ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CONTROL REPORT (Farrah)

ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CONTROL
(ECT 0313)
LAB REPORT ASSIGNMENT
TTO’S NAME: MR MOHD SHAMSUL ALI
DATE SUBMITTED: 11/06/2020
PREPARED BY:
NAME: FARRAH SARZRINA BINTI ARZMIN

ID NO: MEC19070130
TRADE: MEC1/ SEM3 / JULY INTAKE 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Practical Lab 1………………………………………………………………………3
a) DC Motor (Series)……………………………………………………….4
b) DC Motor (Shunt)………………………………………………………..7
c) DC Motor (Compound Long)………………………………………...10
d) DC Motor (Compound Short)………………………………………..13
Practical Lab 2……………………………………………………………………..16
a) DC Shunt Motor Speed Control (Armature Control Method)…..17
b) DC Shunt Motor Speed Control (Field Control Method)………..20
Practical Lab 3……………………………………………………………………..23
a) Self-Excited Series DC Generator…………………………………..24
b) Self-Excited Shunt DC Generator…………………………………..28
c) Self-Excited Compound Short DC Generator…………………….32
d) Self-Excited Compound Long DC Generator………………….….36
e) Separately Excited DC Shunt Generator…………………………..40
Practical Lab 4……………………………………………………………..………43
a) 3∅-Phase Squirrel Cage Motor………………………………………44
b) 3∅-Phase Slip-Ring Motor……………………………………………48
Practical Lab 5………………………………………………………………….….55
a) Delta Star Connections and Control Circuit…………………..….56
b) Forward Reverse Connection and Control Circuit…………...….59
2|Page
PRACTICAL LAB 1
3|Page
DC MOTOR (SERIES)
1. Objective
To study the characteristics of DC series motor and also study on how torque effect the
speed of the motor.
2. Equipment used
a) DC Series Motor
b) Digital Ammeter and Voltmeter
c) Power Supply
d) Servo Machine Test System
e) Connection Wire
c) Circuit Wiring
d) Procedure
i. Connect all wire to the DC series motor, ammeter, voltmeter and servo
machine base on the diagram shown.
ii. Switch ON the power supply and set at 120V
iii. On the Servo Machine, set to Torque Control and press RUN button.
iv. Record the output data of speed motor produces.
4|Page
e) Picture
f) Results
Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
0.2 1888 180.0 1.04 139.2
0.4 1340 175.6 1.28 170.4
0.6 1030 172.3 1.50 198.0
0.8 732 171.2 1.90 224.0
1.0 563 170.4 1.88 277.3
1.2 401 170.0 1.89 170.3
1.4 291 170.2 2.01 288.5
1.6 150 170.1 2.25 320.0
1.8 62 170.1 2.41 327.0
5|Page
g) Graph
DC Series Motor Characteristics

2000
1800
1600
1400
Speed (rpm)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Torque (Nm)
h) Discussion
i. Torque is decreasing while speed is increasing
ii. 1.8 Nm is the highest torque value motor able to produce at the speed of 62rpm
i) Conclusion
Theory fact, DC series characteristics outcome should be high speed low torque, practical
is succeed.
6|Page
DC MOTOR (SHUNT)
1. Objective
To study the characteristics of DC shunt motor and also study on how torque effect the
speed of the motor.
2. Equipment Used
a) DC Shunt Motor
c) Power Supply
e) Connection Wire
3. Circuit Wiring
4. Procedure
i. Connect all wire to the DC shunt motor, ammeter, voltmeter and servo machine
base on the diagram shown.
7|Page
5. Picture
6. Results
0.2 1320 178.7 0.88 156.6
0.4 1220 182.0 1.14 207.5
0.6 1030 177.4 1.38 255.0
0.8 811 173.4 1.90 329.4
1.0 621 170.4 1.88 320.4
1.2 511 170.0 2.02 343.0
1.4 204 180.1 2.19 394.5
1.6 150 169.4 2.25 381.2
1.8 77 167.8 2.41 404.4
8|Page
7. Graph
DC Motor Shunt Characteristics

1400
1200
1000
Speed (rpm)
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Torque (Nm)
8. Discussion
- Torque is decreasing while speed is increasing

