Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering.

2012, 4 (1): 44–53

Damage-free coring technique for rock mass under high in-situ stresses

Peng Yan1, 2, 3, Wenbo Lu1, 2*, Ming Chen1, 2, Zhigang Shan3, Xiangrong Chen3, Yong Zhou3
1
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
2
Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
3
HydroChina Huadong Engineering Corporation, Hangzhou, 310014, China
Received 24 January 2011; received in revised form 16 December 2011; accepted 5 February 2012

Abstract: Rock sampling with traditional coring method would cause initial damage to rock samples induced by in-situ stress
relief during coring. To solve this problem, a damage-free coring method is proposed in this paper. The proposed coring scheme
is numerically modeled first, and then it is verified by comparative laboratory tests using rock samples both obtained by
conventional coring method and the proposed damage-free coring method. The result indicates that the in-situ stresses in
sampling area could be reduced by 30%–50% through drilling a certain number of destressing holes around the whole sampling
area. The spacing between adjacent destressing holes is about 10 cm. The average uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock
samples obtained by the damage-free coring method in Jinping II hydropower station with overburden depth of 1 900 m is higher
than that of samples obtained by the conventional coring method with the same depth by 5%–15% and an average of 8%. In
addition, the effectiveness of damage-free coring method can also be verified by acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The AE
events monitored during uniaxial compression test of damage-free coring samples is fewer than that of conventional coring
samples at the primarily loading phase.
Key words: deep rock masses; damage-free coring; Jinping II hydropower station

unloading. When a rock sample is cored from a deep

1 Introduction

At present, the issues of deep excavation or deep
mining are frequently encountered (He et al., 2005;
Zhou et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006). Under high
in-situ stresses, especially high horizontal stress, deep
rock masses are always in a state of high compression,
thus the excavation-induced responses would be severe,
such as intensive rockbursts or other high stress-
induced failures. The excavation damaged zone (EDZ)
under high in-situ stresses would be much larger than
that under low in-situ stresses (Martin, 1997;
Backblom and Martin, 1999; Martino and Chandler,
2004; Read, 2004; He et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2005;
Wang et al., 2006).
Deep rock sampling has to address the problem of
coring damage or disturbance induced by in-situ stress
Doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1235.2012.00044
*Corresponding author. Tel: +86-27-68772221; E-mail: wblu@whu.edu.cn
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)
(2010CB732003) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51009013, 50909077)
borehole, it is removed from the original in-situ stress
field to a state of destressing. Fig. 1 qualitatively
shows the stress path during coring in a vertical well,
based on numerical simulations performed by Dyke
(1989). In Fig. 1, the point X is initially under a state of
vertical and horizontal stresses. When a core is drilled,
the vertical stress is gradually removed as the coring
bit approaches from above. The horizontal stress is
removed only after the point X gets inside the core
barrel. Thus, a large deviatoric stress may occur during
drill-out of the core from the strata. Such a stress may
lead to yielding and failure of rocks (Holt et al., 2000).
The differential strain curve analysis can be used to
estimate in-situ stresses by measuring the distributions
of microcracks in an oriented core (Strickland and Ren,
1980), and the principle of this method is that the stress
relief in the core produces microcracks perpendicular
to the principal stresses in proportion to the magnitude
of each principal stress. Carlson and Wang (1986)
showed that microcrack porosity in a rock core
increases with the mean in-situ stress, which may
indirectly verify the above method. Charlez et al.
Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53 45

which was conducted at the early stage of construction

(a) Initial stress state of coring.
in shallow part of the transportation tunnel parallel to
the diversion tunnels, and the maximum principal
stress after regression at the largest overburden depth
of the diversion tunnels could reach 72 MPa (Shan and
Yan, 2010). The surrounding rocks of the
transportation tunnels are mainly of marble with a
saturated UCS of 65–90 MPa and a tensile strength of
3–6 MPa. Due to the complex geological conditions,
large overburden depth and high in-situ stresses,
intensive rockbursts induced by high in-situ stresses
occurred frequently during excavation (Fig. 2).

