Containerization &

Multimodal Transportation
MTL 1113

Course Faculty: Asif Mahmud

 History Of Container
• 60 years ago one man with a bright idea changed the course of world trade and laid the
foundations for what was to become the biggest liner business in the world.

• 26 April 1956 marks the beginning of what has been described as the ‘container revolution’: 58
boxes were loaded onboard the converted tanker Ideal‐X and sailed from Newark, New Jersey to
Houston, Texas – the American businessman Malcom McLean who later founded Sea‐Land
Services, had invented the modern intermodal shipping container.

• At the time, cargo was usually loaded and unloaded by hand, costing 5.86 USD a ton compared to
16 cents a ton using Ideal‐X; the value of ‘economies of scale’ was introduced.

• The journey to Houston reflects how a simple idea – packing commodities into a 35 foot, six‐sided
box and moving that box between different modes of transport – eventually revolutionized world
trade and laid the foundation for the world’s biggest container business, Maersk Line.

• In the decades to come, it quickly took up pace – and 60 years later, more than 6,000 container
ships, large and small, support trade for local and global customers.
 History Of Container
• Container shipping is the most optimal method of shipping freight through sea routes. Bearing rich significance to the nature of
maritime operations, the advent of containerization fueled a much need thrust into the marine sector propelling it to heights
never seen before.
• However, shipping cargo through different types of cargo container units is not a very old method. Find out how containerization
way of cargo started with container ships and how it gained popularity around the world.
• The history of containerization is a development that can be pinpointed to the mid‐20th century. Pioneered by an US‐based
conveyance businessman Malcolm Mclean, cargo containers were fashioned in a bid to simplify the long‐drawn processes involved
in shipping of cargo through sea routes.
• The extremely lengthy processes primarily meant that the cargo had to be suitably dismantled or separated before it could be
loaded into the ships. This meant that effective labor was wasted in the initial dismantling and the later assembling procedures,
and huge amounts of cargo had to be sub‐divided merely because of technical restrictions and there was absolutely
no standardization in the entire shipping processes.
• Malcolm Mclean circumvented this protracted cargo transportation issue by modifying the basic structuring of a Second World
War tanker vessel. The initial cargo containers utilised in the vessel were modified as well, and were wheel‐less truck‐carts. The
entire success of such a novel initiative however depended on whether the modified truck‐carts laded with cargo could be
successfully placed into the vessel and thus transported to the necessary destination.
• Exceeding expectations, the ingeniously devised contraption proved to be a huge success. This success meant that for the
foreseeable future, shipping cargo – bulk or otherwise – could be carried out with the least possible problems.
• There are around 65 million shipping containers in use worldwide. Most of these containers are held on ships by leasing
companies. However, shipping companies don't like to publish the number of containers they currently have though we will have a
statistical discussion later of this class.
 Salient Features of Containerization
• Transiting costs for the cargo to be shipped were reduced drastically on account of the elimination of the unwanted processes
• Large amount of cargo could be transported which meant that transporters benefited from the economies of scale
• The feasibility offered by shipping containers also ensured that the water navigable channels could be utilised for transiting freight
internationally
• Development of harbour facilities also took place simultaneously once the qualitative worth of container shipping began to spread far
and wide.
• A major noteworthy development in the history of container ships was realized when major maritime organisations acknowledged the
singularity that shipping containers offered to the marine domain.
• This acknowledgement was also marked by the establishment of set rules and regulations with respect to the sizing of the containers.
In order to bring a common platform to all containers, the International Standardizing Authority (ISO) established the following:
1. Containers that measured 20‐feet lengthwise. Such containers were soon referred to as TEUs (Twenty‐foot Equivalent
Units)
2. Containers that measured 40‐feet lengthwise. Such containers soon came to be referred as FEUs (Forty‐foot Equivalent
Units) or more commonly, as Two‐TEUs

• In the over 50‐years of the initiation of shipping containers into mainstream maritime freight operations, a lot of advancement has
been made. Today the global cargo shipping spectrum has widened to really enormous proportions while also helping several newer
shipping conglomerates and even countries to enter the fray.
• With the extent of containerised operations and technological developments in the same increasing almost every day, it wouldn’t be
wrong to say that cargo movement in the present times cannot be visualised to fruition in the absence of container shipping.
 Present Situation of Container Shipping Industry (General)

• The global shipping container industry was $8.7 billion in 2019. It is expected to reach $12 billion by 2027.