- 1.8 Nm is the highest torque value motor able to produce at the speed of 77rpm
9. Conclusion
Theory fact, DC shunt characteristics outcome should be high speed low torque, practical
is succeed.
9|Page
DC MOTOR (COMPOUND LONG)
1. Objective
To study the characteristics of DC compound long motor and also study on how torque
effect the speed of the motor.
2. Equipment Used
a) DC Compound Motor
c) Power Supply
e) Connection Wire
3. Circuit Wiring
4. Procedure
i. Connect all wire to the DC compound motor, ammeter, voltmeter and servo
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5. Picture
6. Result
0.2 1316 175.0 0.91 159.3
0.4 1214 178.4 1.16 207.0
0.6 1033 180.2 1.38 248.7
0.8 811 174.8 1.64 246.7
1.0 605 171.1 1.80 308.0
1.2 404 170.7 1.97 336.3
1.4 250 170.0 2.15 365.5
1.6 172 170.4 2.26 385.1
1.8 83 169.6 2.38 403.7
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7. Graph
DC Motor Long Compound Characteristics

1400
1200
1000
Speed (rpm)
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Torque (Nm)
8. Discussion
 Speed is decreasing while torque is increasing
 1.8 Nm is the highest torque value motor able to produce at the speed of 83rpm
9. Conclusion
Theory fact, DC long compound characteristics outcome should be average speed and
torque of motor, practical is succeed.
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DC MOTOR (COMPOUND SHORT)
1. Objective
To study the characteristics of DC compound short motor and also study on how torque
effect the speed of the motor.
2. Equipment Used
c) Power Supply
e) Connection Wire
3. Circuit Wiring
4. Procedure
i. Connect all wire to the DC compound motor, ammeter, voltmeter and servo
iii. .On the Servo Machine, set to Torque Control and press RUN button.
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5. Pictures
6. Result
0.2 1320 178.7 0.88 157.3
0.4 1240 181.2 1.14 206.6
0.6 1030 179.5 1.38 244.12
0.8 816 174.0 1.60 278.4
1.0 629 171.8 1.82 312.7
1.2 458 170.1 2.02 343.6
1.4 202 169.6 2.19 371.4
1.6 189 169.5 2.23 378.0
1.8 74 169.3 2.44 413.1
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7. Graph
DC Motor Short Compound Characteristics

1400
1200
1000
Speed (rpm)
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Torque (Nm)
8. Discussion
 Speed is decreasing while torque is increasing
 1.8 Nm is the highest torque value motor able to produce at the speed of 74rpm
9. Conclusion
Theory fact, DC short compound characteristics outcome should be average speed and
torque of motor, practical is succeed.
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PRACTICAL LAB 2
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DC SHUNT MOTOR SPEED CONTROL (ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD)
1. Objective
The purpose of this practical is to study the characteristics of DC shunt motor method speed
control armature control method and also to study on how armature control motor effects the
value of speed and torque.
2. Equipment Used
a) Digital Ammeter and Voltmeter
b) DC Shunt Motor
c) Servo Machine Test System
d) Universal Power Supply
e) Connection Wire
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
i. Identify all the component.

ii. Construct the circuit by referring the circuit diagram given.
iii. Switch ON the power supply and set it at 120V.
iv. Set to “Torque Control” on Servo machine test system and press RUN button . Make
sure the starting torque is O Nm.
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v. Fill the result base on the table given and repeat step 4 for next torque based on the
table given.
vi. Plot graph for :
 Speed, N vs. Load, RL.
 Voltage, V vs. Load, RL.
 Speed, N vs. Voltage, V.
5. Pictures
6. Result
Resistance (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (I) Power (W) Speed (RPM)
0 104.6 0.44 29.2 1080

