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Chapter 6 - The Normal Distribution
Note to instructors: Graphs are not to scale 6.

and are intended to convey a general idea. Gaussian distribution and bell curve
Answers are generated using Table E.
Answers generated using the TI calculator
7.
will vary slightly. Some TI calculator
The area is found by looking up D œ 1Þ!( in
answers are shown.
Table E and subtracting 0.5.
Area œ 0.)577 0.5 œ 0.3577
EXERCISE SET 6-1
1.
The characteristics of the normal
distribution are:
0 1.07
a. It is bell-shaped.
b. It is symmetric about the mean.
8.
c. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
The area is found by looking up D œ 1.77 in
d. It is continuous. Table E and subtracting 0.5.
e. It never touches the X-axis. Area œ 0.9616 0.5 œ 0.4616
f. The area under the curve is equal to 1.
g. It is unimodal.
h. About 68% of the area lies within 1
standard deviation of the mean, about 95%
within 2 standard deviations, and about 0 1.77
99.7% within 3 standard deviations of the
mean. 9.
The area is found by looking up D œ "Þ*$ in
2. Table E and subtracting 0.5.
Many variables are normally distributed, Area œ 0.9732 0.5 œ !Þ%($#
and the distribution can be used to
describe these variables.
3.
1 or 100%. 0 "Þ*$
4. 10.
50% of the area lies below the mean, and The area is found by looking up D œ 0.32
50% lies above the mean. in Table E and subtracting from 0.5.
Area œ 0.5 0.3745 œ 0.1255
5.
68%, 95%, 99.7%
0.32 0
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
109
11. 15.
The area is found by looking up D œ 0.$7 The area is found by looking up the values
in Table E and subtracting from 1. 1.09 and 1.83 in Table E and subtracting the
Area œ 1 0.6%%$ œ 0.3&&( areas.
Area œ 0.9664 0.8621 œ 0.1043
0 0.$(
1.09 1.83
12.
The area is found by looking up D œ 2.01 16.
in Table E and subtracting from 1. The area is found by looking up the values
Area œ 1 0.9778 œ 0.0222 1.23 and 1.90 in Table E and subtracting the
areas.
Area œ 0.9713 0.8907 œ 0.0806
0 2.01
13. 0 1.23 1.90

The area is found by looking up D œ 1.87
in Table E.
17.
Area œ 0.0$!(
The area is found by looking up the
values "Þ%' and "Þ(( in Table E and
subtracting the areas.
Area œ !Þ!(#" !Þ!$)% œ !Þ!$$(
1.)( 0
14.
The area is found by looking up D œ 0.75 1.(( 1.%6 0
in Table E.
Area œ 0.2266
18.
The area is found by looking up the values
0.96 and 0.36 in Table E and
subtracting the areas.
Area œ 0.3594 0.1685 œ 0.1909
0.75 0

110
18. continued 22.

The area is found by looking up 1.31 in
Table E. Area œ 0.9049
0.96 0.36 0
0 1.31
19.
The area is found by looking up the values
1.46 and 1.98 in Table E and 23.
subtracting the areas. The area is found by looking up 0.1)
Area œ 0.0721 0.0239 œ 0.0482 in Table E and subtracting it from 1.
1 0.%#)' œ !Þ&("%
1.98 1.46 0
0.") 0
20.
The area is found by looking up the values 24.
1.12 and 0.24 and subtracting the areas. The area is found by looking up 1.92
Area œ 0.5948 0.1314 œ 0.4634 in Table E and subtracting the area from
1. Area œ 1 0.0274 œ 0.9726
1.12 0 0.24
1.92 0
21.
The area is found by looking up "Þ"# in 25.
Table E. Area œ !Þ)')' For z œ 0.44, the area is 0.3300. For
z œ 1.92, the area is 1 0.9726 œ
0.0274 Area œ 0.3300 0.0274 œ
0.3574
0 "Þ"#
0.44 0 1.92

111
26. 31.
For z œ 2.15, the area is 0.0158. For Area œ 1 !Þ**!" œ !Þ!!**
z œ 1.62, the area is 1 0.9474 œ
0.0526 Area œ 0.0158 0.0526 œ
0.0684
0 #Þ$$
32.
2.15 0 1.62 Area œ 1 0.7939 œ 0.2061
27.
Area œ !Þ)#)* !Þ& œ !Þ$#)*
0 0.82
33.
0 0.9& Area œ !Þ!'&&
28.
Area œ 0.9750 0.5 œ 0.4750
"Þ&" 0
34.
0 1.69 Area œ 0.0384
29.
Area œ 0.5 !Þ!)$) œ !Þ%"'#
1.77 0
35.
"Þ$) 0
Area œ 0.9699 0.0192 œ 0.9507
30.
Area œ 0.5 0.1093 œ 0.3907
2.07 0 1.88
1.23 0

112
36. 41.
Area œ 0.9406 0.4207 œ 0.5199 Since the D score is on the left side of 0, use
the negative D table. Areas in the negative
D table are in the tail, so we will use
0.5 0.4175 œ 0.0825 as the area. The
closest D score corresponding to an area of
0.20 0 1.56 0.0825 is D œ 1.39.
(TI answer œ 1.3885)
37.
Area œ 0.9845 0.9947 œ 0.0428 42.
Since the D score is on the right side of 0,
use the positive D score table. Areas for
positive D scores include the left side of the
curve, which has an area of 0.5. Hence, we
must use 0.5 0.4066 œ 0.9066 as the
0 1.56 2.13
area. The D score corresponding to an area
of 0.9066 is z œ 1.32.
38. (TI answer œ 1.3201)
Area œ 0.9236 0.8686 œ 0.055
43.
D œ 2.08, found by using the negative D
table.
0 1.12 1.43
44.
39.
Using the positive D table,
Area œ 0.9222
1 0.0239 œ 0.9761, thus D œ 1.98.
45.
Use the negative D table and
0 1.42
1 0.8962 œ 0.1038 for the area. The D
score is D œ 1.26.
40. (TI answer œ 1.2602)
Area œ 1 0.0764 œ 0.9236
46.
D œ 1.84, found by using the positive D
table.
1.43 0

113
47. 50.
a. Using the negative D table, For a middle area of 48%, 24% lies on
area œ 1 0.9887 œ 0.0113. Hence each side of 0. To find the D score on the
D œ 2.28. left side, use area œ0.5 0.24 œ 0.26.
(TI answer œ 2.2801) The D score closest to an area of 0.26 is
0.64. Since the curve is symmetrical
b. Using the negative D table, about the mean (or center line), the D
area œ 1 0.8212 œ 0.1788. Hence score on the right side is 0.64.
D œ 0.92. (TI answer œ „ 0.6433)
51.
c. Using the negative D table, PÐ " D "Ñ œ 0.8413 0.1587
area œ 1 0.6064 œ 0.3936. Hence œ 0.6826
D œ 0.27.
(TI answer œ 0.26995) PÐ # D #Ñ œ 0.9772 0.0228
œ 0.9544 (TI answer œ 0.9545)
48.
a. D œ 0.12 for area œ 0.5478 PÐ $ D $Ñ œ 0.9987 0.0013
(TI answer œ 0.1201) œ 0.9974 (TI answer œ 0.9973)
b. D œ 0.52 for area œ 0.6985 They are very close.

52.
c. D œ 1.18 for area œ 0.8810 For the 75th percentile D œ 0.67
49.
a. For total area œ 0.05, there will be For the 80th percentile D œ 0.84
area œ 0.025 in each tail. The D scores are (TI answer œ 0.8416)
„ 1.96.
(TI answer œ „ 1.95996) For the 92th percentile D œ 1.41
b. For total area œ 0.10, there will be
area œ 0.05 in each tail. The D scores are 53.
D œ „ 1.645. For D œ 1.2, area œ 0.1151
(TI answer œ „ 1.64485) Area (left side) œ 0.5 0.1151 œ 0.3849
0.8671 0.3849 œ 0.4822
c. For total area œ 0.01, there will be Area (right side) œ 0.4822 0.5 œ
area œ 0.005 in each tail. The D scores are 0.9822
D œ „ 2.58. For area œ 0.9822, D œ 2.10 Thus,
(TI answer œ „ 2.57583) P( 1.2 D 2.10Ñ œ 0.8671

114
54. 58. continued

For D œ 2.5, area œ 0.9938 (2)#
e e 2
Area (right side) œ 0.9938 0.5 œ 0.4938 For B œ 2, C œ
2
œ
É 21 É6.28
0.7672 0.4938 œ 0.2734
0.1353
Area (left side) œ 0.5 0.2734 œ 0.2266 œ œ 0.05
É6.28
For area œ 0.2266, D œ 0.75
Thus, PÐ 0.75 D 2.5Ñ œ 0.7672 B C
-2.0 0.05
55. -1.5 0.13
For D œ 0.5, area œ 0.3085 -1.0 0.24
0.3085 0.2345 œ 0.074
-0.5 0.35
For area œ 0.074, D œ 1.45
0 0.40
Thus, PÐ 1.45 z 0.5Ñ œ 0.2345
0.5 0.35
For D œ 0.5, area œ 0.3085 1.0 0.24
0.5 0.3085 œ 0.1915 1.5 0.13
0.2345 0.1915 œ 0.043 2.0 0.05
0.5 0.043 œ 0.543
For area œ 0.543, D œ 0.11 0.4
Thus, PÐ 0.5 D 0.11Ñ œ 0.2345 0.3
0.2
0.1
56. 0
0.76 ƒ 2 œ 0.38 on each side. -2 -1 0 1 2
Area (right side) œ 0.5 0.38 œ 0.88

D œ 1.175
59.
Area (left side) œ 0.5 0.38 œ 0.12 Since the area under the curve to the left of
D œ 1.175 D œ #Þ$ and the area under the curve to the
Thus, PÐ 1.175 D 1.175Ñ œ 0.76 right of D œ "Þ# are overlapping areas,
(TI answer œ „ 1.17499) this covers the entire area under the curve.
Thus, the total area is 1.00.
57.
ÐX0)# X#
/
2(1)#
e
2 60.
yœ œ
1 É 21 É 21 Since the area under the curve to the right
of D œ #Þ$ does not overlap the area to the
58. left of D œ "Þ#, the area is 0.
Each B value ( 2, 1.5, etc.) is
#
e B
2 EXERCISE SET 6-2
substituted in the formula C œ to get
É 21
the corresponding C value. The pairs are 1.

then plotted as shown below. %! %$Þ(
Dœ "Þ' œ #Þ$"

115
1. continued 3.
750,000 706,242
P(D < #Þ$") œ !Þ!"!% or 1.04% a. D œ œ 0.84
52,145
P(D > 0.84) œ 1 0.7995 œ 0.2005 or

