SK0024: ANALYTICAL & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

LECTURE 14

POLYMERS
 CONTENT
01 DEFINATIONS OF POLYMERS

02 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

03 NOMENCLATURE OF POLYMERS

04 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

05 APPLICATION OF POLYMERS

06 KNOW YOUR PLASTICS

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic students should be able to:
1. Define monomer, polymer and repeating units
2. Know the physicochemical properties of polymer
3. States examples of natural and synthetic polymer
4. Explain the classification of polymers
5. State the uses of polymers
6. Explain the difficulty in the disposal of polymer
7. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of
dumping polymer-based materials in rivers and seas
 What is polymer?
How a polymer formed?

What is the physical & Can any chemical

chemical properties substances act as
of polymers? monomer?
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 WHAT IS POLYMER?
• The word "poly" means "many parts" (from the Greek poly , meaning "many," and
meros , meaning "parts").
• Polymers are giant molecules with molar masses ranging from thousands to
millions.
• A polymer is a large molecule constructed from many smaller structural units
(repeating units, n) called monomers, covalently bonded together in any
conceivable pattern.
• More accurate to call the structural or repeat unit- a monomer residue

polymerization
[ ]n
monomers
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• A high polymer is one in which the number of repeating units is
in excess of about 1000
• This number is termed as “Degree of Polymerization (DP)".
• The molecular weight of a polymer is often given by the product
of the molecular weight of the repeating units and DP.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑟

Degree of polymerization, DP =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟

• The repeating units constituting the polymer molecule are called

constitutional repeat units (or CRU)

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How to calculate Molecular Weight of Polymer?

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ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT TO
QUALIFY AS MONOMER…
Possession of two or more bonding sites, which can be
01 linked to other monomer

02 The number of bonding sites is referred to as the functionality

Has at least bifunctionality (one double bond or two reactive

03 functional groups)

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 WHICH REACTION PRODUCED POLYMER
CHAIN?
01 02 03

Two compound each contain Two compounds (monofunctional + bifunctional Two compounds each contain
monofunctional group group) bifunctional group

Eg: ethylene glycol and malonic acid

E.g.: Reaction between acetic acid and
ethyl glycol
The reaction is complete in one step
leading to the formation of ethyl
acetate.
The reaction complete in two steps leading to a monoester (I).
Further reaction with acetic acid to yield diester (II).
Since diester do not have any more reactive functional groups
on its either sides, no further reactions take place. Thus no
polymer chains are resulted.
The addition of each of the monomer to another
continues till the concentration of one of the species
is depleted.
Producing high molecular weight polymers formed
from these bifunctional monomers.

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Monofunctional Molecules:

Mono & Bifunctional Molecules:

Small molecule

Bifunctional Molecules:

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 Bifunctional Molecules in presence of

“
some Trifunctional Molecules:

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PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF POLYMERS
Physical Properties
✔ As chain length and cross-linking
increase the tensile strength of the
polymer increases
✔ Polymers do not melt; they change
state from crystalline to semi-
crystalline
Chemical Properties
✔ The polymer is enabled with hydrogen
bonding and ionic bonding resulting in
better cross-linking strength.
✔ Dipole-dipole bonding site chains
enable the polymer for high flexibility.
✔ Polymer with van der Waals forces
linking chains are known to be weak;
but give the polymer a low melting
point.
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 NOMENCLATURE OF POLYMER
CH3
H 2 H
C C H2
n C C
H2 H2 n
C C
n C H 3
CH3
Standard Poly(ethylene) Standard Poly(propylene) Standard Poly(1,1-dimetylethylene)
Common Polyethylene Common Polypropylene Common Polyisobutylene
H
C C
H H n
2 2 H
C C C C C C
H n n
H 3C Cl

Standard Poly(1-methyl-1-butene) Standard Poly(1-chloroethylene)

Common Polyisoprene Common Polyvinylchloride

Standard Poly(1-phenylethylene)
Common Polystyrene
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 NOMENCLATURE OF POLYMER
F F
H 2 n
C C C
n O O
n
O
F F
Standard poly(1,1,2,2-
O tetrafluoroethylene
Standard Poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate) Standard Poly(acetoxy ethylene) Common
Common Polymethyl methacrylate Common Polyvinyl acetate Polytetrafluoroethylene, TEFLON

Standard Poly(oxyethylene-oxyterephthaloyl)
Common Polyethylene terephthalate Standard Poly[2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane carbonate]
Common Polycarbonate 14
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
CHEMICAL THERMAL
STRUCTURE BEHAVIOUR

SOURCE MOLECULAR
POLYMERIC OF FORCES
STRUCTURE POLYMER

ARRANGEMENT ORGANIC &

OF INORGANIC
MONOMERS POLYMER
 SOURCE OF POLYMERS
NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC
occur in nature and are existing in artificially create/synthesize in a
obtained by modification in
natural sources like plants and lab. Commercially produced by
natural polymers artificially in a
animals. lab. Formed by chemical reaction industries for human necessities.
Examples: (in a controlled environment) and Examples:
are of commercial importance.

