.
It is, in the first place, quite impossible that an expedition of the
magnitude of that despatched by Carthage could have been got
ready without prolonged preparations such as could not have
remained a secret from the surrounding peoples, and especially from
the Sicilian Greeks. It would be calculated to excite the liveliest alarm
among all who could conceive themselves to be the objects of
attack. Of the magnitude of the expedition there can be no doubt.
The numbers given in Herodotus may not be correct, probably are
not so; but, be that as it may, Sicily itself bore testimony of an
exceedingly practical kind to the magnitude of the victory which was
Head. Hist.
subsequently won at Himera. The victory itself, and
Numm. the prosperity to which it gave rise, caused something
like a revolution in the coinage of Syracuse and of the
Siciliot states generally.
It is impossible to suppose that Gelo was unaware that the
expedition was being prepared, and, indeed, that Sicily was the
object of it, long before the expedition itself started. It is therefore, to
say the least of it, doubtful whether he can
LIBERTY AND
TYRANNY.
ever have entertained, or even have professed
to entertain, any idea of sending a force to help
H. vii. 165,
the Greeks at home. Even in Herodotus’ narrative it is
ad fin. stated that Gelo was aware of the coming of the great
Carthaginian expedition before the treasure was
despatched to Delphi. Why should Gelo have sought to buy off a
Persian attack from a distance when the great invasion was close
upon him? If he succumbed to the latter, the money would be thrown
away. If he were successful in warding it off, he might reasonably
expect to be able to resist any force which Persia could bring against
him. The Ionian Sea was not a Hellespont which might be bridged.
The tale of this despatch of treasure to Delphi is a strange one. It
may not be true. In any case the motive for it in Herodotus is
manifestly impossible. But the tale is not one which can be ignored.
The Greek of the fifth century was just as capable of suppressing as
of making history. His patriotism had a tendency to run on party
lines. The very intensity of the sympathy which he felt for all that was
Hellenic made him intensely hostile to any political system in the
Hellenic world, or to any representative of a system, which was
opposed to his own ideas; optimi corruptio pessima. The tyranny of
the great king over his subjects, even if they were Greeks, aroused
but a lukewarm resentment in the breast of the Greek democrat. He
hated with a much fiercer passion the tyranny of Greek over Greek.
The barbarian knew no better, because he was a barbarian; the
Greek ought to know, because he was a Greek. Nowhere and at no
time in Greek history can this feeling have been stronger than in the
Athens of the middle of the fifth century, under whose influence
Herodotus so manifestly wrote. The Great War had in his day
become a story; he just saved it from becoming a myth. The creative
genius of the Greek did not discriminate in subject-matter. History,
both Ancient and Modern, went alike info the melting-pot of his
imagination, to be cast into a fable, often beautiful, with a moral in its
train. To such an influence as this Herodotus was peculiarly
susceptible. His genuinely conscientious desire to write history in all
truth was tinged with a piety which induced an unconscious
reservation of fact. He preferred the improbable combined with a
distinct moral lesson to the probable when no moral lesson was
conveyed. He wished to teach as well as to inform.
It is not necessary to suppose—there are, indeed, many reasons
for thinking it improbable,—that he ever departed from what he
believed to be true; but, at the same time, he was not possessed of
the keen critical faculty which would have been necessary to unravel
the truth from the falsehood of the tales which must have formed so
largely the basis of the history of the earlier part of the fifth century.
His account of Gelo is doubtless coloured by, if not reproduced from,
the tradition of the Greece of his time with regard to this incident in
the history of the great war. That war was regarded as far the
greatest of the triumphs of Hellenic freedom, a triumph of free
institutions over the monarchical system. The nature of the triumph
would have been largely discounted had it been necessary to record
the name of a hated tyrant upon the roll of fame. And so, may be, the
connection between Gelo’s victory and the war of liberation in
Greece itself was a thing almost forgotten in Hellas by the time of
Herodotus. It may have been hardly known to his generation, or only
sufficiently known to be resented and buried in silence. The tale as it
was told was a grand moral lesson to the democratic Greek. Even in
the stress of the severest need the free Greek had refused to sell his
birthright of command to a hated tyranny, though the price offered
had been great. And yet the issue had been triumphant. Could it be
bearable that the tyrant should be accorded a share in the triumph?
The tradition which Herodotus followed had some such motive
behind it.
It may not be possible at the present time to
PERSIA AND
CARTHAGE.
arrive at aught resembling a detailed