20.05% (TI answer œ 0.2007)
#Þ$" 0
2.
0 0.84
35,000 47,750
a. D œ œ 2.24
5680
600,000 706,242
b. D œ œ 2.04
52,145
45,000 47,750
Dœ œ 0.48
5680 700,000 706,242
Dœ œ 0.12
52,145
P( 2.24 < D < 0.62)
œ 0.3156 0.0125 P( 2.04 < D <0.12) œ 0.4522
0.0207
P œ 0.3031 or 30.31% (TI answer P œ 0.4315 or 43.15% (TI answer
œ 0.3017) œ 0.4316)
2.46 0.48 2.04 0.12
40,000 47,750
b. D œ œ 1.36 4.
5680
For the 90th percentile, area œ 0.4 and
P(D > 1.36) œ 1 0.0869 œ 0.9131
D œ 1.28
B œ 1.28(92) 1028
B œ 1145.8 or 1146
12001028
For a score of 1200, D œ œ 1.87
92
P(D > 1.87) œ 1 0.9693 œ 0.0307 or

1.36 3.07%
c. Not too happy! It's really at the bottom

of the heap! 5.
200225
31,000 47,750
a. D œ œ 2.5
10
Dœ œ 2.95
5680
220225
Dœ œ 0.5
10
P(D Ÿ 2.95) œ 0.0016
Only 0.16% of salaries are below $31,000. P( 2.5 < D < 0.5 ) œ
0.3085 0.0062 œ 0.3023 or 30.23%

116
5. continued 6. continued
2.5 0.5 1.01 0.93
b. D œ 2.5 7.
P(D 2.5) œ 0.0062 or 0.62% a. D œ ")"&
#Þ" œ "Þ%$
P(D > "Þ%$) œ 1 !Þ*#$' œ !Þ!('%

or (.'%% (TI answer œ 0.!('%)
2.5
6.
a. D œ
1000982
œ 0.1 0 "Þ%$
180
P(D 0.1) œ 1 0.5398 œ 0.4602 or

b. D œ "$"&
#Þ" œ !Þ*&
46.02%
P(D !Þ*&) œ !Þ"("" or "(.""%
(TI answer œ 0."("")
0.1
1475982 !.*&
b. D œ œ 2.74
180
P(D 2.74) œ 1 0.9969 8.

œ 0.0031 or 0.31% a. D œ
15,00012,837
œ 1.44
1500
P( D > 1.44) œ 1 0.9251 œ 0.0749 or

7.49%
2.74
800982
c. D œ œ 1.01
180
0 1.44
1150982
Dœ œ 0.93
180
13,00012,837
P( 1.01 D 0.93) œ b. D œ œ 0.11
1500
0.8238 0.1562 œ 0.6676 or 66.76% 14,00012,837
Dœ œ 0.78
1500

117
8. continued 10.
3025
P( 0.11 < D < 0.78) œ 0.7823 0.5438 Dœ œ 0.82
6.1
œ 0.2385 or 23.85%
P(D 0.82) œ 1 0.7939 œ 0.2061 or
20.61%
1825
Dœ œ 1.15
6.1
0.11 0.78 P(D 1.15) œ 0.1251 or 12.51%
9. 11.
For B 15,000 miles:
10003262
15,00012,494
a. D œ œ 2.06
1100
Dœ œ 1.94
1290
P( D 2.06) œ 1 0.0197 œ 0.9803 or
P(D 1.94) œ 1 0.9738 œ 0.0262 98.03% (TI answer œ 0.9801)
2.06
0 1.94
40003262
For B 8000 miles: b. D œ œ 0.67
1100
800012,494
Dœ œ 3.48 P( D > 0.67) œ 1 0.7486 œ 0.2514 or
1290
25.14% (TI answer œ 0.2511)
P(D 3.48) œ 0.0003
0 0.67
30003262
3.48 0 c. D œ œ 0.24
1100
For B 6000 miles: P( 0.24 < z < 0.67) œ 0.7486

0.4052 œ 0.3434 or 34.34%
600012,494
Dœ œ 5.03 (TI answer œ 0.3430)
1290
P(D 5.03) œ 0.0001
Maybe it would be good to know why it

had only been driven less than 6000
miles. 0.24 0.67

118
12. 14.
P(B $$.00) œ P(D ?) Dœ
384 225
œ 3.53
45
For area œ 0.15, D œ 1.04
Using D œ P(D 3.53) œ 1 0.9999 œ 0.0001
= :
\\
The probability is less than 0.0001.

$Þ!! $Þ%#
1.04 œ
s
1.04= œ $Þ!! $Þ%#

1.04= œ !Þ%#
= œ !Þ%!$) or ¸ %!.$) cents
0 3.53
13.
15.
a. D œ "%#"$!
& œ #Þ%
7472
a. D œ œ 0.67
3
P(D > 2.4) œ 1 !Þ**") œ !Þ!!)#
6872
(TI answer œ 0.!!)#) Dœ œ 1.33
3
P( 1.33 < D < 0.67) œ

!Þ7486 !Þ0918 œ !Þ6568
(TI answer œ !Þ6568)
0 #Þ%
b. D œ "#&"$!
& œ "
P(D < ") œ !Þ"&)(

1.33 0.67
(TI answer œ !Þ"&)()
b.
7072
Dœ œ 0.67
3
P(D 0.67) œ 1 0.2514 œ 0.7486

1 0
c. D œ "$'"$!
&
œ "Þ#
"#)"$!
Dœ & œ !Þ%
0.67
P( !Þ% < D < "Þ#) œ
!Þ))%* !Þ$%%' œ !Þ&%!$
7572
(TI answer œ !Þ&%!$) c. D œ œ1
3
P(D 1) œ 0.8413
!Þ% "Þ#

119
16. 19.
P)! corresponds to D œ 0.84 The middle 80% means that 40% of the
area will be on either side of the mean.
For male professors: The corresponding D scores will be
B œ 0.84(5200) 99,685 „ 1.28.
B œ $104,053 B œ 1.28(92) 1810 œ 1692.24 sq. ft.
B œ 1.28(92) 1810 œ 1927.76 sq. ft.
For female professors:
(TI answers: 1927.90 maximum,
B œ 0.84(5200) 90,330
1692.10 minimum)
B œ $94,698
17.
3836
Dœ œ 0.4
5
1692 1810 1928
3236
Dœ œ 0.8
5
20.
P( 0.8 < D < 0.4) œ
The middle 80% means that 40% of the
!Þ6554 !Þ2119 œ !Þ4435
(TI answer œ !Þ4435)
Thus, D œ „ 1.28
B œ 1.28(15,000) 246,300 œ $227,100
B œ 1.28(15,000) 246,300 œ $265,500
0.8 0.4
18.
The middle 50% means that 25% of the 227,100 246,300 265,500
Thus, area œ 0.25 and D œ „ 0.67. 21.
B œ 0.67(103) 792 œ 861.01 1200949
Dœ œ 2.51
B œ 0.67(103) 792 œ 722.99 100
P( D 2.51) œ 1 0.9940 œ 0.006 or 0.6%

The contributions are between $723
and $861.
0 2.51
$723 $861 For the least expensive 10%, the area is 0.4
on the left side of the curve. Thus,
D œ 1.28.
B œ 1.28(100) 949 œ $821

120
22. 25. continued

The bottom 5% (area) is in the left tail of
For the shortest 30%, the area is 0.30.
the normal curve. The corresponding z
Thus, D œ 0.52.
score is found using area œ 0.05. Thus,
B œ 0.52(1.449) 4.8
D œ 1.645.
B œ 4.047 days or 4.05 days
B œ 1.645(18) 122.6 œ 92.99 or 93
26.
a. For the top 3%, the area is 0.97.
Thus, D œ 1.88.
92.99 122.6
B œ 1.88(100) 400
B œ 588 minimum score to receive the
23.
award.
The middle 50% means that 25% of
the area will be on either side of the b. For the bottom 1.5%, the area is
mean. The corresponding D scores 0.015. Thus, D œ 2.17.
will be „ 0.67. B œ 2.17(100) 400
B œ 0.67(4) 120 œ 117.32 B œ 183
B œ 0.67(4) 120 œ 122.68 The minimum score needed to avoid
(TI answer: 117.32 . 122.68) summer school is 184 since a score of
183 would be included in the summer
school group.
27.
117.32 120 122.68 The bottom 18% area is 0.18. Thus,
D œ 0.92.
24. B œ 0.92(6256) 24,596 œ $18,840.48
For the oldest 20%, the area is 0.8. (TI answer œ $18,869.48)
Thus, D œ 0.84.
22.8 œ 0.84= 19.4
28.
= œ 4.048 or 4.05 years
For B > 25 gallons:
25 34
Dœ œ 3.33
25. 2.7
For the longest 10%, the area is 0.90. P(D > 3.33) œ 1 0.0004 œ 0.9996
Thus, D œ 1.28 (TI answer œ 0.9996)
Since 5 œ 2.1, 5 œ È#Þ" œ 1.449
#
B œ 1.28(1.449) 4.8
B œ 6.65 or 6.7 days
25 34

121
28. continued 32.

No. Any subgroup would not be a
For 28 B 30 gallons:
perfect representation of the seniors;
28 34
Dœ œ 2.22 therefore, the mean and standard
2.7
30 34 deviation would be different.

Dœ œ 1.48
2.7
P( 2.22 Ÿ D Ÿ 1.48) 33.