100 107.2 0.43 32.0 888
300 121.9 0.32 34.2 308
500 121.4 0.25 27.8 80
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7. Graph
Speed(RPM) VS Resisttance(R)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
200 300 400 500
8. Discussion
 In this practical, we use variable resistance (Ω) range from 0Ω to 500Ω.
 The motor stop at 500Ω, speed 80 rpm.
 The speed were decrease from 1080Ω to 80Ω.
 Based on the result, when the variable resistance is increase, the speed (RPM)
will decrease.
 From the result, we can conclude that the motor is in low speed before it stop
running.
 Based on theory, for armature control method, as the value of resistance
increase, the speed will decrease.
 To sum up, our practical result match to the theory which is success.
9. Conclusion
As a conclusion, armature control method characteristics is when resistance is increase,
the result will make the speed decrease.
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DC SHUNT MOTOR SPEED CONTROL (FIELD CONTROL METHOD)
1. Objective
The purpose for this practical is to study the characteristics of DC shunt motor speed control
field control method and also to study on how armature speed control motor effects the value
of speed and torque.
2. Equipment Used
b) DC Shunt Motor
c) Servo Machine Test System
d) Universal Power Supply
e) Connection Wire
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
i. Identify all the component.
ii. Construct the circuit by referring the circuit diagram given.
iii. Switch ON the power supply and set at 120V.
iv. Set to “Torque Control” on servo machine test system and press RUN button. Make
sure the starting torque is 0 Nm.
v. Fill the result base on the table given and repeat step 4 for next torque based on table
given.
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vi. Plot graph for :
 Speed, N vs. Load, RL.
 Voltage, V vs. Load, RL.
 Speed, N vs. Voltage, V.
5. Pictures
6. Result
Resistance (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (I) Power (W) Speed (RPM)
0 107.2 0.48 32.4 1089

200 105.1 0.43 27.9 1179
400 105.9 0.41 27.7 1307
600 111.7 0.50 27.6 1358
800 112.5 0.44 32.8 1500
1000 114.8 0.51 36.9 1578
1200 115.0 0.51 37.2 1648
1400 116.8 0.53 39.0 1737
1600 116.6 0.53 38.4 1855
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7. Graph
RPM vs Resistance
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
8. Discussion
 In this practical, we use variable resistance (Ω) range from 200Ω to 1600Ω.
 Based on the result, the motor stop at 1600Ω, 1855 rpm.
 The speed were increase from 1089 rpm to 1855 rpm.
 From the result, we can conclude that the the motor is in high speed before it
stop running.
 Based on the theory, for shunt field control method, as the resistance is
increase, the speed will also increase.
 To sum up, our practical result match to the theory which is success.
9. Conclusion
As a conclusion, shunt field control method characteristics is when the value of resistance
is increase, the speed also will increase.
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PRACTICAL LAB 3
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SELF-EXCITED SERIES DC GENERATOR
1. Objective
The main purpose of carrying out this practical is to study the characteristics of self-excited
DC Generator and also to study on how magnetism in the rotor iron produces initial current
in the field windings.
2. Equipment Used
a) DC Power supply/Exciter for Separately Excited only

b) Servo Machine Test System
c) Analogue-Digital Multi-meter
d) DC series Generator
e) Servo Motor as a prime mover
f) Field regulator
g) Load resistor (0-1KOhm, 500W)
h) Rubber sleeve coupling and Coupling guard
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
i. Identify and enter the nominal or rated values for every types of DC generator.
Label all terminal board.
ii. Connect the circuit by referring the wiring diagram above.
iii. Connect the DC Series generator shaft to Servo motor shaft as a prime mover
iv. using rubber sleeve coupling.
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v. Switch ON Controller power supply
vi. Measure the generated voltage and current of DC Generator using Digital-
Analogue Multi-meter.
vii. Press and set the selecting mode button to Speed Control mode and Press RUN
button to enable the active mode for machine under testing.
viii. Set the range of load resistor to 100%, approximately about 1200Ω.
ix. Operate the generator by controlling the speed of prime move until it reach at
x. 2000 r.p.m.
xi. Measure the voltage generated and enter the values into the table
xii. Calculate the delivered electrical power:
P2 =UG x IA; W
xiii. From the results, measured and calculated values, plot the load characteristic
curve for all types of DC generator. Plot the characterise curve using Microsoft
Excel
 Armature Current (IL) Vs Voltage generated(VG)
5. Pictures
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6. Results
N (r.p.m) Voltage(V) Current(I)(mA)

0 0.26 0.29
200 0.52 0.29
400 1.04 0.30
600 1.57 0.31
800 2.12 0.29
1000 2.66 0.29
1200 3.21 0.30
1400 3.74 0.30
1600 4.28 0.30
7. Graph
Self Excited DC Series Generator Characteristics