Examples:

DNA Cellulose
Nylon Polyester

Cellulose acetate
Rubber Wool Vulcanized Rubber (Rayon) Teflon Epoxy
POLYMERIC STRUCTURE
Linear Branched Crosslinked
▪ Resemble linear polymers with the
▪
• Resemble ‘spaghetti’ with long chains. addition of shorter chains hanging from
Resemble ‘ladder’. The chains link from
Tangled together but not linked. Can one back bone to another
the ‘spaghetti’ backbone.
slide on one another. ▪ Tied together via covalent bond. This
▪ Lower melting point, densities and
• Held together by weaker van der tensile strength compared to linear
much stronger bond makes most
Waals or H bonding. crosslinked polymers thermosetting
polymer.
• Easy to break with heat (thermoplastic) ▪ Crosslinked polymers do not melt at
▪ Short chain (branches) do not bridge
high temperatures. They tend to
and be remolded. from one longer backbone to another,
become a soft material that eventually
• Higher melting point, densities and heat will typically break the bonds
burns.
tensile strength. between branched polymer chain
(thermoplastic). ▪ Eg: Vulcanized Natural Rubber
• Eg: PE, PVC, PS, HDPE
▪ Eg: LDPE, PP, starch, glycogen

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CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Homopolymer Copolymer
⮚ When a single type of ❖ Built up of two types of
monomer undergoes monomers joining to make a
polymerization to form a polymer.
macromolecule. ❖ Can be further classified
⮚ Eg: nylon 6, nylon 11, based on arrangement of
polyethylene, monomers.
polypropylene, PVC, etc. ❖ Eg: polyethylene vinyl acetate
(PEVA), nitrile rubber, etc.
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 CLASSIFICATION OF COPOLYMERS
(ARRANGEMENT OF MONOMERS)

ALTERNATING
COPOLYMERS
RANDOM
COPOLYMERS
BLOCK
COPOLYMERS
GRAFT
COPOLYMERS
CROSSLINK
COPOLYMERS
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
MOLECULAR FORCES
The polymers are classified into the following groups on the basis of magnitude of
intermolecular forces (e.g., van der Waals force, hydrogen bonding and dipole-
dipole interaction) present in them, they are:
Elastomers Liquid Resin

Fibers Plastics
(Thermoplastic and
Thermosets Plastic)
 Elastomers Fibers
⮚ rubber-like solid with elastic ❖ Linear polymers, length is at least 100x
properties. diameter
⮚ polymer chains are random coiled ❖ Strong, tough, and strong forces of
structure, weak intermolecular forces, interaction present such as H-bonding.
highly amorphous polymers. ❖ Thread forming solid which possess
⮚ Stretchable polymer. A few crosslinks high tensile strength.
are introduced between the chains, ❖ Eg: nylon-6,6, polyesters (teylene), etc.
help it to interact to its original
position.
⮚ Eg: Rubber,
buna-S, buna-N,
neoprene, etc
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 Liquid Resin Plastic
⮚ Used as adhesives, potting ❖ Polymer is shaped into hard and tough utility
compound sealants, etc. in a articles by application of heat and pressure.
liquid form. ❖ The intermolecular forces between polymeric
⮚ Eg: epoxy adhesives and chains are intermediate between elastomers &
polysulphide sealants. fibers, so they are partially crystalline.
❖ 2 types: Thermoplastic & Thermoset

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× Most linear polymers take on new shapes by
the application of heat and pressure are called
‘Thermoplastics’
× The cross-linked polymers cannot be made to
flow or melt irreversibly and said to be
‘Thermosetting plastic’

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 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
ORGANIC & INORGANIC POLYMERS

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Organic Polymer Inorganic Polymer
✔ Made up of carbon ✔ Polymer materials that
backbone. have no carbon atoms
✔ Enviromentally friendly in the backbone but have
as these are Si-Si, Si-O, N-PX, P-O
biodegradable and B-O linkage
✔ E.g., polysaccharides, ✔ E.g., polysilanes,
proteins, polysiloxanes,polyphosp
polynucleotides, hates and polyboron
polyesters, etc. oxides.

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COMMERCIAL
USES OF
POLYMER
 USES OF POLYMERS

Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Urea-formaldehyde resin

Sewage pipes, insulator Adhesive, moulds,
Bottles, toys, tv cabinets,
in electric cables, doors, laminated sheets,
trays, disposable glasses
windows, vinyl flooring, unbreakable containers,
and plates, used as
etc. etc.
insulator, etc.

Rubber
Polypropylene
Textile, packaging, Making tyres, elastic
stationery, plastics, materials, etc
aircraft, rope, etc.

Bakelite
Glyptal Electrical switches, kitchen
Paints, coatings and products, toys, jewellery,
lacquers. firearms, insulators, etc.
WHAT DO
“
THE
NUMBERS
ON THE
PLASTICS
MEAN?
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 WHAT DO THE
NUMBERS ON THE
PLASTICS MEAN?
⪢ The number is a resin identification code, used
to help recycling plants sort materials.

⪢ Recyclable plastics are labeled with numbers 1-

7 to tell workers what kind of plastic it is, and
how it should be processed.

⪢ So brush up on your resin codes in next slides,

and adjust your recycling habits accordingly.

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 KNOW YOUR
PLASTICS

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 CONCLUSION
➢ Plastic is an important material part of industries in
global
➢ many of plastic product had thrown everywhere
after used and make our global become polluted.
➢ It will be affected the habitat life and environmental.
➢ A promising way toward a future of better plastic
waste management is recycling the material.
➢ Better product design with short life of disposable
packaging, and reduction in manufacturing of
unnecessary single-use plastics.
➢ The recycling industry might eventually be a path
leading to considerable opportunities and solutions.

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Thank You
THINK
BEFORE YOU
THROW