œ 0.0694 0.0132 œ 0.0562 For temperature of at least 85°, area
(TI answer œ 0.0562) is 1 0.05 œ 0.95. Then D œ 1.645
85 œ 1.645= 73
= œ 7.29°
34.
28 30 34 No. The shape of the distributions
would be the same, since D scores are
29. raw scores scaled by the standard
The 10% to be exchanged would be at deviation.
the left, or bottom, of the curve;
therefore, 35.
area œ 0.10 and the corresponding D score For payments above $1255.94, area is
will be 1.28. 1 0.25 œ 0.75. Then D œ 0.67
B œ 1.28(5) 25 œ 18.6 months. 1255.94 œ 0.67(120) B
B œ $1175.54
36.
3.75% area in the left tail means that
18.6 25 area œ 0.0375. Thus, D œ 1.78.
85.
1.78 œ
30. 6
The top 20% means that area œ 0.80. The 1.78(6) œ 85 .

corresponding D score is 0.84. . œ 95.68
B œ 0.84(9) 64 œ 71.56 ¸ 72
37.
Since P(13.1 < B < 23.5) œ 0.95, the area
on each side of the mean is 0.475.
Thus, D œ „ 1.96.
64 71.56 23.518.3
1.96 œ =
= œ 2.653
31. 1518.3
Dœ œ 1.24
a. . œ 120 5 œ 20 2.653
P(D < 1.24) œ 0.1075
b. . œ 15 5 œ 2.5
c. . œ 30 5œ5

122
38. 40.
The cutoff for the A's and F's would be: Histogram:
B œ . D5 20
B œ 60 1.65(10) 15
Frequency
B œ 76.5 for the A's 10
B œ 60 ( 1.65)(10) 5
B œ 43.5 for the F's

0
16.5-87.5 87.5-158.5 158.5- 229.5- 300.5- 371.5-
229.5 300.5 371.5 442.5
Tax
For the B's and D's: The histogram shows a positive skew.
B œ 60 (0.84)(10)
3(147.04138.5)
B œ 68.4 for the B's PI œ œ 0.27
93.55
B œ 60 ( 0.84)(10)
IQR œ Q$ Q" œ 200 62 œ 138
B œ 51.6 for the D's
1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(138) œ 207
Q" 207 œ 145
The grading scale would be:
77 and up A Q$ 207 œ 407
68 76 B There is one outlier.
52 67 C Conclusion: The distribution is not
44 51 D normal.
0 43 F
41.
39. Histogram:
Histogram: 18
16
14
12
12
Frequency
10 10
8 8
6
6
4
f
4 2
2 0
27.5-102.5 102.5-177.5 177.5-252.5 252.5-327.5 327.5-402.5
0
636.5-926.5 926.5-1216.5 1216.5-1506.5 1506.5-1796.5 1796.5-2086.5 Revenue
Num ber of Movies
The histogram shows a positive skew.
3(9059)
PI œ œ 1.04
3(970.2853.5) 89.598
PI œ œ 0.93
376.5 IQR œ Q$ Q" œ 111 32 œ 79
1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(79) œ 118.5
IQR œ Q3 Q" œ 910 815 œ 95
Q" 118.5 œ 86.5
1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(95) œ 142.5
Q$ 118.5 œ 229.5
Q" 142.5 œ 672.5 There are two outliers.
Q$ 142.5 œ 1052.5 Conclusion: The distribution is not normal.
There are several outliers.
Conclusion: The distribution is not
normal.

123
42. 6.
Histogram: Dœ \.
5
8
6
4
7.
f
2 X. 6360
0 Dœ 5 œ 8
œ 2.05
Én
2.5-17.5 17.5-32.5 32.5-47.5 47.5-62.5 62.5-77.5 É30
Runs
5860
Dœ œ 1.37
The histogram shows a negative skew. 8
É30
3(45.252)
PI œ œ 0.99 P( 1.37 D 2.05) œ 0.9798 0.0853
20.58
IQR œ Q$ Q" œ 60.5 29.5 œ 31 œ 0.8945or 89.45%

1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(31) œ 46.5
Q" 46.5 œ 17
Q$ 46.5 œ 107
There are no outliers.
Conclusion: The distribution is not normal. 58 60 63
43. Answers will vary. 8.

X. 1717.2
Dœ 5 œ 2.5
œ 0.59
EXERCISE SET 6-3 Én
É55
1817.2
Dœ œ 2.37
1. 2.5
É55
The distribution is called the sampling
P( 0.59 D 2.37) œ 0.9911 0.2776
distribution of sample means.
œ 0.7135 or 71.35%
2.
The sample is not a perfect representation of
the population. The difference is due to
what is called sampling error.
17 17.2 18
3.
The mean of the sample means is equal to 9.
the population mean. X. 10 12
a. D œ 5 œ 3.2
œ 3.75
Én
É36
4.
P(z 3.75) œ 0.00009
The standard deviation of the sample means
is called the standard error of the mean.
5X œ 5
Én
5.
The distribution will be approximately
normal when sample size is large. 10 12

124

X. 10 12
b. D œ 5 œ 3.2
œ 3.75
Én
É36
P(D 3.75) œ 1 0.00009 œ 0.99991

$56,000 $57,337
11.
X. 37.536
Dœ 5 œ 3.6
œ 2.47
10 12 Én
É35
X. 3436
c. D œ
X.
œ
12 12
œ0 Dœ 5 œ 3.6
œ 3.29
Én
5 3.2
Én É35
É36
Dœ
X.
5 œ
11 12
œ 1.88 P( 3.29 < D < 2.47) œ 0.9932 0.0005
3.2
Én
É36 œ 0.9927or 99.27%
P( 1.88 D 0) œ 0.50 0.0301
œ 0.4699
34 36 37.5
11 12 12.
$45,000 $37,764
a. D œ œ 1.42
$5100
10.
$52,000 $57,337 P(D 1.42) œ 1 0.9222 œ 0.0778 or
a. D œ œ 0.71
$7500 7.78%
P(D < 0.71) œ 0.2389 or 23.89%
0 1.42
0.71 0
$38,000 $37,764
b. D œ $5100
œ 0.40
$56,000$57,337 É75
b. D œ $7500
œ 1.78
É100 P(D 0.40) œ 1 0.6554 œ 0.3446
P(D < 1.78) œ 0.0375 or 3.75% or 34.46%
$37,764 $38,000

125
13. 15. continued

X. 8 8.61
Dœ 5 œ 1.39
œ 3.10
Én
É50
P(D 3.1) œ 1 0.001 œ 0.9990

2708 3000
16.
23.824.3
Dœ 2.6
œ 1.10
8 8.61 É33
P(D < 1.10) œ 0.1357 or 13.57%

14.
Since 8 30, we can use the normal
distribution.
10501028
Dœ 100
œ 3.11 23.8 24.3
É200
P(D 3.11) œ 1 0.9991 œ 0.0009 17.

or 0.001 X. 120 123
Dœ 5 œ œ 0.55
(TI answer œ 0.0009) Én
21
É15
Thus, we would be surprised to get a
X. 126123
sample mean of 1050 since the Dœ 5 œ #" œ 0.55
Én É15
probability is very small.
P( 0.55 D 0.55) œ 0.7088 0.2912
œ 0.4176 or 41.76%
15.
X. 3000 2708
Dœ œ œ 0.72
5 405
P(z 0.72) œ 1 0.7642 œ 0.2358

120 123 126
18.
$3800 $4064
0 0.72 a. D œ œ 2.57
460
É20
X. 3000 2708 P(D 2.57) œ 0.0051 or 0.51%

Dœ 5 œ 405
œ 3.95
Én
É30
P(z 3.95) œ 1 0.9999 œ 0.0001

P(D 3.95) 0.0001
$3800 $4064

126
b. D œ
$4100 $4064
œ 0.35 P(D 4.57) œ 0.0001 or 0.01%
460
É20 (TI answer œ 0.0000024)
P(D 0.35) œ 1 0.6368 œ 0.3632 The probability is less than 0.0001.
$4064 $4100 $48,000 $51,803
19. 21.
X. 1980 2000 X. 8.28.9
Dœ œ œ 0.75 a. D œ œ œ 0.44
5 187.5 5 1.6
Én
É50
P(D 0.44) œ 0.33 or 33%
X. 1990 2000
Dœ 5 œ 187.5
œ 0.38
Én
É50
P( 0.75 D 0.38)
œ 0.3520 0.2266 œ 0.1254
(TI answer œ 0.12769) 0.44 0
8.28.9
b. D œ 1.6
œ 1.38
É10
P(D 1.38) œ 0.0838 or 8.38%

1980 1990 2000
20.
For B $50,000:
X. $50,000 $51,803 8.2 8.9
Dœ 5 œ $4850
œ 2.17
Én
É34
c. Yes, since the probability is slightly
P(D 2.17) œ 1 0.0150 œ 0.985 or
more than 30%.
98.5%
d. Yes, but not as likely.
22.
121.8 120
$50,000 $51,803 a. D œ œ 0.32
5.6
120 120
For B $48,000: Dœ œ0
5.6
$48,000 $51,803
Dœ $4850
œ 4.57 P(0 D 0.32) œ 0.6255 0.5 œ 0.1255
É34 or 12.55%

127
24.
36 36.2
a. D1 œ œ 0.05
3.7
37.5 36.2
D2 œ œ 0.35
3.7
0 0.32
P( 0.05 D 0.35) œ 0.6368 0.4801
121.8 120
b. D œ 5.6
œ 1.76 œ 0.1567 or 15.67%
É30
120 120
Dœ 5.6
œ0
É30
P(0 D 1.76) œ 0.9608 0.5

œ 0.4608 or 46.08% 0.05 0 0.35
36 36.2
b. D1 œ 3.7
œ 0.21
É15
37.5 36.2
D2 œ 3.7
œ 1.36
É15
120 121.8
P( 0.21 D 1.36) œ 0.9131 0.4168
c. Sample means are less variable than œ 0.4963 or 49.63%
individual data. (TI answer œ 0.04779)
23.
220 215
a. D œ œ 0.33
15
P(D 0.33) œ 1 0.6293 œ 0.3707 or
36 36.2 37.5
37.07%
25.
1 0.0985 œ 0.9015
The D score corresponding to an area of
0.9015 is 1.29.
0 0.33
1.29 œ &#!&!)
(#
È8
220 215 12È8

b. D œ 15
œ 1.67 1.29 œ
72
92.88 œ 12È8
É25
P(D 1.67) œ 1 0.9525 œ 0.0475 or

7.74 œ È8
4.75%
59.9 œ 8
The sample size is approximately 60.
215 220

128
26. 29.
Since 50 0.05(500) or 25, the correction 5x œ 5
œ
15
œ 1.5
Én É100
factor must be used.
15
2(1.5) œ
It is Ê
50050
œ 0.950 Én
5001
X. 7072 3 † Én œ 15
Dœ œ œ 2.81
†Ê Én œ 5
Nn 5.3
5 †(0.95)
Én n 1 É50
n œ 25, the sample size necessary to double

P(D 2.81) œ 0.0025
the standard error.
30.
1.5 15
œ
2 Én
70 72
0.75 † Én œ 15
Én œ
15
œ 20
27. 0.75
Since 50 0.05(800) or 40, the correction n œ 400, the sample size necessary to cut the
factor is necessary. standard error in half.
It is Ê
80050
œ 0.969
8001
EXERCISE SET 6-4
X. 83,50082,000
Dœ œ œ 2.19
†Ê
Nn 5000
5 (0.969)
Én n 1 É50 1.
When p is approximately 0.5, and as n
P(D 2.19) œ 1 0.9857 œ 0.0143 or
increases, the shape of the binomial
1.43%
distribution becomes similar to the normal
distribution.
2.
The normal approximation should be used
82,000 83,500
only when n † p and n † q are both greater
than or equal to 5.
28.
The upper 95% is the same as 5% in the left
3.
tail. For area œ 0.05 in the left tail, the
The correction for continuity is necessary
corresponding D score is 1.65.
because the normal distribution is
X2000
1.65 œ 100
continuous and the binomial is discrete.
É20
100
1.65( ) 2000 œ X 4.
É20
When : is close to 0 or 1 and 8 is small, the
X œ 1963.10
normal distribution should not be used as an
approximation to the binomial distribution.
That is, when 8: & and 8; &, the
normal distribution should not be used to
appromate the binomial distribution.
1963.10 2000