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8. Discussion
The EMF generated is proportional to the flux density produced in its magnetic circuit and,
neglecting saturation in the iron, this is proportional to the current in the field winding. This
means that, when a small current is drawn, it will produce only a small voltage. When a large
current is drawn, since the current also flows through the field winding, the flux density will
be high, so the voltage generated will be high. The voltage depending greatly on the current
drawn is the same thing as poor voltage regulation.
The Armature and Field windings are in Series, as load increases, increasing armature
current, field current increases the same amount, building both field strength in the stator
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(which builds more induced voltage in the armature) and magnetic field strength in the rotor
(which opposes rotor and shaft rotation). So, as the generator’s load (current) increases, field
strength increases, terminal voltage increases to match and shaft rotation slows as the rotor’s
increased field opposes the stator’s increased magnetic field.
9. Conclusion
As a conclusion, we can conclude that the DC generator converts mechanical energy into
an electrical energy. Higher speed of the generator will generate higher voltage value.
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SELF EXCITED SHUNT DC GENERATOR
1. Objective
shunt DC Generator and also to measures the generated voltages and power delivered at
increasing loads.
2. Equipment Used
a) Servo Machine Test System
b) Analogue-Digital Multi-meter
c) DC series Generator
d) Servo Motor as a prime mover
e) Field regulator
f) Load resistor (0-1KOhm, 500W)
g) Rubber sleeve coupling and Coupling guard
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
iii. Connect the DC Shunt generator shaft to Servo motor shaft as a prime mover
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using rubber sleeve coupling and guard for safety reason.
iv. Switch ON DC and Controller power supply (1).
v. Press and set the selecting mode button (2) to Speed Control mode and press
RUN (3) button to enable the active mode for machine under testing.
xiv. Set the range of load resistor to 100%, approximately about 1200Ω.
xv. Operate the generator by controlling the speed of prime move until it reach at
xvi. 2000 r.p.m.
xvii. Measure the voltage generated and enter the values into the table
xviii. Calculate the delivered electrical power:
P2 =UG x IA; W
xix. From the results, measured and calculated values, plot the load characteristic
Excel
5. Picture
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6. Results
N (r.p.m) Voltage(V) Current(I)(mA)

0 0.25 0.29
200 0.25 0.29
400 0.28 0.30
600 0.31 0.31
800 0.39 0.29
1000 0.48 0.29
1200 0.48 0.30
1400 0.54 0.30
1600 0.60 0.30
7. Graph
Self Excited Shunt DC Generator Characteristics

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Voltage(V)
8. Discussion
In a DC shunt generator we need to build up the voltage. In the process of building up the
voltage we have a residual flux in the shunt field of DC generator. When a small current
enters the shunt field it develops additional flux in it. Now this added flux links with the
armature and increases the current. Again this current enters the shunt field and same
process is repeated. It hardly takes 3 to 4 seconds to build up the voltage.
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Now if we consider the case when we have connected the load across the machine. When
the current starts flowing from the armature, it has two paths to flow.
1. Towards the shunt field

2. Towards the load
As the resistance of the load side is very low (0.6 to 0.8 ohms) as compared to shunt
field having a resistance in the range of 50 to 60 ohms. So negligible current will flow
through the shunt field and flux will not build up in the shunt field and voltage build up
is not possible.
9. Conclusion
To conclude this report, we can summarize that DC Shunt Generator torque will increase
as the load increase.
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SELF EXCITED COMPOUND SHORT DC GENERATOR
1. Objective
shunt DC Generator and also to measures the generated voltages and power delivered at
increasing loads. Other than that, we can also be able to plot the load characteristic curves
of dc generator
2. Equipment Used
a) Servo Machine Test System
b) Analogue-Digital Multi-meter
c) DC series Generator
d) Servo Motor as a prime mover
e) Field regulator
f) Load resistor (0-1KOhm, 500W)
g) Rubber sleeve coupling and Coupling guard
3. Wiring Diagram
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4. Procedure
iii. Connect the DC Shunt generator shaft to Servo motor shaft as a prime mover
Using rubber sleeve coupling and guard for safety reason.
vi. Switch ON DC and Controller power supply (1).
vii. Press and set the selecting mode button (2) to Speed Control mode and press
RUN (3) button to enable the active mode for machine under testing.
xx. Set the range of load resistor to 100%, approximately about 1200Ω.
xxi. Operate the generator by controlling the speed of prime move until it reach at
xxii. 2000 r.p.m.
xxiii. Measure the voltage generated and enter the values into the table
xxiv. Calculate the delivered electrical power:
P2 =UG x IA; W
xxv. From the results, measured and calculated values, plot the load characteristic
Excel
5. Picture
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6. Results
Speed (r.p.m) Voltage(V) Current(I)(mA)