knowledge of this side plot of the great drama
of 480, and even the circumstances of the information are not of
such a kind as to allow us to speak with ultimate assurance on the
main outlines of it; but the evidence, actual and presumptive, when
the several items are added and subtracted, leaves a large balance
of probability in favour of a view very different from that which
Herodotus has given to the world.
It is not, perhaps, unnatural that knowledge after the event should
tend to obscure the true appreciation of all that preceded it. There is,
however, one phase of the Persian expedition of 480 which stands
out above all others; and that is the splendid character of the
organization which placed the enormous host of Xerxes in middle
Greece. It was not merely the outcome of the experience of years of
campaigning half the world over; it must have been the outcome of
some years of preparation with an express end in view. Can it be
supposed that in these years the advantages of a diversion in the
western world of Greece escaped the notice of a people who gave
such practical proof of capacity? It cannot be too often said that it is
a great historical mistake to read the incapacity of the Persia of the
fourth century into its history at the beginning of the fifth.
The means of creating the diversion were both obvious and easy.
Persia, through the intermediary of her subjects the Phœnicians, had
excellent means of communicating with and influencing the great
Carthaginian power. This influence must have been largely
increased by the favour which Persia showed to the Phœnician as
against the Greek trader.
It is unnecessary to point to the fact that Carthage would
presumably require but little persuasion to attack the rival Greek in
Sicily at a time when no help could possibly be given from Greece
itself.
H vii. 166.
The Sicilian Greek seems to have had no sort of
doubt as to the connection between the invasion of his
H. vii. 165.
own island and that of the mother country. Herodotus,
ad init. even in spite of his bias towards the Greek version of
the story, gives some hint of a different version in
H vii. 166. Sicily. He does not apparently know much about it, as
he does not mention Himera as the locality of the
Frag. Hist. decisive battle.
Græc.
It is in a fragment of Ephoros that occurs the first
Frag. III. extant historical reference to the connection between
Schol. Pind.
the two expeditions. He says that Persian and
Pyth. i. 146. Phœnician ambassadors were sent to the
Carthaginians, “ordering” them to invade Sicily with as
large an expedition as possible, and after subduing it, to come on to
the Peloponnese. Discredit has been cast on the passage in
consequence of the use of the word “order,” because, so it is said,
the Persians were not in a position to give orders to Carthage. But,
supposing the use of the word is not merely an instance of verbal
inaccuracy, it is quite conceivable that a Greek historian might use
such an expression to describe the supposed relations between the
Diod. xi. 1.
mother state of Phœnicia and her colony. The
historian Diodorus recognizes the same connection
between the two expeditions. He does not, however, make any
reference to Phœnician agency in the matter, nor does he speak of
106
an “order,” but of a diplomatic agreement.
One question remains: Did Gelo ever
SICILIAN
TRADITION.
seriously entertain the idea of sending help to
the mother country? It is hardly conceivable
that he did. The Carthaginian preparations were on such a scale that
he must have been long forewarned of the coming storm. Whether
he made any sort of offer to the Greek embassy is quite another
question.
If the Greek version of the story of the time provokes the
suspicion that it arose under influences inimical to the strict truth, the
Sicilian also, of which there is a hint in Herodotus, and some detail in
Diodorus, suggests in certain of its passages that it is not an
unadorned tale. That sentiment of the free Greek which, when the
history of the great war came to be written, led him to deny the
Sicilian tyrant all share in its glory, met a counter-sentiment in Sicily,
which claimed for the Sicilian Greek a share in the famous triumph.
Under such influences both exaggeration and suppression of the
truth were sure to take place. The Sicilian version was not content
with confining itself to the just claim that Gelo and Sicily in the victory
at Himera had contributed to the triumphant result of the great war. It
sought evidently to ascribe to the Sicilian Greek a sympathetic, if not
Diod. xi 26.
actual, share in the liberation of Greece itself. Gelo is
represented as having, after the victory of Himera,
prepared a fleet with a view to sending help to Greece, but to have
desisted from the design on receiving news of the victory at Salamis.
This is neither capable of proof nor disproof. The exact date of
Himera is not known, though there was a tradition that it was fought
on the same day as Salamis. If that be accepted, this addition to the
Sicilian version must be rejected; but if the tradition was merely of
that class which is found represented in the history of the time, and
which supplied the eternal demand for curious coincidences, then it