129
5. 5. continued
For each problem use the following
P(11.5 X 12.5) œ 0.7967 0.6915
formulas:
œ 0.1052 or 10.52%
5 œ Énpq
X.
. œ np zœ 5
Be sure to correct each X for continuity.
a. . œ 0.5(30) œ 15
5 œ É(0.5)(0.5)(30) œ 2.74
10 11.5 12.5
17.515
Dœ œ 0.91 area œ 0.8186
2.74
6.
18.515
Dœ œ 1.28 area œ 0.8997 a. . œ 10(0.5) œ 5
2.74
5 œ É(0.5)(0.5)(10) œ 1.58
P(17.5 X 18.5) œ 0.8997 0.8186
6.55
œ 0.0811 œ 8.11% Dœ œ 0.95 area œ 0.8289
1.58
P(X 6.5) œ 1 0.8289 œ 0.1711 or

17.11%
15 17.5 18.5
b. . œ 0.8(50) œ 40
5 6.5
5 œ É(50)(0.8)(0.2) œ 2.83
43.540
b. . œ 20(0.7) œ 14
œ 1.24
5 œ É(20)(0.7)(0.3) œ 2.05
Dœ
2.83
area œ 0.8925
44.540
Dœ œ 1.59 area œ 0.9441 Dœ
12.514
œ 0.73 area œ 0.2327
2.83
2.05
P(43.5 X 44.5) œ 0.9441 0.8925 P(X Ÿ 12.5) œ 0.2327 or 23.27%

œ 0.0516 or 5.16%
12.5 14
40 43.5 44.5
c. . œ 50(0.6) œ 30
c. . œ 0.1(100) œ 10 5 œ É(50)(0.6)(0.4) œ 3.46
5 œ É(0.1)(0.9)(100) œ 3 40.530
Dœ œ 3.03 area œ 0.9988
3.46
11.510
Dœ œ 0.50 area œ 0.6915
3 P(X Ÿ 40.5) œ 0.9988 or 99.88%
12.510
Dœ œ 0.83 area œ 0.7967
3

130
P(X 249.5) œ 1 0.0030 œ 0.9970 or

99.7%
30 40.5
7. 249.5 280
a. np œ 20(0.50) œ 10 5 Yes
nq œ 20(0.50) œ 10 5 11.
b. np œ 10(0.60) œ 6 5 No . œ 120(0.659) œ 79.08
nq œ 10(0.40) œ 4 5
5 œ É(120)(0.659)(0.341) œ 5.1929
c. np œ 40(0.90) œ 36 5 No
64.5 79.08
nq œ 40(0.10) œ 4 5 Dœ œ 2.81 area œ 0.0025
5.1929
85.5 79.08
Dœ œ 1.24 area œ 0.8925
8. 5.1929
a. np œ 50(0.20) œ 10 5 Yes P(64.5 X 85.5) œ 0.8925 0.0025

nq œ 50(0.80) œ 40 5 P(64.5 Ÿ X Ÿ 85.5) œ 0.8900
b. np œ 30(0.80) œ 24 5 Yes (TI answer œ 0.8893)
nq œ 30(0.20) œ 6 5
c. np œ 20(0.85) œ 17 5 No
nq œ 20(0.15) œ 3 5
9. 64.5 79.08 85.5

. œ 200(0.22) œ 44
5 œ É(200)(0.22)(0.78) œ 5.8583 12.
30.5 44 . œ 600(0.08) œ 48
Dœ œ 2.30 area œ 0.0107
5 œ É(600)(0.08)(0.92) œ 6.65
5.8583
P(X 30.5) œ 1 0.0107 œ 0.9893

39.548
Dœ œ 1.28
6.65
P(X 39.5) œ 0.1003 or 10.03%
30.5 44
10. 39.5 48
. œ 500(0.56) œ 280
5 œ É(500)(0.56)(0.44) œ 11.1
13.
249.5280 . œ 60(0.76) œ 45.6
Dœ œ 2.75 area œ 0.0030
5 œ É(60)(0.76)(0.24) œ 3.3082
11.1

131
13. continued 16.

48.5 45.6
. œ 150(0.289) œ 43.35
œ 0.88 area œ 0.8106
5 œ É(150)(0.289)(0.711) œ 5.55
Dœ
3.3082
47.5 45.6
Dœ œ 0.57 area œ 0.7157 50.5 43.35
3.3082 Dœ œ 1.29 area œ 0.9015
5.55
P(47.5 X 48.5) œ 0.8106 0.7157
P(X 50.5) œ 1 0.9015 œ 0.0985
P(47.5 X 48.5) œ 0.0949
43.35 50.5
45.6 47.5 48.5
17.
14. . œ 200(0.125) œ 25
. œ 180(0.72) œ 129.6 5 œ É(200)(0.125)(0.875) œ 4.6771
5 œ É(180)(0.72)(0.28) œ 6.024 21.525
Dœ œ 0.75
4.6771
124.5 129.6
Dœ œ 0.85 area œ 0.1977 P(X 21.5) œ 1 0.2266 œ 0.7734
6.024
115.5 129.6 (TI answer œ 0.7734)

Dœ œ 2.34 area œ 0.0096
6.024 Yes, it is very likely.
P(115.5 X 124.5) œ 0.1977 0.0096
P(115.5 X 124.5) œ 0.1881
21.5 25
18.
115.5 124.5 129.6
. œ 250(0.4826) œ 120.65
5 œ É(250)(0.4826)(0.5174) œ 7.9009
15.
109.5 120.65
p œ 0.22 . œ 400(0.22) œ 88 Dœ œ 1.41 area œ 0.0793
7.9009
5 œ É(400)(0.22)(0.78) œ 8.2849
P(X 109.5) œ 0.0793
92.588
Dœ œ 0.54
8.2849
P(X Ÿ 92.5) œ 0.7054 or 70.54%
109.5 120.65
88 92.5

132
19. 22.
. œ 200(0.261) œ 52.2 . œ 350(0.35) œ 122.5
5 œ É(200)(0.261)(0.739) œ 6.21 5 œ É(350)(0.35)(0.65) œ 8.92
50.5 52.2 99.5122.5
Dœ œ 0.27 Dœ œ 2.58 area œ 0.0049
6.21 8.92
P(X Ÿ 50.5) œ 0.3936

P(X 99.5) œ 1 0.0049 œ 0.9951 or
99.51% (TI answer œ 0.9950)
Yes; it is likely that 100 or more people
would favor the parking lot.
50.5 52.2
20.
. œ 200(0.675) œ 135 99.5 122.5
5 œ É200(0.675)(0.325) œ 6.62
124.5 135
23.
Dœ œ 1.59 area œ 0.0559 a. n(0.1) 5 n 50
6.62
b. n(0.3) 5 n 17
P(X 124.5) œ 0.0559 or 5.59%
c. n(0.5) 5 n 10
d. n(0.2) 5 n 25
e. n(0.1) 5 n 50
REVIEW EXERCISES - CHAPTER 6
124.5 135
1.
a. 0.9803 0.5 œ 0.4803
21.
. œ 300(0.803) œ 240.9
5 œ É(300)(0.803)(0.197) œ 6.89
X $% (300) or X 225
0 2.06
224.5 240.9
Dœ œ 2.38
6.89
P(X 224.5) œ 0.0087 b. 0.7019 0.5 œ 0.2019
224.5 240.9 0 0.53

133
c. 0.9591 0.8962 œ 0.0629 c. 1 0.0869 œ 0.9131
0 1.26 1.74 1.36 0
d. 0.9484 0.1539 œ 0.7945 d. 0.0183

2.09 0
−1.02 0 1.63
e. 0.9535
e. 0.6879 0.4721 œ 0.2158
0 1.68
0.07 0 0.49
3.
2. a. 0.9871 0.5 œ 0.4871
a. 0.8643 0.0359 œ 0.8284
0 2.23
1.80 0 1.10
b. 0.5 0.0401 œ 0.4599
b. 1 0.9767 œ 0.0233
−1.75 0
0 1.99

134
c. 0.9535 0.0694 œ 0.8841 d. 0.9732
1.48 0 1.68 0 1.93
d. 0.9616 0.8888 œ 0.0728

e. 1 0.0384 œ 0.9616
0 1.22 1.77 1.77 0
e. 0.6255 0.0104 œ 0.6151

5.
$6000 $5274
Dœ œ 1.21
$600
P(D 1.21) œ 1 0.8869 œ 0.1131
2.31 0 0.32
4.
a. 1 0.9515 œ 0.0485 0 1.21
For the middle 50%, 25% of the area is on

each side of 0. Thus, D œ „ 0.67
1.66 B œ 0.67(600) 5274 œ $5676

0
B œ 0.67(600) 5274 œ $4872
b. 0.0212 (TI answers: $4869.31 to $5678.69)
6.
68,00063,000
a. D œ œ 1.00 area œ 0.8413
5000
2.03 0 P(D 1.00) œ 1 0.8413 œ 0.1587
c. 1 0.1170 œ 0.8830
0 1.00
1.19 0

135
6. continued 8.
For more than $15 per month:
68,00063,000
b. D œ 5000
œ 3.00 area œ 0.9987 $15 $10.15
É9 Dœ œ 1.98
$2.45
P(D 3.00) œ 1 0.9987 œ 0.0013 P(D 1.98) œ 1 0.9761 œ 0.0239
63,000 68,000
0 1.98
For between $12 and $14 per month:
7.
$12 $10.15
a. D œ
476476
œ0 Dœ œ 0.76
$2.45
22
$14 $10.15
Dœ
500476
œ 1.09 Dœ œ 1.57
$2.45
22
P(0.76 D 1.57) œ 0.9418 0.7764

P(0 D 1.09) œ 0.8621 0.5 œ 0.3621
œ 0.1654
or 36.21%
0 1.09
0.76 1.57
450476
b. D œ œ 1.18
22 9.
P(D 1.18) œ 0.1190 or 11.9% For 15% costs, area œ 0.85
D œ 1.04
X œ 1.04(10.50) 120 œ $130.92
10.
1.18 0 For 15% costs, area œ 0.85
D œ 1.04
510476 X œ 1.04($750) $8000 œ $7220
c. D œ œ 1.55
22
P(D 1.55) œ 1 0.9394 œ 0.0606 or

11.
6.06%
Histogram:
8
6
4
f
2
0
979.5- 1584.5- 2189.5- 2794.5- 3399.5- 4004.5-
1584.5 2189.5 2794.5 3399.5 4004.5 4609.5
0 1.55 Enrollment

136

3(2136.11755) X. $60 $61.50
PI œ œ 0.98 b. D œ 5 œ œ 1.80
1171.7 $5.89
Én
É50
IQR œ Q$ Q"
IQR œ 2827 1320 œ 1507 P(X 60) œ 1 0.0359 œ 0.9641
1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(1507) œ 2260.5

Q" 2260.5 œ 940.5
Q$ 2260.5 œ 5087.5
Conclusion: The distribution is not $60 $61.50
normal.
14.
12. a. D œ
18 19.32
œ 0.54
2.44
Histogram:
15 P(D 0.54) œ 1 0.2946 œ 0.7054
10
f
5
0
2144.5- 4384.5- 6624.5- 8864.5- 11104.5- 13344.5-
4384.5 6624.5 8864.5 11104.5 13344.5 15584.5
Height
PI œ
3(6972.25931.5)
œ 0.90 0.54 0
3458.85
IQR œ Q$ Q" 18 19.32

b. D œ 2.44
œ 1.21
IQR œ 9348 5135 œ 4213 É5
1.5(IQR) œ 1.5(4213) œ 6319.5

P(D 1.21) œ 1 0.1131 œ 0.8869
Q" 6319.5 œ 1184.5
Q$ 6319.5 œ 15,667.5
Conclusion: The distribution is not
normal.
1.21 0
13.
X. 27 25.7
a. D œ 5 œ 3.75
œ 2.19 15.
Én
É40
X. 670 660
a. D œ œ œ 0.29
P(X 27) œ 1 0.9857 œ 0.0143 5 35
(TI answer œ 0.0142) P(z 0.29) œ 1 0.6141 œ 0.3859

25.7 27
0 0.29

137
15. continued 18.