0 0.27 0.29
200 0.42 0.29
400 0.76 0.30
600 1.06 0.31
800 1.30 0.29
1000 1.54 0.29
1200 2.40 0.30
1400 3.15 0.30
1600 3.90 0.30
7. Graph
Self Excited Compound DC Generator

Characteristics
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8. Discussion
A compound DC generator is one in which the series flux and shunt flux cumulatively add
as the load increases. The shunt field coil of the DC machine is parallel to the armature only
and the series field coil is in series with this combination. In a compound wound generator,
the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When the series field assists the shunt field,
generator is said to be commutatively compound wound. On the other hand, if the series field
opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be differentially compound wound. Due to
shunt winding speed will not become excessively high but due to series winding it will be able
to take heavy loads.
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9. Conclusion
Compound-wound generators use a series field, connected in series with the load, to react
to current load changes. It is connected to aid the shunt field or to oppose the shunt field. If
the series field is connected so that the resultant flux opposes the shunt field flux, then the
output voltage drops with an increase in current-draw and the generator is differentially
connected.
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SELF EXCITED COMPOUND LONG DC GENERATOR
1. Objective
The main purpose of carrying out this practical is to study the characteristics of DC self-
excited long compound generator and also study on how different value of torque can affect
the value of voltage DC self-excited long compound generator is used.
2. Equipment Used
c) Universal Power Supply
d) Rheostat
e) Connection wire
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
i. Clarify all the component.
ii. Make the connection by referring the circuit diagram give.
iii. Set to ‘speed control’ the servo machine test system and press RUN button.
Make sure the starting speed is 1500 rpm.
iv. Set RLC (LOAD) to 50Ω using rheostat.
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v. Fill the result based on the table given and repeat step 4 for next torque based
on table given.
vi. Plot graph for:
 Voltage, V vs. Speed, N
5. Picture
6. Results
Speed (rpm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)

0 0.27 0 0
200 0.41 0 0
400 0.71 0 0
600 1.01 0 0
800 1.28 0 0.1
1000 1.57 0 0.1
1200 2.61 0.02 0.1
1400 3.50 0.02 0.2
1600 4.27 0.02 0.2
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7. Graph
Voltage (V) vs Speed (rpm)

5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Voltage (V)
8. Discussion
Shunt field current is equal to,
Armature current, Ia = series field current,
Voltage across the load is equal to,
Power generated is equal to,
Power delivered to the load is equal to,
In a compound wound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field. When the
series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be commutatively compound wound.
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On the other hand, if the series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be
differentially compound wound.
9. Conclusion
After doing this experiment, we can conclude that the characteristics of this circuit is that
when we increase the speed, the voltage increase while power and current are constant. For
long compound DC generator the shunt field winding is parallel to both armature and series
field winding.
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SEPERATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
1. Objective
The main purpose of carrying out this practical is to study the characteristic of DC
Separately Excited Shunt Generator and also study on how different value of torque can
affect the value of voltage when DC Separately excited shunt generator is used.
2. Equipment Used
a) DC Shunt Motor
c) Universal Power Supply
d) Rheostat
e) Connection Wire
3. Wiring Diagram
4. Procedure
i. Clarify all the component
ii. Make the connection by referring the circuit diagram given.
iii. Set to ‘speed control’ the servo machine test system and press RUN button. Make
sure the starting speed is 1500 rpm.
iv. Set RLC (LOAD) to 50Ω using rheostat.
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v. Fill the result based on the table given and repeat step 4 for next torque based on
table given.
Plot graph for:
 Voltage, V vs. Speed, N
5. Picture
6. Results
Speed (rpm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)

0 0.39 0 0
200 3.86 0.02 0.2
400 7.77 0.03 0.5
600 11.67 0.04 1.1
800 15.56 0.05 1.3
1000 19.44 0.06 2.9
1200 23.37 0.07 4.1
1400 27.27 0.05 5.3
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7. Graph
Voltage (V) Vs Speed (rpm)