(b) Stress path during coring.

Fig. 1 Illustration of stress relief during coring (Holt et al.,
2000).

(1986) proposed a rheological relaxation model to

explain micro-fracturing induced by stress relief.
Through laboratory tests, Holt et al. (1996, 1998),
Kenter et al. (1997) and Brignoli et al. (1998) (a) High stress-induced cracks.
measured the material properties in “virgin” (simulated
in-situ) conditions, and compared these to the
properties of “cores” that have been unloaded to
simulate coring and subsequently reloaded to in-situ
conditions. The results indicated that the compression
modulus was permanently reduced as a result of an
unloading-reloading cycle, and the wave velocities
were also permanently reduced. The unconfined
strength was found to be strongly affected by the
simulated coring. Chu (2009) also indicated that the
rock strength may be underestimated by using
(b) Rockbursts.
damaged samples in laboratory tests, and furthermore,
Fig. 2 Cracks and rockbursts induced by high in-situ stresses in
the coring damage may lead to a misunderstanding of Jinping II hydropower station.
rock mechanical characteristics. For deep rock project
design, a reasonable estimation of coring damage Relationship curves between the depth of V-shaped
extent of core samples or pre-established measures for notches and the in-situ stress over the past 30 years are
reducing coring damage would be of great importance. shown in Fig. 3 (Martin and Christiansson, 2009). In
Jinping II hydropower station, located on Jinping Fig. 3, Df is the depth of V-shaped notches from the
River bend of Yalong River in West China, is a long center of circular tunnel, a is the radius of the circular
diversion-type hydropower station. The average length tunnel,   is the maximum boundary stress, and
of the four diversion tunnels is around 16.7 km. These  sm is the rock mass spalling strength.
diversion tunnels pass through the Jinping Mountain Except for the cases of a few failed zones induced
and are generally with an overburden depth of 1 500– by fracture rockburst, the depth of V-shaped notches
2 000 m, and the maximum depth is 2 525 m. The induced by strain rockburst or slabbing is generally
maximum in-situ stress measured in field is 46.1 MPa, about 0.5 m in the drainage tunnel of Jinping II
46 Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53

 

Df
a
Df/a

Df 
 0.48  0.1  0.5 θθ
a  sm
Strain (103)
(a) Stress-strain curves.
 θθ /  sm

Fig. 3 Relationship curves between depth of V-shaped notches

and in-situ stress (Martin and Christiansson, 2009).

hydropower station during tunnel boring machine

(TBM) excavation, with the overburden depth less than
1 800 m (Chu, 2009). Taking the drainage tunnel for
example, the ratio of the maximum principal stress to (b) AE counts.
the minimum one is considered to be 1.12, and the
minimum principal stress is regarded as the weight of
overlying rock masses (Fig. 3). For the tunnel with a
radius of 3.5 m, calculation results show that the UCS
of the intact marble ( T2y5 of Yantang group) is
150–180 MPa, which does not agree with laboratory
test results. In the feasibility study stage of the project,
laboratory tests (Chu, 2009) show that the average (c) Failure of specimen B11.