. œ np œ 500(0.05) œ 25
X. 670 660
5 œ Énpq œ É(500)(0.05)(0.95) œ 4.87
b. D œ 5 œ 35
œ 0.90
Én
É10
30.525
P(z 0.90) œ 1 0.8159 œ 0.1841 Dœ œ 1.13
4.87
(TI answer œ 0.1831) 29.525
Dœ œ 0.92
4.87
P(29.5 X 30.5) œ 0.8708 0.8212

œ 0.0496 or 4.96%
660 670
c. Individual values are more variable

than means.
29.5 30.5
16. 19.
3.43.7
Dœ 0.6
œ 2.83 For fewer than 10 holding multiple jobs:
É32 . œ 150(0.053) œ 7.95
5 œ É(150)(0.053)(0.947) œ 2.744
P(X 3.4) œ 1 0.9977 œ 0.0023 or
0.23%
9.5 7.95
Dœ œ 0.56
2.74
P(X 9.5) œ 0.7123

3.4 3.7
Yes, since the probability is less than 1%.
17. 7.95 9.5

. œ 120(0.173) œ 20.76
For more than 50 not holding multiple
5 œ É120(0.173)(0.827) œ 4.14
jobs: . œ 150(0.947) œ 142.05
5 œ É150(0.947)(0.053) œ 2.744
20.5 20.76
Dœ œ 0.06
4.14
34.5 20.76 50.5 142.05

Dœ œ 3.32 Dœ œ 33.37
4.14 2.744
P(20.5 X 34.5) œ 0.9995 0.4761 P(X 50.5) œ 1 0.0001 œ 0.9999

œ 0.5234 (TI answer œ 0.9999)
50.5 142.05
20.5 20.76 34.5

138
20. CHAPTER 6 QUIZ

. œ 800(0.30) œ 240
5 œ É(800)(0.3)(0.7) œ 12.96
1. False, the total area is equal to one.
259.5240 2. True
zœ œ 1.50
12.96
3. True
P(X 259.5) œ 1 0.9332 œ 0.0668
or 6.68% 4. True
5. False, the area is positive.
6. False, it applies to means taken from the

same population.
240 259.5 7. a
8. a
21.
. œ 200(0.37) œ 74 9. b
5 œ É(200)(0.37)(0.63) œ 6.8279
10. b
79.574
zœ œ 0.81 11. c
6.8279
P(X 79.5) œ 1 0.7910 œ 0.2090 12. 0.5

or 20.90% 13. Sampling error
14. The population mean
15. The standard error of the mean
16. 5
74 79.5
17. 5%
22. 18. The areas are:

. œ 60(0.26) œ 15.6 a. 0.4332 f. 0.8284
5 œ É(60)(0.26)(0.74) œ 3.3976 b. 0.3944 g. 0.0401
zœ
19.515.6
œ 1.15 c. 0.0344 h. 0.8997
3.3976
d. 0.1029 i. 0.017
P(X 19.5) œ 1 0.8749 œ 0.1251
e. 0.2912 j. 0.9131
or 12.51%
19. The probabilities are:
a. 0.4846 f. 0.0384
b. 0.4693 g. 0.0089
c. 0.9334 h. 0.9582
15.6 19.5
d. 0.0188 i. 0.9788
e. 0.7461 j. 0.8461

139

a. 0.7734
b. 0.0516
c. 0.3837
d. Any rainfall above 65 inches could be

considered an extremely wet year since this
value is two standard deviations above the
mean.

a. 0.0668 c. 0.4649
b. 0.0228 d. 0.0934

a. 0.4525 c. 0.3707
b. 0.3707 d. 0.019

a. 0.0013 c. 0.0081
b. 0.5 d. 0.5511

a. 0.0037 c. 0.5
b. 0.0228 d. 0.3232
25. 8.804 cm
26. The lowest acceptable score is 121.24.
27. 0.015
28. 0.9738
29. 0.0495; no
30. 0.0455 or 4.55%
31. 0.0614
32. 0.0495
33. The distribution is not normal.
34. The distribution is approximately

normal.