• The breakdown of the world seaborne trade is 52% container, 22% tanker, 20% general cargo, and 6% dry
bulk.
• There are about 55,000 merchant ships that trade internationally, including 15,106 general cargo
ships, 12,258 bulk cargo carriers, 7,350 crude oil tankers, 7,027 ro‐ro passenger ships, 5,664 chemical
tankers, 5,307 container ships, and 2,031 liquefied natural gas tankers.

• Europe controls 39.5% of the commercial fleet in the world.

• 80% of shipping containers in the world come from just three manufacturers in China: CIMC, CXIC, and DFIC.
• Shipping containers usually last for about 20 years.
• Sea freight usually takes about a month from China to the U.S.

***Info. from Thomas Insights (Jan 26, 2022)

 Present Situation of Container Shipping Industry (Ports)
• There are 835 active ports around the world.

• In the U.S. alone, there are more than 360 commercial ports.

• The Port of Shanghai has the greatest cargo volume in the world. It handles
approximately 43.5 million TEU containers & operated by Shanghai International Port
Group (SIPG).

• The Port of Shanghai is the busiest port in the world in terms of cargo tonnage and
comprises a deepsea port and a river port. Located in Shanghai, China, the port covers
an area of 3,619.6km² at the mouth of the Yangtze River Port of Shanghai

• The Port of Los Angeles has the greatest cargo volume in the U.S. It handles
approximately 9.2 million TEU containers.

• The Port of Los Angeles is made up of 7,500 acres of land and reaches over 43 miles of
shoreline.

• The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach handle about 40% of receiving containers in
the U.S.

• About 1,000 people are employed by the Los Angeles Harbor Department.

***Info. from Thomas Insights (Jan 26, 2022) Port of Los Angeles & Long Beach
 History of Sea going Ships : Austronesians were first to sail the seas
• Who were the world's first great ocean‐going people? The Vikings? The
Phoenicians? The Portuguese or Spanish, with their galleons of gold? The
Chinese, with their junks?

• None of them. At least 2000 years before the Vikings invented their long
boats, a people who shared a language and culture we know as
Austronesian set sail to conquer the final frontier.

• Bit by bit, they sailed towards the sunrise, island‐hopping eastwards across
the Pacific. Their journey took them by canoe via New Guinea, the Solomon
Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Hawaii, Easter Island, the coast of South
America and, just 700 years ago, the last uninhabited islands capable of
sustaining human life: New Zealand.
A replica of a traditional Austronesian sailing Trimaran.
• Other Austronesians were spreading westwards across the Indian Ocean.
Eventually they would reach Madagascar and, it is presumed, Africa itself. Illustration of Viking Longship: Longboats or Dragon Boats

• The next to the Austronesians and in different territory, from around A.D.
800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their
homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. These seafaring warriors–
known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (“Northmen”)–began by raiding
coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles.

• Viking ships were marine vessels of unique structure, used in Scandinavia

from the Viking Age throughout the Middle Ages. The boat‐types were
quite varied, depending on what the ship was intended for
History of Sea Going Ships : Evolution
 From The Very First Boat to Today’s ULCC
• The transport of goods via ship has been around for
centuries. The oldest boat ever discovered is said to be the
Pesse canoe found in the Netherlands, which is believed to
have been built around 8,000 BCE. However, it’s the
Austronesian‐speaking people who are credited as the first
actual ocean‐going people — 2,000 years ahead of the
Vikings.

• As of June 2022, the record for the largest container ship is

held by the Ever Alot built by CSSC, with a capacity of
24,004 TEU. This ship is approx. 3.5 football fields long
(399.99m). It was built for Evergreen Marine Corporation, a
Taiwanese shipping company.
The Pesse canoe is believed to be the world's oldest known boat
and certainly the oldest known canoe. Carbon dating indicates that
the boat was constructed during the early mesolithic period
between 8040 BC and 7510 BC. It is now in the Drents Museum in
Assen, Netherlands.

• . As of August 2021, the record for most containers loaded

onto a ship is held by the Ever Ace (Capacity 23,000 TEUs),
which carried a total of 21,710 TEU of containers from
Yantian to Europe.
 What are Container Ships?
• As the name suggests, a vessel structured
specifically to hold vast quantities of cargo
compacted in different containers is called a
container vessel (ship). The process of sending
shipments in special containers is known
as containerisation.