30
25
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Voltage (V)
8. Discussion
Since the field current of a separately excited machine is provided by an external source.
The armature current is obviously equal load current. Separately excited generators are used
on loads that require a wide variation in output voltage, such as motors that must operate
through large speed ranges. The separately excited generators remain large speed ranges.
The separately excited generators remain stable even at very low field excitation, which is
not true for self-excited shunt generators, as they become unstable after the terminal voltage
is reduced below a critical value which is usually still a substantial fraction of rated value. A
main disadvantage of separately excited generator is the need of separate source for
excitation.
9. Conclusion
As you can guess from the name itself, this DC Generator has a field magnet winding which
is excited using a separate voltage source (like battery). The output voltage depends on the
speed of rotation of armature and field current. The higher the speed of rotation and current –
the higher the output E. M. F.
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PRACTICAL LAB 4
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3∅-PHASE SQIRREL CAGE MOTOR
1. Objective
The key aim of this practise is to study the 3-phase squirrel cage motor characteristics and
also to study the effect that neither this motor is high torque nor high rpm.
2. Equipment Used
a) Cut-off switch
b) Connection wire
c) Servo machine test
d) Universal power supply
e) 3-phase squirrel cage motor
f) Digital ammeter and voltmeter
3. Wiring Diagram
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4. Procedure
i. Identifying all the components.
ii. Make the connection by referencing the given circuit diagram.
iii. Using the "STAR" connection for winding connection.
iv. Set the servo test system to "Torque Control" and push the RUN button. Make
sure that the starting torque is 0.1Nm.
v. Fill in the result based on the table given and repeat step 4 based on the table
given for the next torque.
vi. Plot graph for:
 Speed, N vs. Torque, Q
5. Pictures
6. Result
Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power(W)

0.0 2900 413.3 0.20 82.60
0.2 2781 412.6 0.26 107.28
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0.4 2641 412.7 0.35 144.45
0.6 2315 412.4 0.46 192.00
0.8 2290 413.5 0.52 258.80
7. Graph
Speed (rpm) Vs. Torque (Nm)

3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Speed (rpm)
8. Discussion
 Based on this practical, the speed will decrease as the torque increases.
 Meanwhile, the speed reduction from 2900rpm to 2290rpm increases the torque
from 0.0Nm to 0.8Nm
 For the star squirrel cage motor, it will stop working at a given point when it
exceeds 0.8Nm torque and 2290rpm speed.
 The star squirrel cage motor takes only a low torque to stop working.
 Based on this practical, we can summarise that the star squirrel cage motor is
fast in speed but poor in torque.
 Also based on theory, the star squirrel cage motor is indeed fast in speed but
low in torque.
 We should then assume that our practical results fit the hypothesis, so that our
practical results are a positive.
46 | P a g e
9. Conclusion
As a conclusion star squirrel cage motor characteristic is high speed but low torque. It is
then still in high speed but low torque as the motor stops running.
47 | P a g e
3∅ −PHASE SLIP RING MOTOR
1. Objective
To study the characteristic for the 3-phase slip ring motor and the Star with Delta connection
also the functionality when using the 3-phase slip ring motor circuit.
2. Equipment Used
a) AC 3-Phase Power Supply
b) Universal Power Supply
c) Digital ammeter and Voltmeter
d) Connection wire
e) Cut-off switch
3. Wiring Diagram
Circuit Wiring (Star Slip Ring connection)
48 | P a g e
Circuit Wiring (DELTA Slip Ring connection)
4. Procedure
a) Identify all the components
b) Make the connections by referring the circuit diagram given
c) For winding connection, use “STAR” connection
d) Set to ‘Torque Control’ on the servo machine test system and press RUN
button.
e) Fill in all the results and data on the table given and repeat step 4 based on
table given.
f) Plot the graph.
5. Picture
49 | P a g e
6. Result
Torque(Nm) Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(S) Speed (RPM)

0 415.4 0.57 238.6 1466
0.4 415.7 0.58 239.4 1408
0.8 416.1 0.60 248.4 1352
1.2 416.1 0.65 268.7 1288
1.6 414.6 0.72 300.0 1213
2 416.9 0.83 3347.0 1122

0 417.3 0.58 243.2 1466
0.4 418.7 0.58 242.1 1417

0.8 418.9 0.60 251.2 1367
1.4 418.0 0.65 270.1 1312
1.8 418.4 0.72 301.0 1248
2 417.9 0.83 345.0 1170
50 | P a g e
0 418.2 0.58 242.6 1471
0.4 411.6 0.58 242.7 1431

0.8 417.6 0.60 250.4 1390
1.4 416.6 0.65 267.5 1342
1.8 417.1 0.72 300.1 1290
2 417.9 0.82 344.0 1226
0 416.7 0.58 240.2 1476
0.4 416.4 0.58 237.3 1440