140
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receive about $3.00 pay per pair for making. Therefore, when such a
pattern is sent out, and pants are made from cheap goods with large
seams, and in all probability lined with heavy muslin, the result is,
that the customer cannot wear them. Then, again, one cutter may
perhaps allow a little extra here, and another allow a little there, and
the pants in the end may be large enough—but where is the city
style and the neat fit?
The same is true as to coats and vests. Reports of fashions are
intended for fine work, and all that this term implies; and a cutter who
uses such patterns to make a pair of pants for a man who works in a
ditch must allow more fork and more seat length as well as more
width for the upper body—all allowed on the side. Extra looseness
for the upper body is best provided by allowing all at the side, where
it may hang loose but smooth; but if the extra width is allowed in the
fork, it will remain there on a twist, and it may even cut the seat, if
only allowed above the fork. Allowing extra width above the fork is
almost as bad as to allow extra width at the front of the armhole,
which allowance would really make the hole smaller.
From the crotch downward the whole leg must conform to the
slope of the angle of 7½ deg., because the relation of the crotch and
the ankles change very little except on deformed persons. Some
persons may throw their feet a little further apart than others when
walking, and the center of the body may be considered at the inside
ankles, or one inch from each inside ankle, just as a person may
place his feet while standing naturally. But when walking, the center
of each half body is in the center of each leg, for by each step one
leg makes the whole body must throw itself upon the center of the
other leg, or else the body would tumble over. This can be best
observed in slow walking, while by fast running it is not noticed. Any
person who walks slowly throws his upper body more to a position of
standing on one leg, than a fast runner, hence the slow walker is
seen wabbling his head from one side to the other by every step, the
same as a goose.
In this work the pants are calculated each leg for itself, and each
leg has its own base; and they are so adjusted, that a person can
stand, walk, jump, run, sit, etc., and it must be understood that when
a pants is on the body the base goes with the leg, so that the base
runs straight down when the person makes a step, or when he
stands on one leg; but when he stands on both legs the base will
naturally run a trifle sidewise at the ankles, and consequently a true
plumb line pant base can not be found, except for one position of the
leg only, and the position of the bases, as given in this work, are as
near correct as any can be established, and from which any
particular shape of pants may be shaped. As for instance: Riding
pants require more fork, so that the rider can spread his legs
sidewise. Sailor pants require more width at the bottom, and that
width must be allowed on the outside, or else such pants would
strike each other at every step. For all such and other changes we
have a base to work from, and after all such changes are made we
must see that provision is made to sew the parts correctly together,
by carefully nicking the seams.
The center of gravitation in a pair of pants may be considered to
exist at the points of the angles, which are eighty numbers below the
top of the waist, hence a sweep from the point will make a true
connection at any point of the leg, and such sweeps can be
depended upon no matter how narrow the fore part, or how wide the
back is cut, and especially so when laid out like Diagrams XIV and
XV. Now, to make a draft from that point for every pants or pattern
we cut, would be inconvenient, neither is it required that it should be
done, except for practice; but when a cutter knows a center which is
infallible, he is certainly better off than if he knows no such center. A
sensible person, if he cannot do just as he wants to, will do the best
he can; and, so in this case, there are several ways open for
operations.
1st. Cut both the front and back of equal width at the knee, and
notch there; then measure upward and downward.
2d. Run the inside and the outside lines of the angle of 10 deg.
down as far as the cloth or the table allows, and sweep the inside
seam from the inside line and the outside from the outside line, each
seam separately, from a point as far down as you can reach.
3d. Fold the broader back over to the smaller front, so that both
will lay smooth and without twisting, then cut the nicks.
4th. Square from each line of the angle of 10 deg., and at the knee
only, because, at the knees, the front and the back are the nearest
together, then measure up and down and cut the nicks, and in all
cases be careful that the back is not held full behind the knee and
upward on either seam....
If the distance between the smaller front and wider back were
miles, or rods, even, the result would not be very satisfactory, but in
this case the space is never more than 1 inch, and the variations in
the several ways are not perceptible. The diagrams in this work are
the best illustration of the sweeps from point 80, as well as of the
cutting of all seams on a nice slope.
The medium sizes require the top of forepart about ¼ of the whole
waist measure, but smaller sizes require the side seam further back
and the larger ones more forward on account of the pockets. Another
point should be observed: It has been stated that the center line of
the angle of 10 deg. is a line to square from for a level bottom as well
as for a level top, all of which is true, but the waist of the normal form
runs downward in front, and the top of the normal waist should be
run in the same direction, and for this reason should be squared
from the front base line, and for extremely small waists it may be
squared from the front line of the angle of 10 deg. Taking Dia. XIV as
a model, we may sink the front of waist ½ inch and raise the back ½,
to 1 inch from that top square line.
In conclusion of this article, I will say that, perhaps, I have gone
too many times over the same ground, and perhaps I will go over it
again and again, but it is always from a different standpoint and
connected with something else.
General Remarks about Pants.
At the present time, the style of pants is loose at the knee, tapering
smaller toward the bottom. Pants which are cut wide at the knee
must start with extra width at the seat line, and said extra width must
be well divided on both seams. All pants must fit the same at the
seat line and above, and fashionable width at the knee must be
started from the seat line downward. Dia. XIX represents a pants of
the present style, and is made over a pattern of 38 seat, actual waist
measure 33, and waist made up 34½; about 19½ knee, 18 bottom,
and is for a rather small waist. Dia. XX represents a large waist, of
about 50 inches, made up; but actual waist measure 47, and seat
measure 46 inches; knee 22½, bottom 20½.
For extremely large waists, Dia. XX may be used, and that extra
width allowed equal in front and on the side. On all large waists, the
seat measure must be taken close, and the fork cut accordingly, no
matter what the hip and the waist measure may be. The seat
measure is the standard for the scale, and the large waist must be
fitted according to the measure, the same as the length of the legs,
or the width of the knee. Dia. XXI represents a pants of 39 seat, with
a very high waist. The top of waist is made up 37 inches, but at the
hollow of the waist it is only 36 inches.
The angle of 7½ deg. has the proper width for all pants, at the seat
line, and in no case is a reduction, or an addition required there.
Above the seat line, the hip and waist must be made according to
the measure, and below, it must be made according to style and
measure. As to the top of the side, it may be proper to remark here,
that if the top of the side is too small for any pants, the fork balance
will be destroyed, because the sides of the body will draw the fork
upward, and will cause it to cut the crotch somewhere. The waist is
one continuous surface all around and may feel tight all around, but
if the crotch is pulled up by a small waist at the top of side, that will
saw the crotch on one spot. Therefore I will repeat the true balance
for the waist, on the angle of 7½ deg. Reduce the angle of 7½ deg.
—from 6¾ upward, 15 deg. for back slope—from the top of the
center line of the angle of 10 deg. go forward ⅛ of whole waist
circumference, close measure; cut a gore of 1 inch in the center of
the back; measure from the front to the side and from the back to the
side, and if that gives too much waist, cut another small gore
between the forepart and the back. But if the waist requires more
than that, divide the addition required into 3 parts, and place 2 parts
at the sides and 1 part in front. If the waist is higher than ¼ whole
seat measure, run the gore in the back, out to nothing on top, as in
Dia. XXI, and the higher the waist is cut upward the more it must be
cut like Dia. XIII, both at the side and at the front. Working pants with
the front cut clear up to the neck, must have the upper part of the
front cut like Dia. XIII, that is, sloped backward 15 deg. from the
waist.
Dia. XX has 2 numbers thrown out in front and top of waist, and at
line 8 it is 1⅞ while the double dress fork point has 4¼, which
produces a good open cut for such pants. The point of the fork may
be made ½ inch more or less for the same person, providing
allowance or reduction at the point of the fork is run up and down,
running out about 5 inches above the fork, and at, or below the knee.
I know it is contended that a large-waisted form requires a larger fork
in proportion to the seat measure, but this is not the case, as long as
the hips and sides of waist have sufficient cloth. The thigh may grow
in proportion to a larger seat, but it does not grow in proportion to a
larger waist. Large-waisted persons have small seats in proportion to
the normal form, and the proportion of the scale of the seat measure
is large enough for all forms. That same result may be observed at
the knee, and at the bottom; and to better express my ideas, I will
say something about the diameter of the thigh, as well as the
diameter of the knee and the ankle.
For the purpose of cutting pants, the leg may be considered a
straight and round pole, but tapering at the lower end to about ½ of
what it is on top. The thigh can be covered and fitted for modern
pants, all seams included, if we allow it 4 times its diameter, close
measure of the thigh, without compressing it. The circumference of a
circle is equal to three and one thousand four hundred and sixteen
ten thousandths (3.1416) times its diameter, which is so near to 3½
that we may call it so, at least for the purpose of cutting and fitting
pants. Now, if 3½ diameters of the thigh will constitute the circle for
the thigh, then that circle will fit the thigh skin tight, but if we allow 4
diameters, we have enough cloth to sew seams and a few inches
beside for straddle and general looseness. If the diameter of the
thigh were only 1 inch, 4 diameters, or 4 inches, would not give cloth
enough to go all around, after 1 inch is used up for seams.
In cutting pants, we may say that a seat size of 36 inches is a
medium size; and for the purpose of fitting such a thigh with a
modern pants, we will call its actual diameter 6 inches; and its skin-
tight circumference just 21 inches, and close investigation will show
that this is a fair average. If we give such a pants 4 times 6 inches,
and deduct 1 inch for all seams, we have 23 inches left to cover the
thigh, which only measures 21 inches, and this would be plenty for
the undress side. I do not say that a close-fitting undress side can
not stand more than this, but I say it should have that much, and that
1 to 1½ inches more, evenly divided, will not make it too large for a
fit, at least not for the present conception of a fit.
At the side of thigh, the angle of 7½ deg. is just ¼ of the whole net
seat measure, which may be taken for a medium loose leg, but for a
quite close fit, ⅛ to ¼ inch may be deducted, and for a quite loose fit,
anything may be allowed there, which will make a nice slope for the
seams. For a size 36 the angle of 2½ deg. has a width of 3 inches at
the fork, and the double angle of 10 deg. requires double the amount
of 4 times 3 inches, making in all 24 inches, to which is added 1¼
inches for the undress side, for extra straddle, and the bridge from
one leg to the other, making it 13¼ inches in all for the half undress
side.
The above calculation is here given for the purpose of showing
how close the diameter and the circumference of the thigh
correspond to the angle of 7½ deg. as used in this work. It also
shows that a larger thigh, say of 7 inches diameter, produces more
cloth in proportion to a smaller thigh of say 5 inches diameter, and
that the addition of 2½ inches to each and all half seat measures will
give a good balance for all sizes. But for reasons explained
elsewhere, boys should have plenty fork, and when we come below
size 28, we should give all that is consistent with a very open cut of
the fork. The largest sizes may be cut according to the scale and to
Dia. XX.
At the knee the same proportion of 4 diameters will hold good. Let
us accept the diameter of the knee of a seat size of 36 as 4½ in.,
and allowing 4 times 4½ in., we have 18 in., from which is to be
taken off 1 in. for seams, and we have 17 in. left, which is enough to
cover the leg. But we find that for a 30 size the knee would not be
large enough for the purpose, and an addition must be made
according to the measure, and the contrary is the case on larger
sizes, as shown in Dia. XX.
At the bottoms we find the same calculation to be true, for if we
take the diameter of the ankle to be 3 in. for size 36, the 4 times 3 in.
will give us 12 in., and after 1 in. is used up for seams, we have
about the actual circumference of the bare ankle, and whatever boot,
style or notion requires more, is allowed equally on both sides,
except on sailor pants, which must have more on the outside, and
the inside must have a reasonable allowance only.
Dia. XIX is made from a pattern of 38 seat size, and 33 actual
waist measure, but the waist made up will be 34½ to 35 in., and
which may be called a normal waist. The back seam must be cut on
a gentle curve on and over the seat lines, because the curved edge
over the seat seam will become straight while winding around the
seat. That portion of the side seam between the calf and the seat
line, must be regulated according to the measure of the knee.
Whenever the style requires a large knee, the side of the thigh must
have more width, starting at the seat line and running down to below
the knee, so that it can spread in such a manner that both front and
back will possess a smooth even slope. Extra width there will not
show, but will hang there as though the body would fill it out. When a
person assumes a sitting posture the width from the outside will go
backward just as easily as the width from the inseam will go
backward, and the extra width will not interfere with the side of the
thigh; but extra width at the back curve, at line 8, will do harm,—in
fact it will interfere with the seat, unless it can be spread also.
To be successful in cutting pants, a cutter must be able to produce
a close-fitting one, and when he can do that he must be able to use
the close-fitting pants as a base for a loose-fitting one without losing
the balance. After a cutter can do this he is not yet done, for then
comes those tasty touches, which consist in his ability to harmonize
thigh and knee and bottom for each particular customer, and which
cannot be learned from the books, but must gradually come to him
through experience and attention to business.
A narrow leg must be shaped according to the shape of the knee,
and should be held a trifle full over the knee, say about 4 in. above
and 4 in. below the center; but that “fulling” must be equal on both
sides and carefully notched, so that the maker cannot throw the leg
out of shape. The best way to notch the seams is to notch equally
about 5 in. above and the same distance below the knee, and then
measure down equally to within 5 or 6 in. of the bottom, and notch
again. Within these 5 or 6 in. above the bottom all stretching of the
side of the fore part must be done for spring-bottom pants. These
may seem quite too many trifles to attend to, but a few notches are
soon made, and if a leg twists it will perhaps take hours to alter it,—
often it will become worse in altering. A small leg should also have a
trifle curve or spread at the outside seam, over the side of the calf,
while the inside is perfectly straight, except what is required for the
shoe or boot or style, and a close-fitting pants must also be stretched
at the back crease line over the calf. Cutters, and tailors as well,
must study the form of the body from neck to ankle, and their ideas
must harmonize as to what that form requires.
A line may be struck anywhere on a pattern and used as a base to
work from. A line may be struck from the top of the side to the inside
ankle, and the same thing can be produced on a larger or smaller
scale. But such a line is only an imaginary base. A line to be worthy
of the name “Base” must correspond to certain angles, or certain
edges or slopes of the body, and for this reason I claim that the
angles of 7½ or 15 deg. are perfect bases for cutting pants, because
they correspond to the slope of the sides of the legs. Now, when we
receive a new work, or a new diagram, or a new pattern, from our
latest fashion reports, we find a line here on one, and a line there on
the other, which they use as bases, and both may be right; but
unless they show distinctly why it is a certain distance from one point
to another, and why the lines are just so and not otherwise, all parts
and points must remain uncertain quantities with the uninitiated
when the pants is to be made either larger or smaller at the waist or
at the knee.
In using the angle of 7½ or 10 deg. for cutting pants, the base is
clearly indicated, and either line of its different divisions may be used
as a base. As a proof that the angle of 7½ deg. is a true base for all
pants, is the fact, that after the pants pattern is marked out, as in
Dia. XIX, XX and XXI, and the sweeps for notches are made from
the point of the angles, the point of the angle may be used as a
pivot, and the forepart may be thrown forward so that more back
slope will be observed, or the forepart may be thrown sidewise so
that less or no back slope may be the result; and in both cases all
points will change their relation, except the sweeps from the point.
What one side loses the other side gains. If all other points are
correctly balanced it matters not how large or how small the back
slope or the fork of the pants may be made, or where the seams are
located. (See Dia. XXII and XXIII.)
If a cutter goes to the trouble to mark a line for every degree or
fraction thereof, and draw stitches in them, he will find that the legs
will fold, or can be pressed into shape, on any of these lines, and on
no other. When such a pants leg is sewed together, it may be turned
in almost any position, with or without back slope, and will always
turn from the point of the angle, though cut off at the ankles; and the
sweeps at the knee, or at other points, swept from the point of the
angle, will always fit together. And when the garment is upon the
body, such sweeps will be horizontal lines all around the form, and
no horizontal line can be produced from any other point, either by
square or by sweeps.
The above reasoning ought to settle the question of back slope,
which has been the great conundrum for the last century. I have
gone through a great many tribulations in cutting pants, and other
garments, and it may be that I have killed more garments than
anyone else, but I determined to solve the question if life permitted,
and I claim that I have been rewarded. Looking back over a forty-