• One of the most powerful methods of hauling

goods is done by Container Ships. These ships
have made it feasible to transfer high
quantities of cargo at a time and have changed
global trade efficaciously.

• Container ships are the cargo ships that carry

most seagoing non‐bulk cargoes. In today’s
world, container vessels have around 90% of
the world’s non‐bulk cargo. One of the main
ways of carrying ready goods worldwide is
through Container Vessels. These containers
are of a standardised size so that they can be
easily transferred to various modes of
transport. Anything can be carried on a
Containership.
 History of Container Ships
• The initiation of container shipping forms one of the most remarkable developments in the maritime cargo
industry.
• Container ships, a type of cargo ship, have revolutionised how cargo supplies are ferried and transported
across the world by assuring the safety and security of the thus transported cargo supplies. Today, some of
the biggest shipping companies deal mainly with the containerised form of cargo.

• Container ships’ origins can be traced back to 1955 when Malcolm P. McLean customized an oil tanker to
transport his trucks. And today, most of the world’s goods are transported over the sea.

• The first models of container ships were launched in the early 1950s and were mainly designed to ferry
goods trains’ freight cars. Using crane and ramp systems, these freight cars could be loaded and unloaded
from the vessels.

• Over the years, technological advancement has made it possible for comparatively far more feasible
methodologies. However, crane systems still play a significant role in the loading and unloading operations of
the containers to and from the vessels’ holds. Specialised lashing and cargo handling systems are used to
secure the containers in their places.

• Container vessels are typical in that they are constructed to accommodate immense possible cargo loads.
The load holding capacitance of container vessels is measured in terms of Twenty‐foot Equivalent Units or
TEUs. As of present day, the giant container ships can carrying as much as over 20,000 ‐24,000 TEUs.
History of Container Ships : Evolution
 Types of Container Ships
• One of the most potent methods of hauling goods is done by Container Ships. These ships have made it
feasible to transfer towering quantities of cargo at a time and have changed the global trade efficaciously.

• There are ConRo Ships & LoLo ships which carry other cargo in combination with containers. Container ships
are the cargo ships which carry most seagoing non-bulk cargoes. In today’s world, container vessels carry
around 80-90% of the world’s non-bulk cargoes. One of the main ways of carrying ready goods worldwide is
through Container Vessels.

• These containers are of a standardised size so that they can be easily transferred to various modes of transport.
Anything can be carried on a Containership. Because of the increasing demand in the market, increasing cargo
carrying capacity, increasing operating efficiency and improvement in environmental processes and operation of
a container vessel in liner service, the container vessels have become bigger and bigger continuously.

• Mother vessels are used to transit between major ports and feeder vessels are used for feeding service between
small and main port. The container carrying capacity of container ships today has increased more than 1200%
as compared to 1968. They have become more technologically advanced and fuel-efficient by the time.

• There are different types of container ships, based on their size and different types of cargo they carry along
with the containers. The container ships can be categorized in different ways which is clearly explained in next
video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dGUwNu55po
 Types of Container Ships
Criteria: Development Generations:

Containers vessels have been through various

phases. These phases have been classified as
generations.