UCS of marble T2y5 is about 125 MPa, and the
maximum value is approximately 150 MPa. Although
the differences may be caused by adaptability of the
empirical formulae shown in Fig. 3, further study on
the genuine strength of Jinping marbles is needed.
In this paper, a damage-free coring method is
proposed for deep rock masses, and numerical
simulations and laboratory tests are also employed.
2 Damage-free coring technique
2.1 Coring damage of Jinping marble
The laboratory tests conducted by Chu (2009)
indicated that the average UCS of white marble (T2b)
in Jinping II hydropower station was around 113 MPa,
and the maximum and minimum values were 144 and
98 MPa, respectively. The results are basically
consistent with those obtained by Hohai University.
The typical stress-strain curves and corresponding AE
counts at each loading level given by Chu (2009) are
shown in Fig. 4.
The axial stress-strain curves in Fig. 4(a) show a
concave profile, indicating a closure of existing cracks
right after loading. However, a large number of AE
Fig. 4 Stress-strain curves, AE counts and failure of specimen
B11 under loading (Chu, 2009).
events have been recorded in the meantime, as shown
in Fig. 4(b). It indicates that a large number of new
cracks have been developed under a rather low stress
level, which is 30% of UCS, below the crack
initialization strength. As the recorded AE events are
mobilized when stress level is lower than the crack
initialization strength, the AE events seem not to
indicate an initial cracking. Instead, the propagation of
existing damages is likely to account for the AE. In
other words, significant damage exists in the specimen
prior to loading (Shan et al., 2010).
AE usually results from cracking in tension. The
significant AE under low stress level suggests that the
damage propagates sub-vertically in such an axial
loading condition. The failure surface of this specimen
agrees well with such suggestion. As shown in Fig. 4(c),
the failure surface appears sub-vertically, or simply the
existing damages are mostly oriented more or less in
parallel with the specimen axis.
Existing damage in specimen A45 can also be
identified with the laboratory test results, as shown in
Fig. 5. Similarly, damage propagation can be revealed
by AE events. However, the profiles of both stress-
Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53
2
Strain (103)
(a) Stress-strain curve.
(b) AE counts.
Shear failure
(c) Failure of specimen A45.
Fig. 5 Stress-strain curves, AE counts and failure of specimen
A45 under loading (Shan et al., 2010).
axial strain curve and stress-volumetric strain curve for
this specimen are quite different from those in Fig. 4. It
suggests that most existing cracks are sub-horizontally
oriented to favoring a closure response under axial
loading. In addition to this difference, the failure
surface penetrates through the specimen in an inclined
manner, which indicates a shearing failure mechanism.
Such mechanism is consistent with the presumption
that sub-horizontal cracks are dominated as they have a
little contribution to specimen failure under vertical
loading (Shan et al., 2010).
Fig. 6 shows the AE curve using rock specimen
obtained in shallow overburden condition (Zhao et al.,
2006), and it is significantly different from specimens
B11 and A45. The significant difference indicates
again that there would be a certain degree of initial
damage in the core of Jinping marble, which may lead
to an underestimation of the UCS of Jinping marble.
47
Strain (106)
Fig. 6 Stress-strain curve and AE count under loading using
specimen obtained at shallow overburden condition (Zhao et al.,
2006).
2.2 Scheme of damage-free coring
All the laboratory test results have identified the
presence of existing damages inside 14 specimens
(Chu, 2009). The existing damage could result from
core drilling or tectonic movement in geological
history. A numerical model with 3DEC was built to
investigate stress changes inside the core during
drilling. The model geometry and interpreted stress are
illustrated in Fig. 7 (Shan et al., 2010). Three points A,
B and C locate at 0.8R, 0.5R and 0.2R (R is the radius
of the rock core) in the rock core in Fig. 7(a),
respectively. The stress states of the three points
corresponding to different buried depths or in-situ
stress levels are shown in Fig. 7(b). Once the stress
state points locate in the area above the initiation
strength line, the core damage will occur. The size of
borehole in the model was set to be 76 mm in diameter,
which is of a typical case in practice. The UCS of
intact rock is considered as 120 MPa, referring to the
laboratory test results in Figs. 4 and 5.
Rock core
Drill part
(a) Calculation model.
48 Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53

Stress increasing regions

Stress (MPa)
2.0000E+02
1.8000E+02
A 1.6000E+02
1.4000E+02
B
1.2000E+02
C 1.0000E+02
8.0000E+01
6.0000E+01
4.0000E+01 (a) Circle. (b) Square.
2.0000E+01
9.7557E01
Fig. 8 Concepts of damage-free coring technique (Chu, 2009).