year struggle, I feel that kind Providence has treated me very kindly,
though in disguise, by refusing to let me succeed years ago; for in
that case, I suppose, I would never have thought of trying to discover
anything better.
I will here mention one difficulty I have had to contend with, and I
have no doubt but that others have experienced the same trouble,
and that a great many more will have the same vexation after this,
unless they understand the principle of their work. Sometimes my
pants turned out to be too long, and at other times too short; and no
matter how long or how short I took the measures they would turn
out to be just the opposite. Without going into details, I will give the
reasons for such defects as I have learned to understand them.
Pants may be too long or too short without any other fault; and
such must simply be made shorter or longer. No cutter need expect
to be exempt from the necessity of such alteration, and such
alteration I do not speak of as meaning faulty pants. I speak of too
long or too short pants which are too long or too short because the
misconstructed leg twists somewhere, and produces folds or
wrinkles, and consequently draws the bottom up or down. Pants may
be too long because the fork is not large enough from some cause,
and cannot be drawn up into the crotch, and must be let down and
cut off below; but such a garment will draw up at every step, and
when the wearer assumes the sitting position the bottom will crawl
half way to the knee.
Pants which have too much cloth in the front of the waist will be
pulled backward under the buckle-straps, and in so doing the whole
back will wrinkle and work downward, and will crawl under the heel
at every step, unless made quite short; while walking, each step will
draw a wrinkle from the bottom of the inner seam forward and
upward to the knee. Many a garment of this kind we see every day
upon the streets of every city and town.
Now comes the opposite. Pants which have too much back slope
form extra large seats, and consequently they can be drawn as
tightly as possible without cutting the wearer. Such must be cut
extremely long at the bottom, and it will be found that it is not much
of a trick to cut two pairs of pants for the same person of which one
is to be an inch longer than the other. Pants that are cut away too
much in front and back, and spread sidewise, will also become too
short at the bottom, because in bringing the side to the body the
whole front and inner seam are laid in wrinkles, which take up length.
Such may be made long enough by opening the side seam and
giving the whole side seam at the thigh a good stretching, extending
backward and forward as far as possible.
Another cause for shortness of pants at the bottom is when the
fork is not cut deep enough, for if the point of the fork is too high for
the front and back curve, the extra height will fold up, and, of course,
being within the measure, will be missing below. In this connection it
is perhaps the proper place to point out the way in which to treat the
crotch, as regards the depth of the fork point. From the front base
line of the angle of 7½ deg., mark at 6¾ for the seat line, and square
to the side; mark lines 8 and 10, make the division of the angle of 7½
deg. on line 8 as 3 and 9 sidewise and 3 forward; then square from
the inside line of the angle of 10 deg. through 10 in front of the thigh.
And observe, that squaring through point 10 from the front line of the
angle of 10 deg., as directed in this work, will locate the fork point ½
inch lower than if the squaring was done from the center of the angle
of 10 deg. through point 10.
If the back is made 4¾ wide, the point of the back must sink about
¼ inch lower than that square line through point 10, but a sweep
from point 80 would bring all points on the same sweep. At the angle
of 10 deg., the undress fork is about ⅛ to ¼ higher than the sweep
or the square line, while the dress fork and back are about ⅜ above
the sweep. All of which must be observed in shaping the crotch.
The width of the knee should in all cases be measured, but in the
absence of a positive measurement, it should be observed that the
half-seat measure gives a good width for the knee for size 36, but
size 48 is large enough with 22 in., or 2 in. less than half seat, while
size 24 requires a knee of at least 14 in., or 2 in. more than half seat,
and it should be easy for every cutter to grade the sizes between.
The same variations must be made at the bottoms.
The points of the fork must be considered unchangeable, except
for style, and all changes, as to the backward or forward leaning
waists, must be made upward. The fact is, that the fork and the seat
are the only parts of the pants which can be obtained satisfactorily
by the scale; all other widths and all lengths must be obtained by the
measure.
By observing Dia. XV it will be seen that a certain hole is cut out of
a certain sheet which the body is expected to fill out, and whenever
the front is made larger it must be made that much smaller in the
back, and vice versa. On top of waist, the body shifts backward and
forward, and the pants must follow, while both body and pants must
be considered stationary at the fork. Dia. XV was intended to
represent a large waist, and also a forward-leaning waist, hence the
front of the body is in front of the base, showing that the front of the
pants requires additional cloth. The position of Fig. and Dia. XV must
be considered as a person split in two from back to front, and a
sheet of paper applied as shown by the diagram.
One of the most common faults of otherwise well-fitting pants is a
fold or a crease forming at the bottom of the in-seam, and running
forward and upward to the centre of the leg in front anywhere below
the knee. It may be observed when a person stands still, or when he
walks, but it becomes worse when walking; the kink forms at every
step. This monstrosity can even be seen on the fashion plates, the
publisher of which may contend that this is a natural fault, or that it is
so because of a person’s peculiar position, or the way he walks, all
of which is bosh, because a good-fitting pants does not do that, and
a customer who leaves his order does not expect such fits, and he
would not leave his order for any price, if he were assured in
advance that his pants would cut such snouts when done.
The fact that a great many pants cut such sorrowful faces when on
the street is no excuse for any cutter to follow suit. Pants can be cut
to hang straight, for we see them right along on the street, and we
may see a nice looking pants to-morrow on a person who wore a
gimlet yesterday. Pants with the above named faults usually set
straight if the wearer spreads his legs, say about two feet at the
ankles, which shows that such pants would fit on a person who
should walk in that position. If the upper body fits, the change must
be made from the crotch down, by starting there and giving more
width at the bottom of the in-seam, and taking it off at the outside,
which gives the leg a different slope, the amount of which must
depend upon the judgment of the cutter, but I will say that one inch
goes a great ways.
If a cutter is troubled with this fault, the best thing he can do is to
pin up the fold on and along the in-seam, and anywhere below the
crotch, until the leg hangs straight, then fold the pattern the same
way and change the draft accordingly. The same effect can be
obtained by cutting the pattern through at the outside. But to imitate
this cutting through on a pants which is made already, the side-seam
should be opened and both sides, back and front, pretty well
stretched at and below the side of thigh. Stretching both outsides as
far over as possible is equal to shrinking both insides. Shrinking the
inside would come back again, and make the pants too short, but if
the outside is well stretched, that will remain.
This fault may also be altered by opening the whole in-seam and
by dropping all the nicks of the forepart ¼ to ⅜ inches below those of
the back, and cutting top of back fork that much lower. Changing the
sides in a contrary way will accomplish the same thing. Dropping the
forepart in-seam ¼ inch below the back in-seam nick will throw the
center of foot at least 1 in. sidewise. My experience with such pants
is this: Rip the whole pants, every seam of it, cut a new pattern and
stretch or shrink all parts of the pants, until they conform to the
pattern. It is better to lose the making of the pants than to alter
blindly and spoil the whole of it. Pants which have faults contrary to
the above description must be altered contrary to the above
alteration, all of which must be done by a mechanic who knows his
business, and one who feels an interest in the work to be done. It
takes a good tailor to be a good bushelman.
The normal form requires the height above the crotch ¼ of the
whole net seat measure, that is about 9 in. for a seat of 36, which is
long enough for the body, and for a pants that is intended to fit close
at the waist. But a great many persons require their pants higher up,
and 10 or more numbers of the scale may be used. Pants which are
cut higher than ¼ net waist measure must be sprung out on top, and
on both the side seam and on the gore, as shown in Dia. XIII, and
such pants should be as large as possible at the top, because a
pants must not strike the short ribs at the side. But for such high
pants the buckle-straps should be entirely omitted, or placed low, so
as to draw at the actual hollow of the waist. If it were not for the
pockets, waist bands would be useless, and no pants require waist
bands over the back. If waist bands are cut over the back, they
should be sewed on loose over the back, especially on high waists.
A great many hold the backs full on the waist band, but this is not
good, for if the waist is to be smaller, the gore in the back may be cut
larger. Sewing on the waist band tight, is just as bad as sewing the
collar of a coat tight over the side of the neck. Where the waist band
is to be, or at least where it ought to be, the body turns larger upward
and the waist band should be loose, unless the waist is quite short.
Hip pockets are an abomination, but somehow, men want and
tailors must make them; but all such pants should be cut high in the
waist in order to bring such pockets high up, and for this reason the
buckle strap should be omitted, or they may be sewed on the outside
of the hip pockets, so that the pocket is above the strap, and the
sides should be cut as in Dia. XIII and XXI.
Some cutters require that the pants maker hold the back full on the
top of the in-seam, and others again I have seen who require the
fore part stretched, and others stretch both back and front crotch,
while again others have a stay put in the whole length of the crotch
seam to keep it from stretching, and all may be right providing the
pants are cut accordingly.
As far as this work is concerned I have adopted the middle way,
and say that the seams should be sewed up even. But here I must
caution any one not to stretch the in-seam unless he has a good
reason to do so. The in-seam stretches so much easier than the
outside seam, and if stretched, without it is required, throws the
pants legs into a different direction; that is, too far apart at the
bottom, and such pants will only fit when the person spreads his legs
apart, say 10 or 12 in., or if he stands on one leg only. Such pants
usually throw a fold from the instep, up and forward, to the knee at
every step, and there are plenty such pants seen all over the
country.
The ready-made clothing manufacturers are always up to the
times, and catch on to such things, and to-day we see a great many
ready-made pants with a stay tape in the in-seam.
Some of these days pants will again be made with welted side
seam, which double stitching will make the outside stiff and draw that
seam together, while the in-seam stretches, and the above fault will
show still worse. This is one of the points which should be studied
carefully by every cutter and tailor, but which is not considered by a
great many, hence by observing the “hang” of pants on persons on
any street in any city, we find only a few perfect hanging pants, while
the great majority flap in all directions. There are certainly more mis-
fitting pants to be observed than any other garment. I consider the
cause of it in the greater length of the parts of pants, and also in the
fact that they are sewed up all around. A frock coat has a chance to
go backward or forward by an open front and open back skirt,
without showing wrinkles, but pants are sewed up all around, and the
least misconstruction will show. But there is another reason. The
waist and skirt of a coat is all outside of the body, while the pants
may be said to have a partition in the shape of a crotch seam, and
which crotch seam is affected by every step. I do not like the idea of
putting a stay tape in the crotch seams, because all such seams
should be made up thin and neat, and again, pants makers may go
to the other extreme and draw the stay too close.
If pants seem to have the above described faults, I would advise
cutters to give the inside of the bottom ⅝ more on the double, that is,
locating the center of heel and foot ⅝ more toward the inside without
disturbing the angle of 10 deg. This taking off at the outside and
putting it on the inside must start at the thigh, and amounts to about
½ at the knee, than what it is at the bottom.
In cutting and making pants, or any other garment, a cutter must
know whom he is trying to fit, and for what occupation the garment is
to be used. It wants to be considered as to whether the person
mostly stands or sits. A person who wants a suit for a wedding
requires a different thing entirely than a person who hitches up
horses or who works in the field, or digs in a trench. A tailor requires
a larger pants waist than a clerk, and any tailor who ignores this fact
is mostly found squatting down with the top button of his pants open.
Now, if a person who writes all day wants to sit down comfortable
when he works he must have a pants which is loose, and even too
loose when he stands or walks, but that can not be helped, and a
customer should be so told when he orders his pants, and he can
have his choice. But it must be observed that persons who sit a good
deal and want a loose waist require the allowance in front and side
and the back slope should be made liberally large, in order to obtain
a longer seat, even if the seat shows surplus cloth when standing. A
long back slope prevents the pants from pulling up from the bottom,
when sitting down, and we find that pants which fit very neat at the
seat when standing, are more apt to crawl up when the person sits
down, than such pants which show surplus length of seat when
standing. But right here let me warn of an error into which many
cutters fall:
A pants cut on certain lines or angles, like Dia. XIX, XX and XXI,
requires a certain amount for fork and a certain amount for back
slope, or length for the seat. Each has a certain function to perform.
Not enough fork, and too much back slope, will allow a man to wear
such a pants, but the seat will wrinkle too much. Contrary, too much
fork may be drawn backward to supply a short seat, but such a pants
will never hang or feel comfortable, unless the surplus, whatever or
wherever it is, is thrown to where it is wanted by stretching certain
parts, as described elsewhere. The same may be said about
allowing cloth for a large waist, which requires a certain part to be
allowed in front and a certain part at the top of side. Surplus cloth on
the top of side, which ought to be in front, will be thrown forward, and
form a fold, starting at the side of thigh, running forward, and when a
person sits down, he will have his whole lap full of cloth.
Such are points which nobody will ever be able to teach to a
certainty, or to learn from the books. All that can be done by a
teacher is to point out causes and effects and approximate amounts
for alteration; and a cutter must use his brains to pass judgment as
to the amount taken off here, and given there, in each individual
case, and that the ever varying forms of men will require an ever
watchful cutter to fit it with such garments as a changeable fashion
from time to time requires. Learning rules or going to cutting schools
and hanging up a diploma near the cutting board don’t make
successful cutters. After receiving certain instructions, a cutter must
get the “right hang” of it by experience, and if he is a “natural born”
cutter, he can use a horse shoe or a boot jack for his rule, and he will
succeed as easily as a fish learns to swim, but if he is not a natural
born cutter, or it may be better said, a natural born Fitter, he must
acquire the “Art” by hard study.
Stripes.
If Pants are cut from striped goods, the stripe should run parallel with
the center line of the angle of 10 deg., both in front and back, though
on the forepart it may be located an inch sidewise on the top of the
waist; but the back part must have its stripe on that line. This is
important to bear in mind, particularly on large pants, which are to be
seen often with the stripe running inward or outward. On plain goods
it makes no difference where the seams are cut, but on striped
goods the forepart should be cut narrow at the side of the thigh, and
broad at the side of the bottom in order to run the stripe parallel with
the side seam.
It is quite an accomplishment to be able to determine the location
of the seams on all kinds of pants without causing them to lose their
balance. The top of the front may be cut ¼ full waist for the middle
sizes, but the smaller sizes must be cut large enough to make room
for the button-hole fly and the pockets. On large-waisted pants, it
may save a good deal of piecing to cut the top of the forepart broad,
and even as wide as the angle of 7½ deg., and then cut the pockets
forward independent of the side seam; but if the material is striped,
the stripe will be too crooked over the center of the front. On the
front, the stripe may run 1 in. to the side of the top of the center-line
on all pants, but on large waists, it may run 2 in. sidewise on top. On
the back the stripe must run with the center line.
On a vest the stripes should run at right angles with the pockets,
and nearly parallel with the front edge. On all cut-a-way coats, run
the stripe with the front plumb line. On the back, run it with the edge
of the back tack, and with the edge of the side of the back skirt as
well as with the edge of the front skirt, so that the stripes fit to the
pleat; but on straight coats, the stripes should run parallel with the
front edge, even if the back edge is a trifle bias.
On the side-piece, the stripe should run nearly with the back when
they are sewed together, and at the same time the stripe of the side-
piece and skirt below should run nearly in the same direction, or as
near as possible. On the sleeve, the stripe should run with the front
sleeve base.
Coat and Vest Bases and the Angle
of 135 Degrees.
Scale: One-half breast and 2½ in., divided into 20 parts. The
common inch produces breast size 35. Bases: See Fig. I and II and
Dia. XI and XII. Fig. I shows the angle of 135 deg. to be applied in
measuring the shoulder slope. The angle of 135 deg. is the base.
The cutter is to find the variation, which is seldom over ⅜ inch higher
or lower, but the angle of 135 deg. will fit 49 in every 50 cases. Fig. I
shows the angle of 135 deg. over the back as well as over the front.
In this position the two angles of 135 deg. cover two backs and two
fronts.
The center of the back and center of the front represent the center
of each angle of 135 deg., as the center of back and front, a hole
being cut for the neck to pass through. Dividing the angle of 135 deg.
in the center of the back or center of the front leaves half an angle of
135 deg. on each side of the back and each side of the front. The
two halves again united will form another full angle of 135 deg.
placed on the body, as shown on Fig. II with the front line running
forward 15 deg. of the plumb line, and after a hole is cut for the neck
the back line can fall down to the center of the back, closing into the