0.8 416.5 0.60 248.0 1406
1.4 416.4 0.65 267.1 1370
1.8 416.3 0.71 268.0 1327
2 415.4 0.81 342.0 1275

0 416.5 0.58 240.0 1474
0.4 415.1 0.58 238.3 1444

0.8 415.6 0.60 247.5 1417
1.4 416.3 0.65 267.3 1386
1.8 416.0 0.70 299.4 1350
2 416.6 0.80 344.0 1308
51 | P a g e
7. Graph
 Speed (RPM) VS Torque (Nm)
Slip Ring (R1)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Slip Ring (R2)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
52 | P a g e
Slip Ring (R3)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1 2 3 4 5 6
Slip Ring (R4)

1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1 2 3 4 5 6
Slip Ring (R5)

1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6
53 | P a g e
8. Discussion
 For this practical, we use R1 until R5.
 For each resistor(R), as the torque increase the speed will decrease.
 For R1, the torque increased from 0Nm to 0.4Nm meanwhile the speed
decrease from 1466rpm to 1408rpm.
 For R2, when the torque at 0.8Nm, the speed decreased to 1367rpm.
 For R3, the speed will be 1342rpm when the torque reached 1.4rpm.
 We can see at the R4 the speed decreased from1440 to1406 when the torque
reached from 0.4Nm to 0.8Nm.
 In R5, when the torque reached 2Nm, the speed will decrease from1350rpm to
1308rpm.
 Based on the result we can notify that as the resistor increased, the speed will
be decreased.
 The results matched with the theory concept, so the practical are success.
9. Conclusion
As to conclude, the characteristic of star slip ring motor is high starting current and low
starting torque. The higher torque, the lower speed will be reached.
54 | P a g e
PRACTICAL LAB 5
55 | P a g e
DELTA STAR CONNECTION AND CONTROL CIRCUIT
1. Objective
The purpose of carrying out this practical is to study the characteristic of star delta
connection and control circuit. Besides that, it is also to study the result of sequence of the
motor and how speed and torque are involved when the motor is turned on.
2. Equipment Used
c) Connection Wire
d) Squirrel Cage Motor
e) Circuit Breaker
f) Push Button NO, NC
g) Contactor Coil
h) Timer Coil
i) LED
3. Wiring Diagram
Main Circuit
56 | P a g e
Star Delta Main Circuit
4. Procedure
i. Identify all the connections.
ii. Make the connection by referring the circuit diagram given.
iii. Make the wiring for control circuit first.
iv. To make sure the star delta connection is correct, connect the connection with
3 indicator lamps.
v. Proceed with the wiring for main circuit.
vi. Make sure delta star connection run first then followed by star connection.
5. Pictures
57 | P a g e
6. Discussion
 For this practical, we use Thermal Overload Relay (TOR) to protect our motor
from damage, and we also use timer in this control circuit to give time for the
motor to shift from delta to star connection.
 The main circuit is very important in order to make the motor run.
 For the main circuit, there are two connection which is delta connection and star
connection that will be connected to the motor.
 We use circuit breaker and we ground the connection for protection purpose.
 Based on theory, in main circuit, delta connection will run first and it is in high
torque and low speed. Then, it will run by star connection that is in high speed
and low torque.
 Our result match with the theory and it has been proven when we start the
motor, delta connection run first then followed by star connection.
 Therefore, our practical is a success
7. Conclusion
 Delta connection use high torque but low speed.
 Star connection use high speed but low torque.
 When the motor start running it is in delta connection. Then, it will run by star
connection.
 We use delta connection first because we need high torque in order to start the
motor.
 Function of the timer is to give some time for the motor to shift from delta to star
connection.
58 | P a g e
FORWARD REVERSE CONNECTION AND CONTROL CIRCUIT
1. Objective
The purpose of carrying out this practical is to study the characteristic of forward reverse
connection and control circuit. Besides that, it is to make sure which switch indicate forward
and reverse connection.
2. Equipment Used
c) Connection Wire
d) Squirrel Cage Motor
e) Circuit Breaker
f) Push button NO,NC
g) Contactor Coil
h) Timer Coil
i) LED
3. Wiring Diagram
Control Circuit
59 | P a g e
Main Circuit
4. Procedures
i. Identify all the components.
ii. Make the connection by referring the circuit diagram given
iii. First, make the wiring for control circuit first
iv. Use S2 & S4 to indicate the motor is in forward connection. If the forward
connection is correct, H1 will light up
v. Use S3 & S5 to indicate the motor is in reverse connection. If the reverse
connection is correct, H2 will light up
vi. After finish testing the forward reverse connection for the control circuit, then
proceed with the wiring for main circuit.
vii. To make the motor run in forward connection, press S2 and to make it stop
press S4
viii. To make the motor run in reverse connection, press S3 and to make it stop
press S5.
60 | P a g e
5. Pictures
6. Discussion
 The control circuit with interlocking can be divided into two interlocking which is
switch interlocking and contact interlocking.
 S2 & S4 are for the forward connection meanwhile S3 & S5 are for the reverse
connection.
 To indicate whether the forward and reverse connection we use indicator lamp
H1 & H2.
 The main circuit is very important in order to make the motor run.
 For main circuit, when the motor is in forward connection we use S2 & S4 to
make it run and stop meanwhile when the motor is in reverse connection, we
use S3 & S5 to make it run and stop.
7. Conclusion
As a conclusion, forward reverse connection and control circuit has two interlocking which
is switch interlocking and contact interlocking. Therefore, we use S2 & S4 to indicate the
motor is in forward connection and S3 & S5 to indicate it is in reverse connection.
61 | P a g e