(b) Stress distribution at depth of 1 500 m. 2.3 Optimization of damage-free coring scheme
According to the damage-free coring technique, the
diameter of destressing holes was determined as 110
Maximum principal stress, 1 (MPa)

mm by consulting with the drilling engineers, so as to

reduce the number of destressing holes outside. The
clear spacing between adjacent coring holes is at least
20 cm, while the spacing between the coring hole and
the surrounding destressing hole is at least 30 cm.
The layouts of the destressing holes basically can be
of two types, i.e. square and circle (Fig. 9). The length
of the side of square stress relief area is about 90 cm,
and the diameter of the circular stress relief area is
around 100 cm.
Minimum principal stress, 3 (MPa)
(c) Stress states of key points A, B and C. 900
Fig. 7 3DEC simulations of stress path and potential damage
caused by coring (Shan et al., 2010). 400 76
110
Four simulations were carried out under four in-situ
stress levels, equivalent to the depths of 800, 1 000,
1 500 and 2 000 m, respectively. The simulation results
suggested that the stress was lower than crack
initialization strength when drilling at the depth of 800 m 1 006
from surface, as shown in Fig. 7. Core damage is thus
(a) Square arrangement.
not expected due to drilling. For the other three
schemes examined, drilling can possibly cause core 1 006

damage as the stress in the core can exceed crack

400 76
initialization strength. In this model, the excavation-
110
induced damage area could be 70% of the core
cross-section when drilling at a depth of 2 000 m from
surface. However, the central area of the core seems to
remain intact.
As drilling-induced damage propagates from
900
boundary to centre, it seems that a solution to drill
larger holes and extract the central column of core is (b) Circular arrangement.
needed. This approach is expected to work effectively Fig. 9 Arrangement types of destressing holes (unit: mm).
when damage is not significant. In Fig. 8, another
concept could be named as damage-free coring After the above parameters are determined, the
technique, which seems applicable to complex spacing of adjacent destressing holes is the only
conditions. The idea is implemented through drilling a unknown, and the effect of damage-free coring mostly
number of holes to release high stress in the area to be depends on the selection of the spacing. In order to
sampled (Chu, 2009). choose a reasonable spacing for damage-free coring,
Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53 49

the stress relief effects of five different intervals on

adjacent destressing holes and two kinds of destressing
hole distribution types are simulated by using FLAC3D.
The corresponding calculation parameters are shown in
Table 1.

1 (MPa)
Table 1 Calculation parameters of different destressing holes.
Diameter of Spacing between adjacent
Layout of Number of
Case destressing destressing holes (mm)
destressing destressing
No. hole Center-to-center Wall
holes holes
(mm) spacing thickness
1 Circle 110 12 260.6 150.6
2 Circle 110 14 223.3 113.3
3 Circle 110 16 195.3 85.3
4 Square 110 16 225.3 115.3
5 Square 110 20 180 70
3 (MPa)
(b) Stress paths of points A, B and C.
The parameters of surrounding rocks adopted in Destressing holes
O D

The principal stress (MPa)

calculation refer to those of the surrounding rocks of 100
Stress relief area
class III of Yantang group marble ( T2y5 ) in Jinping 80 1
In-situ stress area

diversion tunnels, whose geological strength index 60 2

40 3
(GSI) is 60, and the unconfined UCS is 110 MPa. The
in-situ stress fields are:  1   x  0.83 MPa, 20

 2   y  43.93 MPa,  3   z  38.53 MPa, and the 0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
directions of the maximum and intermediate principal r (m)

stresses are both horizontal, while the direction of the
minimum principal stress is vertical (Chu, 2009).
Numerical model is shown in Fig. 10, in which the
dimensions are 3 m×3 m×5 m (x×y×z), and the
diameter of the holes is 110 mm. The bottom surface of
the model is fixed. Taking case 2 for example,
calculation results are shown in Fig. 11.
z destressing holes. The curves shown in Fig. 11(b) are
y z
x
y x
Fig. 10 Numerical model of damage-free coring.
D be observed that the maximum principal stress reduces
y C
B difference between the maximum and minimum
z x
O A
(a) Distribution of the maximum principal stress.
(c) Distribution of the principal stresses on cross-section O–D.
Fig. 11 Simulation results of case 2.
The distribution of the maximum principal stress in
the sampling area after drilling of the destressing holes
in turn is shown in Fig. 11(a). It can be observed that
the stress concentration appears in the vicinity of
the stress paths of points A, B and C during destressing
holes drilling. The stress level of point C exceeds the
empirical envelope of crack initiation strength, and it
means that the rock around point C may be damaged
during drilling process. But the stress states of points A
and B are both always lower than the empirical
envelope of crack initiation strength, so no cracks
occur there. Fig. 11(c) shows the distribution of the
principal stresses along the cross-section O-D. It could
from 60 to 30 MPa after stress relief, and the
principal stresses reduces from 20 to around 10 MPa.
The stress state has been changed significantly.
Fig. 12 indicates the stress relief rates of above five
cases, of which three cases with circular arrangement
of destressing holes and two with square arrangement,
as shown in Figs. 12(a) and (b), respectively.
50 Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53