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Note to instructors: Graphs are not to scale 6.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

13. 0 1.23 1.90

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

18. continued 22.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

b. D œ 0.52 for area œ 0.6985 They are very close.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

54. 58. continued

Thus, PÐ  0.5  D  0.11Ñ œ 0.2345 0.3

Area (right side) œ 0.5  0.38 œ 0.88

the corresponding C value. The pairs are 1.

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

P(D > 0.84) œ 1  0.7995 œ 0.2005 or

 2.46  0.48  2.04  0.12

P(D > 1.87) œ 1  0.9693 œ 0.0307 or

c. Not too happy! It's really at the bottom

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

 2.5  0.5  1.01 0.93

P(D > "Þ%$) œ 1  !Þ*#$' œ !Þ!('%

P(D  0.1) œ 1  0.5398 œ 0.4602 or

P(D  2.74) œ 1  0.9969 8.

P( D > 1.44) œ 1  0.9251 œ 0.0749 or

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

0.11 0.78 P(D   1.15) œ 0.1251 or 12.51%

For B  6000 miles: P(  0.24 < z < 0.67) œ 0.7486 

P(D   5.03) œ 0.0001

Maybe it would be good to know why it

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

The probability is less than 0.0001.

 1.04= œ $Þ!!  $Þ%#

P(  1.33 < D < 0.67) œ

P(D <  ") œ !Þ"&)(

P(D   0.67) œ 1  0.2514 œ 0.7486

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

P( D  2.51) œ 1  0.9940 œ 0.006 or 0.6%

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

22. 25. continued

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

28. continued 32.

30  34 deviation would be different.

P(  2.22 Ÿ D Ÿ  1.48) 33.

The top 20% means that area œ 0.80. The  1.78(6) œ 85  .

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

B œ 43.5 for the F's

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education.

Thus, PÐ 0.5 D 0.11Ñ œ 0.2345 0.3

Area (right side) œ 0.5 0.38 œ 0.88

P(D > 0.84) œ 1 0.7995 œ 0.2005 or

2.46 0.48 2.04 0.12

P(D > 1.87) œ 1 0.9693 œ 0.0307 or

2.5 0.5 1.01 0.93

P(D > "Þ%$) œ 1 !Þ*#$' œ !Þ!('%

P(D 0.1) œ 1 0.5398 œ 0.4602 or

P(D 2.74) œ 1 0.9969 8.

P( D > 1.44) œ 1 0.9251 œ 0.0749 or

0.11 0.78 P(D 1.15) œ 0.1251 or 12.51%

For B 6000 miles: P( 0.24 < z < 0.67) œ 0.7486

P(D 5.03) œ 0.0001

1.04= œ $Þ!! $Þ%#

P( 1.33 < D < 0.67) œ

P(D < ") œ !Þ"&)(

P(D 0.67) œ 1 0.2514 œ 0.7486

P( D 2.51) œ 1 0.9940 œ 0.006 or 0.6%

30 34 deviation would be different.

P( 2.22 Ÿ D Ÿ 1.48) 33.

The top 20% means that area œ 0.80. The 1.78(6) œ 85 .

IQR œ Q$ Q" œ 60.5 29.5 œ 31 œ 0.8945or 89.45%

P(D 3.75) œ 1 0.00009 œ 0.99991

P(D 3.1) œ 1 0.001 œ 0.9990

P(D < 1.10) œ 0.1357 or 13.57%

P(D 3.11) œ 1 0.9991 œ 0.0009 17.

P(z 0.72) œ 1 0.7642 œ 0.2358

X. 3000 2708 P(D 2.57) œ 0.0051 or 0.51%

P(z 3.95) œ 1 0.9999 œ 0.0001

P(D 1.38) œ 0.0838 or 8.38%

P(0 D 1.76) œ 0.9608 0.5

220 215 12È8

P(D 1.67) œ 1 0.9525 œ 0.0475 or

P(X 6.5) œ 1 0.8289 œ 0.1711 or

P(43.5 X 44.5) œ 0.9441 0.8925 P(X Ÿ 12.5) œ 0.2327 or 23.27%

P(X 249.5) œ 1 0.0030 œ 0.9970 or

a. np œ 50(0.20) œ 10 5 Yes P(64.5 X 85.5) œ 0.8925 0.0025

P(X 30.5) œ 1 0.0107 œ 0.9893

P(X 39.5) œ 0.1003 or 10.03%

115.5 129.6 (TI answer œ 0.7734)

P(X 224.5) œ 0.0087 b. 0.7019 0.5 œ 0.2019

c. 0.9591 0.8962 œ 0.0629 c. 1 0.0869 œ 0.9131

0 1.26 1.74 1.36 0

d. 0.9484 0.1539 œ 0.7945 d. 0.0183

c. 0.9535 0.0694 œ 0.8841 d. 0.9732

1.48 0 1.68 0 1.93

d. 0.9616 0.8888 œ 0.0728

0 1.22 1.77 1.77 0

e. 0.6255 0.0104 œ 0.6151

P(D 1.21) œ 1 0.8869 œ 0.1131

1.66 B œ 0.67(600) 5274 œ $5676

2.03 0 P(D 1.00) œ 1 0.8413 œ 0.1587

P(D 3.00) œ 1 0.9987 œ 0.0013 P(D 1.98) œ 1 0.9761 œ 0.0239

P(0.76 D 1.57) œ 0.9418 0.7764

P(D 1.55) œ 1 0.9394 œ 0.0606 or

IQR œ Q$ Q" 18 19.32

(TI answer œ 0.0142) P(z 0.29) œ 1 0.6141 œ 0.3859