Islamia University Bahwalpur

Submitted by:
Fazal wahid
Submitted to:
Mam Latiba Khanam
Subject:
State society and Civic
Roll #
S23BLAED1M03018
Department:
Language Education
Semester:
2rd semester
 What is state?
The word “state” refers to a collection of interconnected
and frequently overlapping views regarding a variety of
political issues. According to Walter Scheidel,
mainstream defines the state as- centralised institutions
that impose rules on a territorially circumscribed
population and back them up with force. Max Weber
defines the state as a mandatory political organisation
with a centralised authority that holds a monopoly on
the lawful usage force within a given region. The
conditions that a state must meet in order to be
recognised by the global community are typically
included in mainstream academic concepts of the state.
Another conceivable theory of the state is liberal
philosophy. The objective of the state or
commonwealth, according to John Locke, is the
preservation of property, with property in Locke’s
theory referring not only to personal goods but rather
to one’s life and liberty. On this premise, the state serves
as a foundation for social cohesiveness and production
by giving assurances of security for one’s life, liberty,
and personal property, therefore establishing incentives
for wealth development. Public goods provision is
viewed as a vital function of the state by some, such as
Adam Smith, because these products may otherwise be
underprovided.
 History Of State

 When it became feasible to consolidate authority in

a long-term way, the first versions of the state
developed. Farming as well as a stable population
have been cited as prerequisites for the formation
of states. Grain agriculture, for example, is more
favourable to state creation because of its
concentrated production, taxing, and storage.
Agriculture as well as writing are almost
universally correlated with this phase: agricultural
production because it enabled for the creation of a
social class of individuals who did not have to
spend the majority of their time scavenging for
food, and writing since it allowed for the
consolidation of vital information. Large-scale
expansion was made feasible through
bureaucratization.

 Egypt, Mesoamerica, India, Mesopotamia, China,

and the Andes were the first known states.
Without any full-time specialised state
organisation, roving bands of hunter-gatherers and
even fairly large and complex tribal societies based
 on herding or agriculture have existed, and these
“stateless” forms of political organisation have in
fact prevailed for all of human history and much of
its prehistory. But in recent times, all of these
stateless societies have been superseded.

 Religious institutions (such as the Church) and city

republics were the principal opposing
organisational forms to the state.

 Almost all of the world’s liveable territory has been

divided into sections with more or less distinct
borders claimed by various governments since the
late nineteenth century. Previously, vast swaths of
the country were either unclaimed or deserted, or
occupied by nomadic tribes who were not
structured into nations. Even inside modern states,
however, there are enormous expanses of
wildness, such as the Amazon rainforest, that are
deserted or inhabited wholly or primarily by
indigenous tribes (some of them still remaining
uncontacted). Currently, there are roughly 200
sovereign states in the international world, the
large majority of whom are recognized by the
United Nations.