is possible that Himera was fought sufficiently long before Salamis to
make it possible for Gelo to entertain such a design; nor would it
have been strange had he sought to avenge himself on Persia for an
attack which she had provoked against him. It is possible, too, that
the epigram reported to have been engraved on an offering of Gelo
107
at Delphi refers not merely to the true significance of Himera, but
also to the preparation of this expedition which was never sent.
This war in Sicily, and the questions which arise concerning it, are
of much greater importance to the study of this period of Greek
history than the comparative brevity of their treatment by Greek
historians might suggest to the mind of a reader who did not realize
to himself their full significance. The Greek tyrant in Sicily played no
small part in spreading and developing certain sides of that Greek
civilization which has contributed so largely towards the civilization of
the present day. The view, therefore, which was taken by one of the
greatest and most able of those tyrants as to the part which he
should play at a time when that civilization was threatened with
extinction, is not a minor matter in the history of Greece, or, indeed,
of the world. Nor, again, can the part played by Persia in the invasion
of Sicily be of small account. Persia at this time represented, in
certain respects,—and especially with respect to sheer capacity and
breadth of view, —the highest development which the great empires
of the East were able to attain; and its connection or lack of
connection with the attack on Sicily cannot but affect the judgment
108
which the modern world must pass on that capacity.
To the Greeks gathered in council at the Isthmus the outlook, after
their retreat from Tempe, and after the return of the embassies, must
have been a gloomy one. Nothing had been gained, and much had
been lost. Thessaly with its cavalry, that arm in which the Greeks
were peculiarly weak, and their enemy peculiarly strong, had been
perforce left to its fate; and no one could doubt what that would be.
The states between Kithæron and Œta were wavering, ready to
desert. They could hardly be blamed. The backbone of the future
resistance seemed to be with Sparta and the states of the
Peloponnesian league who followed her lead.
QUESTION OF THE
LINE OF DEFENCE.
It might well be suspected, perhaps even then
it was known, that, if they could have their way,
the defence of the Isthmus would be the beginning and the end of
their design. Northern Greece seemed but too likely to be left to its
fate, just as Thessaly had been. Was it strange that it should seek to
make terms of submission? In one of its states, moreover, and that
the most powerful from a military point of view, Bœotia, more sinister
influences were at work. The oligarchical party, at all times strong in
that country whose comparatively open nature left the many at the
mercy of the powerful few, seemed only too ready to play a part
similar to that which the Aleuadæ had played in Thessaly.
The attitude of Argos was also calculated to cause alarm. It must
be pointed out at the same time, that though it aggravated the
situation to a certain extent, it did not affect it so decisively as has
been imagined by modern commentators. The possibility of the
landing of Persian troops behind the defences of the Isthmus was
not a question so much dependent on the action of Argos as on the
success or failure of the Greek fleet in checking the advance of the
enemy’s ships before they succeeded in crossing the Saronic Gulf.
Had the Persian fleet once succeeded in establishing itself in some
harbour of the coast of Argolis, the defence of the Isthmus must have
collapsed, whatever the attitude of Argos might have been. This
State, owing to the losses it had suffered in the great defeat which
Kleomenes and the Spartans inflicted upon it, can hardly have been
in a position to offer serious resistance to a landing on its coasts.
Note.—The relation of date between the return of the
embassies and the retreat from Tempe is of considerable
importance to a right appreciation of the situation at this
critical time. Herodotus dates the events in Greece by the
advance of Xerxes’ army. Thus the expedition to Tempe is
stated to have taken place βασιλέος τε μέλλοντος
διαβαίνειν ἐς τῆν Εὐρώπην ἐκ τὴς Ἀσίης, καὶ εὄντος ἤδη ἐν
Ἀβύδῳ. H. vii. 174.
Again, the embassies seem to have been despatched
simultaneously to Sicily, Corcyra, Crete and Argos (H. vii.
148, 153, etc.). That to Sicily would almost certainly be the
last to return. Gelo did not send the treasure-ships to
Delphi until after the visit of the embassy (H. vii. 163, ad
init.), and he did not send them till after he had heard that
Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont.
If, then, the rough chronology of Herodotus can be
relied upon,—and there is not any other source of
information upon the subject available,—the Greeks who
assembled at the Isthmus after the withdrawal from Tempe
must have known that the resources then at their disposal
were all upon which they could reckon in the coming
struggle.
Note on the Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily.