1
Stress relief rate (%)
70
60 2
50
40 3
30
20
10
0 (a) Test site.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Spacing between adjacent destressing holes (cm)
(a) Circular arrangement of destressing holes.
1
50 2
Stress relief rate (%)

40 3
30
20
10
0
9 10 11 12 (b) Coring position.
Spacing between adjacent destressing
holes (cm)
(b) Square arrangement of destressing holes.
Fig. 12 Stress relief rates with two kinds of destressing hole
arrangements.

From Figs. 11 and 12, the following conclusions can

be made:
(1) Generally, if the spacing between adjacent
destressing holes is smaller, the stress relief effect
would be better.
(2) With the same spacing of adjacent destressing
holes, the stress relief effect of schemes using circular
arrangement of destressing holes is better than that
with square arrangement, and the circular arrangement
of destressing holes needs fewer holes than square (c) Cross-section of coring area.
arrangement.
Fig. 13 Test site of damage-free coring.
(3) For all stress relief schemes mentioned above, it
is noted that the stress change in rock would not
exceed crack initiation strength within 30 cm from the
center of stress relief area (within point B in Fig. 11),
and the rock specimen obtained from this area may
satisfy the requirements of damage-free coring test.

3 Laboratory test verification

Considering the construction difficulty and other (a) Lofting of coring holes.
factors comprehensively, case 2 with the circular
arrangement of destressing holes was chosen finally.
Specifically, the diameter of the destressing holes is
110 mm, the clear spacing of adjacent destressing
holes is 113.3 mm, and 14 destressing holes were
arranged.
3.1 Implementation of damage-free coring
The site of the damage-free coring test is located in
the test branch tunnel 2-1 of Jinping II hydropower
(b) Situation after coring.
station, which is shown in Fig. 13. Fig. 14 shows the
Fig. 14 Lofting of coring holes and situation after coring.
situation of field lofting of destressing holes,
damage-free coring holes, and the conditions after 3.2 Situation of core discing
coring completion. The situations of damage-free coring holes and cores
Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53
obtained from destressing holes (routine coring) are
shown in Figs. 15 and 16, respectively. There are still
core discing phenomena in the cores obtained by
damage-free coring technique, but the discing extent
and the hole segment length of discing are much less
than those of destressing holes. As shown in Fig. 15,
the core discing appears partly in holes C and E in all
five damage-free coring holes, marked by A–E
separately, while it appears continuously and
approximately in each destressing hole (Fig. 16).
It indicates that the purpose of the designed
damage-free coring technique is roughly satisfied.
However, due to the rock heterogeneity along coring
holes, the stress relief induced damage during coring
still occurs locally. It means that the spacing between
adjacent destressing holes should be further reduced.
13.52 m
17.31 m
(a) Damage-free core from hole C.
14.12 m
18.26 m
(b) Damage-free core from hole E.
Fig. 15 Discing phenomena of damage-free cores.
(a) Cores in the 5th box from destressing hole No. 2.
(b) Cores in the 6th box from destressing hole No. 4.
Fig. 16 Discing phenomena of cores obtained from destressing
holes.
51
3.3 Uniaxial compression tests and AE monitoring
Comparison of uniaxial compression tests between
the traditional coring method and damage-free coring
method is made, where the tests are conducted on the
MTS815 servo-controlled rock pressure testing
machine. The test equipment and layout of AE
monitoring are shown in Fig. 17. The AE monitoring
system is made by PAC Company, and the monitoring
sensor model is of R61-AST type.
(a) MTS815 servo-controlled rock pressure testing machine.
AE
sensor
(b) Layout of AE monitoring.
Fig. 17 Test equipment and layout of AE monitoring.
Part of test results is shown in Table 2. The
specimens D25-2, D28, D30, D31 and D35 are
damage-free cores, and the specimens Y3-2 and Y4-2
are obtained from destressing holes with traditional
coring method. It can be seen that the UCSs of
damage-free cores are higher than those of traditional
cores by 5%–15%, averaging about 8%.
The buried-depth of coring position of the rock
specimens used in this test is about 1 900 m (Fig. 13),
but the maximum buried-depth of tunnels in Jinping II
hydropower station is about 2 500 m. Thus, it could be
inferred that the coring-induced unloading damage in
rock cores that are sampled from larger buried-depths
or higher ground stress positions would be larger than
those monitored in the laboratory tests. And the rock
strength would be seriously underestimated in
traditional coring tests.
52 Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53