1. First Generation – 1956 TO 1970

2. Second Generation – 1970 TO 1980

3. Third Generation – 1980 TO 1988

4. Fourth Generation – 1988 TO 2000

5. Fifth Generation – 2000 TO 2005

6. Sixth Generation – 2006 TO TILL DATE

Source: The geography of transport systems
 Types of Container Ships
Criteria: Handling Modes: Criteria: Container Ships Service Range:
LoLo Container Ships:
Feeder Ship:
Lift‐on/Load‐off vessels are Geared container
vessels which can load and discharge the cargo • These ships are used for short routes. The
using the ship’s crane. They can operate without voyages are no longer than 500nm and only
port cranes and can do cargo operations
unassisted. trade in the coastal areas.
ROCON Container Ships: • The Capacity of such vessels does not exceed
ROCONs are ro‐ro vessels that also carry 1500TEU.
containers. The arrangements are such that the
containers may be loaded on the deck, or there
is a separate hold specifically for loading Mother Ship:
containers.
Gearless Container Ships: • These are the vessels that are in international
trade.
Modern day Mother Vessels would fall on this
type. These vessels are designed to carry • The size of these vessels is much bigger than
Containers only and doesn’t have any crane on feeders.
them. These Vessels relies on Port Cranes solely.
 Types of Container Ships
Criteria: Container Ship Sizes:
Some of the main types of
container ships based on size
are:
• •
Panamax
• Panamax size vessels were first introduced in 1980.
• These vessels were of around 4000‐5000 TEUs.
• Their dimension was such that they could pass
the Panama canal. They were limited to the max
length of 294.1m, Breadth of 32.3m and max
draught of 12m, which was par compared to the
canal’s dimensions.
Suezmax
• Suezmax max‐size vessels were introduced
about the Suez canal. These vessels have nearly
the same size as that of the Suez canal.
• Suezmax vessels have a carrying capacity of
around 12000 TEUs, with a Breadth of about
50‐57 m and draught between 14.4m‐16.4m.

•
• Panamax Post‐ Panamax
• Post‐Suezmax
• APL introduced a new transportation net without
using the Panama Canal. This created the ‘Post‐ • These are Ultra‐large container vessels with a
Panamax’ type. The Introduction of Regina Mærsk carrying capacity of 18000 TEU with a breadth
of 60m 21m max draught.
• Suezmax in 1996 started a new development in the container
ship market with an official capacity of 6400 TEU. • These vessels are known as Post Suezmax as
• Post‐Panamax’s development was climactic. In the their dimensions are too big for the vessel to
present world, they occupy nearly 30% of the pass the Suez canal.
world’s fleet.
• Post‐Panamax
• These sizes of vessels were subversive, introducing
new ideas and methods in the container shipping
market. • Post – Malacamax

• Post‐Suezmax • The concept of cellular container vessels was
introduced. The cell guides ran from the bottom of
the hold to some tiers above the deck. This reduced
the running cost of ship owners as no lashing
materials were used to secure the containers but
• Post‐Malaccamax also improved the speed of loading and discharging
and reduced container shifting.
• This size emulates the maximum permissible
draught of 21m of Malacca Strait.
• The port authorities must be ready for this
vessel to enter the Ports. Presently only two
ports in the world are prepared to accept this
size of ship, i.e., Singapore & Rotterdam.
 Container Loading Records by a Ship

Date of departure Ship Built Length (m) Loaded TEUs Capacity (TEUs) Utilization Port Destination