The satisfactorily attested fact that a large Carthaginian
Army attacked Sicily simultaneously with the invasion of
Greece by Xerxes raises the very difficult question
whether the coincidence in time between the two attacks
was anything more than accidental; and, if it was, as to the
exact nature of the relation between them. Before
discussing the question, it may be well to collect together
the various passages in ancient authors in which
reference is made to the nature of the Carthaginian
campaign.
H. vii. 165.
Λέγεται δὲ καὶ τάδε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Σικελίῃ οἰκημένων, ὡς
ὅμως, καὶ μέλλων ἄρχεσθαι ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων, ὁ Γέλων
ἐβοήθησε ἂν τοῖσι Ἕλλησι, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ Θήρωνος τοῦ
Αἰνησιδήμου Ἀκραγαντίνων μουνάρχου ἐξελασθεὶς ἐξ
Ἱμέρης Τήριλλος ὁ Κρινίππου, τύραννος ἐὼν Ἱμέρης,
ἐπῆγε ὑπ’ αὐτὸν τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον φοινίκων καὶ Λιβύων
καὶ Ἰβήρων καὶ Λιγύων καὶ Ἑλισύκων καὶ Σαρδονίων καὶ
Κυρνίων τριήκοντα μυριάδας, καὶ στρατηγὸν αὐτῶν
Ἀμίλκαν τὸν Ἄννωνος, Καρχηδονίων ἐόντα βασιλέα˙ κατὰ
ξεινίην τε τὴν ἑωυτοῦ ὁ Τήριλλος ἀναγνώσας, καὶ μάλιστα
διὰ τὴν Ἀναξίλεω τοῦ Κρητίνεω προθυμίην, ὁς Ῥηγίου ἐὼν
τύραννος, τὰ ἑωυτοῦ τέκνα δοὺς ὁμήρους Ἀμίλκᾳ, ἐπῆγε
μιν ἐπὶ τὴν Σικελίαν, τιμωρέων τῷ πενθερῷ·
Then there follows the statement that Gelon and
Theron defeated Hamilcar in Sicily the same day as
Salamis was fought, after which we get two accounts—the
first presumably Greek, probably Syracusan, the second
Carthaginian—of Hamilcar’s disappearance in the battle,
and a further statement to the effect that the Carthaginians
sacrificed to him, and set up statues to him in Carthage
and her colonies.
It is noticeable that in neither account does Herodotus
mention Himera as the locality of the battle.
Of the treasures sent by Gelon to Delphi, he tells us
(vii. 163) that Gelon, fearing that the Greeks might
succumb to the Persian, but considering it quite an
impossible thing for the tyrant of Sicily to go to
Peloponnese to be put under the command of
Lacedæmonians, sent, immediately on hearing of the
passage of the Hellespont by the Persians, a certain
Cadmus with three ships to Delphi with much treasure and
friendly words (καραδοκήσαντα τὴν μάχην ᾕ πεσέεται˙ καὶ
ἤν μὲν ὁ βάρβαρος νικᾷ, τὰ τε χρήματα αὐτῷ διδόναι, καὶ
γῆν τε καὶ ὕδωρ τῶν ἄρχει ὅ Γέλων ˙ ἤν δὲ οἱ Ἕλληνες,
ὀπίσω ἀπάγειν), and (VII. 164) we are told that when the
Greeks won in the sea-fight, and Xerxes departed,
Cadmus returned to Sicily, bringing all the treasure with
him.
A fragment of the history of Ephorus (Frag. III Schol.
Pind. Pyth. I. 146) gives the following account of the
matter:⁠—
Ἐκ δὲ Περσῶν καὶ Φοινίκων πρέσβεις πρὸς
Καρχηδονίους [παραγενέσθαι] προστάσσοντας ὡς
πλεῖστον δέοι στόλον ˙ εἰς Σικελίαν τε βαδίζειν, καὶ
καταστρεψαμένους τοὺς τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων φρονοῦντας
πλεῖν ἐπὶ Πελοπόννησον.
THE CARTAGINIAN
Diodorus, xi. 1, says:⁠—
INVASION OF “Ὁ δὲ Ξέρξης.... βονλόμενος πάντας
SICILY.
τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀναστάτους ποιῆσαι,
διεπρεσβεύσατο πρὸς Καρχηδονίους περὶ κοινοπραγίας,
καὶ συνέθετο πρὸς αὐτοὺς. ὥστε αὐτὸν μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὴν
Ἑλλάδα κατοικοῦντας Ἕλληνας στρατεύειν,
“Καρχηδονίους δὲ τοῖς αὐτοῖς χρόνοις μεγάλας
παρασκευάσασθαι δυνάμεις, καὶ καταπολεμῆσαι τῶν
Ἑλλήνων τοὺς περὶ Σικελίαν καὶ Ἰταλίαν οἰκοῦντας.”
These are the historical passages which bear on the
subject.
Of non-historical passages, we have in the “Poetics” of
Aristotle, 23, a reference to the coincidence in date of the
battles of Salamis and Himera.
It is needless to say that we are here in the presence of
evidence which, if not actually conflicting, is at any rate
extremely difficult to reconcile.
Only one great fact stands out with certainty, namely,
that two great simultaneous attacks were made in 480
b.c. on the two great divisions of the free Hellenic world.
The question is: Were they part of one great scheme, or
was their coincidence purely fortuitous?
To speak with the appearance of assuredness on such
a question would be delusive, in that it would assume that
there existed in the evidence attainable a conclusiveness
to which it cannot lay any claim. Such as it is, it can only
be judged by the law of probabilities.
Let us first take the probabilities of the case apart from
the evidence actually quoted here.
Phœnicia, the mother country of Carthage, was at this
time within the Persian dominion. Its population seems, on
the whole, to have received exceptionally favourable
treatment from the Persian Government, probably
because it supplied the best material, animate and
inanimate, to the fleet of the empire. It would also be to
the interest of the Persian Government to encourage the
most enterprising traders of its dominion. Furthermore, the
subjugation of Phœnicia had not broken the tie of
relationship between the mother country and the greatest
of its colonies. When, under Cambyses, the Persian
dominions had been extended as far as the Greater Syrtis,
the Phœnicians had refused to prosecute the war further
against their kin (H. iii. 17–19); and it had apparently been
thought wise, if not necessary, to submit to this refusal.
From that time forward there had, in so far as is known,
been no unfriendly relations between Persia and
Carthage. So long as the Phœnician was well treated
there was hardly a point on which they could clash. In the
present instance their interests manifestly coincided. It
was certainly to the interest of Xerxes that the Sicilian
Greeks should have their hands full at the time of his great
attack on Greece. The Persians had plenty of means of
knowing that there was a great Greek military power in
Sicily which might render important aid to the Greeks in
the coming struggle. The Carthaginian, on the other hand,
might well think this a favourable opportunity for crushing
the ever-increasing Greek trade competition in the richest
island in the Mediterranean, at a time when the Sicilian
Greek could not expect help from the mother country.
It is, when we consider the part played by the
Phœnicians in Xerxes’ expedition, infinitely more probable
that there was a connection between the two expeditions
than that there was not. Whether the connection was of
the intimate kind described by Diodorus may perhaps be
doubted, but certainly cannot be disproved. Ephoros and
Diodorus believe it to have been intimate; and the latter
seems, in so far as can be seen from the nature of the
fragment of Ephoros, to have had evidence on the subject
quite independent of it.
No true canon of criticism can possibly assume that the
silence of Herodotus or any other ancient author on this or
any other point in ancient history is in any way conclusive.