proposed method is optimized by numerical

Table 2 Results of uniaxial compression tests.
simulations. Then, the method is applied to the test
Depth of Diameter Improving rate to
Specimen sampling (m) of sample
UCS
average UCS of tunnel 2-1 in Jinping II hydropower station, and
No. (MPa)
Initial Final (cm) traditional cores (%) damage-free cores and traditional cores are both
D25-2 12.45 12.67 4.98 98.2 5.76 obtained. At last, comparative laboratory tests using
D28 13.72 13.87 4.93 107.6 15.89 two kinds of specimens are carried out to test the effect
D30 15.68 15.86 4.93 97.5 5.01 of the proposed method. The main conclusions are
D31 16.1 16.23 4.97 99.8 7.49 drawn as follows:
D35 17.4 17.58 4.96 98.9 6.52 (1) The statistics, core discing and laboratory tests
Y3-2 9.97 10.37 4.92 93.3 — all indicate that the traditional coring method would
Y4-2 6.06 6.36 4.92 92.4 — cause damage to rock samples to some extent under
high in-situ stresses, and the damage is mainly induced
The typical axial stress-strain curves and AE by stress relief during coring.
monitoring results are shown in Fig. 18. It could be (2) By employing the proposed coring method, the
observed that the AE counts monitored at the early influence of in-situ stress relief could be significantly
loading stage of damage-free core is few, and the AE reduced by drilling destressing holes with proper
events mainly appear before peak strength. But for the spacing around the coring area. Numerical simulations
cores obtained from destressing holes by the traditional show that, if the clear spacing between adjacent
coring method, the AE events appear uniformly at the destressing holes is about 10 cm, the in-situ stresses
whole loading stage, which indicates that coring could be reduced by 30%–50%.
damage exists in the core obtained by the traditional (3) The UCSs of damage-free samples obtained
coring method. It is similar to the results shown in Figs. 4 from the test tunnel 2-1 with an overburden depth of
and 5. 1 900 m in Jinping II hydropower station are 5%–15%
higher than those of traditional coring tests, averaging
about 8%. The effect of proposed damage-free coring
method could also be verified by the results that the
monitored AE events of damage-free cores during
early loading stage are fewer than those of traditional
cores.
The work is only a preliminary study on the coring
damage under high in-situ stresses. In addition, the
researches on the range and extent of drilling-induced
Axial strain (103)
damage to cores and the influence of coring damage on
(a) Specimen D28.
rock mechanical characteristics are still needed.