14‐Aug‐21 Ever Ace 2021 399.9 21,710 23,992 90% Yantian Rotterdam

8‐Apr‐21 CMA CGM Jacques Saadé 2020 399.9 21,433 23,112 93% Singapore Le Havre

12‐Oct‐20 CMA CGM Jacques Saadé 2020 399.9 20,723 23,112 90% Singapore Le Havre

8‐May‐20 HMM Algeciras 2020 399.9 19,621 23,964 82% Yantian Rotterdam

28‐Jul‐19 MSC Gülsün 2019 399.9 19,574 23,756 82% Tanjung Pelepas Algeciras

1‐Jun‐19 Monaco Maersk 2017 399.0 19,284 20,568 94% Tanjung Pelepas Rotterdam

11‐Feb‐19 MOL Tribute 2017 400.0 19,190 20,170 95% Singapore Southampton

Aug‐18 Mumbai Maersk 2018 399.0 19,038 20,568 93% Tanjung Pelepas Rotterdam
 List of largest Container Shipping companies
• This is a list of the 30 Rank Company name Headquarters Total TEU Capacity Ships Market Share Alliance
largest container 1 MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) Switzerland/ Italy 4,471,789 690 17.40% 2M
2 Maersk Denmark 4,264,693 732 16.60% 2M
shipping companies as
Ocean
of 11 August 2022, 3 CMA CGM France 3,305,667 581 12.80%
Alliance
according to 4 COSCO China 2,882,156 465 11.20%
Ocean
Alphaliner, ranked in Alliance
5 Hapag‐Lloyd Germany 1,760,591 248 6.80% THE Alliance
order of the twenty‐ Ocean
foot equivalent unit 6 Evergreen Marine Corporation Taiwan 1,580,977 204 6.10%
Alliance
(TEU) capacity of their 7 ONE (Ocean Network Express) Japan 1,498,154 201 5.80% THE Alliance
fleet. 8 HMM Co. Ltd. South Korea 818,075 76 3.20% THE Alliance
9 Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation Taiwan 685,189 93 2.70% THE Alliance
10 ZIM (Zim Integrated Shipping Services) Israel 514,579 138 2.00%
11 Wan Hai Lines Taiwan 428,937 155 1.70%
• Top 30 Companies 12 PIL (Pacific International Lines) Singapore 288,700 90 1.10%
13 KMTC (Korea Marine Transport Corporation) South Korea 149,255 66 0.60%
cumulatively covers 14 SITC (Shandong International Transportation Corporation) China 146,254 100 0.60%
approx. 95% of the 15 IRISL Group Iran 143,468 32 0.60%
Container fleet around 16 Unifeeder Denmark 142,749 90 0.60%
the world. 17 X‐Press Feeders Singapore 138,493 89 0.50%
18 Zhonggu Logistics Corporation China 115,738 99 0.40%
19 TS Lines Taiwan 106,227 51 0.40%
20 SM Line South Korea 93,410 18 0.40%
• In January 2022, MSC 21 Antong Holdings (QASC) China 88,039 91 0.30%
22 Sea Lead Shipping Singapore 87,198 24 0.30%
overtook Maersk for 23 CULines (China United Lines) China 83,073 33 0.30%
the container line with 24 Sinokor Merchant Marine South Korea 82,134 66 0.30%
the largest shipping 25 RCL (Regional Container Lines) Thailand 78,236 40 0.30%
capacity for the first 26 Emirates Shipping Line United Arab Emirates 69,514 15 0.30%
27 Matson United States 68,563 29 0.30%
time since 1996. 28 Global Feeder Shipping LLC United Arab Emirates 68,556 23 0.30%
29 Swire Shipping China 65,520 33 0.30%
30 Arkas Line Turkey 51,869 32 0.20%
 List of Top Container Leasing Companies
• The role of container leasing companies is Rank Container Leasing Companies TEU Capacity
to lease shipping containers or manage
fleets for investors. Their operations
include acquisitions, leasing, re‐leasing, 1 TRITON International 7.1 million
selling, and trading intermodal containers.
2 Textainer Group 4.4 million

• Container leasing companies provide a 3 Florens 3.9 million

steady stock of containers to shippers,
freight forwarders, and carriers. In fact, 4 Seaco Global 2.4 million
almost 52% of the world’s containers are
owned by leasing companies. In 2021, the 5 Beacon Intermodal 1.8 million
global market size for container leasing was
valued at $5.2 billion. It’s expected to reach 6 CAI International 1.5 million
$7.1 billion by 2026, growing annually by
17%. 7 Seacube Containers 1.2 million

8 Touax Container Solutions 393,064

• There are many advantages of leasing
containers. If you choose to lease your
containers, you’ll increase your flexibility. 9 Blue Sky Intermodal 300,000
You’ll also save storage fees, and avoid
maintenance costs. 10 CARU Containers –
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 Containerization : Type of Containers
• From the appearance of the first THE 8 MOST COMMON TYPES OF
units in the 50s to the present day, CONTAINERS:
a great variety of maritime and
multimodal containers have
emerged as a response from the
logistics chain to ensure the correct 1. Dry storage container
handling of loads. 2. Flat rack container
3. Open top container
Important points to keep in mind:
• ‐The size and weight of the load 4. Open side storage container
• ‐The solid or liquid nature of the 5. Refrigerated ISO containers
cargo 6. ISO Tanks
• ‐The degree of standardization of
the cargo 7. Half height containers
• ‐The type of crane and spreader 8. Special purpose containers
required for that cargo
 1. Dry storage container:
• Dry storage containers are the most common
containers used in the shipping industry. They
come in lengths of 20, 40 and 45 feet, and they
are designed to transport dry goods. These
containers do not allow for temperature
controls, so they are not suited for moving
food or chemicals that require refrigeration.
There are about seventeen million intermodal
containers in the world, and a large proportion
of the world’s long‐distance freight generated
by international trade is transported in
shipping containers. Their invention made a
major contribution to the globalization of
commerce in the second half of the 20th
century, dramatically reducing the cost of
transporting goods and hence of long‐distance
trade.

• This type of container is handled by Spreaders.