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ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE

1. Explain the basic concepts of 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 3 1

2. Describe the nature and 5, 6, 9, 11, 4, 5 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3,

3. Record transactions in special 7, 8, 10, 11, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 3 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3,

Problem Difficulty Time

1 Journalize transactions in cash receipts journal; Simple 30–40

2 Journalize transactions in cash payments journal; Simple 30–40

3 Journalize transactions in multi-column purchases Moderate 40–50

4 Journalize transactions in special journals. Moderate 50–60

5 Journalize in sales and cash receipts journals; post; Moderate 60–70

6 Journalize in special journals; post; prepare Complex 60–70

Number LO BT Difficulty Time (min.)

Number LO BT Difficulty Time (min.)

BLOOM’ S TAXONOMY TABLE

Learning Objective Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

system. Q7-3 BE7-3

2. There are three principles for developing an accounting information system:

3. Common features of a computerizied accounting package beyond recording transactions and

5. The advantages of using subsidiary ledgers are that they:

6. (a) (1) Transactions to subsidiary accounts are generally posted daily.

7. Sales journal. Records entries for all sales of merchandise on account.

Some advantages of each journal are given below:

13. (a) General journal. (d) Sales journal.

14. (a) Cash receipts journal. (d) Purchases journal.

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.1

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.2

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.3

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.4

Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger General Ledger

(a) General ledger (c) General ledger

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.6

(a) Cash Receipts Journal (d) Sales Journal

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.7

(a) No (c) Yes

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.8

(a) General Journal (if a one-column Purchases Journal)

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.9

(a) Cash Receipts Journal

BRIEF EXERCISE 7.10

(a) Both in total and daily (c) In total

1. False. An off-the-shelf system can meet a company’s needs.

Gong Stereo HK$4,500 (HK$11,000 – HK$6,500)

General ledger Accounts Payable balance: HK$6,800 (HK$4,500 +

1. Sold merchandise on account: Sales journal

(a) ₩370,400. Beginning balance of ₩340,000 plus ₩161,400 debit from

(b) ₩95,900. Beginning balance of ₩77,000 plus ₩66,400 credit from

To: Lilly Cheung, Chief Financial Officer

Subject: Kam-Bo Hung account

If I can be of further help, please let me know.

(a) & (b) General Ledger

Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger

(c) ZHAO FOODS

Chang ................................................................................ ¥1,460