References

Backblom G, Martin C D. Recent experiments in hard rocks to study the

excavation response: implications for the performance of a nuclear
waste geological repository. Tunneling and Underground Space
Technology, 1999, 14 (3): 377–394.
Brignoli M, Fanuel P, Holt R M, Kenter C J. Effects on core quality of a
Axial strain (103) bias stress applied during coring. In: Proceedings of EUROCK’98
(b) Specimen Y3-2. (Vol.1). [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1998: 301.
Fig. 18 Typical axial stress-strain curves and results of AE Carlson S R, Wang H F. Microcrack porosity and in-situ stress in Illinois
monitoring.
Borehole UPH-3. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986, 91 (B10):
10 421–10 428.
4 Conclusions Charlez P, Hamamdjian C, Despax D. Is the microcracking of a rock a
memory of its initial state of stress? In: Proceedings of International
In this study, a damage-free coring method is Symposium on Rock Stress and Rock Stress Measurements.
proposed in order to reduce the coring damage induced Stockholm: [s.n.], 1986: 341–350.
by stress relief during drilling, and the effect of the Chu Weijiang. Wall rock stabilization and safety evaluation of deep buried
Peng Yan et al. / J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2012, 4 (1): 44–53
tunnel. Hangzhou: HydroChina Huadong Engineering Corporation,
2009 (in Chinese).
Dyke C G. Core discing: its potential as an indicator of principal in-situ
stress directions. In: Maury V, Formaintraux D ed. Rock at Great
Depth. [S.l.]: A. A. Balkema, 1989: 1 057.
He Manchao, Xie Heping, Peng Suping, Jiang Yaodong. Study of rock
mechanics in deep mining engineering. Chinese Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24 (16): 2 803–2 813 (in Chinese).
Holt R M, Brignoli M, Kenter C J, Meij R, Schutjens P M. From core
compaction to reservoir compaction: correction for core damage
effects. In: Proceedings of EUROCK’98 (Vol.2). [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1998:
311–320.
Holt R M, Brignoli M, Kenter C J. Core quality: quantification of
coring-induced rock alteration. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2000, 37 (6): 889–907.
Holt R M, Fjar E, Furre A K. Laboratory simulation of the influence of
earth stress changes on wave velocities. In: Fjar E ed. Seismic
Anisotropy of Social Exploration Geophysics. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1996:
180–202.
Kenter C J, Brignoli M, Holt R M. CMS (constant mean stress) vs. UCS
(unconfined strength) tests: a tool to reduce core damage effects.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 1997,
34 (3/4): 129.
Martin C D, Christiansson R. Estimating the potential for spalling around a
deep nuclear waste repository in crystalline rock. International
Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2009, 46
(2):219–228.
Martin C D, Read R S, Martino J B. Observations of brittle failure around
a circular test tunnel. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
53
Mining Sciences, 1997, 34 (7): 1 065–1 073.
Martino J B, Chandler N A. Excavation-induced damage studies at the
underground research laboratory. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2004, 41 (8): 1 413–1 426.
Read R S. 20 years of excavation response studies at AECL’s underground
research laboratory. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Sciences, 2004, 41 (8): 1 251–1 275.
Shan Z G, Wu X M, Yan P, Liu N, Zhu Y S, Zhu H C. Behavior of marble
at Jinping II Project—part 1: intact rock. In: Proceedings of the 44th
US Rock Mechanics Symposium, the American Rock Mechanics
Association. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2010: 72.
Shan Zhigang, Yan Peng. Management of rock bursts during excavation of
the deep tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station. Bulletin of
Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2010, 69 (3): 353–363.
Strickland F G, Ren N K. Use of differential strain curve analysis in
predicting in-situ stress state for deep wells. In: Proceedings of the
21st US Symposium on Rock Mechanics. Rolla: [s.n.], 1980:
523–532.
Wang Mingyang, Zhou Zeping, Qian Qihu. Tectonic, deformation and
failure problems of deep rock mass. Chinese Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Engineering, 2006, 25 (3): 448–455 (in Chinese).
Zhao Xingdong, Tang Chun’an, Li Yuanhui, Yuan Ruifu, Zhang Jianyong.
Study on the AE activity characters under uniaxial compression
loading. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2006,
25 (Supp.2): 3 673–3 678 (in Chinese).
Zhou Hongwei, Xie Heping, Zuo Jianping. Developments in researches on
mechanical behaviors of rocks under the condition of high geostress
in the depths. Advances in Mechanics, 2005, 35 (1): 91–99 (in
Chinese).