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CONTROL

LAB REPORT ASSIGNMENT

TTO’S NAME: MR MOHD SHAMSUL ALI

DATE SUBMITTED: 11/06/2020

NAME: FARRAH SARZRINA BINTI ARZMIN

Practical Lab 1………………………………………………………………………3

c) DC Motor (Compound Long)………………………………………...10

d) DC Motor (Compound Short)………………………………………..13

Practical Lab 2……………………………………………………………………..16

a) DC Shunt Motor Speed Control (Armature Control Method)…..17

b) DC Shunt Motor Speed Control (Field Control Method)………..20

Practical Lab 3……………………………………………………………………..23

a) Self-Excited Series DC Generator…………………………………..24

b) Self-Excited Shunt DC Generator…………………………………..28

c) Self-Excited Compound Short DC Generator…………………….32

d) Self-Excited Compound Long DC Generator………………….….36

e) Separately Excited DC Shunt Generator…………………………..40

Practical Lab 4……………………………………………………………..………43

a) 3∅-Phase Squirrel Cage Motor………………………………………44

b) 3∅-Phase Slip-Ring Motor……………………………………………48

Practical Lab 5………………………………………………………………….….55

a) Delta Star Connections and Control Circuit…………………..….56

b) Forward Reverse Connection and Control Circuit…………...….59

0.2 1888 180.0 1.04 139.2

0.4 1340 175.6 1.28 170.4

0.6 1030 172.3 1.50 198.0

0.8 732 171.2 1.90 224.0

1.0 563 170.4 1.88 277.3

1.2 401 170.0 1.89 170.3

1.4 291 170.2 2.01 288.5

1.6 150 170.1 2.25 320.0

1.8 62 170.1 2.41 327.0

DC Series Motor Characteristics

0.2 1320 178.7 0.88 156.6

0.4 1220 182.0 1.14 207.5

0.6 1030 177.4 1.38 255.0

0.8 811 173.4 1.90 329.4

1.0 621 170.4 1.88 320.4

1.2 511 170.0 2.02 343.0

1.4 204 180.1 2.19 394.5

1.6 150 169.4 2.25 381.2

1.8 77 167.8 2.41 404.4

DC Motor Shunt Characteristics

- Torque is decreasing while speed is increasing

0.2 1316 175.0 0.91 159.3

0.4 1214 178.4 1.16 207.0

0.6 1033 180.2 1.38 248.7

0.8 811 174.8 1.64 246.7

1.0 605 171.1 1.80 308.0

1.2 404 170.7 1.97 336.3

1.4 250 170.0 2.15 365.5

1.6 172 170.4 2.26 385.1

1.8 83 169.6 2.38 403.7

DC Motor Long Compound Characteristics

0.2 1320 178.7 0.88 157.3

0.4 1240 181.2 1.14 206.6

0.6 1030 179.5 1.38 244.12

0.8 816 174.0 1.60 278.4

1.0 629 171.8 1.82 312.7