There is a very wide variety of spreaders
according to the number of cycles and to the
type of cranes to be used.
 2. Flat Rack container
• A flat rack container has no
top and only two sides. This
makes room for heavy loads
to be set the rack from
above or from the side. Most
flat rack containers are
either 20 or 40 feet long, and
they are made from steel for
strength and durability.
Some flat rack containers are
collapsible, and some come
with additional walls that
can be attached to the
frame.

• This type of equipment is

handled by Overheight
Frames.
 3. Open top container
• This type of container is basically a
Dry Storage type but without top.
This allows for easy loading of bulk
cargo. There is a roof structure,
plastic, that can be secured to the
container with ropes, and that
provides protection against rain and
other forms of precipitation.

• This type of equipment is handled

by Overheight Frames as the cargo
might protrude from the top of the
container.

• If the cargo does not protrude a

standard Spreader can do the job.
 4. Open side storage container
• An open side container has one
long side that can completely
open. This is beneficial for wide
merchandise that may be
difficult to get through the end of
a tunnel container or dry storage
container. The side swings open
as if it was made of two large
doors, but it can still be secured
to protect the merchandise
inside.

• This type of container is handled

by Spreaders..
 5. Refrigerated ISO containers
• A refrigerated container or reefer is an
intermodal container used in
intermodal freight transport that is
refrigerated for the transportation of
temperature‐sensitive cargo. While a
reefer will have an integral refrigeration
unit, they rely on external power, from
electrical power points (“reefer points”)
at a land‐based site, a container ship or
on quay.

• When being transported over the road

on a trailer or over rail wagon, they can
be powered from diesel powered
generators (“gen sets”) which attach to
the container whilst on road journeys.
Refrigerated containers are capable of
controlling temperature ranging from ‐
65 °C up to 40 °C.

• This type of container is handled by

Spreaders..
 6. ISO Tanks
• Tanks are storage containers
designed to hold liquids. They
are usually constructed out of
anti‐corrosive materials because
of the chemicals they are used to
carry. Tanks may also be used to
store dry goods like sugar, but
they are most often used
exclusively for liquids.

• As the Refrigerated container or

the normal Dry storage this
container is handled by standard
spreaders.
 7. Half height containers
• Made mostly of steel, these
containers are half the height
of full‐sized containers. Used
especially for good like coal,
stones etc. which need easy
loading and unloading. This
type of container is being used
more and more for
Containerized Bulk cargo like
coal, stones etc., which need
easy loading and unloading.

• This type of containers can be

transported and lifted by
standard spreaders but lately,
in the bulk materials market,
are used with rotatory
spreaders such as the RAM
Revolver.
 8. Special purpose containers
• Special purpose containers can be made in
nearly any shape or dimension. They are
used to transport items that require a
custom container to be made for them.
Most shipping companies avoid the use of
special purpose containers as much as
possible because they are costly to create
and transport. Nevertheless, this is
necessary for certain loads.

• Mainly, they are used for high‐profile

services like the shipment of weapons and
arson. Their construction and material
composition depend on the particular
purpose they need to cater to. But in most
cases, security remains the top priority.

• The Spreader to be used with this type of

container may vary
 Typical Journey of a Container
Laden / Empty
Containers moved
Containers Arrival Factory (De‐
to Inland Containers return
At Port (Origin) by By By Stuffing / Stuffing By
Road Container Road Road to ICD/Depot
SHIP of Containers) (*If
Depot/Stacking (MTY/LDN)
(MTY/LDN) Required only)
Park for By
Devanning / Road/
Rail
Export Usage

Containers moved
By By From
Destination Port Ship Transhipment Port Ship Scheduled Ship Stack to PORT
(MTY/LDN)
By
Road/
Rail
Laden Containers
being moved to
EMPTY Containers
Containers Moved Buyer’s
return to
to ICDs/Depot Warehouse or
By By ICD/Depot/Port
(Destination) Road Facility for De‐ Road
for Onward
(MTY/LDN) Stuffing (*If
Usage/Movement
Required only)
 Open Discussion
• What could be the constraints of Container Shipping?
‐‐‐ Think about the cargo size and tonnage.

• What could be the Next Big Thing in Container Shipping?

‐‐‐ Think about the new technologies like satellite controlled operations,
Solar Power Driven Ships and Block‐chain.

• What might take over the Container Shipping?

‐‐‐ Think about the Hyperloop.
Questions???