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ECT 0313
ELECTRICAL MACHINE &
CONTROL

Chapter 1 : BASIC RULES OF ELECTRICAL

MACHINE
 CATEGORIES OF ELECTRICAL MOTOR

1. AC motors: the motor which are driven on the single-

phase or three-phase commercial network of 60 or
50 Hz.
2. DC motors: the motors with two terminals which are
connected to the two terminals of a battery or often
operated on a DC supply converted from an AC
network.
3. Electronically controlled precision motors: the major
members of this category are the brushless DC
motor and stepping motors. Brushless DC motors
are normally used with speed control, and stepping
motors are suited for position control.
 MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetism is a property by virtue of which a piece of solid body attracts iron

pieces and pieces of some other metals. The two ends of a magnet are called its
poles. When such two magnets are brought near each other, their behavior is
governed by some laws called laws of magnetism.

The region around a magnet within which the influence of the magnet can be
experienced is called its magnetic field. The presence of magnetic field is
represented by imaginary lines around a magnet. These are called magnetic lines
of force.

Symbol; B
Unit; Tesla
 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

The total number of lines force existing in a particular magnetic field is called
magnetic flux. The lines of flux have a fixed direction. These flux lines start at N-
pole and terminate at S-pole, external to the magnet. While the direction of flux
lines is from S-pole to N-pole, internal to the magnet. The distribution and
direction of such flux lines for a bar magnet is shown in Figure

Symbol; ф
Unit; Webber (Wb)

ф = BA
 ELECTROMAGNETISM

A current of electricity flowing

through a conductor produces
not only heat, but also a
magnetic field.

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 COCKSCREW PRINCIPLE

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 FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

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 FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE

Is applied when we would like to know the direction of

movement of the conductor (MOTOR)
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 FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE

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Is applied when we would like to know the direction of

current in the conductor (GENERATOR)
 INDUCTION (Faraday’s Law)
When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field (or vice versa) an electrical
voltage is induced in the conductor.

The induced voltage is increased when;

i. Strength of the magnetic field is increased
ii. Greater the length of the conductor
iii. Speed of the conductor is moved through the magnetic field is increased
Therefore, the magnitude of Induced Electrical Voltage, Vind or Vemf (Electrical
Motive Force) induced in that conductor is determined by the rate of cutting
of the lines of force of the magnetic field.

Vind = B x l x v
or
= N Δ(BA)
Δt
= N Δф
Δt
 FARADAY LAW

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 LENZ’S LAW
When an emf is generated (induced) according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of
the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any
loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant.

In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.

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 SPEED & TORQUE
SPEED
The number of revolutions that the motor turns in a given time period
Symbol : n
Unit : rpm

TORQUE
A force that produces rotation
Symbol : M
Unit : Nm

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 ELECTRICAL POWER OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

Electrical power or an electrical motor’s input power can be determined if the

voltage and current flow is known.

Electrical Power (Input Power);

3 Phase (unit Watt)…………………Pin = √3x I x V x cos θ
1 Phase (unit Watt)…………………..Pin = I x V

Pin = Electrical Power in Watts (W)

I = Current (A)
V = Voltage (V)

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 MECHANICAL POWER OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

Mechanical power or an electrical motor’s output power can be determined if the

speed and torque is known.

Mechanical Power (Output Power);

Pout = 2 x ∏ x n x M
60

Pout = Mechanical Power in Watts (W)

T = Torque in (Nm)
n = Speed (rpm)

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 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency η is a percentage figure which represents the amount of desired output

energy or power compared to the input. Some types of machines like electric
motors and transformers can be highly efficient averaging over 90% while others
such as petrol engines are only 35% efficient. The difference between the input
energy to a machine and the desired output energy is referred to as a loss.

η = Output Power x 100%

Input Power

If an electric motor requires 2000 Watts of input power to generate 1800 Watts of
mechanical power its efficiency would be:

= 90%
 ELECTRIC MOTOR NAME PLATE

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